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【高频考点解密】2023 年高考英语二轮复习讲义+分层训练（全国通
用）
11.阅读理解题型解答策略
一、阅读理解
1
When ten-year-old Reese Osterberg lost her Fresno County, California, home to one of the largest wildfires in
state history early last fall, she had a very pressing concern: did anyone grab her baseball cards?
No one had. With a houseful of kids and dogs and a farm’s worth of horses to evacuate, the family forgot the
cards during the stress. Naturally, the diehard (顽固的) San Francisco Giants and Little League lefty with a swing
as smooth as butter was upset. When she watched the Giants on TV, she would lay out each player’s card on the
floor in his corresponding field position. “I like baseball cards because they are pictures of people doing happy stuff
— doing what they love, and what I love.” said Reese.
Reese’s loss touched the hearts of the Fresno County fire department, which posted her story on its Facebook
page with a request to help Reese restore her baseball card collection. That, in turn, touched the heart of Kevin
Ashford.
Ashford knew exactly where Reese could find replacement cards: in his garage. He had more than 25,000 in
his collection, with an exact value of 35,000 to 50,000. Ashford had been thinking about selling them when he saw
the fire department’s post. “I wasn’t really doing anything with them,” said Ashford,“I thought I could take care of
this problem rather quickly.”
First volunteers transported the cards from Ashford’s garage to theirs and then surprised Reese during a tour of
the firehouse. Towers of Ashford’s cards were piled in front of the fire engine. After thanking Ashford, Reese was
quick to share the thousands of baseball cards she received from Ashford and donors around the country with other
kids affected by California’s Creek Fire.
She’s gotten so many, in fact, that she started Cards From Reese, an organization that collects cards and
donates them to those in need. Reese is especially happy to part with Los Angeles Dodgers cards. As she explains
it: “Go Giants!”1. Why did Reese lose her baseball cards?
A. She had a very large concern.
B. The family forgot where Reese put the cards.
C. Her house was burnt by the destructive.
D. Someone from a houseful of kids took away her cards.
2. What does the underlined word “evacuate” in Para 2 mean?
A. flee B. resettle C. raise D. withdraw
3. After Ashford saw the post, he __________.
A. wanted to sell the cards to the department.
B. transported the cards to the firehouse
C. decided to donate his cards to Reese
D. prepared to sell his cards to Reese In his his garage
4. Reese established “Cards from Reese” in order to ___________.
A. Give cards to people in need
B. share her passion for baseball with others
C. collect all her cards for some benefits
D. get help from the Fresno County Fire department
2
We all know that the blue light that emits from our smartphones isn’t good for our eyes, but a new study has
discovered just how much damage it can cause. Researchers say that this light is absorbed by vital molecules in our
retina (视网膜) and triggers the production of a toxic chemical that kill cells.
This damage can lead to large blind spots in our vision that are the hallmark of macular degeneration (黄斑变
性), a disease that leads to blindness. The team from die University of Toledo in Ohio says it is urging the public
not to use phones in the dark because this can dilate (放大) pupils and lead to even more harmful blue light entering
our eyes.
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss for those aged 50 or older,
according to the National Eye Institute. The condition occurs when the macula, an oval area near the center of Ae
retina that allows for sharp vision, becomes damaged.
Sufferers will experience blurred vision or even ‘blind spots’ in their central vision that may grow larger as the
retina dies. Treatments include medications that stop new blood vessels from forming in the eye as well as laser
therapies that destroy abnormal blood vessels.For this study, the team decided to focus on retinal, a form of vitamin A found in the retina that coverts light into
metabolic energy. Photoreceptor cells (感光细胞) use retinal to covert light into signals that are sent to the brain.
“The human eye reflects UV light (such as from the sun) very well but it allows blue light to enter and the
retinal can absorb blue light very well”, lead author Dr Ajith Kanmaratfme, an assistant professor in the UT
department of chemistry and biochemistry, told Daily Mail Online.
Dr Karunarathne noted that blue light alone or retinal that hadn’t absorbed blue light did not have any effect on
the cells. He added that there was no activity when retinal was exposed to other light colors such as green, red or
yellow.
The team did find a molecule, a vitamin E derivative (衍生物) known as alpha tocopherol, that can stop the
cells from dying.
“When you damage the photoreceptor cells, they’re damaged for good, so the vitamin E derivative currently
just reduces damage,” said Dr Karunarathne. “We’re currently screening for more molecules to see if they can stop
this damaging reaction.”
He explained that as we get older, the ability to prevent attacks from retinal that has absorbed blue light
became weaker, which leads to macular degeneration.
“Looking at cell phones in the dark can be very harmful because the pupils are dilated so more blue light can
get in and cause damage”, he said.
5. What does the underlined word “hallmark” in Para 2 mean?
A. method B. symbol C. idea D. feature
6. Blue light damages our vision because it can ________.
A. dilate pupils to cause retina cells die
B. cause large blind spots related to blindness
C. produce a chemical that destroys blood vessels
D. be reflected by important molecules in our retina
7. Which of the following statements may Dr. Ajitii Ktrunarathne agree with?
A. Blue light alone has great Influence on the cell.
B. People’s eyes can absorb both UV light and blue light.
C. Alpha Tocopherol will help photoreceptor cells to recover.
D. The ability to withstand attacks from retinal becomes weak when we become older.
8. What is most likely to be further discussed if the article continues?
A. Some ways to protect our vision.B. The reasons for macular degeneration.
C. The function of the vitamin E derivative.
D. How photoreceptor cells convert light into signals.
3
Your circle of friends may help you get a better reading on your overall health and wellness rather than just
using wearable devices such as a Fitbit, according to researchers.
The study, published in the journal PLOS ONE, analyzed what the structure of social networks says about the
state of health, happiness and stress.
"We were interested in the topololgy (拓扑学) of the social network — what does my position within my
social network predict about my health and well-being said Nitesh V. Chawla, a professor at the University of Notre
Dame in the US.
“What we found was the social network structure provides a significant improvement in predictability of
wellness states of an individual over just using the data obtained from wearables, like the number of steps or heart
rate,” Chawla said.
For the study, participants wore a Fitbit to capture health behavior data about walking, sleeping, heart rate and
overall activity level. They also completed surveys and self-assessments of their stress, happiness and positivity.
Cbawla and his team then analyzed the data with a machine learning model, alongside the connections and
characteristics of an individual's social network.
The study showed a strong correlation (相关性) between social network structures, heart rate, number of steps
and level of activity.
Social network structure provided significant improvement in predicting one's health and well-being compared
to just looking at health behavior data from the Fitbit alone.
For example, when social network structure is combined with the data from wearables, the machine learning
model achieved a 65 percent improvement in predicting happiness.
The model also achieved a 54 percent improvement in predicting one's self-assessed health prediction, a 55
percent improvement in predicting positive attitude and a 38 percent improvement in predicting success.
This study asserts (断言) that without social network information, we only have an incomplete view of an
individual's wellness state, and to be fully predictive or to be able to obtain interventions (干扰). It is critical to be
aware of the social network, Chawla said.9. What did the study find?
A. How people choose their friend circles.
B. What factors decide your friend circles.
C. How your circle of friends influences you
D. What your circle of friends says about your health.
10. How did the researchers draw their conclusions?
A. By comparing data. B. By giving examples.
C. By analyzing cause and effect D. By describing personal experiences.
11. What does the underlined word “critical” mean in the last paragraph?
A. Easy. B. Common.
C. Important. D. Challenging.
12. What do Chawla's words in the last paragraph tell us?
A. How fitness devices can connect your circle of friends
B. That a person's social network is part of his health picture.
C. The best ways to make friends and keep a healthy social circle
D. That wearable devices are not useful for understanding someone's health.
4
Think back to when you were in a maths classroom, and the teacher set a difficult problem. Which of the two
following responses is closer to the way you reacted?
A: Oh no, this is too hard for me. I’m not even going to seriously try and work it out.
B: Ah, this is quite tricky, but I like to push myself. Even if I don’t get the answer right, maybe I’ll learn
something in the attempt.
Early in her career, the psychologist Carol Dweck of Stanford University gave a group of ten-year-olds
problems that were slightly too hard for them. One group reacted positively and loved the challenge. She says they
had a ‘growth mindset’ and are focused on what they can achieve in the future. But another group of children felt
that their intelligence was being judged and they had failed. They had a ‘fixed mindset’ and were unable to imagine
improving. Some of them looked for someone who had done worse than them to boost their self-esteem.
Professor Dweck believes that there is a problem in education at the moment. For years, children have been
praised for their intelligence or talent, but this makes them vulnerable ( 脆弱的) to failure. They become
performance-oriented, wanting to please by getting high grades, but they are not interested in learning for its own
sake. The solution, according to Dweck, is to lead them to become mastery-oriented (i.e., interested in getting betterat something). She claims that the ever-lasting effort over time is the key to outstanding achievement.
Psychologists have been testing these theories. Underperforming school children on a Native American
reservation were exposed to growth mindset techniques for a year. The results were nothing less than incredible.
They came top in regional tests, beating children from much more privileged backgrounds. These children had
previously felt that making an effort was a sign of stupidity, but they came to see it as the key to learning.
13. What can we learn about a person if his answer is closer to “B”?
A. He is performance-oriented.
B. He tends to set limits to his life.
C. He enjoys the process and focuses on the future.
D. He boosts his self-esteem by comparing with others.
14. Which of the following suggestions will Professor Dweck give to parents and teachers?
A. To reward children for their high grades.
B. To emphasize the importance of intelligence.
C. To ignore the result brought by failure.
D. To praise children for their engagement in the process.
15. What does “These children” in the last paragraph refer to?
A. Children showing no interest in learning.
B. Children who use fixed mindset techniques.
C. Children from much more privileged backgrounds.
D. Underperforming school children on a Native American reservation.
16. Why does the author write the text?
A. To distinguish growth mindset and fixed mindset.
B. To inform readers of the importance of growth mindset.
C. To show several psychological study results.
D. To point out a problem in education at the moment.
5
When it comes to black holes, we are caught between a rock and a hard place. In the 1970s, Stephen Hawking
showed that all black holes give off thermal radiation(热辐射)and eventually evaporate(蒸发). In doing so, they
seemed to be destroying information contained in the matter that fell into them, therefore going against a rule of
quantum mechanics(量子力学): information cannot be created or destroyed.
Some argued that the outgoing “Hawking radiation” preserved the information. However, if this were the case,then given certain assumptions, the event horizon(视界)—— the black hole’s boundary of no return—— would
become intensely energetic, forming a firewall. But such firewalls go against the theory of general relativity, which
says that space-time near the event horizon should be smooth. The black hole firewall paradox was thus born.
Now, Sean Carroll at the California Institute of Technology and his colleagues have shown that the paradox
disappears when the evolution of black holes is understood in the context of the many-worlds interpretation of
quantum mechanics.
The quantum state of the universe is described by something called the global wave function(全局波函数).
According to traditional quantum mechanics, whenever there are many possible outcomes for physical process, this
wave function ”collapses“ to represent one outcome. But in the many-worlds Interpretation, the wave function
doesn’t collapse-rather, it branches, with one branch for each outcome. The branches evolve independently of each
other, as separate worlds.
In this way of thinking, the formation of a black hole and its evaporation due to Hawking radiation lead to
multiple branches of the wave function. An observer monitoring a black hole also splits into multiple observers, one
in each branch.
The new work shows that from the perspective of an observer in a given branch, space-time behaves as
described by general relativity and the black hole has no firewall.
But does that imply loss of information? No, says team member Aidan Chatwin-Davies, also of Caltech. That
is because the principle of preservation of information applies to the global wave function and not to its individual
branches, he says. Information is preserved across all branches of the global wave function, but not necessarily in
any one branch. Given this case, a black hole that doesn’t lose information and yet has a smooth, uneventful event
horizon without a fire wall isn’t a contradiction.
Yasunori Nomura at the University of California at Berkeleyy has independently arrived at some similar
conclusions in his work. He agrees that the many-worlds approach resolves the paradox around information loss
from black holes. “Many worlds should be taken seriously,” he says.
17. Which word in the article is similar in meaning to the underlined word in Paragraph 2?
A. Assumption (Paragraph 2) B. Interpretation (Paragraph 4)
C. Evaporation (Paragraph 5) D. Contradiction (Paragraph 7)
18. According to the many-worlds interpretation, which of the following statements is true?
A. There is a firewall. B. No observer will split.
C. No information is lost. D. The wave function collapses.19. The last paragraph is intended to __________.
A. introduce an independent scientist
B. support the many-worlds interpretation
C. question whether many worlds really exist
D. argue against the information loss from black holes
20. What is the article mainly about?
A. Rules of quantum mechanics.
B. A new understanding of the black hole.
C. Hawking’s interpretation of the black hole.
D. The development of the global wave function.
6
Both misinformation, which includes honest mistakes, and disinformation, which involves an intention to
mislead, have had a growing impact on teenage students over the past 20 years. One tool that schools can use to
deal with this problem is called media literacy education. The idea is to teach teenage students how to evaluate and
think critically about the messages they receive. Yet there is profound disagreement about what to teach.
Some approaches teach students to distinguish the quality of the information in part by learning how
responsible journalism works. Yet some scholars argue that these methods overstate journalism and do little to
cultivate critical thinking skills. Other approaches teach students methods for evaluating the credibility of news and
information sources, in part by determining the incentive of those sources. They teach students to ask: What
encouraged them to create it and why? But even if these approaches teach students specific skills well, some
experts argue that determining credibility of the news is just the first step. Once students figure out if it’s true or
false, what is the other assessment and the other analysis they need to do?
Worse still, some approaches to media literacy education not only don’t work but might actually backfire by
increasing students’ skepticism about the way the media work. Students may begin to read all kinds of immoral
motives into everything. It is good to educate students to challenge their assumptions, but it’s very easy for students
to go from healthy critical thinking to unhealthy skepticism and the idea that everyone is lying all the time.
To avoid these potential problems, broad approaches that help students develop mindsets in which they
become comfortable with uncertainty are in need. According to educational psychologist William Perry of Harvard
University, students go through various stages of learning. First, children are black-and-white thinkers—they think
there are right answers and wrong answers. Then they develop into relativists, realizing that knowledge can becontextual. This stage is the one where people can come to believe there is no truth. With media literacy education,
the aim is to get students to the next level—that place where they can start to see and appreciate the fact that the
world is messy, and that’s okay. They have these fundamental approaches to gathering knowledge that they can
accept, but they still value uncertainty.
Schools still have a long way to go before they get there, though. Many more studies will be needed for
researchers to reach a comprehensive understanding of what works and what doesn’t over the long term.
“Education scholars need to take an ambitious step forward,” says Howard Schneider, director of the Center for
News Literacy at Stony Brook University.
21. As for media literacy education, what is the author’s major concern?
A. How to achieve its goal. B. How to measure its progress.
C. How to avoid its side effects. D. How to promote its importance.
22. What does the underlined word “incentive” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?
A. Importance. B. Variety. C. Motivation. D. Benefit.
23. The author mentions stages of learning in Paragraph 4 mainly to________.
A. compare different types of thinking
B. evaluate students’ mind development
C. explain a theory of educational psychology
D. stress the need to raise students’ thinking levels
24. Which would be the best title for this passage?
A. Media Literacy Education: Much Still Remains
B. Media Literacy Education: Schools Are to Blame
C. Media Literacy Education: A Way to Identify False Information
D. Media Literacy Education: A Tool for Testing Critical Thinking
7
Language Acquisition(习得)
Almost all humans acquire at least one language before the age of five. How do young children understand
and produce complex sentences with complicated meanings? Do adults learn language differently from children?
Most linguistic(语言学的) researchers agree that both nature and nurture(后天) are involved in language
acquisition. They disagree， however， about how much linguistic knowledge children have from birth-and thus
whether genetics or experience is more important in language acquisition.
For many linguists， biological factors are the most important in language learning. Some argue that somelinguistic knowledge must exist in our brains from birth because children cannot possibly experience every feature
of their language before the age of five. These linguists point out that nearly all children can produce the same
kinds of complex sentence structures by the age of five， even without having heard them before.
Many researchers have theorized what this innate(先天的) linguistic knowledge must look like. One popular
theory(理论) is universal grammar. This theory believes that all languages have the same basic structural
foundation. That foundation is the innate knowledge universal to all humans. While children are not genetically
tending to speak a particular language， a universal grammar gives them certain linguistic information as a
starting point， which allows them to readily acquire the rules and patterns of whichever language they are
exposed to.
Not all linguists， however， believe that an inborn ability for language is the most important factor in
language acquisition. These researchers place greater emphasis on the influence of usage and experience. They
argue that children are exposed to a wealth of linguistic structures over the course of five years. They gather data
and determine language patterns and structures from what they have observed.
Linguists on both sides of the debate are still working to explain the different language learning abilities of
adults and children. Early childhood seems to be an important period for mastering certain aspects of language.
Children also tend to have a heightened ability to learn second languages. While adults may have some advantages
when studying in a formal classroom， they usually do not learn second languages. While adults may have some
advantages when studying in a formal classroom, they usually do not learn as quickly and easily as children. Are
these different abilities a result of differences in how adults and children are exposed to a new language? Are they
the result of biological changes， or do both biology and experience come into play?
While our understanding of language acquisition is incomplete, this pursuit is well worth the effort. “We still
don’t understand how a child learns its first language, why some children have language disorders, or how children
and adults learn a second language,” explains Professor Joan Ma ling.
Explaining the process of language acquisition promises not only to help scientists answer these questions, but
also to explain fundamental features of learning and the human brain.
25. What does the passage mainly talk about?
A. The control of nurture over nature in language acquisition.
B. The influence of universal grammar in language acquisition.
C. The best methods for children and adults to acquire language.
D. The role of biological and environmental factors in language acquisition.26. What’s the right order of the passage's summary?
a. Studying language acquisition will help understand language and the brain better.
b. Some experts focus on the role of environmental factors in language acquisition.
c. Some experts believe innate factors explain children's language development.
d. Acquiring a language is complicated， and it involves both nature and nurture.
A. abcd B. dcba C. dbca D. adcb
27. In Paragraph 2 and Paragraph 3， the author wants to ________.
A. present a general argument and then explain a specific theory
B. present a specific theory and then propose a new study to prove it
C. present a general argument and then disprove an opposite argument
D. present a scientific debate and then discuss what all linguists agree on
28. What is the author's purpose of writing Paragraph 5 and Paragraph 6?
A. To raise open questions that all linguists have.
B. To present two different viewpoints on language learning.
C. To stress the importance of experience in language learning
D. To introduce adult language acquisition and show why it's unpopular.
8
Revealing the source of Jupiter’s x-ray auroral flares
Abstract
Jupiter’s rapidly rotating, strong magnetic field provides a natural laboratory that is key to understanding the
dynamics (动力学) of high-energy plasmas (等离子体). Spectacular auroral (极光的) X-ray flares (耀斑) are
diagnostic of the most energetic processes governing magnetospheres but seemingly unique to Jupiter. Since their
discovery 40 years ago, the processes that produce Jupiter’s X-ray flares have remained unknown. Here, we report
simultaneous (同时的) in situ satellite and space-based telescope observations that reveal the processes that
produce Jupiter’s X-ray flares, showing surprising similarities to terrestrial ion aurora. Planetary-scale
electromagnetic waves are observed to modulate (调节) electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves, periodically causing
heavy ions to precipitate and produce Jupiter’s X-ray pulses. Our findings show that ion aurorae share common
mechanisms across planetary systems, despite temporal, spatial, and energetic scales varying by orders of
magnitude.
INTRODUCTION
Aurorae, observed from planetary polar regions across the solar system, are displays of light that are producedwhen energetic particles precipitate along magnetic field lines and transfer their energy to the atmosphere. Jupiter’s
soft x-ray aurorae are produced by energetic [~ (MeV) (电子伏)] heavy ions (S and O), originally from the moon
Io’s (木卫一的) volcanic activities. The dynamic X-ray emissions often pulse with a regular beat of a few tens of
minutes. The spectacular quasi-periodic (准周期性的) auroral pulsations at Jupiter have also been observed in
ultraviolet (UV), infrared, and radio emissions. The X-ray aurorae are predominately confined (主要局限于) to
the region poleward of Jupiter’s main aurora, connecting to Jupiter’s outer magnetosphere via magnetic field lines.
The mapping of the emissions leads to the suggestion that the particle precipitations were driven by magnetic
reconnection. However, observations show that the x-ray pulsations last for several Jupiter days or longer,
evidencing that the driver may not be a transient process like magnetic reconnection.
To date, 40 years after their discovery, the mechanisms that cause these X-ray aurorae remain unknown.
Simultaneous measurements of the magnetospheric environment and the auroral emissions are critical to revealing
their driving mechanisms. Here, we present observations of Jupiter’s unique x-ray aurorae with simultaneous in situ
measurements from the magnetosphere. In this study, we reveal the physical driver for Jupiter’s pulsating x-ray
emissions by analyzing simultaneous in situ measurements from Juno and remote spectroscopic imaging by XMM-
Newton telescope (XMM，牛顿卫星) during 16 and 17 July 2017. XMM’s European Photon Imaging Camera
(EPIC-pn and MOS) instruments provided spatial, spectral, and timing data of Jupiter for a continuous 26-hour
(~2.6 Jupiter rotations) observation from 18:26 UT on 16 July to 22:13 UT on 17 July, which was shifted to account
for the ~46-min light travel time between Jupiter and Earth. This XMM observation was planned to coincide with
the time when NASA’s Juno spacecraft was moving from 62 to 68 RJ (1 RJ = 71 492 km) radially away from the
planet in the Southern Hemisphere in the predawn sector between ~0400 and 0430 magnetospheric local time
(MLT).
Ionosphere-magnetosphere (电离层) mapping from previous observations suggested that the origins of
Jupiter’s X-ray auroral pulsations occurred at these distances from the planet. Juno provided contemporaneous (同
时发生的) in situ measurements from the plasma sheet only when Jupiter’s north magnetic pole tilted to Earth.
Therefore, we focus on the northern aurora, for which Juno’s in situ measurements detail what was happening in the
plasma sheet during the X-ray pulses. At Jupiter, the analysis of these comparisons between in situ and remote
sensing observations is more complex than at Earth. At Earth, during the time scale of an auroral event, typically
tens of minutes, a spacecraft in the terrestrial magnetosphere usually travels little (e.g., hundreds of kilometers) in
comparison to the spatial scale of a magnetospheric event (e.g., several Earth radii) that would cause a large auroralbrightening so that this in situ spacecraft could be magnetically connected to the aurora region over the full auroral
lifetime. This is not true for Jupiter, because the footprint of the aurora (which is rotating with Jupiter) with respect
to Juno’s location changes substantially during an observation. There are also substantial travel times (a few tens of
minutes) along the magnetic field expected from the outer magnetosphere to the Jovian aurora. Therefore, the
correlation between a single outer magnetosphere event in Jupiter’s in situ measurements and a single auroral pulse
cannot be expected on a one-to-one level basis. Instead, a series of successive events are required to draw reliable
careful correlations, with the regular periodicity of the x-ray flares, providing an invaluable diagnostic signature of
the source process.
(Adapted from an essay on Science.)
29. What does the essay focus on?
A. The X-ray pulses happening on Jupiter.
B. The formation of the aurora in the pole of Jupiter.
C. The ways to teach people how to appreciate auroras.
D. The process of detecting the X-ray pulses on Jupiter.
30. What will the author present in the next content of the essay?
A. Their conclusions. B. Their measure to do the research.
C. Discussion of some problems of preciseness. D. Their acknowledgements.
31. The word “infrared” is underlined and in Italics. What is the meaning of the word?
A. 辐射 B. 红外线技术的 C. 太阳风 D. 红外线
32. Which of the followings is NOT TRUE about the auroral flares on Jupiter?
A. The strong magnetic is a good breakthrough point to research the auroral flares.
B. The X-ray pulses will last for several days on Jupiter.
C. The soft X-rays are caused by high-energy ions.
D. The X-ray pulses beat regular on Jupiter.
9What may well be the oldest metal coins in the world have been identified at an ancient abandoned city known
as Guanzhuang in China. Like many Bronze Age (青铜时代) coins from the region, they were cast in the shape of
spades with finely carved handles. These ancient coins existed during an in-between period between barter (以物易
物) and money, when coins were a novel concept, but everybody knew that agricultural tools were valuable.
Reading about this incredible discovery, I kept thinking about the way modern people represent computer
networks by describing machines as having “addresses”, like a house. We also talk about one computer using a
“port” to send information to another computer, as if the data were a floating boat with destination. It’s as if we are
in the Bronze Age of information technology, grasping desperately for real-world reference to transform our
civilization.
Now consider what happened to spade coins. Over centuries, metalworkers made these coins into more
abstract shapes. Some became almost human figures. Others’ handles were reduced to small half-circles. As spade
coins grew more abstract, people carved them with number values and the locations where they were made. They
became more like modern coins, flat and covered in writing. Looking at one of these later pieces, you would have
no idea that they were once intended to look like a spade.
This makes me wonder if we will develop an entirely new set of symbols that allow us to interact with our
digital information more smoothly.
Taking spade coins as our guide, we can guess that far-future computer networks will no longer contain any
recognizable references to houses. But they still might bring some of the ideas we associate with home to our mind.
In fact, computer networks — if they still exist at all — are likely to be almost the indispensable part of our houses
and cities, their sensors inset with walls and roads. Our network addresses might actually be the same as our street
addresses. If climate change leads to floods, our mobile devices might look more like boats than phones, assisting
us to land.
My point is that the metaphors of the information age aren’t random. Mobile devices do offer us comfort after
a long day at work. In some sense, our desire to settle on the shores of data lakes could change the way we
understand home, as well as how we build computers. So as we cast our minds forward, we have to think about
what new abstractions will go along with our information technology. Perhaps the one thing we count on is that
humans will still appreciate the comforts of home.
33. Many Bronze Age coins were made into the shape of a spade because ___________.
A. a lot of emphasis was put on agriculture
B. this stylish design made the coins valuableC. these coins also served as agricultural tools
D. the handles made the coins easily exchanged
34. Why does the author relate computers to spade coins?
A. To show they both used to be new concepts when first invented.
B. To explain abstract digital worlds are different from concrete coins.
C. To suggest computers will experience dramatic changes as coins did.
D. To highlight their same importance in our civilizational transformation.
35. What does the underlined word “indispensable” in Paragraph 5 probably mean?
A. Flexible. B. Essential. C. Wasteful. D. Alternative.
36. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A. What Coins and Computers Bring Us
B. How Agriculture Loses to Digital Industry
C. How Bronze Age Develops to Information Age
D. What Ancient Money Tells Us About the Future
10
It’s common knowledge that the woman in Leonardo da Vinci’s most famous painting seems to look back at
observers, following them with her eyes no matter where they stand in the room. But this common knowledge turns
out wrong.
A new study finds that the woman in the painting is actually looking out at an angle that’s 15. 4 degrees off to
the observer’s right-well outside of the range that people normally believe when they think someone is looking
right at them. In other words, said the study author, Horstmann, “She’s not looking at you. “ This is somewhat
ironic, because the entire phenomenon of a person’s gaze (凝视) in a photograph or painting seeming to follow the
viewer is called the “Mona Lisa effect” . That effect is absolutely real, Horstmann said. If a person is illustrated or
photographed looking straight ahead, even people viewing the portrait from an angle will feel they are being looked
at. As long as the angle of the person’s gaze is no more than about 5 degrees off to either side, the Mona Lisa effect
occurs.
This is important for human interaction with on-screen characters. If you want someone off to the right side of
a room to feel that a person on-screen is looking at him or her, you don’t cut the gaze of the character to that side-
surprisingly, doing so would make an observer feel like the character isn’t looking at anyone in the room at all.Instead, you keep the gaze straight ahead.
Horstmann and his co-author were studying this effect for its application in the creation of artificial-
intelligence avatars(虚拟头像) when Horstmann took a long look at the “Mona Lisa” and realized she wasn’t
looking at him.
To make sure it wasn’t just him, the researchers asked 24 people to view images of the “Mona Lisa” on a
computer screen. They set a ruler between the viewer and the screen and asked the participants to note which
number on the ruler intersected(和……相交) Mona Lisa’s gaze. To calculate the angle of Mona Lisa’s gaze as she
looked at the viewer, they moved the ruler farther from or closer to the screen during the study. Consistently, the
researchers found, participants judged that the woman in the “Mona Lisa” portrait was not looking straight at them,
but slightly off to their right.
So why do people repeat the belief that her eyes seem to follow the viewer? Horstmann isn’t sure. It’s
possible, he said, that people have the desire to be looked at, so they think the woman is looking straight at them.
Or maybe the people who first coined the term “Mona Lisa effect” just thought it was a cool name.
37. It is generally believed that the woman in the painting “Mona Lisa”___________.
A. attracts the viewers to look back
B. seems mysterious because of her eyes
C. fixes her eyes on the back of the viewers
D. looks at the viewers wherever they stand
38. What gaze range in a painting will cause the Mona Lisa effect?
A. B. C. D.
39. The experiment involving 24 people was conducted to______.
A. confirm Horstmann’s belief
B. create artificial-intelligence avatars
C. calculate the angle of Mona Lisa’s gaze
D. explain how the Mona Lisa effect can be applied
40. What can we learn from the passage?A. Horstmann thinks it’s cool to coin the term “Mona Lisa effect”.
B. The Mona Lisa effect contributes to the creation of artificial intelligence.
C. Feeling being gazed at by Mona Lisa may be caused by the desire for attention.
D. The position of the ruler in the experiment will influence the viewers’ judgement.
11
Gone are the days when a mother’s place was in the home: in Britain women with children are now as likely to
be in paid work as their unburdened sisters. Many put their little darlings in day care long before they start school.
Mindful that a poor start can spoil a person’s chances of success later in life, the state has intervened ever more
closely in how babies and toddlers are looked after. Inspectors call not only at nurseries but also at homes where
youngsters are minded; three-year-olds follow the national curriculum. Child care has increasingly become a
profession.
For years after the government first began in 2001 to twist the arms of anyone who looked after an unrelated
child to register with the schools, the numbers so doing fell. Kind but clueless neighbours stopped looking after
little ones, who were instead herded into formal nurseries or handed over to one of the ever-fewer registered child-
minders. The decline in the number of people taking in children now appears to have halted. According to data
released by the Office for Standards in Education on October 27th, the number of registered child-minders reached
its lowest point in September 2010 and has since recovered slightly.
The new lot are certainly better qualified. In 2010 fully 82% of nursery workers held diplomas notionally
equivalent to A-levels, the university-entrance exams taken mostly by 18-year-olds, up from 56% seven years
earlier, says Anand Shukla of the Daycare Trust, a charity. Nurseries staffed by university graduates tend to be ratedhighest by inspectors, increasing their appeal to the pickiest parents. As a result, more graduates are being recruited.
But professionalization has also pushed up the price of child care, defying even the economic depression. A
survey by the Daycare Trust finds that a full-time nursery place in England for a child aged under two, who must be
intensively supervised, costs £194 ($310) per week, on average. Prices in London and the south-east are far higher.
Parents in Britain spend more on child care than anywhere else in the world, according to the OECD, a think-tank.
Some 68% of a typical second earner's net income is spent on freeing her to work, compared with an OECD
average of 52%.
The price of child care is not only eye-watering, but has also become a barrier to work. Soon after it took
power the coalition government pledged to ensure that people are better off in work than on benefits, but a recent
survey by Save the Children, a charity, found that the high cost of day care prevented a quarter of low-paid workers
from returning to their jobs once they had started a family. The government pays for free part-time nursery places
for three-and four-year-olds, and contributes towards day-care costs for younger children from poor areas. Alas,
extending such an aid during stressful economic times would appear to be anything but child’s play.
41. Which of the following is true according to the first paragraph?
A. Nursery education plays a leading role in one’s personal growth.
B. Pregnant women have to work to lighten families’ economic burden.
C. Children in nursery have to take uniform nation courses.
D. The supervision of the state makes child care professional.
42. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 and 3 that ___________.
A. the registered child-minders are required to take the university-entrance exams
B. the number of registered child-minders has been declining since 2001
C. anyone who looks after children at home must register with the schools
D. the growing recognition encourages more graduates to work as child-minders
43. The high price of child care __________.
A. prevents mothers from getting employed
B. may further depress the national economy
C. makes many families live on benefits
D. is far more than parents can afford
44. What is the author’s attitude towards the professionalization of child care?
A. Objective. B. Skeptical. C. Supportive. D. Biased.
45. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?A. The professionalization of child care has pushed up its price.
B. The high cost of child nursing makes many mothers give up their jobs.
C. The employment of more graduates makes nurseries more popular.
D. Parents in Britain pay most for child nursing throughout the world.
12
People with a rare genetic disorder known as Prader-Willi syndrome never feel full, and this excess hunger can
lead to life-threatening obesity (肥胖症). Scientists studying the problem have now found that the fist-shaped
structure known as the cerebellum (小脑) — which had not previously been linked to hunger — is key to
regulating satiation (饱食) in those with this condition.
This finding is the latest in a series of discoveries revealing that the cerebellum, long thought to be primarily
involved in movement harmony, also plays a broad role in cognition, emotion and behavior. “We’ve opened up a
whole field of cerebellar control of food intake,” says Albert Chen, a neuroscientist at the Scintillon Institute in
California.
The project began with an accidental observation: Chen and his team noticed they could make mice stop
eating by activating small pockets of neurons (神经元) in regions known as the anterior deep cerebellar nuclei
(aDCN), within the cerebellum. Fascinated, the researchers gathered data using functional MRI to compare brain
activity in 14 people who had Prader-Willi syndrome with activity in 14 unaffected people while each testee viewed
images of food -- either immediately following a meal or after fasting (禁食) for at least four hours.
New analysis of these scans revealed that activity in the same regions Chen’s group had accurately pointed out
in mice, the aDCN, appeared to be significantly disturbed in humans with Prader-Willi syndrome. In healthy
individuals, the aDCN were more active in response to food images while fasting than just after a meal, but no such
difference was identifiable in participants with the disorder. The result suggested that the aDCN were involved in
controlling hunger. Further experiments on mice, conducted by researchers from several different institutions,
demonstrated that activating the animals’ aDCN neurons dramatically reduced food intake by weakening how the
brain’s pleasure center responds to food.
For years neuroscientists studying appetite focused mainly either on the hypothalamus, a brain area involved
in regulating energy balance, or on reward-processing centers such as the nucleus accumbens (伏隔核). But this
group has identified a new feeding center in the brain, says Elanor Hinton, a neuroscientist at the University of
Bristol in England who was not involved with the study. “I’ve been working in appetite research for the past 15
years or so, and the cerebellum has just not been a target,” Hinton says. “I think this is going to be important bothfor Prader-Willi syndrome and, much more widely, to address obesity in the general population.”
46. Before the recent study, scientists had assumed that the cerebellum ________.
A. helps control everyday food intake
B. plays a minor role in movement harmony
C. has nothing to do with appetite regulation
D. has a direct link to behavioral development
47. According to the project conducted by the researchers, ________.
A. the healthy testees were more likely to overeat after fasting
B. food images increased the appetite of the testees with Prader-Willi syndrome
C. the aDCN in the healthy testees responded to food images more actively after fasting
D. the aDCN in the testees with Prader-Willi syndrome made no response to food images
48. What does Elanor Hinton imply about future appetite research?
A. It may help in the early diagnosis of Prader-Willi syndrome.
B. It will have broader implications for the treatment of obesity.
C. The potential feeding center in human brain remains to be discovered.
D. More studies are needed to understand the link between appetite and reward-processing.
49. What does the passage mainly talk about?
A. How our brain controls overeating.
B. How the aDCN works up our appetite.
C. How Prader-Willi syndrome can be prevented.
D. How lowering food intake benefits our overall health.
13
My best friend traveled to stay with our family last weekend. When she arrived, she went straight to the
kitchen and, without asking, ate a spoonful of raspberry jam and some dried fruit. She wasn’t being rude. I knew
she would do this. We’ve known each other for almost 20 years. She can eat anything she wants from my kitchen.
Indeed, I bought her favorite fruits and snacks at the shop that morning.
Our long weekend together was luxuriously (惬意地) simple. I was recovering from surgery (手术) and
couldn’t go to shopping malls. We passed the time running errands (做杂事), going to the post office and collecting
dry cleaning. We drank way too many cappuccinos. But we talked about every little detail of our lives.
There’s never been a quiet moment in our friendship. We’ve lived in different cities for almost a decade.
Reunions demand constant conversation. our personalities are matched, to be sure, and a shared history isindescribably valuable. We were competitors in high school before bonding over a bad experience. Then we
discovered the many interests that we had in common. Our friendship cemented (巩固) itself quickly. We stayed
companions through law school, through our first jobs and our first boyfriends. We supported each other through
break-ups and breakthroughs. Ours is a friendship for the ages.
There is something special about friends who know everyone and everything about you. They are rare. These
are the people you’ve chosen to witness your life. They have seen the bright lights of achievement, the depths of
despair (绝望) and the boring routine (平淡乏味) of the in-between.
It’s special to unpack feelings and frustrations without wasting time filling in the blanks. As my long weekend
shows, with such friends we don’t have to “do”, we simply have to “be”. We drop the act, the performance, the
public version of ourselves.
The special friendships are those which never fail to delight, the continuation of which is worth the extra
effort, despite distance and difference sneaking (溜进) into your separate lives. I had the very great joy of this
reminder last weekend. I’m lucky to have found this friend, to see a future where her companionship remains.
Being together is perfection.
50. What happened during her best friend’s visit?
A. They enjoyed an eventful long weekend. B. They bonded by having long conversations.
C. They made their favorite snacks and coffee. D. They talked about recent news events.
51. One thing that the author appreciates about their friendship is that ______.
A. they help each other deal with the boredom of life
B. they prefer to witness each other’s lives from far away
C. they try to show each other their best selves
D. they are comfortable being themselves when together
52. Which of the following would the author agree with?
A. Charm comes from differences. B. Politeness brings best friends closer.
C. Good friendships last naturally. D. Good friendships need devotion.
53. The author’s main purpose in writing this article is to ______.
A. describe what her best friend is like B. tell about the friendship she treasures
C. explore the key aspects of friendship D. express thanks to her best friend
14
If you’ re reaching for the last piece of pizza at a party, and meanwhile see another hand going for it, your nextmove probably depends on how you feel and whom the hand belongs to. Your little sister — you might just grab the
pizza. Your boss — you probably will give up. But if you’re hungry and feeling particularly confident, you might
go for it.
Now researchers have made progress in understanding how mammals’ brain encodes social rank and uses this
information to shape behaviours — such as whether to fight for that last pizza slice. They discovered that an area of
the brain called the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was responsible for representing social rank in mammals;
changes to a mouse’s mPFC affect its dominance (支配) behaviour. But it was unknown how the mPFC represented
this information and which neurons (神经元) were involved in changing dominance behaviour.
In the new study, Professor Kay Tye let groups of four mice share a cage, allowing a social hierarchy (等级) to
naturally develop — some mice became more dominant and others more subordinate. As soon as the mice were
paired up, he discovered, the activity of their mPFC neurons could predict — with 90 percent certainty — the rank
of their opponent.
“We expected animals might only signal rank when they are in a competition,” says co-researcher Nancy. “But
it turns out animals walk around with this representation of social rank all the time.”
When the researchers next asked whether the activity of the mPFC neurons was associated with behaviour,
they found something surprising. The brain activity patterns were linked with slight changes in behaviour, such as
how fast a mouse moved, and they also could predict — a full 30 seconds before the competition started — which
mouse would win the food reward.
The winner was not always the more dominant, but the one engaged in a “winning mindset”. Just as you might
sometimes be in a more competitive mood and be more likely to snatch that pizza slice before your boss, a
subordinate mouse might be in a more “winning mindset” than a more dominant mouse and end up winning.
The areas of the mPFC associated with social rank and “winning mindset” are next to one another and highly
connected. Signals on social rank impact the state of the brain involved in “winning mindset”. In other words, a
subordinate mouse’s confidence and “winning mindset” may partially decrease when faced with a dominant one.
“This is further evidence to suggest that we are in different brain states when we are with others compared to
when we’re alone,” says Tye. “Regardless of who you’re with, if you’re aware of other people around you, your
brain is using different neurons.”
54. The author writes Paragraph 1 in order to ________.
A. tell an interesting story B. present a typical example
C. introduce a major topic D. provide a convincing proof55. What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 5 refer to?
A. The mPFC neurons. B. The researchers.
C. The brain activity patterns. D. The changes in behaviour.
56. What can we learn from the new study?
A. mPFC neurons change dominance behaviour.
B. Brain activities can influence social hierarchy.
C. Dominant opponents boost “winning mindset”.
D. Social rank and “winning mindset” affect behaviour.
57. What can we infer from the passage?
A. Those eager to win may succeed.
B. When alone, we are more confident.
C. Social rank guides competitive behaviour.
D. “Winning mindset” establishes dominance.
15
The kids are hanging out. I pass small bands of students, on my way to work these mornings. They have
become a familiar part of the summer landscape.
These kids are not old enough for jobs. Nor are they rich enough for camp. They are school children without
school. The calendar called the school year ran out on them a few weeks ago. Once monitored by teachers and
principals, they now appear to be “self care”.
Passing them is like passing through a time zone. For much of our history, after all, Americans arranged the
school year around the needs of work and family. In 19th-century cities, schools were open seven or eight hours a
day, 11 months a year. In rural America, the year was arranged around the growing season. Now, only 3 percent of
families follow the agricultural model, but nearly all schools are scheduled as if our children went home early to
milk the cows and took months off to work the crops. Now, three-quarters of the mothers of school-age children
work, but the calendar is written as if they were home waiting for the school bus.
The six-hour day, the 180-day school year is regarded as something holy. But when parents work an eight-bour
day and a 240-day year, it means something different. It means that many kids go home to empty houses. It means
that, in the summer, they hang out.
“We have a huge mismatch between the school calendar and realities of family life,” says Dr. Ernest Boyer,
head of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.
Dr. Boyer is one of many who believe that a radical revision of the school calendar is inevitable. “School,whether we like it or not, is educational. It always has been.”
His is not a popular idea. Schools are routinely burdened with the job of solving all our social problems. Can
they be asked to meet the needs of our work and family lives?
It may be easier to promote a longer school year on its educational merits and, indeed, the educational case is
convincing. Despite the complaints and studies about our kids lack of learning, the United State still has a shorter
school year than any industrial nation. In most of Europe, the school year is 220 days. in Japan, it is 240 days long.
While classroom time alone doesn’t produce a well-educated child, learning takes time and more learning takes
more time. The long summers of forgetting take a toll.
The opposition to a longer school year comes from families that want to and can provide other experiences for
their children. It comes from teachers. It comes from tradition. And surely from kids. But the most important part of
the conflict has been over the money.
58. The current American school calendar was developed in the 19th century according to ______.
A. the growing season on nation’s farm
B. the labor demands of the industrial age
C. teachers’ demands for more vacation time
D. parents’ demands for other experiences for their kids
59. Why is Dr. Boyer’s idea unpopular?
A. He thinks that school year and family life should be considered separately
B. He argues for the role of school in solving social problems.
C. He strongly believes in the educational role of school.
D. He supports the current school calendar.
60. “The long summers of forgetting take a toll” in the last paragraph but one means that ______.
A. long summer vacation changes the way of learning
B. long summer vacation has been abandoned in Europe
C. long summers result in less learning time
D. long summers are a result of tradition
61. The author thinks that the current school calendar ______.
A. is still appropriate B. is out of date
C. is inevitable D. cannot be revised
16
“Two centuries ago, Lewis and Clark left St. Louis to explore the new lands acquired in the LouisianaPurchase,” George W. Bush said, announcing his desire for a program to send men and women to Mars. They made
that journey in the spirit of discovery. America has ventured forth into space for the same reasons.
Yet there are vital differences between Lewis and Clark’s expedition and a Mars mission. First, they were
headed to a place where hundreds of thousands of people were already living. Second, they were certain to discover
places and things of immediate value to the new nation. Third, their venture cost next to nothing by today’s
standards. A Mars mission may be the single most expensive non-wartime undertaking in U.S. history.
Appealing as the thought of travel to Mars is, it does not mean the journey makes sense, even considering the
human calling to explore. And Mars as a destination for people makes absolutely no sense with current technology.
Present systems for getting from Earth’s surface to low-Earth orbit are so fantastically expensive that merely
launching the 1,000 tons or so of spacecraft and equipment a Mars mission would require could be accomplished
only by cutting health-care benefits, education spending, or other important programs—or by raising taxes. Absent
(缺乏)some remarkable discovery, astronauts, geologists, and biologists once on Mars could do little more than
analyze rocks and feel awestruck (敬畏的) staring into the sky of another world. Yet rocks can be analyzed by
automated probes without risk to human life, and at a tiny portion of the cost of sending people.
It is interesting to note that when President Bush unveiled (公开) his proposal, he listed these recent major
achievements of space exploration: pictures of evidence of water on Mars, discovery of more than 100 planets
outside our solar system, and study of the soil of Mars. All these accomplishments came from automated probes or
automated space telescopes. Bush’s proposal, which calls for reprogramming some of NASA’s present budget into
the Mars effort, might actually lead to a reduction in such unmanned science—the one aspect of space exploration
that’s working really well.
Rather than spend hundreds of billions of dollars to hurl (投) tons toward Mars using current technology, why
not take a decade or two or however much time is required researching new launch systems and advanced
propulsion (推进力)? If new launch systems could put weight into orbit affordably, and advanced propulsion could
speed up that long, slow transit (运输) to Mars, the dream of stepping onto the red planet might become reality.
Mars will still be there when the technology is ready.
62. What do Lewis and Clark’s expedition and a Mars mission have in common?
A. Instant value. B. Human inhabitance.
C. Venture cost. D. Exploring spirit.
63. Bush’s proposal is challenged for the following reasons EXCEPT that ______.
A. great achievements have already been made in Mars exploration in America.B. American people’s well-being will suffer a lot if it is carried out.
C. its expense is too huge for the government to afford.
D. unmanned Mars exploration sounds more practical and economical for the moment.
64. Which of the following can be concluded from the passage?
A. Going to Mars using current technology is quite sensible.
B. A Mars mission will in turn promote the development of unmanned program.
C. Bush’s proposal is based on three recent great achievements of space exploration.
D. The achievements in space exploration show how well manned science has developed.
65. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. Risky as it is, a Mars mission helps maintain America’s position as a technological leader.
B. A Mars mission is so costly that it may lead to an economic disaster in America.
C. Someday people may go to Mars but not until it makes technological sense.
D. A Mars mission is unnecessary since the scientists once there won’t make great discoveries.
17
A robot created by Washington State University (WSU) scientists could help elderly people with dementia (痴
呆) and other limitations live independently in their own homes.
The Robot Activity Support System, or RAS, uses sensors installed in a WSU smart home to determine where
its residents are, what they are doing and when they need assistance with daily activities. It navigates (定位)
through rooms and around obstacles to find people on its own, provides video instructions on how to do simple
tasks and can even lead its owner to objects like their medication or a snack in the kitchen.
“RAS combines the convenience of a mobile robot with the activity detection technology of a WSU smart
home to provide assistance in the moment, as the need for help is detected,” said Bryan Minor, a postdoctoral
researcher in the WSU School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.
Currently, an estimated 50 percent of adults over the age of 85 need assistance with every day activities such
as preparing meals and taking medication and the annual cost for this assistance in the US is nearly $2 trillion. With
the number of adults over 85 expected to triple by 2050, researchers hope that technologies like RAS and the WSU
smart home will relieve some of the financial strain on the healthcare system by making it easier for older adults to
live alone.
RAS is the first robot researchers have tried to incorporate into their smart home environment. They recently
published a study in the journal Cognitive Systems Research that demonstrates how RAS could make life easier forolder adults struggling to live independently.
“While we are still in an early stage of development, our initial results with RAS have been promising,” Minor
said. “The next step in the research will be to test RAS’ performance with a group of older adults to get a better idea
of what prompts, video reminders and other preferences they have regarding the robot.”
66. How does RAS serve elderly people?
A. Through sensors. B. Through objects.
C. Through a mobile robot. D. Through their daily activities.
67. What can we know about RAS?
A. It is the first robot used in daily life. B. Its function remains to be tested.
C. It can locate people and do any task. D. It can cook for owners on its own.
68. What’s Minor’s attitude toward the future of RAS?
A. Doubtful. B. Negative.
C. Optimistic. D. Uncertain.
69. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Elderly people leave the nursing home.
B. Smart Home Tests first elder-Care robot.
C. RAS, the first robot to make home smart.
D. Older adults have benefited from RAS.
18
Neuro-technology has long been a favourite of science-fiction writers. In “Neuromancer”, a wildly inventive
book by William Gibson written in 1984, people can use neural( 神经的) implants to get into the sensory
experiences of others. Iain M. Banks came up with the idea of a neural lace, a mesh (网格) that grows into the
brain, in his “Culture” series of novels. “The Terminal Man” by Michael Crichton, published in 1972, imagines the
effects of a brain implant on someone who is convinced that machines are taking over from humans.
Where the sci-fi led, philosophers are now starting to follow. In Howard Chizeck’s lab at the University of
Washington, researchers are working on an implanted device to administer deep-brain stimulation (DBS) in order to
treat a common movement disorder called essential tremor. Traditionally, DBS stimulation is always on, wasting
energy and robbing the patient of a sense of control. The lab’s ethicist (伦理学家), Tim Brown, a doctoral student
of philosophy, says that some DBS patients suffer a sense of isolation and complain of feeling like a robot.
To change that, the team at the University of Washington is using neuronal activity associated with intentional
movements to turn the device on. But the researchers also want to enable patients to use a conscious thoughtprocess to override these settings. That is more useful than it might sound: stimulation currents for essential tremor
can cause side-effects like distorted (失真的) speech, so someone about to give a presentation, say, might wish to
shake rather than make his words unclear. Giving humans more options of this sort will be essential if some of the
more advanced visions for brain-computer interfaces are to be realized. Hannah Maslen from the University of
Oxford is another ethicist who works on a BCI project. One of her jobs is to think through the distinctions between
inner speech and public speech: people need a dependable mechanism for separating what they want to say from
what they think.
That is only one of many ethical questions that the sci-fi versions of brain-computer interfaces bring up. What
protection will BCIs offer against neural hacking? Who owns neural data, including information that is gathered for
research purposes now but may be understandable in detail at some point in the future? Where does accountability
lie if a user does something wrong? And if brain implants are performed not for treatment but to improve people’s
abilities, will that make the world an even more unequal place?
70. What do the three books mentioned in paragraph 1 have in common?
A. They are all among what philosophers like best.
B. They all tell the stories well beyond imagination.
C. They are all works of the greatest sci-fi writers of the time.
D. They all deal with people’s losing control of their brains.
71. The research of the team at the University of Washington is intended to _____.
A. improve the accuracy of DBS B. let patients decide when to turn on DBS
C. get rid of the side effects of DBS currents D. separate what we think from what we say
72. What can be inferred from the passage?
A. Neuronal activity fails to work without intentional movements.
B. Brain-computer interfaces do more harm than good.
C. People suffering from essential tremor will shake.
D. DBS settings cannot be changed once fixed.
73. What will the passage most probably talk about next?
A. How these questions will be handled.
B. Why these questions used to be ignored.
C. Which questions come from science fiction.
D. Who has first raised these questions.
19In spring, chickens start laying again, bringing a welcome source of protein at winter’s end. So it’s no surprise
that cultures around the world celebrate spring by honoring the egg.
Some traditions are simple, like the red eggs that get baked into Greek Easter breads. Others elevate the egg
into a fancy art, like the heavily jewel-covered “eggs” that were favored by the Russians starting in the 19th
century.
One ancient form of egg art comes to us from Ukraine. For centuries, Ukrainians have been drawing
complicated patterns on eggs. Contemporary artists have followed this tradition to create eggs that speak to the
anxieties of our age: Life is precious, and delicate. Eggs are, too.
“There’s something about their delicate nature that appeals to me,” says New Yorker cartoonist Roz Chast.
Several years ago, she became interested in eggs and learned the traditional Ukrainian technique to draw her very
modern characters. “I’ve broken eggs at every stage of the process — from the very beginning to the very, very
end.”
But there’s an appeal in that vulnerability(易损性). “There’s part of this sickening horror of knowing you’re
walking on the edge with this, that I kind of like, knowing that it could all fall apart at any second.” Chast’s designs,
such as a worried man alone in a tiny rowboat, reflect that delicateness.
Traditional Ukrainian decorated eggs also spoke to those fears. The elaborate patterns were believed to offer
protection against evil.
“There’s an ancient legend that as long as these eggs are made, evil will not exist in the world.” says Joan
Brander, a Canadian egg-painter who has been painting eggs for over 60 years, having learned the art from her
Ukrainian relatives.
74. People in many cultures honor the egg because _______________.
A. it is their major source of protein in winter
B. it is a welcome sign of the approach of spring
C. it can bring wealth and honor to them
D. it can easily be made into a work of art
75. What does the underlined word “elevate” in Paragraph 2 mean ?
A. carve B. promote C. place D. lower
76. Why does Chast enjoy the process of decorating eggs?
A. She is never sure what the final design will look like until the end.
B. She always achieves great pleasure from designing something new.C. She never knows if the egg will break before the design is completed.
D. She believes there won’t be evil in the world once the egg is made.
77. The following statements are right except that _______________.
A. the decorated “eggs” are favored as a form of fancy art in Russia
B. contemporary artists draw on eggs to reflect anxieties of people today
C. the delicate nature of eggs appeals to Roz Chast
D. eggs provide a hard and unique surface to paint on
20
Some documents have been making the rounds lately — where people who work various positions in different
industries share how much they’re paid.
Bravo! It’s about time we blew up that old belief that salaries have to stay secret. This is not just a matter of
curiosity. Having information about salaries can help narrow the gender wage gap, which has barely changed for
more than a decade. Recently released date from the US Census Bureau shows that, on average, women working
full time still are paid only 82 cents for every dollar paid to a man. And the gap is even wider for many women of
color: Black women make 62 cents, and Latinas just 54 cents. What’s more, the pay gap even extends into her
retirement. Because she earned less and therefore paid less to the social security system, she receives less in social
security benefits.
Having greater access to salary information is helping to speed things up. A new research report by the
American Association of University Women shows that the wage gap tends to be smaller in job sectors where pay
transparency (透明) is a must. For example, among federal government workers, there’s just a 13 percent pay
difference between men and women, and in state government, the gap is about 17 percent. But in private, for-profit
companies, where salaries are generally kept under wraps, the gender wage gap jumps to 29 percent.
Fortunately, salary information is increasingly available on some websites. Certain companies and many
human resources departments are pushing ahead with this practice. Of course, it’s going to take more than salary
transparency to equalize earnings between women and men. But sharing salaries can and must be part of the
solution. The more information women have about how jobs are valued — and what different people earn — the
better they will understand their value in the labor market and be able to push for the pay they deserve.
78. Why are the figures mentioned in paragraph 2?
A. To reveal the severity of gender wage gap.
B. To confirm the previous belief about salaries.C. To satisfy readers’ curiosity about others’ salaries.
D. To appeal to readers to share their salary information.
79. What is paragraph 3 mainly about?
A. The inequality between men and women.
B. The need to keep salary information a secret.
C. The advantage of working for the government.
D. The benefit of making salary information public.
80. What is the author’s attitude towards sharing salary information?
A. Critical. B. Favourable.
C. Unclean D. Negative.
81. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A. Why It Pays to Share How Much You Make
B. Where Salary Information Difference Lies
C. What It Takes to Realize Gender Equality
D. How Woman’s Value Improves at Work.
21
Eventually, the changes that will strengthen stepfamilies will likely come from shifts in cultural prejudices.
Such change is slow, but there are signs that some movement along this line is beginning to take place. For
instance, Roger Coleman, a clergyman in Kansas City, Mo., performs marriage ceremonies specifically designed to
include children when a parent remarries. In years of officiating second marriages, he says, he became keenly
aware of the confusion and insecurities of the children, and the ceremony — which includes a special medal worn
by the child — aims to celebrate the “new family” and move the church beyond mere criticism of divorce. This
year, Coleman says, over 10,000 families across the country will use the medal in their remarriage ceremony.
Similar changes are occurring in public schools around the country. One of the difficulties for stepfamilies is
that schools and other public institutions have typically not recognized the stepparent as a valid parent; school
registration forms, field trip permission slips, health emergency information — none of these required or
acknowledged the stepparent. The message, whether intended or not, has been that only biological parents count.
It’s a message that the stepparent and stepchild internalize, worsening what’s often an already difficult relationship,
and one which the larger community takes as another sign that stepfamilies are not legally recognized in Americansociety. Through the efforts of the Step-family Association of America and other advocates, schools around the
country have begun changing their policies to acknowledge the increasingly important role of stepparents.
Change is also evident in a marketplace eager to exploit this wide social trend. In a particularly American sign
of the times, the Hallmark greeting card company, is about to launch a line of cards devoted entirely to non-
traditional families. The cards never use the word “step”, but most of the “Ties That Bind” line is clearly aimed at
people who have come together by remarriage rather than biology — or, as one card puts it, “Thrown together
without being asked, no chance of escape.” Some are straightforward (“There are so many different types and ways
to be a family today”), while others are more indirect (“It’s like at a puzzle where the pieces aren’t where they used
to be”). But all are aimed at the vast and growing market of people who don’t identify with the old definitions of
family, and who are finding ways to make their new families work. Who knows — soon there may even be a card
Tori La Londe can send to her former husband’s former mother-in-law.
82. The marriage ceremonies performed by Roger Coleman _________.
A. always make children feel confused and insecure
B. are more romantic than any other marriage ceremony
C. are designed to include some children to create an exciting atmosphere
D. are arranged to let children attend their parent’s remarriage ceremonies
83. The examples of school registration forms, field trip permission slips, health emergency information in public
schools are applied to suggest _________.
A. biological parents are irreplaceable in the growth of a child
B. stepparents are no substitute for the biological ones
C. traditional views on the family structure still persist
D. efforts are made to facilitate the present situation
84. The underlined sentence in Paragraph 3 “Who knows — soon there may even be a card Tori La Londe can
send to her former husband’s former mother-in-law.” means _________.
A. Businesses can benefit more from new patterns of families
B. People begin to be open to different new definitions of family
C. Sending cards is a good way to tie the bond of the family
D. Ex-husband’s ex-mother-in-law plays an important role in the family
85. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. The increasingly important role of stepparents.B. The practical ways to strengthen the stepfamilies.
C. The difficulties that are facing the stepfamilies.
D. People’s gradual recognition towards stepfamilies.
22
Google’s £ 400m acquisition of the UK artificial intelligence research company DeepMind in 20l4 was
testimony to the quality of British scientific research. Furthermore, the insistence of the three UK co-founders that
their company would not move to California was seen as evidence of London’s potential to become a successful
centre for technology innovation. Four years later, the future of the UK capital’s tech aspirations and of
DeepMind’s centre of gravity look a lot less certain.
DeepMind’s announcement last week that it would transfer control of its health unit to a new Google Health
division in California has raised questions about data privacy. The health unit has access to the records of 1. 6m
patients of Britain’s National Health Service. After four years of relative operating freedom, the company is
confronting the hard reality of being owned by Google. For Google, however, which has been patient so far about
its return on investment, the time for DeepMind’s work to be commercialised-specifically a patient management
App called Streams-appears to have arrived.
The UK Company founded by Demis Hassabis, Shane Legg and Mustafa Suleyman has repeatedly vindicated
Google’s assessment of its world class artificial intelligence research. In2016, its AlphaGo programme beat the
world’s best player of the fiendishly complex board game “Go” after thousands of practice games. In2017 its
progeny, AlphaGo Zero, did it again---without any expert human input.
When algorithms beat humans at their own games it is impressive; when they start beating them at their work
it becomes unsettling. This year, another DeepMind algorithm proved better than retinal specialists at London’s
Moorfields Eye Hospital at making referrals when tested on patient scans.
This was clear progress. DeepMind’s health work is what is most immediately relevant to Britons since,
through a partnership with the Royal Free Hospital, it has access to the data of so many patients. The move to
California has understandably raised privacy concerns at a time when big tech companies, including Facebook, are
coming under growing scrutiny for the careless way they have exploited private data for commercial gain.
Moreover, the transfer appears to contravene promises by DeepMind that “at no stage will patient data ever be
linked or associated with Google accounts, products or services”. It is worrying that at the same time DeepMind’s
independent review panel-set up to scrutinize its sensitive relationship with the NHS-is also being wound up.
DeepMind, which sees the move as a way of ensuring millions benefit from its work, claims that its contractswith the NHS are sufficient to protect patients’ data, which will remain under the strict control of Britain’s health
service. Google has said nothing. There is a clear need for both companies to offer much greater assurances.
Last year, DeepMind set up an ethics and society department, whose independent advisers were selected for
their integrity. They had a reputation for asking tough questions which set the company apart in the tech sector. If
indeed the founders believed this culture would be unaffected by the gravitational pull of a buyer as powerful as
Google, they were naive. WhatsApp and Instagram made the same mistake.
But for the sake of the NHS patients whose data are at issue, it is to be hoped that the same culture and
integrity survives in California. The Silicon Valley mantra of “move fast and break things” might work for
companies developing software. It has no place governing healthcare and technology.
86. The first paragraph is used to_________.
A. take about the future of DeepMind
B. remind readers of the cost of Google’s acquisition of DeepMind
C. leading to the problems that DeepMind will face
D. highlighting the quality of British scientific research
87. What is the real reason of Information leakage of private data?
A. DeepMind has no relative operating freedom.
B. Google Health division is allowed to retrieve the records of 1. 6m patients.
C. Britain’s National Health Service leaks the private data of their patients.
D. Some companies have collected private data for commercial gain carelessly.
88. Which one is not true according to this passage?
A. Both Google and DeepMind should offer the public much greater assurances.
B. WhatsApp and Instagram are likely to leak information of their clients.
C. People feel nervous about algorithms employed by high-tech.
D. The ethics and society department set up by DeepMind may work.
89. What is the author’s attitude toward the Silicon Valley mantra?
A. Critical B. Positive
C. Negative D. Ambiguous
23
On a dark night, 11-year-old Joe was playing hide-and-seek with his friends in the backyard when he thought
he saw Magellan—a huge housecat. However, when the cat suddenly jumped on his head, Joe found it turned out a
young cougar. He backed away from the animal, then turned and ran inside the house.Cougar encounters like this one are becoming increasingly common in the U.S. Most people assume that’s
because cougar populations are growing, or because the big cats are coming into closer contact with the expanding
web of human suburbs. But Professor Robert Wielgus at Washington State University argues that poorly designed
hunting policies might be causing an increase in cougar-human conflicts.
Wielgus’s research teams have been fitting the big cats with radio collars and monitoring their movements.
They find that the cougar population is actually declining rapidly and almost no male cougars are over four years of
age. And a study shows that the heavily hunted area has five times as many cougar complaints as the lightly hunted
area—even though the density of cougars is about the same in both areas.
Wielgus suspects that hunting policies, which allow older males to be killed to keep cougar populations in
check, were the culprit and teenage cougars in the heavily hunted area may be responsible for most of the trouble.
To test his theory, he adds two more groups of cougars to the tracking program—one in a heavily hunted area and
another in a comparable but lightly hunted area. He concludes that heavy hunting indeed almost wipes out older
males and the population structure in the heavily hunted area shifts toward younger animals.
With these findings, Wielgus believes without adults to keep them under control, the disorderly teens are more
likely to come into conflict with humans, farm animals and pets.
Wielgus’s ideas don’t sit well with everyone. “Hunting definitely does cause lots of teenage males to flow in,
but I don’t yet see solid proof that they are more likely to cause trouble than older cats,” says the University of
Montana’s Robinson. “In many cases, the new arrivals have been squeezed out of remote wilderness habitat and
forced into areas where they are more likely to encounter humans. I think humans are primarily responsible for all
the interaction you see. We’re moving into these areas where cougars and deer are,” according to Alldredge, a
researcher at the Colorado Division of Wildlife.
We may not understand what makes 18-year-old males more likely than 48-year-old men to do dangerous
things, Wielgus says, but we know that the world would be a different place, if teenagers were in charge.
90. The passage begins with a story to ________.
A. lead into the topic B. describe an incident
C. show the author’s attitude D. warn of the dangers of cougars
91. The underline word “culprit” in Para. 4 is closest in meaning to ________.
A. effect B. evidence C. cause D. target
92. Which of the following is true?
A. Alldredge agrees hunting results in the arrival of lots of teens.B. Robinson doubts whether age is a key factor in human-cougar conflicts.
C. Alldredge believes killing older males may cause a bigger threat.
D. Robinson holds humans are to blame for the fall of older males.
93. What might Wielgus suggest to reduce cougar attacks?
A. Driving teenage cougars back into their natural habitat.
B. Getting people to move out of the areas where cougars are.
C. Forbidding children to play in the backyard by themselves.
D. Changing hunting policies to ensure a healthy cougar population.
24
Smartphones are our constant companions. For many of us, their glowing screens are a ubiquitous (十分普遍
的) presence, drawing us in with endless distractions. They are in our hands as soon as we wake, and command our
attention until the final moments before we fall asleep.
Steve Jobs would not approve.
In 2007, Jobs took the stage and introduced the world to the iPhone. If you watch the full speech, you will be
surprised by how he imagined our relationship should be with this iconic (标志性的) invention. This vision is so
different from the way most of us use these devices now.
In his remarks, Jobs spent an extended amount of time demonstrating how users could utilize (应用) its touch
screen before detailing the many ways Apple engineers had improved the age-old process of making phone calls.
“It’s the best iPod we’ve ever made,” Jobs exclaimed at one point. “The killer app is making calls,” he later added.
Both lines drew thunderous applause.
The presentation confirms that Jobs imagined a simpler iPhone experience than the one we actually have more
than a decade later. For example, there was no App Store when the iPhone was first introduced, and this was by
design. Jobs was convinced that the phone’s carefully-designed native features were enough. He did not seek to
completely change the rhythm of users’ daily lives. He simply wanted to take experiences we had already found
important — listening to music, placing calls, generating directions — and make them better.
The minimalist (简约主义者) vision for the iPhone Jobs offered in 2007 is unrecognizable today — and that is
a shame.
Under what I call the “constant companion model,” we now see our smartphones as always-on portal (通道) to
information. We have become so used to it over the past decade that it is easy to forget the novelty (新奇) of the
device. It seems increasingly clear to me that Jobs probably got it right from the very beginning: Many of us wouldbe better-off returning to his original minimalist vision for our phones.
Practically speaking, to be a minimalist smartphone user means only using your device for a small number of
features that do things of value to you. Otherwise, you simply put it away outside of these activities. This approach
removes this gadget (小玩意) from the position of a constant companion down to a luxury object, such as a fancy
bike, that gives you great pleasure when you use it but does not dominate your entire day.
Early in his 2007 keynote jobs said, “Today, Apple is going to reinvent the phone.” What he didn’t add,
however, was the follow-up promise: “Tomorrow, we’re going to reinvent your life.” The smartphone is fantastic,
but it was never meant to be the foundation for a new form of existence. If you return this innovation to its original
role, you will get more out of both your phone and your life.
94. According to Steve Jobs, what was the main selling point of Apple’s first iPhone?
A. It allowed its users to have access to the Internet.
B. It was actually an iPod that could make phone calls.
C. It was installed with applications by third-party developers.
D. It could fulfill people’s desire to multitask in their daily lives.
95. According to the article, a minimalist smartphone user is likely to ________.
A. expect to reinvent his life with the device
B. buy the latest model of iPhone and see it as a luxury
C. spend more time working than playing with his device
D. remove the unnecessary applications from the device
96. The underlined word “it” in the 7th paragraph probably refers to ________.
A. the native features of smartphones B. the information on the Internet
C. the novelty of the device D. the constant companion model
97. What can be inferred from the passage?
A. The minimalism of iPhone helps users bring out the best of the device.
B. Jobs expected iPhone to be the foundation for a new form of existence.
C. Smartphone users have changed their life to enjoy pleasant experiences.
D. The invention of App Store has made smartphones luxury objects.
98. The author’s purpose in writing the article was to ________.
A. tell readers why Steve Job created the iPhone
B. remind readers not to be addicted to their smartphones
C. show readers that smartphones can greatly change their livesD. encourage readers to block Internet access on their smartphones
25
A leaked IPCC draft reports, “Widespread use across millions of square kilometers globally of tree-planting
and bioenergy crops could have potentially serious consequences for food security and land degradation (退化).” In
other words, more massive monocultures (单种栽培) and more bioenergy crops, fueled by more fertilizers, could
damage the structure of the environmental soil and its capacity to absorb carbon.
Everyone knows that to help ease the increasing climate crisis, we need to plant new trees. It’s said that the
earth could support an additional 9,000,000 square kilometers of forest, potentially hosting 500 billion trees capable
of capturing more than 200 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide at maturity. It would be a serious help to the
environment.
Bioenergy now holds a 50 percent share of the world’s renewables consumption—as much as hydro, wind,
solar and all others combined. It’s good news, but not entirely. If we consider that increasing desertification and
rising ocean levels will take away more arable (可耕种的) land, we arrive at a crucial “trilemma”(三难困境).
Should we use our spare soil for agriculture, reforestation or bioenergy?
Such a question would make sense in a multilateral, harmonious world, not on a planet where the richest
country cancels an environment-saving agreement, thus encouraging the most tropically-forested nation to set about
cutting trees.
Last year, 36,000 square kilometers of forest was cut down. Wouldn’t it be better to start by stopping
deforestation altogether? Animal farming takes up 77 percent of the world’s arable land and provides us with 18
percent of the calories. Shouldn’t we cut back on global meat consumption? Modern bioenergy is already available.
Shouldn’t we get rid of first-generation biofuels, which are produced from food crops?
99. What’s the IPCC’s attitude to the widespread planting?
A. Ambiguous B. Positive C. Disapproving D. Uncaring
100. What does the author intend to do in paragraph 2?
A. Add some background information. B. Summarize the previous paragraphs.
C. Provide some advice for the readers. D. Introduce a new topic for discussion.
101. How can we understand “but not entirely” in paragraph 3?
A. There is less sustainable energy for use.
B. No more land is available for bioenergy.
C. More trees are cut in the richest country.D. Bioenergy can cause more climate problems.
102. What does the text mainly talk about?
A. Developing farmland as much as possible.
B. Planting trees to prevent global warming.
C. Using bioenergy to reduce environmental pollution.
D. Protecting present resources instead of developing new ones.
26
Jobs that use both technical and creative thinking are among the fastest-growing and highest-paying ones,
according to a new report from Burning Glass Technologies, a job market analytics (分析) company in Boston.
It studied millions of job postings to better understand the skills companies require. What they discovered was
that many want workers with experience in such new abilities as big-data (数据) gathering and analytics, or design
using digital technology.
Burning Glass came up with the term “hybrid jobs” to describe these kinds of positions, which require skills
not normally found together. For example, these hybrid jobs might require people with skills in data science and
advertising, or engineering and sales. “The jobs of the future don’t involve just one skill,” says Matt Sigelman,
chief manager of Burning Glass.
The company expects general job growth of about 10% between 2018 and 2028, but the hybrid jobs by 21%.
What’s more, hybrid jobs pay more than positions that call for a traditional set of skills. For example, a marketing
manager mastering a database program gets paid 41% more than a traditional one, with an average yearly salary of
$100, 000. Moreover, an engineer who improves her sales skills and becomes a consulting engineer for a software
company can more than double her pay from $180, 000 to $400, 000.
While data shows that workers who fail to update their skills will be able to find fewer jobs, people in hybrid
jobs are less likely to become out of date, with only 12% possibility of being replaced by machine, compared with
42% for general jobs, says Burning Glass. Hybrid jobs are mostly not beginner roles, so they mainly go to workers
with years of experience and, most importantly, more training after leaving college. That means workers, bosses
and educators will have to think about how to better prepare people for these roles.
103. Why did the company research into job advertisements?
A. To understand the growth of best paid workers.
B. To compare workers’ experience with new abilities.
C. To find out companies’ requirements about skills.D. To tell the possible changes in future job market.
104. Which of the following jobs can be hybrid?
A. Data engineer.
B. Machine operator.
C. Marketing manager.
D. Medical consultant.
105. How much is a traditional marketing manager possibly paid every year?
A. $180, 000. B. $71, 000. C. $41, 000. D. $10, 000.
106. Which of the following is the best title for this passage?
A. How to Get Trained for Jobs
B. The Skills for “Hybrid” Jobs
C. Future Jobs Requiring “Hybrid” Skills
D. Tips on Finding Fastest-Growing Jobs
27
When you hear “I have a dream…”, one of the most famous speeches in human history, you’ll never have the
idea how the audience on the scene were fueled by emotional intelligence. When Martin Luther King. Jr. presented
his dream, he chose language that would stir the hearts of his audience. Delivering this electrifying(震撼性的)
message required emotional intelligence—the ability to recognize, understand, and manage emotions.
Emotional intelligence has been highly recommended by leaders, policymakers, and educators as the solution
to a wide range of social problems. Emotional intelligence is important, but the uncontrolled enthusiasm has
obscured (掩盖)a dark side. New evidence shows that when people sharpen their emotional skills, they become
better at controlling others. When you’re good at controlling your own emotions, you can hide your true feelings.
When you know what others are feeling, you can motivate them to act against their own best interests.
Social scientists have begun to document this dark side of emotional intelligence. In a research led by
University of Toronto professor Jochen Menges, when a leader gave an inspiring speech filled with emotion, the
audience was less likely to scrutinize (细察) the message and remembered the content. Ironically(讽刺 的是),
audience members were so moved by the speech that they claimed to recall more of it.
The authors call this the awestruck effect, but it might just as easily be described as the dumbstruck effect. One
observer reflected that Hitler’s persuasive impact came from his ability to strategically express emotions—he
would “tear open his heart”—and these emotions affected his followers to the point that they would “stop thinkingcritically and just emote.”
Leaders who master emotions can rob us of our abilities to reason. If their values are out of step with our own,
the results can be destructive. New evidence suggests that when people have self-serving motives, emotional
intelligence becomes a weapon for controlling others.
Throwing light on this dark side of emotional intelligence is one mission of a research team led by University
College London professor Martin Kilduff. According to these experts, emotional intelligence helps people disguise
(伪装) one set of emotions while expressing another for personal gain. Professor Kilduff’s team writes, “The
strategic disguise of one’s own emotions and the controlling of others’ emotions for strategic ends are behaviors
evident not only on Shakespeare’s stage but also in the offices and corridors where power and influence are traded.”
Of course, people aren’t always using emotional intelligence for nefarious ends. More often than not, high EQ
is helpful in most aspects of our life. Emotional intelligence—like any skill—can be used for good or evil. So
whether it is a gift or a curse lies in your hand.
107. Why does the author mention Martin Luther King, Jr?
A. To honor the great leader for his courage.
B. To recommend his speech to other leaders.
C. To introduce the major topic to readers.
D. To advocate a society with fewer problems.
108. Which of the following belongs to a dark side of emotional intelligence?
A. Developing the capability to control one’s own emotion.
B. Influencing people to do what brings disadvantages to them.
C. Appealing to the audience to concentrate and remember more.
D. Encouraging the moved audience to learn more of the speech.
109. What is the dumbstruck effect of Hitler’s emotional intelligence?
A. His followers would tear open their hearts to him.
B. His followers would express emotions strategically.
C. His followers would lose the ability to reason properly.
D. His followers would develop the self-serving motives.
110. How do people use their emotional intelligence for personal gain?
A. They disguise their true emotions and show another one.
B. They help their colleagues to build up confidence.
C. They present their strategic behaviors on the stage.D. They lower their own dignity to gain popularity.
111. Which may mean the same as the underlined word in the last paragraph ?
A. Immoral. B. Unimportant. C. Illegal. D. Uncontrollable.
112. What would be the best title for the passage?
A. The benefits of emotional intelligence.
B. The advantages and disadvantages of emotions.
C. The reasons for using emotional skills.
D. The dark side of emotional intelligence.
二、七选五
1
A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps, for there is the
companionship of books as well as of men.____1____
A good book may be among the best of friends. I's the same today that it always was, and it will never change.
It is the most patient and cheerful of companions.____2____It always receives us with the same kindness, amusing
and instructing us in youth, and comforting and supporting us in age.
____3____They do so just as two persons sometimes discover a friend by the admiration which they both have
for a third. There's a proverb, “Love me, love my dog.” But there is more wisdom in this: “Love me, love my
book.” The book is a truer and higher bond of union. Men can think , feel , and sympathize with each other through
their favorite author.
Books introduce us into the best society.____4____We hear what they said and did; we see them as if they
were really alive; we sympathize with them, enjoy with them; their experience becomes ours, and we feel as if we
were actors or actresses with them in the scenes which they describe.
There is a story of two men: one was a king, who dreamed every night that he was a beggar; the other was a
beggar, who dreamed every night that he was a prince , and lived in a palace.____5____But when we read, we :
may not only be kings and live in palaces, but, what is far better, we may transport ourselves to the mountains or
the seashore, and visit the most beautiful parts of the world, without tiredness ,inconvenience or expense.
A. Imagination is sometimes more vivid than reality.
B. Books are to mankind what memory is to a man.
C. Nothing in books can long survive but what is really good.
D. It doesn't turn its back upon us in times of difficulty or hardship.
E. They bring us into the presence of the greatest minds that have ever lived.F. And one should live in the best company whether it may be of books or men.
G. Men discover their liking for each other by the love they each have for a book.
2
Have you ever wondered how the trainers at Sea World get the 19,000-pound whale to jump 22 feet out of
water and perform tricks? They get that whale to go over a rope farther out of the water than most of us can
imagine. ___6___.
So how do the trainers at Sea World do it? The first thing they do is reinforce(强化) the behavior that they
want repeated --- in this case, to get the whale to go over the rope.___7___, in a position where the whale can’t help
but do what’s expected of it. Every time the whale goes over the rope, it’s given positive reinforcement and gets fed
with fish. But what happened when the whale goes under the rope? Nothing — no criticism, no warning and no
feedback. ___8___.
Positive reinforcement is the key of that simple principle that produces such splendid results. And as the whale
begins to go over the rope more often than under, the trainers begin to raise the rope. It must be raised slowly
enough so that the whale doesn’t starve.
___9___. Make a big deal out of the good and little stuff that we want consistently. Secondly, under-criticize.
People know they need help when they mess up. ___10___, people will not forget the event and usually will not
repeat it.
So we need to set up the circumstances so that people can’t fail. Over-celebrate, under-criticize…and know
how far to raise the rope.
A. This is a great challenge
B. And the whale stays right where it is
C. If we figure out a way to motivate the whale
D. They start with the rope below the surface of the water
E. If we under-criticize, punish and discipline less than expected
F. Whales are taught that their negative behavior won’t be acknowledged
G. The simple lesson to be learned from the whale trainers is to over-celebrate
3
It is a great truth because once we truly understand and accept it, then life is no longer difficult.
Most do not fully see this truth.___11___. It seems to them that their difficulties represent a special kind of
suffering especially forced upon them or else upon their families, their class, or even their nation.___12___. Problems, depending on their nature, cause us sadness or loneliness or regret or anger or fear.
These are uncomfortable feelings, often as painful as any kind of physical pain. And since life causes an endless
series of problems, life is always difficult and is full of pain as well as joy.___13___.
___14___. When we desire to encourage the growth of the human spirit, we encourage the human ability to
solve problems, just as in school we set problems for our children to solve.___15___As Benjamin Franklin said,
“Those things that hurt, instruct.” It is for this reason that wise people learn not to fear but to welcome the pain of
problems.
A. Problems are the serious test that tells success from failure.
B. Life is not a trap set for us by God so that he can condemn (责难) us for failing.
C. It is through the pain of meeting and working out problems that we learn.
D. Yet, it is in this whole process of solving problems that life has its meaning.
E. Instead they complain about their problems and difficulties as if life should be easy.
F. We can register to make money and participate in problem solving collaboration (合作、协作) groups.
G. What makes life difficult is that the process of facing and solving problems is a painful one.
4
1___16___
Modern technology does bring us many conveniences（便利），from WiFi（无线网络）enabled cell
phones and ever smaller laptop computers that make entire lives easy to energy efficient washers that use half the
power and time to complete their tasks. However，these new toys and equipment finally become electronic waste
（ 电子垃圾）（e waste）once they are out of use.
2___17___
E waste includes everything from empty printer ink containers to broken refrigerators. As people buy new
items to replace aging electronics or make upgrades（升级），more electronic waste comes into being. In some
cases，such as 2009's switch from analog（模拟）to digital television broadcasting in the United States，changes
in technology are so great that old equipment may not even work at all with new systems.
3___18___
There are many reasons why it is important to recycle electronic waste. Much of the material used to construct
electronics，including metal and plastic parts，can be recycled into new items at a discount of the cost and energy
use needed to create things from new raw materials（原材料）. Additionally，many electronics contain poisonous
substances （有毒物质）that are harmful to the environment and could be deadly if they go into an area'sgroundwater. When properly recycled，they can be reused and will not do harm to the environment. Because of
these environmental concerns，many areas require by law that electronic waste be properly recycled.
4___19___
The availability（可用性）of ewaste recycling programs varies from place to place. In some areas，annual
collections are held once or twice a year as a means of dealing with ewaste as well as used engine oil or other waste
that is harmful to the environment. There are also some good alternatives （替代品） to recycling your ewaste.
Any items that are in working condition can be given to friends or donated to charities（慈善机构）like Goodwill
or the Salvation Army，who rely heavily on donations （ 捐赠） . Freecycling ，or passing on your unwanted
items to those in need of them，is also a means of finding new homes for used items.
5___20___
Ewaste recycling helps protect the environment by reducing the amount of poisonous materials placed in
landfills（垃圾场）and saving recyclable parts to save energy and other resources. Recycling is a way of life.
Stick to that choice every single day and recycling will become second nature to us.
A. Means of ewaste recycling
B. How ewaste comes into being
C. The benefit of ewaste recycling
D. The technologies of ewaste recycling
E. The importance of the electronic waste recycle
F. Modern technology brings convenience and ewaste
5
Space is where our future is — trips to the Moon, Mars and beyond. Most people would think that apart from
comets (彗星) and stars, there is little else out there. ___21___ Scientists are now concerned that if we don’t clean
it up, we may all be in great danger.
The first piece of space junk was created in the year of 1964, when the American satellite Vanguard I stopped
operating. ___22___ However, since it kept orbiting around the Earth without any results, scientists became
increasingly comfortable abandoning things that no longer served any useful purpose in space.
___23___ The junk varies from tiny pieces of paint chipped off rockets to cameras, huge fuel tanks, and even
odd items like the million-dollar tool kit that astronaut Heidemarie Stefanyshyn Piper lost during a spacewalk.
The major problem with the space trash is that it may hit working satellites and damage travelling spaceship.
In addition to this, many pieces of junk may crash with each other and break into pieces which fall back to theEarth. ___24___ Ground stations have been built to monitor larger pieces of space trash to prevent them from
crashing into working satellites or space shuttles. ___25___ They will stop littering in space and to clean up the
trash already there.
A. Future plans include a cooperative effort among many nations.
B. The junk floats slowly around the Earth.
C. However, since our space journey started, we have left much trash (垃圾) in space.
D. It is said that there are now over 500,000 pieces of man-made trash orbiting the Earth at speeds of up to 17, 500
miles per hour.
E. It lost its connection with the ground centre.
F. To avoid this, scientists have invented several ways for clearing the sky.
G. It hasn’t result in any serious problems up to now.
6
As the world seeks to slow the pace of climate change and preserve wildlife, trees undoubtedly hold a major
part of the answer. Yet the mass destruction of trees--deforestation-continues, sacrificing （牺牲）the long-term
benefits of standing trees for short-term gain.
___26___Since humans started cutting down forests, 46 percent of trees have been logged. About 17 percent
of the Amazonian rainforest has been destroyed over the past 50 years, and losses recently have been on the rise.
So, what are the factors leading to deforestation? Farming, animal raising, mining, and drilling combined
account for more than half of all deforestation.___27___Plus logging operations, which provide the world? s wood
and paper products, cut down countless trees each year. Some loggers acting illegally even build roads to access
more and more remote forests--which leads to further deforestation.
___28___Some 250 million people living in forests depend on them for survival and income—many of them
among the world's rural poor. Eighty percent of Earth's land animals live in forests and deforestation threatens
many species.___29___The South American rainforest, for example, influences regional and perhaps even global
water cycles, which is key to the water supply in Brazilian cities and neighboring countries.
Luckily, a movement is under way to preserve existing forest ecosystems and restore lost tree cover.
Organizations and activists are working to fight illegal mining and logging. As consumers, it makes sense to look
for sustainably produced sources. ___30___
A. Yet the effects of deforestation reach much farther.
B. Globally, forests are disappearing at an alarming rate.C. Wildfires and urbanization also account for a small part,
D. Deforestation affects people and animals and even the wider world.
E. With these joint efforts, many conservationists see reasons for hope.
F. Deforestation is responsible for around 15% of all greenhouse gas emissions.
G. Some deforestation is caused by a combination of human and natural factors.
7
For humans, ignorance (无知) is inevitable (不可避免的) : It's our natural state. There's too much complexity
in the world for any individual to master. Ignorance can be frustrating, but the problem is not ignorance
itself.____31____ .
According to David Dunning, ignorant people don't know how ignorant they are. If you give a group of people
a task to do and then ask them how well they think they've done on the task. Poor performers overestimate how
well they've done; strong performers often underestimate their performance: This is because those who lack skills
also lack the knowledge of what skills they're missing. ____32____ Those who have skills know what skills they
could improve on.
Our ignorance, in general, shapes our lives in ways we do not know about. Put simply, people tend to do what
they know and fail to do what they don't know. ____33____ People fail to reach their potential simply because
they are not aware of the possible.
This is a fact of life. ____34____ We won't miss Disneyland if we don't know it's there. For many expensive
things, the less you know about them, the less you'll miss them and the happier you'll be.
___35___ If we don't know about birth control, then we won't use it. If we remain ignorant about the horrors
that are going on next door, we won't do what's necessary to stop them. And if we are ignorant about the dangerous
things our children are getting into, disaster can follow.
A. Ignorance means you have neither.
B. So they think they're pretty good.
C. It’s the trouble we get into by not recognizing it.
D. But ignorance has costs.
E. It's knowledge of possibilities that makes us miss them.
F. We can't choose what we don't know about.
G. In that way, ignorance channels the course we take in life.
8
ClaustrophobiaClaustrophobia, or fear of enclosed spaces, in one of the most common fears. Claustrophobia can be deep fear
or even panic as a result of being in a small space.
Claustrophobia can develop after a troubling childhood experience, or from another unpleasant experience
later on in life related to small spaces. ___36___. This response then becomes programmed in the brain, making
an association between being in a tight space and feeling anxious or out-of-control. As a result, the person often
develops claustrophobia.
___37___. Claustrophobia symptoms can include: sweating, accelerated heartbeat, upset stomach, shaking,
breathing problem, etc. The claustrophobia sufferer will look for an exit when inside a room, avoid driving on the
highway or major roads where there is heavy traffic when inside a car, or stand near a door when at a party.
___38___.
Claustrophobia can have harmful social and psychological effects, since the patient will often avoid situations
in which she thinks she will have an anxiety attack, leading to hiding and sadness.
___39___. Exposure treatment, a form of mind-behavioral treatment, usually results in a total reduction in
anxiety symptoms if conducted properly. Flooding is a type of exposure treatment in which the person is exposed to
a situation until the anxiety attack passes. ___40___. Medications to help treat claustrophobia include things
which help to ease the heart beating to fast often associated with anxiety attacks.
A. According to some doctors, claustrophobia is worse than the fear of heights
B. The past experience can trace back to the moment of birth
C. The good news is that claustrophobia is very treatable
D. When a person with claustrophobia finds herself in a restricted space, her body responds in certain ways
E. In extreme cases, the very sight of a closed door can lead to feelings of anxiety in a person
F. Treatment for claustrophobia can also include medication or a combination of several treatments
G. When a person experiences such an event, it can often cause a frightening panic attack
9
Behind every great product is a great team. Teamwork in the workplace offers the staff the opportunity to
become more familiar with each other and learn how to work together. ___41___. There are several ways in which
teamwork is important to the success of the company and to the development of each employee.
Efficiency ( 效率 )
Work teams develop systems that allow them to complete tasks efficiently. ___42___, the team’s work pace
makes sure that the task is completed quickly and accurately. This allows the company to take on more work andalso lets the company increase more income without having to add more staff. This becomes helpful when efficient
teams from different departments work together.
Support ___43___ And a strong team environment can act as a support system for staff member. Work group
members can help each other improve performance and work together toward improving professional development.
Team members come to rely on each other and trust each other. ___44___, these bonds can be important.
Ideas
Teams in the workplace often met to discuss how to deal with company problems. When a team works well
together, it allows staff members to feel more comfortable in offering suggestions. Team members become
accustomed to processing brainstorming information.
___45___.
A. There are challenges each day in any workplace
B. When the team faces a particularly hard challenge
C. We all know teamwork helps companies earn more money
D. When a task is handed to a well-trained and efficient team
E. It is also the fuel that allows employees and companies to have success
F. The company surely benefits from various suggestions given by efficient teams
G. One of the main benefits of a strong team environment is to share ideas with each other
10
Perhaps at one point in time, it was acceptable to start any letter or e-mail with “To Whom It May Concern.”
___46___ Starting your cover letter or e-mail for a job this way might give off the impression that you didn’t do
your research on who you’re writing to. ___47___ After all, people who address other people by their names when
writing and speaking to them tend to be more pleasant.
___48___ It can be used in letters of recommendation or reference, formal complaints（抱怨）made to a
company, letters of introduction, and letters of interest.
Grammarly uses the example of needing to write a letter of recommendation, for a colleague who will have to
make several copies to distribute to interviewers, ___49___ “In most cases, though, try to narrow your focus rather
than cast a broad net,” notes Grammarly.”Ask yourself. Who does this e-mail concern? If you can honestly answer
‘Anyone, ‘then feel free to use “To Whom It May Concern.” （These are the things you should never say in your
cover letter.）
If you do happen to find that using “To Whom It May Concern” is appropriate, don’t make grammar mistakes,for example, letters or punctuation. ___50___
A. However, it maybe interesting.
B. Those times have changed, though.
C. Making mistakes in writing will surely get you low scores.
D. It’s also very impersonal, which some employers might not appreciate.
E. In that circumstance, sending and receiving letters is more of a formal greeting.
F. You might want to take note of other common errors you might be committing, too.
G. But according to Grammarly, there are four times when it’s OK to use this greeting.
11
Researchers define self-control or self-discipline as“ability to control or change one’s inner
responses”.___51___ However,some people think that as an immediate consequence of leading lives of constant
self-control,they aren’t likely to gain a lot of pleasure from life.
___52___ To start,414 adults completed on online survey.In the survey,they rated the their self-control by
indicating how much they agreed with 14 statements,such as“I indeed do certain things that are bad for me,if they
are fun.”
In their study,205 adults were given smart phones and required to report their emotions at random moments
throughout the week. ___53___ If so,they had to report how hard they tried to resist them,and whether they
eventually ended up acting on them.
The researchers found that the more self-control people had,the more satisfied they were with their lives in the
long run. ___54___ In fact,such people’s increased happiness to a large extent accounted for the increased life
satisfaction.
These researchers also figured out that people high in self-control are simply less likely to find themselves in
situations where that’s even an issue.They don’t waste time fighting inner battles over whether or not to eat a
second piece of cake.___55___ And that,it would seem,makes them happier……even if occasionally a little bit
sad.
A. In a word,they are not bothered about such little desires.
B. Researchers checked these general ideas through a survey and study.
C. It is generally believed that in the long run self-control can make people happier.
D. Meanwhile,they were also asked to report whether they were experiencing any desires.
E. However,people with more self-control were also more likely to be happy in the short run.
F. But they are still uncertain why some people are more able to control their inner responses.G. Most adults reported they failed to control their desire to play video games before an exam.
12
Artificial—intelligence systems like Grammarly, an automated grammar—checker, are trained with data. for
instance, translation software is fed sentences translated by humans, Grammarly's training data involve a large
number of standard error—free sentences and human—corrected sentences. ___56___ The software then looks at a
user's writing: if a line of words seems ungrammatical, it tries to spot how the generally supposed mistake is most
closely similar to one from its training inputs.
___57___ Advances in language technology have been impressive in, for example, speech recognition, which
involves another sort of statistical guess—whether or not a stretch of sound matches a certain line of words.
___58___ . It can rate the tone of an email before you send it, after being trained on texts that have been assessed
by humans, for example as “admiring” or “confident”.
But grammar is the real magic of language, joining words into structures, joining those structures into
sentences, and doing so in a way that maps onto meaning. ___59___ . Computers can analyse grammatical
sentences fairly well, labeling things like nouns and verb phrases. But they struggle with sentences that are difficult
to analyse, precisely because they are ungrammatical—in other words, written by the kind of person who needs
Grammarly.
___60___ But computers don't work in meaning or intention, they work in formulae（惯用语）. Humans,
by contrast, can usually understand even sentences that are not grammatically correct, because of the ability to
guess the contents of other minds. Grammar—checking computers illustrate not how bad humans are with
language, but just how good.
A. Grammarly can seem to miss more errors than it marks.
B. One Grammarly feature that works fairly well is feeing analysis.
C. To correct such writing requires knowing what the writer intended.
D. Grammarly has some obvious strengths in understanding meaning or intentions.
E. Computers outpace humans at problems that can be solved with pure maths.
F. Developers also add certain rules to the patterns Grammarty has taught itself.
G. In this decisive structure—meaning connection, machines are no match for humans.
13
Near the city of Yogyakarta in Java（爪哇岛）is not only one magnificent（宏伟的）monument, Borobudur
（婆罗浮屠）, but a second equally impressive one. Prambanan, the second monument, shares a remarkablenumber of things in common with Borobudur.
First, both huge temple complexes (建筑群) are thought to have been built at about the same time, around 850
AD. ___61___ Some historians think that both temples were created during the era of the Sailendra Dynasty
Second, in both cases, the temples appear to have been abandoned just after they were completed. Why were
they left alone, isolated (被孤立) in the mountains of Java? ___62___ It certainly took a great deal of effort to
build the monument, so why would their use come to a standstill（停止）without a very good reason?
___63___ Prior to efforts to restore and preserve them in the 1800s, they lay in ruins, covered with plants.
Today, both Borobudur and Prambanan are UNESCO World Heritage sites, famous for their religious art.
Although there are so many similarities, there are important differences. For example, Prambanan, east of
Yogyakarta, is a Hindu temple, while Borobudur, northwest of the city, is a Buddhist temple. ___64___ Overall, its
individual (个别的) buildings are smaller than those of Borobudur. Borobudur sits on a hill and you can make it out
from some distance. On the other hand, Prambanan is spread out over a flatter area. ___65___
A. Perhaps it is due to the eruption of the volcano, Mount Merapi.
B. Borobudur and Prambanan each tell their sacred stories in vivid detail.
C. Borobudur temple is one of the best-preserved ancient monuments in Indonesia.
D. However, scholars are not completely sure about the exact dates of construction of either place.
E. Finally, you can go inside the Hindu temple, but you must admire the Buddhist one from the outside.
F. Borobudur is one huge structure with ten levels, but Prambanan is a group of eighteen temple buildings.
G. The third common factor is that both priceless monuments suffered a great deal of damage during the centuries
when they were left alone.
14
What is volunteer travel?
Volunteer travel involves taking a trip where all or part of the purpose of the trip is to participate in an
arranged service opportunity helping others. Typically, the volunteer activity takes place in a foreign country, but
some opportunities can involve national or regional projects. ____66____
Charitable interests often go far beyond national boundaries. People in developed countries become interested
in the struggles of people in less developed countries. ____67____ Volunteer travel is a way to combine a visit to a
new location with meaningful work that has a direct impact on communities in other parts of the world.
____68____ Historically, church groups made up a large part of this market. Once a year a religious
organization or church would organize a trip to another country. ____69____ For example, it would be to helpbuild a school in an impoverished(贫困的)area, or dig wells so a village would have clean water, or engage in
hundreds of other projects that would impact those less fortunate. As international travel became easier and the
Internet made communication between countries much easier, the interest in volunteer travel increased.
____70____ Volunteering in other countries has become as accessible as browsing a website and signing up.
Instead of traveling with a group that is organized at the volunteers home base, the volunteer may join a group that
gathers at the worksite from all over the world. This sort of volunteer travel is sometimes referred to as
voluntourism or vacanteerism.
A. The primary purpose of the trip was very specific.
B. This type of travel has been an option for many years.
C. Educational institutions also made volunteer travel an option.
D. Sometimes, donating money is not enough to satisfy the need to help.
E. The Internet has helped make community service in general more popular.
F. These trips are usually arranged by church organizations, human interest groups or non-profits.
G. A new trend is that for-profit tour operators arrange group travel around volunteer opportunities.
15
Should schools report a student’s health to parents?
As if grades weren’t enough to worry about, some students now have weight on their minds too. The number
of overweight children in the United States has more than doubled in the past 20 years, according to the U.S.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ____71____
As a result, schools in several states, from California to Pennsylvania, have started sending home "BMI report
cards". Those schools send home a report of a student’s body mass index (BMI). BMI is a calculation of weight and
height that tells whether a person is overweight for his or her age.
____72____ People on both sides of the debate are weighing in.
Some lawmakers say BMI reports warn parents of their children s health problem help fight against obesity. In
2003, former Arkansas Governor. Mike Huckabee helped launch the first program to report students’
BMI. ____73____ Pechatrician Joe Thompson helped plan the BMI program for Arkansas schools. He explains
that the reports in Arkansas are sent home separately from report cards. “The misconception is that students are
being graded on their weight,” he told WR News, “Just like a school screen for vision or hearing, this is a health
approach to raise awareness about a risk.”
____74____ Parents have complained that the reports damage their children’s self-respect. Some parents saykids also worry that they are being “graded” on their weight. ____75____ They point out that many school
cafeterias serve tasty foods. Parent Brett Levy from Chicago, Illinois, believes that schools should teach kids to lead
healthy lifestyles instead of reporting their BMIS. “Telling a boy or girl a BMI is not education,” he told WR News.
“It’s a fear strategy.”
A. Should schools send home BMI reports?
B. Obesity rates in that state have since stopped increasing.
C. Since then children with heart disease have received the reports.
D. Not everyone thinks that reporting students’ BMI is a good idea.
E. Schools agree that more activities are required for students to control weight.
F. Being obese, or severely overweight, can lead to health problems later in life.
G. Some people argue that schools that label students overweight are acting unfairly.
16
A TEDx event is a local meeting where live TED-like talks and TED Talk video are shared. The content and
design of each TEDx event is unique and developed independently, but all of them have features in common.
___76___. For events less than half a day in length, two TED Talks videos are required to be shown. For longer
events, 25% of the total number of talks must be official TED Talk videos.
Being a TEDx organizer can be an unexpected experience. ___77___.
___78___
As a TEDx organizer, you’ll have the choice to feature (以...为特色) live talks at your event, bringing
attention to undiscovered voices in your community. If you decide to include individual speakers, choose special
people who have a fresh way in their field, a unique story to tell in a good way.
Follow rules & guidelines
___79___. But there’s a reason they’re part of the TEDx program- to make your job easier. The better you
know the TEDx rules and guidelines throughout your TEDx journey, the less you’ll have to deal with annoying
details to correct later on.
Apply in advance
Before you organize a TEDx event, you must get a TEDx license from TED. ___80___. You’ll need more
than three months to organize your event after your license is approved to give your speakers enough time to
develop and practice their talks.
A. TEDx is such a global program that it is popular
B. Discover local voicesC. Then, set an event date months before
D. Rules and guidelines can be a pain
E. If you’re thinking about becoming one, below are some tips for you to review
F. Rules are very important
G. Every TEDx event either shows TED Talk videos, or shows both videos and live speakers
17
Self-esteem is the ruling view you have of yourself. This includes your beliefs about your inner qualities and
how you think others see you. ___81___ Someone can develop low self-esteem even when they are highly
functional and greatly skilled. Understanding this mysterious emotional currency might be the key to unlocking
your own self-worth.
People with healthy self-esteem don't need to boast about themselves to others. People with low self-esteem
may tell you how much everyone loves them, what a great job they do at work, and how amazing they are at pretty
everything under the sun even though they really wonder if it's true. People may see them as obnoxious or “full of
themselves”. ___82___ They are not shy about sharing ideas, including constructive criticisms of others. They also
take care of themselves without second-guessing or apologizing. They are the people who we say seem “sure of
themselves”.
If you're starting to think you may have low self-esteem, you can work on the way you talk to yourself. When
you turn off negative self-talk, you can open the floor to positive reinforcements and access the courage to show
different sides of yourself. It isn't going to feel good at first, though. Keep going until it becomes less and less and
maybe even a few awkward laughs in the mirror may help. ___83___
However, in serious cases of low or even non-existent self-esteem, you may want to call in a professional or a
specialist. Good mental health is important, and professionals doing psychotherapy do not pass judgement or give
corrections. ___84___ It is the best way to get at the roots of your real self-esteem problems.
___85___ It will take some work but your entire life — from your relationships to your body image to your
work habits — will be touched with the kind of power that only comes from someone believing in themselves. This
is the hardest part, and the greatest leap. With some changes and support, you can improve your self-esteem and see
how everything else changes as a result.
A. Self-esteem is not always rooted in reality, though.
B. You have the power to shape a new self-perception.C. This encourages you to speak openly without worry.
D. The real test of character is whether they can learn from their mistakes.
E. Self-esteem refers to a person's overall sense of his or her value or worth.
F. People with a healthy level of self-esteem present themselves with a casual confidence.
G. With some practice and persistence, you will win this internal struggle to see your self-worth.
18
In a few decades, artificial intelligence (AI) will surpass many of the abilities that we believe make us special.
_____86_____
One of the most significant pieces of news from the US in early 2017 was the efforts of Google to make
autonomous driving a reality. According to a report, Google’s self-driving cars clocked 1,023, 330 km, and required
human intervention 124 times. That is one intervention about every 8,047 km of autonomous driving. But even
more impressive is the progress in just a single year: human interventions fell from 0. 8 times per thousand miles to
0.2, a 400% improvement. With such progress, Google’s cars will easily surpass my own driving ability later this
year.
Driving once seemed to be a very human skill. But we said that about chess, too. Then a computer beat the
human world champion, repeatedly. The board game Go(围棋) took over from chess as a new test for human
thinking in 2016, when a computer beat one of the world's leading professional Go players. _____87_____I worry
about my six-year-old son. What will his place be in a world where machines beat us in one area after another?
He’ll never calculate faster, never drive better, or even fly more safely. _____88_____It can’t be skills like
arithmetic, which machines already excel in. So far, machines have a pretty hard time emulating creativity, arbitrary
enough not to be predicted by a computer, and yet more than simple randomness.
Perhaps, if we continue to improve information-processing machines, we’ll soon have helpful rational（理性
的）assistants. _____89_____If I’m right, we should foster a creative spirit because a dose of illogical creativity
will complement the rationality of the machine. Unfortunately, however, our education system has not caught up to
the approaching reality. Indeed, our schools and universities are structured to mould pupils to be mostly obedient
servants of rationality, and to develop outdated skills in interacting with outdated machines. We need to help our
children learn how to best work with smart computers to improve human decision-making. _____90_____Because
if we aren’t, we won’t be providing much value in future ecosystems, and that may put in question the foundation
for our existence.
A. So we must aim to complement the rationality of the machine, rather than to compete with it.B. With computers conquering what used to be deeply human tasks, what will it mean in the future to be human?
C. We must face our fears if we want to get the most out of technology and we must conquer those fears if we want
to get the best out of humanity.
D. This is a grand challenge for our age and it may require an “irrational” response.
E. But most of all we need to keep the long-term perspective in mind: that even if computers will outsmart us, we
can still be the most creative.
F. Actually, it all comes down to a fairly simple question: What’s so special about us?
G. Professor Stephen Hawking has warned that the creation of powerful artificial intelligence will be “either the
best, or the worst thing, ever to happen to humanity”.
19
Ways to get your laughter back
Through all my school years, laughter was part of my life. My best friend and I came up with a name for the
“really good” laughs. We called them Belly Rolls. That may sound silly, but it is the truth. However, after I realized
I had “lost” my laughter, the first thing I thought of was how silly I was going to look and sound. ___91___ . This
is how you do it.
____92____ . It will be a forced laugh. I know it sounds silly, but trust me, if you can’t laugh by yourself and
be comfortable, it’s even harder to laugh in a social situation when you think people are judging you.
Watch only funny programs on TV and at the movies. Be very selective of what you watch. ____93____ . If you
cannot give up those programs absolutely, then watch only half an hour of them a day. Give yourself a fighting
chance and make it a point to bring laughter into your life.
Invite your friends and family to make it funny! Don’t wait too long before you start laughing socially. Ask
someone close to you to point out the fun in life. Maybe they can promise to tell a joke to you every day or sit with
you during a half-hour situation comedy. ____94____.
While driving, go over your day and remember everything funny. ____95____. Not only will this help you
laugh more, but it will keep you feeling happy. If you are spending all your time remembering the good times you
had for the day, it doesn’t leave much time to think over negativity!
A. Use this time in a positive way.
B. Look in a mirror and laugh.
C. If you haven’t truly laughed for a long time, you have to Fake It until you Make It.
D. In our busy world, laughter seems to have been lost along the way.E. If you’re a heavy watcher of news programs and political stations, it’s hard to feel happy.
F. One easy way to find laughter is to go to funny movies or watch them on TV.
G. Laughter is so much more fun when you’re with someone else.
20
Making a lifestyle change is challenging, especially when you want to transform many things at once. Here are
some tips to help you:
￭ Make a plan that you can stick to. Your plan is a map that will guide you on this journey of
change.___96___When making your plan, be specific. Want to exercise more? Detail the time of day when you can
take walks and how long you’ll walk. Post your plan where you’ll most often see it as a reminder.
￭Start small. Break down your goals into small. Break down your goals into small, manageable steps. Is your
long-term goal to lose 20 pounds within the next five months? ____97____If you’d like to eat healthier, consider a
goal for the week replacing dessert with a healthier option, like fruit or yogurt. At the end of the week, you’ll week
successful knowing you have met your goal.
￭Change one behavior at a time. Replacing unhealthy behaviors with healthy ones requires time.___98___ To
improve your success, focus on one goal or change at a time. As new healthy behaviors become a habit, try to add
another goal that works toward time overall change.
￭___99___Accepting help from those who care about you and will listen strengthens your commitment. If you
feel unable to meet your goals on your own, consider seeking help from a psychologist. Psychologists are uniquely
trained to understand the connection between the mind and body, as well as the factors that promote behavior
change.
￭Making the changes that you want takes time and commitment, but you can do it. Just remember that no one
is perfect. Minor missteps on the road to your goals are normal and okay.___100___
A. Be kind to yourself.
B. Ask for support.
C. Be determined to recover and get back on track.
D. You can even think of it as an adventure.
E. A good weekly goal would be to lose one pound a week.
F. You've tried before, but without feeling much success.
G. Many people run into problems when they try to change too much too fast.
21Every animal sleeps, but the reason for this has remained foggy. When lab rats are not allowed to sleep, they
die within a month. ___101___
One idea is that sleep helps us strengthen new memories. ___102___ We know that, while awake, fresh memories
are recorded by reinforcing (加强) connections between brain cells, but the memory processes that take place while
we sleep have been unclear.
Support is growing for a theory that sleep evolved so that connections between neurons(神经元) in the brain can be
weakened overnight, making room for fresh memories to form the next day. ___103___
Now we have the most direct evidence yet that he is right. ___104___The synapses in the mice taken at the
end of a period of sleep were 18 per cent smaller than those taken before sleep, showing that the connections
between neurons weaken while sleeping.
If Tononi’s theory is right, it would explain why, when we miss a night’s, we find it harder the next day to
concentrate and learn new information — our brains may have smaller room for new experiences.
Their research also suggests how we may build lasting memories over time even though the synapses become
thinner. The team discovered that some synapses seem to be protected and stayed the same size. ___105___ “You
keep what matters,” Tononi says.
A. We should also try to sleep well the night before.
B. It’s as if the brain is preserving its most important memories.
C. Similarly, when people go for a few days without sleeping, they get sick.
D. The processes take place to stop our brains becoming loaded with memories.
E. That’s why students do better in tests if they get a chance to sleep after learning.
F. “Sleep is the price we pay for learning,” says Giulio Tononi, who developed the idea.
G. Tononi’s team measured the size of these connections, or synapses, in the brains of 12 mice.
22
Tiny homes are being used for housing in costly areas of the United States. In Los Angeles, California, tiny
homes are now being used as temporary shelters for people, serving as a welfare for citizens. ___106___ Similar
projects went up in other California cities, including San Jose and Sacramento, and also across the United States in
Seattle, Washington; Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Des Moines, Iowa.
___107___ That number is an increase of more than 12 percent from a year earlier. Over 150,000 people are
homeless across the state of California. The pandemic has forced even more people onto the streets. Homeless
shelters had to turn away people to maintain social distancing rules. Thus, it’s urgent for officials to find a way out.City officials selected the land on Chandler Street for the tiny home village, because it could not be used for
anything else. ___108___ The officials had to promise nearby neighbors that the village would be safe and clean.
Ken Craft is head of the non-profit Hope of the Valley which operates Chandler Street village. He asked worried
neighbors if they would rather have the tents or the tiny homes on the land. He said the village offers services that
can help people out of homelessness.___109___
The tiny homes cost $7,500 each. And the cost for the entire project was $5 million. Hope of the Valley is
building two more villages in North Hollywood. ___110___At Chandler Street, the housing is temporary, whose
goal is for people to stay a few months and then move on to permanent housing.
A. More are planned in other neighborhoods.
B. The locals are in crucial need of tiny homes.
C. However, not everyone supported the plan.
D. In 2020, there were about 66,400 homeless people in Los Angeles.
E. They include mental health treatment, legal aid, and help with job searches.
F. A large number of citizens were recorded homeless in the country the year before.
G. The project is part of an emergency effort to solve the worsening homelessness crisis.
23
Taking care of unsolved issues of the past will free you to move ahead with confidence. The final step toward
putting your past behind so that you can reach for what’s possible is tying up your loose ends. Loose ends are the
unsolved relationships that keep you from sleeping worry free at night. ___111___ You have a loose end if there’s
someone you don’t want to sit next to at a holiday dinner. Loose ends are distracting and have an amazing way of
biting you in the bottom at the worst times.
How to Tie up Your Loose Ends
1. ____112____These could be past relationships, employers, business partners, friends, family, or co–
workers.
2. Contact each of these five loose ends. Invite each separately to a coffee shop or some other nonthreatening,
non-alcohol environment. Tell each one that you want to apologize for allowing things to get crossways between
you. Some may doubt your intentions, but tell them that you sincerely feel it’s time to clear the air. Ask those who
agree to meet to write down any ways they think you wronged them, and you do the same. ___113___
3. Show up on time and thank each for being forgiving enough to meet with you. Be an adult here—finger
pointing only tears people apart. Remember, your experience may be—and most likely is—totally different fromhis. Listen to each issue each of them raises and try to see it from their perspectives (视角). ___114___ Seek to
understand why they have bad feelings toward you. Apologize for each thing they think you did to wrong them
(even if you don’t completely agree with his view of the situation).
After you tie up your first loose end, you’ll want to solve them all. This is hard to explain until you have done
it; but once you do, you’ll know what I mean. ____115____ Most of all, I think this process helped me become a
more understanding and patient friend.
A. I learned so much about myself by tying up my loose ends.
B. Tell them to bring this list to your get–together.
C. You have a loose end if there’s someone you don’t want to run into on a first date or at work.
D. Loose ends are very disturbing for everyone in our life.
E. Here is a guide on how to tie up your loose ends.
F. Don’t interrupt them when they are sharing.
G. Identify the five people with whom you have the most unsolved issues.
24
Global Positioning System (GPS) is now a part of everyday driving in many countries. It is a space-based
system that provides position and time information in all weather conditions. GPS can help people get to where
they want to go.___116___When this happens, the driver is often to blame. Sometimes a GPS error is responsible.
Most often, it is a combination of the two.
___117___Barry Brown, a GPS technologist, took an incident as an example. His friend once flew to an
airport in the eastern United States. There he borrowed a GPS-equipped car to use. He wrongly plugged in the
home address in the west. It wasn't until he was driving for thirty minutes that he realized it. Mr. Brown says this is
a common human error. But he says, “One problem is that GPS has a very small screen and it can just tell you the
next turn.___118___”
“The Normal and Natural Troubles of Driving with GPS” lists several areas where GPS can cause difficulties.
They include maps that are outdated, incorrect or difficult to understand. ___119___GPS may fail due to these
reasons and then lead to confusion for the drivers.
Although GPS sometimes causes difficulties when people are driving, the most attractive point of this system
is its 100% coverage on the planet. It is important for you to have to know what you are doing when you use GPS.
You need to have the “ability” to be able to use GPS because it sometimes goes wrong.___120___
A. There are quite a few situations showing the problems of using GPS.B. That means that it is not really telling you about going to the wrong place.
C. This space-based system is an important tool for civil and commercial users.
D. But sometimes it sends you to the wrong place or leaves you completely lost.
E. They also contain timing problems related to when GPS commands are given.
F. Advances in technology play an active role in modernizing GPS in many ways.
G. To make GPS well used, you need a good understanding of how drivers and GPS work.
25
My students frequently ask me how I planned out my career to become president of Fidelity Investments. I
always tell them, “There was no grand plan; I backed into my career one step at a time.” In this tough economy and
ever-changing world, it is more important than ever to smartly evaluate each step in your career. To prepare for
whatever surprises lie ahead, try to make choices today that will maximize your options in the future.
____121____
Gaining transferable (可转移的) knowledge begins with the choices you make at school. You want your
education to provide you with the necessary skills and expertise to succeed in a wide variety of jobs. ____122____
I favor those that involve extensive writing, rigorous analysis, or quantitative skills.
Once you have finished your formal education, search for jobs that will allow you to further expand your
transferable knowledge—to help you find your next job. Let’s say you take a job putting together airplane leases.
Within a few years, you could become the world’s expert on the subject. ____123____ By contrast, if you take a
job that will expand your computer programming skills, you can greatly boost your options for later steps in your
career.
Remember gaining transferable knowledge is only one piece of the puzzle. ____124____ As a saying goes,
“Organizations don’t hire people. People hire people.” The more people you know, the more people will think of
you when a job pops open—even when it is not publicly advertised.
Of course, you can build your network to some degree without changing jobs. ____125____ But this sort of
event-driven networking pales in comparison with the deep bonds you can develop with your colleagues by
working, communicating, and traveling with them.
A. You can make yourself more attractive.
B. Gain transferable expertise and form close bonds with your colleagues.
C. Your next step should help you expand your web of personal relationships.
D. This later helped me evaluate and start business units throughout the world.E. You can attend conferences or participate in committees at trade associations.
F. This means that you need to make smart choices about the courses you will follow.
G. However, this narrow expertise probably won’t help you in any other line of work.
参考答案
一、阅读理解
1.
1. C 2. D 3. C 4. A
【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Reese收集的棒球卡在一次火灾中都被烧毁了，但是后来
Ashford和其它捐赠者给她捐赠了数千张卡片，于是Reese创办了Cards from Reese组织，这个组织收集卡
片，然后把卡片捐赠给那些有需要的人。从这个故事中我们可以学到，爱可以从一个人传递到另一个人。
1. 细节理解题。根据第一段“When ten-year-old Reese Osterberg lost her Fresno County, California, home to
one of the largest wildfires in state history early last fall, she had a very pressing concern: did anyone grab her
baseball cards? (去年秋初，10岁的里斯·奥斯特伯格在加州历史上最大的野火之一失去了加州弗雷斯诺县的
家，她有一个非常紧迫的担忧：有人拿过她的棒球卡吗?)”可知，Reese丢了她的棒球卡是因为她的房子被
毁灭性的大火烧毁了。故选C。
2. 词句猜测题。划线词所在句“With a houseful of kids and dogs and a farm’s worth of horses to evacuate, the
family forgot the cards during the stress. (有一屋子的孩子和狗，还有一个农场的马要evacuate，这个家庭紧
张中忘记了卡片。)”可知，大火发生时，要先撤离孩子、狗和马，所以忘记了卡片。划线词evacuate与
withdraw同义，意为“撤离”。故选D。
3. 推理判断题。根据第四段中“Ashford had been thinking about selling them when he saw the fire
department’s post. ‘I wasn’t really doing anything with them,’ said Ashford, ‘I thought I could take care of this
problem rather quickly.’(Ashford一直在考虑掉卖他的卡片，这时他看到消防部门发布的帖子。“它们对我
来说并没有什么用，”阿什福德说，“我想我可以很快解决这个问题。”)”和第五段中“First volunteers
transported the cards from Ashford’s garage to theirs and then surprised Reese during a tour of the firehouse.(志愿
者们首先把卡片从Ashford的车库运到他们的车库，然后在参观消防站时给了Reese一个惊喜。)”可推知，
Ashford看到帖子后，决定把他的卡片捐给Reese。故选C。
4. 细节理解题。根据最后一段“She’s gotten so many, in fact, that she started Cards From Reese, an
organization that collects cards and donates them to those in need. (事实上，她收到了这么多卡片，以至于她创办了Cards From Reese组织，收集卡片并将它们捐赠给有需要的人。)”可知，Reese创立了Cards From
Reese是为了给有需要的人卡片。故选A。
2.
5. D 6. B 7. D 8. A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了最新研究显示，手机和电子产品发出的蓝光对眼睛的伤害是
不可逆转的。
5. 词句猜测题。根据划线词前半句“This damage can lead to large blind spots in our vision (这种伤害可导致
视力出现较大的盲点)”和后半句“a disease that leads to blindness.(这种疾病会导致失明。)”可知，这种伤害
可导致视力出现较大的盲点，这也是黄斑变性的典型特征。所以hallmark为“特征”之意。故选D。
6. 细节理解题。根据第二段“This damage can lead to large blind spots in our vision that are the hallmark of
macular degeneration(黄斑变性), a disease that leads to blindness. (这种伤害可导致视力出现较大的盲点，这也
是黄斑变性的典型特征。黄斑变性会导致失明。)”可知，蓝光损害我们的视力，因为它可以造成与失明相
关较大的盲点。故选B。
7. 细节理解题。根据倒数二段“He explained that as we get older, the ability to prevent attacks from retinal that
has absorbed blue light became weaker, which leads to macular degeneration. (他解释说，随着年龄的增长，吸
收了蓝光的视网膜防受损能力也在减弱，导致黄斑变性。)”可知，当我们变老时，抵抗视网膜攻击的能力
变弱。故选D。
8. 推理判断题。根据最后一段““Looking at cell phones in the dark can be very harmful because the pupils are
dilated so more blue light can get in and cause damage”, he said. (他说：“在暗处看手机非常有害，因为瞳孔
会放大，从而使更多蓝光进入眼睛，导致伤害。”)”及全文可知，文章主要介绍蓝光对眼睛的伤害，从而
推断，如果文章继续，最有可能进一步讨论一些保护视力的方法。故选A。
3
9. D 10. A 11. C 12. B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要内容是研究表明朋友圈有助于更完整、更客观了解自己的健康状况。
9. 细节理解题。根据第一段的Your circle of friends may help you get a better reading on your overall health and
wellness（你的朋友圈可能会帮助你更好地了解你的整体健康状况）可知，研究发现你的朋友圈有助于了
解你的健康状况。故选D。
10. 推理判断题。根据倒数第一到第三段内容可知，与Fitbit上的健康行为数据相比，文章也结合了社交网
络结构所提供的幸福感预测、自我评估的健康预测、积极态度预测、成功预测等几个方面的数据，可以看
出，研究人员是通过比较数据得出结论的。故选A。11. 词义猜测题。根据最后一段的第一句This study asserts (断言) that without social network information, we
only have an incomplete view of an individual's wellness state, and to be fully predictive or to be able to obtain
interventions.(这项研究声称，如果没有社交网络信息，我们对个人健康状况只会得到不完整的信息，并不
能完全预测或获得干预措施)可知，如果仅依靠某些数据平台的数据是不能获得完整和客观的信息，还需要
借助社交网络，所以此处指社交网络是非常重要的，故critical意为“重要的”，相当于important，故选
C。
12. 推理判断题。根据最后一段的It is critical to be aware of the social network, Chawla said.（了解社交网络
非常重要。）可知，在最后一段Chawla的话告诉了我们一个人的社交网络是他健康状况的一部分。故选
B。
4
13. C 14. D 15. D 16. B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过举例“对同一个问题的不同反应”来引出主题——成长心态和固定
心态。引用了心理学家们的理论和实验结果来对成长心态和固定心态进行区别，并且侧重了成长心态的重
要性。
13. 推理判断题。根据第三段“B: Ah, this is quite tricky, but I like to push myself. Even if I don’t get the answer
right, maybe I’ll learn something in the attempt.(B:啊，这有点棘手，但是我喜欢逼一下自己。即使我没有得
到正确的答案，也许我会在尝试中学到一些东西。)”可知，B答案的同学会积极地面对问题，并且尝试从
中学习到一些东西，这是一种积极的反应；结合第四段“Early in her career, the psychologist Carol Dweck of
Stanford University gave a group of ten-year-olds problems that were slightly too hard for them. One group reacted
positively and loved the challenge. She says they had a ‘growth mindset’ and are focused on what they can achieve
in the future. (斯坦福大学(Stanford University)的心理学家卡罗尔·德韦克(Carol Dweck)在她职业生涯的早期
给一组10岁的孩子提出了一些对他们来说稍微太难的问题。其中一组反应积极，喜欢这项挑战。她说，他
们有一种“成长心态”，专注于未来能取得的成就。)”可知，对于困难的问题能做出积极反应的孩子会享
受这个过程，关注未来。所以一个人的答案接近B答案的话，那么他会享受这个过程，关注未来。故选
C。
14. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Professor Dweck believes that there is a problem in education at the
moment. For years, children have been praised for their intelligence or talent, but this makes them vulnerable (脆弱
的) to failure. The solution, according to Dweck, is to lead them to become mastery-oriented (i.e., interested in
getting better at something). She claims that the ever-lasting effort over time is the key to outstanding achievement.
(德韦克教授认为，目前的教育存在问题。多年来，孩子们一直因他们的智力或天赋而受到赞扬，但这使他们很容易失败。他们变得以表现为导向，想通过取得高分来取悦他人，但他们对学习本身不感兴趣。根据
Dweck的说法，解决方法是引导他们成为以掌握为导向的人(也就是说，有兴趣在某件事上做得更好)。她
认为，长期不懈的努力是取得卓越成就的关键。)”可知，Dweck教授认为掌握一件事是非常重要的，并且
要长期坚持不懈地努力，由此可推知，她给到父母和老师的建议是表扬孩子们在这个过程中的参与。故选
D。
15. 词句猜测题。根据最后一段“Psychologists have been testing these theories. Underperforming school
children on a Native American reservation were exposed to growth mindset techniques for a year. The results were
nothing less than incredible. They came top in regional tests, beating children from much more privileged
backgrounds. These children had previously felt that making an effort was a sign of stupidity, but they came to see
it as the key to learning.(心理学家一直在测试这些理论。在美国印第安人保留地，表现不佳的学生接触了一
年的成长心态技术。结果简直令人难以置信。他们在地区测试中名列前茅，击败了那些拥有更多特权背景
的孩子。这些孩子以前觉得努力是愚蠢的标志，但他们逐渐把努力看成是学习的关键。)”可知，他们测试
的对象是这些underperforming school children on a Native American reservation(美国印第安人保留地的表现不
佳的学生)，由此可知此处的these children指的是“美国印第安人保留地的表现不佳的学生”。故选D。
16. 推理判断题。根据第一段“Think back to when you were in a maths classroom, and the teacher set a difficult
problem. Which of the two following responses is closer to the way you reacted?(回想一下你在数学课上，老师
出了一道难题。下面两种反应哪一种更接近你的反应?)”可知作者以这个问题和两种回答引出本文的话题，
而最后一段“Psychologists have been testing these theories. Underperforming school children on a Native
American reservation were exposed to growth mindset techniques for a year. The results were nothing less than
incredible. They came top in regional tests, beating children from much more privileged backgrounds. These
children had previously felt that making an effort was a sign of stupidity, but they came to see it as the key to
learning.(心理学家们一直在检验这些理论。在印第安人保留地，表现不佳的孩子接触了成长心态技术一年。
结果简直令人难以置信。他们在地区考试中排名第一，击败了来自更多特权背景的孩子。这些孩子以前曾
觉得努力是愚蠢的表现，但他们开始把努力看作是学习的关键。)”由此可知，作者写这篇文章是想要说明
成长心态的重要性，让读者重视这一点。故选B。
5
17. D 18. C 19. B 20. B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了对黑洞的新认识，和广义相对论并不矛盾。
17. 词句猜测题。划线词句前文“However, if this were the case, then given certain assumptions, the event
horizon(视界)—— the black hole’s boundary of no return—— would become intensely energetic, forming afirewall. But such firewalls go against the theory of general relativity, which says that space-time near the event
horizon should be smooth. (然而，如果是这种情况，那么在给定某些假设的情况下，事件视界——黑洞不返
回的边界——将变得非常有能量，形成一道防火墙。但是这样的防火墙违背了广义相对论，广义相对论认
为事件视界附近的时空应该是平滑的。)”说明这样的话，黑洞防火墙和广义相对论是矛盾的，从而推知划
线词句“The black hole firewall paradox was thus born. (黑洞防火墙paradox 由此诞生。)”其中划线词汇和第
七段中“Given this case, a black hole that doesn’t lose information and yet has a smooth, uneventful event horizon
without a fire wall isn’t a contradiction. (在这种情况下，一个黑洞既不丢失信息，又有一个没有防火墙的光滑、
平静的视界，这就不矛盾了。)”的contradiction“矛盾”意思相似。故选D项。
18. 细节理解题。根据第七段中“Information is preserved across all branches of the global wave function, but
not necessarily in any one branch. Given this case, a black hole that doesn’t lose information and yet has a smooth,
uneventful event horizon without a fire wall isn’t a contradiction. (信息被保存在全局波函数的所有分支中，但
不一定保存在任何一个分支中。在这种情况下，一个黑洞既不丢失信息，又有一个没有防火墙的光滑、平
静的视界，这就不矛盾了。)”可知，根据多世界的解释，没有信息丢失。故选C项。
19. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Yasunori Nomura at the University of California at Berkeleyy has
independently arrived at some similar conclusions in his work. He agrees that the many-worlds approach resolves
the paradox around information loss from black holes. ‘Many worlds should be taken seriously,’ he says. (加州大学
伯克利分校的Yasunori Nomura在他的研究中独立得出了一些类似的结论。他同意多世界方法解决了黑洞
信息丢失的悖论。‘多世界应该得到认真对待，’他说。)”可知，最后一段意在支持多世界的解释。故选
B项。
20. 主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第二段中“The black hole firewall paradox was thus born. (黑洞防火墙悖
论由此诞生。)”以及倒数第二段中“Given this case, a black hole that doesn’t lose information and yet has a
smooth, uneventful event horizon without a fire wall isn’t a contradiction. (在这种情况下，一个黑洞既不丢失信
息，又有一个没有防火墙的光滑、平静的视界，这就不矛盾了。)”可知，本文首先提出了黑洞防火墙悖论，
然后通过多世界的解释解决了这一悖论，因此本文主要内容是对黑洞的新认识。故选B项。
6
21. A 22. C 23. D 24. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章就如何实现媒体素养教育目标，作者提出了不同的方法来帮助学生形成心
态，让他们能够适应不确定性，但是在实现这一目标之前还有很长的路要走。
21. 细节理解题。由第一段中的“One tool that schools can use to deal with this problem is called media literacy
education. The idea is to teach teenage students how to evaluate and think critically about the messages theyreceive. (学校可以用来解决这个问题的一个工具是媒体素养教育。这个想法是教青少年学生如何评估和批
判性地思考他们收到的信息)”可知，关于媒体素养教育，作者最关心的是如何实现媒体素养教育的目标，
即教青少年学生如何评估和批判性地思考他们收到的信息。故选A项。
22. 词句猜测题。由第二段的“Other approaches teach students methods for evaluating the credibility of news
and information sources, in part by determining the incentive of those sources. They teach students to ask: What
encouraged them to create it and why? (其他方法教学生评估新闻和信息来源可信度的方法，部分是通过确定
这些来源的incentive。他们教学生问：是什么鼓励他们创造它，为什么？)”可知，通过鼓励学生询问是什
么、为什么新闻和信息被创造出来来评估其来源可信度，这是从他人创造新闻和信息来源的动机入手，
incentive在此处意为“动机（Motivation）”。故选C项。
23. 推理判断题。由第四段中的“According to educational psychologist William Perry of Harvard University,
students go through various stages of learning. First, children are black-and-white thinkers—they think there are
right answers and wrong answers. Then they develop into relativists, realizing that knowledge can be contextual.
This stage is the one where people can come to believe there is no truth. With media literacy education, the aim is
to get students to the next level—that place where they can start to see and appreciate the fact that the world is
messy, and that’s okay. (哈佛大学的教育心理学家威廉·佩里认为，学生会经历不同的学习阶段。首先，孩子
们是非黑即白的思考者，他们认为有正确的答案和错误的答案。然后他们发展成为相对主义者，意识到知
识可以是背景知识。在这个阶段，人们可以开始相信没有真相。通过媒体素养教育，目的是让学生们进入
下一个层次，在那里他们可以开始看到并欣赏世界是混乱的，这很好)”可知，学生的思维水平是有层次的：
非黑即白层次和相对主义者层次，所以他们会经历不同的学习阶段，每个学习阶段看问题的方式、角度和
深度都不一样，而媒体素养教育是为了让学生们进入下一个层次，以提高学生思维水平，可得出第四段提
到学习阶段主要是为了强调提高学生思维水平的必要性。故选D项。
24. 主旨大意题。由第一段中的“Both misinformation, which includes honest mistakes, and disinformation,
which involves an intention to mislead, have had a growing impact on teenage students over the past 20 years. One
tool that schools can use to deal with this problem is called media literacy education. (在过去的20年里，包括无
心之失和虚假信息在内的错误消息对青少年学生的影响越来越大。学校可以用来解决这个问题的一个工具
是媒体素养教育)”和最后一段中的“Schools still have a long way to go before they get there, though. Many
more studies will be needed for researchers to reach a comprehensive understanding of what works and what
doesn’t over the long term. (然而，学校在实现这一目标之前还有很长的路要走。研究人员还需要进行更多的
研究，才能全面了解什么在长期内起作用，什么不起作用)”及其它段落可知，文章就如何实现媒体素养教育目标，作者提出了不同的方法来帮助学生形成心态，让他们能够适应不确定性，但是在实现这一目标之
前还有很长的路要走，A项“媒体素养教育：路很长”符合文意。故选A项。
7
25. D 26. B 27. A 28. B
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了生物和环境因素在语言习得过程中的作用。
25. 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Most linguistic researchers agree that both nature and nurture are involved
in language acquisition. They disagree， however， about how much linguistic knowledge children have from
birth-and thus whether genetics or experience is more important in language acquisition.(大多数语言学研究者一
致认为，先天和后天都与语言习得有关。然而，对于儿童从出生时就拥有多少语言知识，以及基因和经验
在语言习得中哪个更重要，他们意见不一。)”及全文可知，文章主要讨论了生物和环境因素在语言习得过
程中的作用。故选D。
26. 推理判断题。根据全文可知，文章第一段主要陈述习得一门语言是很复杂的，它涉及先天和后天两方
面。第二段、第三段主要陈述一些专家认为是先天因素导致了儿童的语言发展。第四段主要陈述一些专家
关注环境因素在语言习得中的作用。最后一段主要陈述学习语言习得有助于更好地理解语言和大脑。所以
正确的顺序为dcba。故选B。
27. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段和第三段可知，这两段都是总—分关系。作者先提出论点，然后具体的
理论解释其论点。故选A。
28. 推理判断题。根据文章第五段和第六段，特别是第五段中“Linguists on both sides of the debate are still
working to explain the different language learning abilities of adults and children.(争论双方的语言学家仍在努力
解释成人和儿童不同的语言学习能力。)”可推断，作者写第五段和第六段的目的是提出两种不同的语言学
习观点。故选B。
8
29. A 30. A 31. D 32. B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要揭示了木星X射线极光耀斑的来源。
29. 推理判断题。根据文章“Abstract”(摘要) 部分的介绍“ Here, we report simultaneous (同时的) in situ
satellite and space-based telescope observations that reveal the processes that produce Jupiter’s X-ray flares,
showing surprising similarities to terrestrial ion aurora.”（在这里，我们报告同时在现场卫星和太空望远镜的
观测，揭示了木星x射线耀斑的产生过程，显示出惊人的类似于地球上的离子极光）可知文章主要介绍了
发生在木星上的X射线脉冲。故选A。
30. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Therefore, the correlation between a single outer magnetosphere event inJupiter’s in situ measurements and a single auroral pulse cannot be expected on a one-to-one level basis. Instead, a
series of successive events are required to draw reliable careful correlations, with the regular periodicity of the x-
ray flares, providing an invaluable diagnostic signature of the source process.”（因此，在木星的现场测量中，单
个外部磁层事件与单个极光脉冲之间的相关性不能被期望一对一的基础上。相反，需要一系列连续的事件
来绘制可靠细致的相关性，X射线耀斑有规律的周期性，为源过程提供宝贵的诊断特征）可知作者将在文
章的下一段内容中提出他们的诊断结论。故选A。
31. 词义猜测题。根据文章第二段“The spectacular quasi-periodic (准周期性的) auroral pulsations at Jupiter
have also been observed in ultraviolet (UV), infrared, and radio emissions. ”（木星上壮观的准周期性极光脉动
也可以通过紫外线(UV)、________和无线电发射观测到。）可知划线处和ultraviolet (UV)（紫外线）、
radio emissions（无线电）并列，可推知划线处同为射线。故选D。
32. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“However, observations show that the x-ray pulsations last for several Jupiter
days or longer, evidencing that the driver may not be a transient process like magnetic reconnection.”（然而，观
测结果显示，x射线脉冲在木星上持续数天或更长时间，这表明驱动因素可能不是像磁重联那样的瞬态过
程。）可知x射线脉冲在木星上持续数天或更长时间。B项：The X-ray pulses will last for several days on
Jupiter.（X射线脉冲将在木星上持续数天。）表达不符。故选B。
9
33. A 34. D 35. B 36. C
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述的是作者以青铜时代的古钱币为视角，探讨未来电脑科技的发展。
33. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“These ancient coins existed during an in-between period between barter(以物
易物) and money, when coins were a novel concept, but everybody knew that agricultural tools were valuable.(这
些古币存在于物物交换和货币交换之间的一个时期，当时硬币还是一个新奇的概念，但每个人都知道农业
工具是有价值的。)”可知，许多青铜时代的硬币被做成铁锹的形状，是因为货币是一种新奇的概念，但每
个人都知道农业工具是有价值的，所以将其铸造成农业工具的形状原因是当时人们把重点都放在农业上了，
这种新奇的事物依托了人们熟悉的农业。故选A。
34. 推理判断题。根据第二段中“It's as if we are in the Bronze Age of information technology, grasping
desperately for real-world reference to transform our civilization. (我们仿佛处于信息技术的青铜时代，拼命地
寻找现实世界的参考来改变我们的文明。)”可知，作者通过提及青铜时代的货币提到了如今的电脑科技世
界，是因为二者具有共同的特点即铁锹货币在青铜时代改变的文明中起着重要作用，电脑科技在我们当今
时代改变文明中也发挥着重要作用。即强调它们在我们的文明变革中同样重要。故选D。
35. 词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段中“part of our houses and cities, their sensors inset with walls and roads. Ournetwork addresses might actually be the same as our street addresses.”（计算机网络是我们房屋和城市的一部分，
它们的传感器嵌入了墙壁和道路。我们的网络地址实际上可能与我们的街道地址相同。）可知，电脑网络
与我们的街道地址相同，嵌入了我们的墙壁和道路，成为了我们房屋和城市的一部分，故这是必不可少的，
与B选项意思相近。essential为形容词，意为“必不可少的”。故选B。
36. 主旨大意题。第一段讲述的是青铜时代的铁锹货币；第二段讲述的是通过青铜时期的货币让作者联想
到当今的电脑世界；第三段讲述的是数十年来货币符号的不断变化。第四、五和六段阐述的是受到货币演
化过程的启发，让作者想到的是我们是否会开发出一套全新的符号，让我们能够更顺畅地与数字信息进行
交互，展开了对未来数字世界的畅想。因此推断本文通过硬币的发展介绍了从青铜时代到信息时代的发展
变化，因此C项“青铜时代如何发展到信息时代”最恰当。故选C。
10
37. D 38. B 39. A 40. C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了人们通常认为《蒙娜丽莎》画像中的女性无论站在房间的哪个角落，
似乎蒙娜丽莎总像是在注视着画外人，但事实证明，这种常识是错误的。为什么人们总是认为她的眼睛会
跟着观众走呢？Horstmann并不确定。有可能是人们有被注视的欲望，所以他们认为蒙娜丽莎在注视他们
这就是“蒙娜丽莎效应”。
37. 细节理解题。根据第一段中 It’s common knowledge that the woman in Leonardo da Vinci’s most famous
painting seems to look back at observers, following them with her eyes no matter where they stand in the room.众
所周知，列奥纳多•达•芬奇(Leonardo da Vinci)最著名的画作中的女人，无论站在房间的哪个角落，似乎娜
丽莎总像是在注视着画外人，用她的眼睛跟随他们。可知，人们普遍认为，无论站在哪里，画作《蒙娜丽
莎》中的女人都会看着画外人。故选D项。
38. 细节理解题。根据第二段中As long as the angle of the person’s gaze is no more than about 5 degrees off to
either side, the Mona Lisa effect occurs.只要人的视线与两边的夹角不超过5度，就会出现蒙娜丽莎效应。故
选B项。
39. 推理判断题。根据第五段中To make sure it wasn’t just him, the researchers asked 24 people to view images
of the “Mona Lisa” on a computer screen.为了确保不仅仅是他，研究人员让24个人在电脑屏幕上观看“蒙娜
丽莎”的图像。可知，为了证实霍斯曼的看法，对24个人进行了调查。故选 A项。
40. 细节理解题题。根据最后一段中It’s possible, he said, that people have the desire to be looked at, so they
think the woman is looking straight at them.他说，人们有被注视的欲望是可能的，所以他们认为女人在注视
他们。可知，蒙娜丽莎被注视的感觉可能是由于对注意力的渴望引起的。故选C项。
1141. D 42. D 43. A 44. A 45. A
【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要谈论了儿童保育的职业化推高了它的价格。
41. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Mindful that a poor start can spoil a person’s chances of success later in life,
the state has intervened ever more closely in how babies and toddlers are looked after. Inspectors call not only at
nurseries but also at homes where youngsters are minded; three-year-olds follow the national curriculum. Child
care has increasingly become a profession.(考虑到糟糕的开端可能会破坏一个人以后成功的机会，国家对婴儿
和幼儿的照顾方式进行了越来越密切的干预。检查人员会去那些照看小孩的托儿所和家中去检查；三岁的
孩子遵循国家课程安排。幼儿看护越来越成为一种职业。)”可知，国家的监督使儿童保育变得职业化了，
选项D是正确的。故选D项。
42. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Nurseries staffed by university graduates tend to be rated highest by
inspectors, increasing their appeal to the pickiest parents. As a result, more graduates are being recruited.(由大学毕
业生组成的托儿所往往被检查人员评为最高等级，这增加了它们对最挑剔的父母的吸引力。因此，更多的
毕业生正在被录用。)”可知，越来越多的人认识到这一点，鼓励了更多的毕业生从事儿童保育员的工作。
故选D项。
43. 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“The price of child care is not only eye-watering, but has also become a
barrier to work. Soon after it took power the coalition government pledged to ensure that people are better off in
work than on benefits, but a recent survey by Save the Children, a charity, found that the high cost of day care
prevented a quarter of low-paid workers from returning to their jobs once they had started a family. (托儿费用不仅
高得吓人，而且已经成为工作的障碍。上台后不久，联合政府就承诺要确保人们有工作比依靠福利过得更
好，但慈善机构Save the Children最近的一项调查发现，高昂的日托费用使得四分之一的低收入工人在成
家后无法重返工作岗位。)”可知，高昂的儿童保育费用阻止了部分母亲的就业。故选A项。
44. 推理判断题。通读全文，根据第一段中“Mindful that a poor start can spoil a person’s chances of success
later in life, the state has intervened ever more closely in how babies and toddlers are looked after. (考虑到糟糕的
开端可能会破坏一个人以后成功的机会，国家对婴儿和幼儿的照顾方式进行了越来越密切的干预。)”以及
第四段中“But professionalization has also pushed up the price of child care, defying even the economic
depression. (但职业化也推高了儿童保育的费用，甚至在经济萧条时期也不起作用。)”可以推知，作者客观
地谈论了儿童保育工作的职业化，既提到了儿童保育的职业化有利于儿童未来发展，也提到了它带来的弊
端，所以作者对儿童保育的职业化的态度是客观的。故选A项。
45. 主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段中“Child care has increasingly become a profession. (儿童保育越来
越成为一种职业。)”和第四段中“But professionalization has also pushed up the price of child care, defyingeven the economic depression. (但职业化也推高了儿童保育的费用，甚至在经济萧条时期也不起作用。)”可
知，本文主要谈论了儿童保育的职业化推高了它的价格。选项A符合主题，适合做标题。故选A项。
12
46. C 47. C 48. B 49. A
【解析】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新的研究发现，揭示了被认为主要参与运动协调的小脑，可
以控制食物的摄入。
46. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Scientists studying the problem have now found that the fist-shaped
structure known as the cerebellum (小脑) — which had not previously been linked to hunger — is key to
regulating satiation (饱食) in those with this condition.( 研究这一问题的科学家现在发现，被称为小脑的拳头
状结构——此前从未与饥饿联系在一起——是调节这种疾病患者饱腹感的关键。)”可知，之前小脑从未和
饥饿联系到一起，也就是没有和胃口联系到一起，故推断科学家们之前认为小脑与食欲调节无关。故选
C。
47. 细节理解题。根据文章第四段“ In healthy individuals, the aDCN were more active in response to food
images while fasting than just after a meal, but no such difference was identifiable in participants with the disorder.
(在健康个体中，与饭后相比，禁食时aDCN对食物图像的反应更为积极，但在患有这种疾病的参与者中没
有发现这种差异。)”可知，健康受试者的aDCN在禁食后对食物图像的反应更积极。故选C。
48. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“I think this is going to be important both for Prader-Willi syndrome and,
much more widely, to address obesity in the general population.（我认为这对Prader-Willi综合征以及更广泛地
解决普通人群的肥胖问题都很重要。）”可知，这将对肥胖症的治疗产生更广泛的影响。故选B。
49. 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Scientists studying the problem have now found that the fist-shaped
structure known as the cerebellum (小脑) -- which had not previously been linked to hunger -- is key to regulating
satiation (饱食) in those with this condition.( 研究这一问题的科学家现在发现，被称为小脑的拳头状结构
——此前从未与饥饿联系在一起——是调节这种疾病患者饱腹感的关键。)”及后文内容可知，文章主要讲
大脑可以调节饱腹感，从而控制过度饮食。故选A。
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50. B 51. D 52. D 53. C
【解析】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者通过介绍自己和朋友相处的点点滴滴的故事，表示自己十分珍惜与
朋友间的这段友谊，同时告诉读者，维系良好的友谊需要奉献。
50. 推理判断题。通过文章第二段“Our long weekend together was luxuriously simple. (我们在一起的长周末
过得很惬意，很简单)”以及“But we talked. About every little detail of our lives. (但是我们进行了交谈。有关生活中的每一个细节)”可推知，作者最好的朋友来访期间，她们通过长谈而变得更亲密。故选B项。
51. 推理判断题。通过文章倒数第二段“As my long weekend shows, with such friends we don’t have to “do”,
we simply have to “be”. We drop the act, the performance, the public version of ourselves. (正如我的周末所表明
的那样，有这样的朋友，我们不需要“做些什么”，我们只需要做我们自己。我们放弃装模作样，放弃表
演，以及公众场合的面具)”可推知，作者欣赏他们友谊的原因之一是她们在一起时很自在，不必虚情假意。
故选D项。
52. 推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“The special friendships are those which never fail to delight, the
continuation of which is worth the extra effort, despite distance and difference sneaking into your separate lives.
(特殊的友谊是那些永远不会忘记快乐的友谊，尽管距离和差异会默默影响你们各自的生活，但这种友谊的
延续值得付出额外的努力)”可推知，作者认为良好的友谊需要奉献。故选D项
53. 推理判断题。通读全文，再根据文章第三段“Reunions demand constant conversation. (团聚需要不断的
交谈)”以及文章最后一段“the continuation of which is worth the extra effort (这种友谊的延续值得付出额外的
努力)”可推知，作者在讲述自己和朋友之间的友谊的同时点明了建立、发展和保持友谊的重要因素，所以
作者写这篇文章的主要目的是探索维系友谊的重要因素。故选C项。
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54. C 55. C 56. D 57. A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究人员对大脑中一个叫做内侧前额叶皮质（mPFC）的区域如
何参与改变支配行为的研究，得出结论：处于“胜利心态”的人更容易成为具有统治力的人，并且mPFC
神经元改变支配行为。
54. 推理判断题。根据第一段“If you’ re reaching for the last piece of pizza at a party, and meanwhile see
another hand going for it, your next move probably depends on how you feel and whom the hand belongs to. Your
little sister—you might just grab the pizza. Your boss—you probably will give up. But if you’re hungry and feeling
particularly confident, you might go for it. (如果你在派对上伸手去拿最后一块披萨，同时看到另一只手在拿，
你的下一步行动可能取决于你的感觉以及那只手属于谁。你妹妹——你可能就去拿披萨。你的老板——你
可能会放弃。但是如果你饿了并且感觉特别自信，你可能会去拿披萨。)”，结合之后文章提出大脑中一个
叫做内侧前额叶皮质（mPFC）的区域负责代表哺乳动物的社会地位，可知作者写第一段是为了引出一个
主要话题。故选C。
55. 词句猜测题。根据第五段“When the researchers next asked whether the activity of the mPFC neurons was
associated with behaviour, they found something surprising. The brain activity patterns were linked with slight
changes in behaviour, such as how fast a mouse moved, and they also could predict—a full 30 seconds before thecompetition started—which mouse would win the food reward. (当研究人员再次询问mPFC神经元的活动是否
与行为有关时，他们发现了一些令人惊讶的事情。大脑活动模式与行为的轻微变化有关，例如老鼠移动的
速度，它们还可以在比赛开始前整整30秒预测哪只老鼠会赢得食物奖励。)”，可知研究人员发现大脑活动
模式与行为密切相关，划线部分的“they”指的是大脑活动模式。故选C。
56. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The areas of the mPFC associated with social rank and “winning mindset”
are next to one another and highly connected. Signals on social rank impact the state of the brain involved in
“winning mindset”. In other words, a subordinate mouse’s confidence and “winning mindset” may partially
decrease when faced with a dominant one. ( mPFC中与社会地位和“获胜心态”相关的区域彼此相邻，高度
相关。社会等级的信号会影响“获胜心态”的大脑状态。换句话说，当面对占优势的老鼠时，从属老鼠的
信心和“获胜心态”可能会部分下降。)”，可知社会地位和获胜心态可能会影响心态，从而影响行为。故
选D。
57. 推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“The winner was not always the more dominant, but the one engaged in a
“winning mindset”. Just as you might sometimes be in a more competitive mood and be more likely to snatch that
pizza slice before your boss, a subordinate mouse might be in a more “winning mindset” than a more dominant
mouse and end up winning.. (胜利者并不总是更具统治力的人，而是处于“胜利心态”的人。正如你有时可
能处于一种更具竞争性的情绪中，更有可能在老板面前抢走那块披萨一样，处于从属地位的老鼠可能比更
具统治力的老鼠处于更“胜利的心态”，并最终获胜。)”，可知胜利者不一定是统治者，而是处于“胜利
心态”的人，也就是说那些渴望胜利的人可能会成功。故选A。
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58. A 59. C 60. C 61. B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了美国学校的校历安排欠妥，以致学生在校时间短，且与家长的工
作时间相冲突。
58. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“In 19th-century cities, schools were open seven or eight hours a day, 11
months a year. In rural America, the year was arranged around the growing season.(在19世纪的城市里，学校每
天开7到8小时，一年开11个月。在美国农村，学年是按照生长季节来安排的)”可知，目前美国学校的日
历是在19世纪根据农作物的生长季节来制定的。故选A项。
59. 细节理解题。根据第六段中“Dr. Boyer is one of many who believe that a radical revision of the school
calendar is inevitable. ‘School, whether we like it or not, is educational. It always has been.’(博耶尔博士和许多人
一样，认为校历的大幅修订是不可避免的。“不管我们喜不喜欢，学校都是有教育意义的。一直都是这
样。”)”和第七段中“His is not a popular idea.(他的想法并不受欢迎)”可知，博耶尔坚信学校具有教育作用，这一想法是他的观点不受欢迎的原因。故选C项。
60. 词句猜测题。根据上文“While classroom time alone doesn’t produce a well-educated child, learning takes
time and more learning takes more time.(虽然仅仅是课堂时间并不能培养出一个受过良好教育的孩子，但学
习需要时间，更多的学习需要更多的时间)”可知学习需要时间；句中“take a toll”意为“产生负面影响；造
成损失”；结合上文可知，划线句“The long summers of forgetting take a toll.”是指漫长夏季假期会导致遗
忘，产生负面影响”，与“long summers result in less learning time(长暑假导致学习时间减少)”意思相近。
故选C项。
61. 推理判断题。作者用第三段中“Now, only 3 percent of families follow the agricultural model, but nearly all
schools are scheduled as if our children went home early to milk the cows and took months off to work the crops.
Now, three-quarters of the mothers of school-age children work, but the calendar is written as if they were home
waiting for the school bus.(现在，只有3%的家庭采用农业模式，但几乎所有的学校都按照我们的孩子提前
回家挤牛奶，休息几个月去收割庄稼的模式来上课。现在，有四分之三学龄儿童的母亲在工作，但日历上
写得好像她们在家里等校车一样)”和第四段中“But when parents work an eight-bour day and a 240-day year, it
means something different. It means that many kids go home to empty houses. It means that, in the summer, they
hang out.(但当父母每天工作8小时，一年工作240天时，就有了不同的含义。这意味着许多孩子回家时家
里空无一人。意思是，在夏天，他们只能闲逛)”说明了学校的校历时间安排已经不合时宜，结合第六段引
用博耶尔博士的观点“a radical revision of the school calendar is inevitable.(校历的大幅度修改是不可避免的)”
可推知，作者目前的校历已经过时，需要修改。故选B项。
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62. D 63. A 64. C 65. C
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述的是美国关于火星探索的进程，在未来的某一天，人类将去往火星。
62. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“They made that journey in the spirit of discovery. America has ventured forth
into space for the same reasons.(他们怀着探索的精神进行了那次旅行。美国冒险进入太空也是出于同样的原
因。)”可知，刘易斯和克拉克的探险和火星任务共同之处在于共同的探索精神。故选D。
63. 细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中“Present systems for getting from Earth’s surface to low-Earth orbit are so
fantastically expensive that merely launching the 1,000 tons or so of spacecraft and equipment a Mars mission
would require could be accomplished only by cutting health-care benefits, education spending, or other important
programs—or by raising taxes.(目前从地球表面到近地轨道的系统是如此昂贵，以至于仅仅发射火星任务所
需的1000吨左右的航天器和设备就只能通过削减医疗福利、教育支出或其他重要项目——或通过提高税收
来实现。)”可知，对于布什总统的提议，如果实施，美国人民的福祉将受到很大损害。同时它也是费用高昂的，导致美国政府不得不提高税收来实现，紧靠政府是负担不起的。同时根据倒数第二段中“Bush’s
proposal, which calls for reprogramming some of NASA’s present budget into the Mars effort, might actually lead
to a reduction in such unmanned science—the one aspect of space exploration that’s working really well.(布什的提
案呼吁将NASA现有的预算重新规划到火星计划中，这实际上可能会导致这种无人驾驶科学的减少——这
是太空探索中非常有效的一个方面。)”可知，布什的提案也变相的减少了无人驾驶科学的预算，因此
B,C,D 三个选项都可以作为反对布什的提案的理由。根据倒数第二段中“he listed these recent major
achievements of space exploration: pictures of evidence of water on Mars, discovery of more than 100 planets
outside our solar system, and study of the soil of Mars. (他列举了最近太空探索的主要成就：火星上有水的证
据的照片，太阳系外100多个行星的发现，以及对火星土壤的研究。)”可知，布什的提案是在美国在火星
探测方面已经取得了巨大的成就的基础上提出来的，由此不会作为反对布什的提案的理由。故选A。
64. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“It is interesting to note that when President Bush unveiled (公开) his
proposal, he listed these recent major achievements of space exploration: pictures of evidence of water on Mars,
discovery of more than 100 planets outside our solar system, and study of the soil of Mars. (有趣的是，当布什总
统公布他的提议时，他列出了最近太空探索的主要成就：火星上有水的证据的照片，太阳系外 100多个行
星的发现，以及对火星土壤的研究。)”可知，布什的提议是基于最近太空探索的三项伟大成就而提出来的。
故选C。
65. 主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“If new launch systems could put weight into orbit affordably, and advanced
propulsion could speed up that long, slow transit (运输) to Mars, the dream of stepping onto the red planet might
become reality. Mars will still be there when the technology is ready.(如果新的发射系统能够以合理的价格将重
量送入轨道，并且先进的推进系统能够加快去往火星的漫长而缓慢的旅程，那么踏上这颗红色星球的梦想
可能会成为现实。当技术成熟时，火星仍然会在那里。)”以及通读全文，文章介绍了美国关于火星探索的
进程，同时也指出在未来的某一天只有当技术有一定的发展，梦想才能成为现实即人类才能登上火星。故
选C。
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66. A 67. B 68. C 69. B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了一款由美国华盛顿州立大学的科学家们研发的机器人，可以帮助那
些痴呆或有身体缺陷的老年人在家里过上自立的生活。
66. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段 The Robot Activity Support System, or RAS, uses sensors （传感器）
equipped in a WSU smart home to determine where its residents are, what they are doing and when they need
assistance with daily activities可知机器人活动支持系统（RAS）使用WSU智能家居中配备的传感器（传感器）来确定其居民在哪里，他们在做什么以及何时需要日常活动的帮助，说明传感器起到了重大的作用，
故选A项。
67. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的The next step in the research will be to test RAS' performance…可知，
这台机器人的表现还要经过进一步的测，说明正在测试阶段，故选B项。
68. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段 While we are still in an early stage of development, our initial results with
RAS have been promising可知，Minor对这款机器人的未来发展充满信心、非常乐观，故选C项。
69. 主旨大意题。文章介绍了一款由美国华盛顿州立大学的科学家们研发的机器人。由最后一段中 The
next step in the research will be to test RAS’ performance 可知，机器人目前还在华盛顿州立大学的智能屋里
进行测试，故选B项。
18
70. D 71. C 72. B 73. A
【解析】这是一篇科普型的议论文。主要提到科学家对于植入装置来管理大脑有很多有争议的方面，需要
进一步完善。
70. 细节理解题。这三本书出现在第一段，段首“Neuro-technology has long been a favourite of science-
fiction writers.（神经技术长期以来一直是科幻小说作家的最爱。）”，可看出，这些书和神经技术有关，
四个选项中只有第四个选项和大脑及神经有联系。故选D项。
71. 细节理解题。从第二段“DBS stimulation is always on, wasting energy and robbing the patient of a sense of
control.（DBS 刺激一直持续，浪费能量，剥夺患者的控制感）”。第三段首句“To change that, the team at
the University of Washington is using neuronal activity associated with intentional movements to turn the device
on.（为了改变这一点，华盛顿大学的团队正在使用与有意运动相关的神经元活动来打开设备）”，可看出，
研究团队是为了消除DBS电流的副作用。故选C项。
72. 推 理 判 断 题 。 第 二 段 段 尾
“some DBS patients suffer a sense of isolation and complain of feeling like a robot. （DBS患者感到
孤独，并抱怨感觉像个机器人。）”第三段“ stimulation currents for essential tremor can cause side-
effects like distorted (失真的) speech, so someone about to give a presentation, say, might wish to sha
ke rather than make his words unclear. （对原发性震颤的刺激电流可以引起。副作用，如扭曲(失真的)
演讲中，如果有人要发表演讲，他可能希望握手，而不是让他的话不清楚。）”以及最后一段“That is o
nly one of many ethical questions that the sci-fi versions of brain-computer interfaces bring up. （这只
是科幻版本的脑-机接口所带来的众多道德问题之一）”，可推断脑-机接口弊大于利。故选B项。
73. 推理判断题。本文主要讲脑—机接口这个新技术的设想，以及最后一段“That is only one of manyethical questions that the sci-fi versions of brain-computer interfaces bring up. （这只是科幻版本的脑-机接口所
带来的众多道德问题之一）”，因此我们推断接下来可能会进一步讲到如何解决这些问题。故选A。
19
74. B 75. B 76. C 77. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了有关鸡蛋绘画艺术的历史由来，随着时代的发展而不断发展。
74. 推理判断题。根据第一段内容“In spring, chickens start laying again, bringing a welcome source of protein
at winter’s end. So it’s no surprise that cultures around the world celebrate spring by honoring the egg.（春天，鸡
又开始下蛋，在冬天结束时带来了令人愉快的蛋白质来源。所以，世界各地的文化通过纪念鸡蛋来庆祝春
天也就不足为奇了。）”可知鸡蛋是春天来临的可喜迹象，故选B。
75. 词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句的下一句“like the heavily jewel-covered “eggs” that were favored by the
Russians starting in the 19th century.（就像19世纪开始俄罗斯人喜欢的，镶满宝石的鸡蛋一样。）”这个例
子可知，有人把鸡蛋升华成一种奇特的艺术品，B项promote（提升，促进）符合句意，所以evaluate在本
句中的含义为升华，促进，故选B。
76. 细节理解题。根据文章倒数第三段内容“But there’s an appeal in that vulnerability(易损性). “There’s part
of this sickening horror of knowing you’re walking on the edge with this, that I kind of like, knowing that it could
all fall apart at any second.”（但这种脆弱也有一种吸引力。“知道自己正走在悬崖边，这是一种令人恶心的
恐惧，我有点喜欢，知道一切随时都可能破碎。”）”可知她在鸡蛋上做设计结束前都不知道鸡蛋什么时
候会破，故选C。
77. 细节理解题。根据倒数第三段第一句“But there’s an appeal in that vulnerability（这种易损性也有一种吸
引力）”可知鸡蛋易碎，D项内容提到“鸡蛋提供了一个坚硬和独特的表面来作画”错误，符合题目要求，
故选D。
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78. A 79. D 80. B 81. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了，性别和种族会影响男女个人收入，而将收入信息公开有助于缩小
性别工资差距，实现男女收入平等，帮助女性争取应得的薪酬。
78. 推理判断题。由第二段中的“Having information about salaries can help narrow the gender wage gap,
which has barely changed for more than a decade. Recently released date from the US Census Bureau shows that,
on average, women working full time still are paid only 82 cents for every dollar paid to a man. And the gap is even
wider for many women of color: Black women make 62 cents, and Latinas just 54 cents. What’s more, the pay gap
even extends into her retirement. (了解薪资信息有助于缩小性别工资差距，这一差距十多年来几乎没有变化。美国人口普查局最近公布的数据显示，平均而言，全职工作的女性比男性在被付报酬一美元时，仍然只能
得到82美分的报酬。对于许多有色人种女性来说，差距甚至更大：黑人女性挣62美分，拉丁裔女性只挣
54美分。更重要的是，工资差距甚至延伸到她的退休)”可知，性别工资差距十多年来几乎没有变化，这种
性别工资差距会延伸到女性的退休，通过提到这些数字能揭示性别工资差距的严重性。故选A项。
79. 主旨大意题。由第三段“Having greater access to salary information is helping to speed things up. A new
research report by the American Association of University Women shows that the wage gap tends to be smaller in
job sectors where pay transparency (透明) is a must. For example, among federal government workers, there’s just
a 13 percent pay difference between men and women, and in state government, the gap is about 17 percent. But in
private, for-profit companies, where salaries are generally kept under wraps, the gender wage gap jumps to 29
percent. (更方便地获取薪资信息有助于加快缩小性别工资差距速度。美国大学女性协会的一份最新研究报
告显示，在薪酬必须透明的就业领域，工资差距往往较小。例如，在联邦政府工作人员中，男女之间的工
资差距只有13%，而在州政府中，这一差距约为17%。但在私人盈利性公司，工资通常是保密的，性别工
资差距跃升至29%)”可知，薪资信息公开有助于加快缩小性别工资差距速度，薪资信息透明的就业领域，
工资差距往往较小，薪资信息保密的就业领域，工资差距往往较大，第三段主要讲公开薪资信息的好处。
故选D项。
80. 推理判断题。由第二段中的“Bravo! It’s about time we blew up that old belief that salaries have to stay
secret. This is not just a matter of curiosity. Having information about salaries can help narrow the gender wage gap
(好极了！是时候打破工资必须保密的旧观念了。这不仅仅是好奇的问题。了解薪资信息有助于缩小性别工
资差距)”和最后一段中的“Fortunately, salary information is increasingly available on some websites. (幸运的是，
一些网站上的薪资信息越来越多)”可知，作者认为打破工资必须保密的旧观念太好了，这有助于缩小性别
工资差距，还认为一些网站上的薪资信息公开是一件幸运的事，可得出作者对分享薪资信息持支持
（Favourable）态度。故选B项。
81. 主旨大意题。由第二段中的“Having information about salaries can help narrow the gender wage gap (了解
薪资信息有助于缩小性别工资差距)”，第三段中的“Having greater access to salary information is helping to
speed things up. (更方便地获取薪资信息有助于加快缩小性别工资差距速度)”和最后一段中的“Of course,
it’s going to take more than salary transparency to equalize earnings between women and men. (当然，要实现男
女收入平等，需要的不仅仅是工资透明度)” 及“The more information women have about how jobs are valued
—and what different people earn—the better they will understand their value in the labor market and be able to
push for the pay they deserve. (女性掌握的关于工作价值和不同人群收入的信息越多，她们就越能理解自己在劳动力市场中的价值，并能够争取应得的薪酬)”可知，男女存在性别工资差距，而薪资信息公开有助于
缩小性别工资差距，实现男女收入平等，帮助女性争取应得的薪酬，因此薪资信息公开很重要、很有用，
A项“为什么分享你的收入是值得的”符合文意。故选A项。
21
82. D 83. C 84. B 85. D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了针对再婚新家庭而进行的仪式变化，旨在改善继父母与子女之间
的关系及人们对待再婚家庭的态度。
82. 细节理解题。根据第一段“For instance, Roger Coleman, a clergyman in Kansas City, Mo., performs
marriage ceremonies specifically designed to include children when a parent remarries.（例如，密苏里州堪萨斯
城的牧师罗杰·科尔曼(Roger Coleman)主持的婚礼特别设计，当父母再婚时，会有孩子参加。）”可知，由
Roger Coleman主持的婚礼上，会邀请孩子参与再婚仪式。故选D。
83. 细节理解题。根据第二段“One of the difficulties for stepfamilies is that schools and other public institutions
have typically not recognized the stepparent as a valid parent; school registration forms, field trip permission slips,
health emergency information — none of these required or acknowledged the stepparent. The message, whether
intended or not, has been that only biological parents count.（再婚家庭的困难之一是，学校和其他公共机构通
常不承认继父或继母是合法的父母；学校登记表、实地考察许可单、突发卫生事件信息——这些都不需要
继父或继母承认。 不管是否有意，这个信息一直是，只有亲生父母才算数。）”可知，在学校及其他公
共机构等，不承认继父母的合法性，只承担亲生父母的合法性，因此可知，这些机构仍然存在对传统家庭
结构的认可。故选C。
84. 词义猜测题。根据第三段“But all are aimed at the vast and growing market of people who don’t identify
with the old definitions of family, and who are finding ways to make their new families work.（但所有这些都是
针对那些不认同旧家庭定义、正在寻找方法让新家庭运转起来的人的巨大且不断增长的市场。）”可知，
这些形式上的新变化目的是帮助认可再婚家庭结构，让新家庭尽快融入新生活。划线句“Who knows —
soon there may even be a cardTori La Londe can send to her former husband’s former mother-in-law.（谁知道呢
—也许很快就会有一张托丽·拉·朗德可以寄给她前夫的前婆婆的卡片了。）”可知，即使不再是一家人，
仍然可以给以前的家人寄卡片。而不是把关系局限在婚姻关系之内。所以说这些人对家庭关系保持了开放
的态度。故选B。
85. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Eventually, the changes that will strengthen stepfamilies will likely come from
shifts in cultural prejudices. Such change is slow, but there are signs that some movement along this line is
beginning to take place.（最终，加强再婚家庭的变化可能来自文化偏见的转变。这种变化是缓慢的，但有迹象表明，沿着这条路线开始出现一些进展。）可知，这里主要提出本文的主要论点：针对再婚家庭，新
形势的变化改变了人们对原有家庭结构的偏见，并取得进展。因此本文主要论述了人们对再婚家庭的逐步
认可过程。故选D。
22
86. C 87. D 88. B 89. C
【解析】本文是夹叙夹议文。文章主要讲述随着科技的发展，用户信息的泄露也随之出现。
86. 推理判断题。根据第一段“Google’s £ 400m acquisition of the UK artificial intelligence research company
DeepMind in 20l4 was testimony to the quality of British scientific research. Furthermore, the insistence of the
three UK co-founders that their company would not move to California was seen as evidence of London’s potential
to become a successful centre for technology innovation. Four years later, the future of the UK capital’s tech
aspirations and of DeepMind’s centre of gravity look a lot less certain.(2014年，谷歌(google)以4亿英镑收购了
英国人工智能研究公司DeepMind，这证明了英国科学研究的质量。此外，三位联合创始人坚称，他们的
公司不会迁往加州，这被视为伦敦有潜力成为一个成功的技术创新中心的证据。四年后，英国首都的科技
愿景和DeepMind的重心的未来看起来不那么确定了)”可知，本段主要介绍了DeepMind的未来不太确定。
所以第一段的目的是要告知读者DeepMind公司将会面临的问题。故选C。
87. 推理判断题。根据第五段“The move to California has understandably raised privacy concerns at a time
when big tech companies, including Facebook, are coming under growing scrutiny for the careless way they have
exploited private data for commercial gain. (目前，包括Facebook在内的大型科技公司正因为不小心利用私人
数据谋取商业利益而受到越来越多的审查)”可知，私人数据的信息泄露的真正原因是大型科技公司因为不
小心利用私人数据谋取商业利益。故选D。
88. 细节理解题。根据第七段“Last year, DeepMind set up an ethics and society department, whose independent
advisers were selected for their integrity. They had a reputation for asking tough questions which set the company
apart in the tech sector. If indeed the founders believed this culture would be unaffected by the gravitational pull of
a buyer as powerful as Google, they were naive. WhatsApp and Instagram made the same mistake. ( 去年，
DeepMind成立了一个道德与社会部门，其独立顾问的选择是基于他们的正直。他们以问尖锐的问题闻名，
这使得公司在科技领域与众不同。如果创始人真的相信这种文化不会受到像谷歌这样强大的买家的影响，
那他们就太天真了。WhatsApp和Instagram犯了同样的错。)”可知，WhatsApp和Instagram犯的错是指像
上文提到的创始人相信以问尖锐的问题闻名这种文化不会受到像谷歌这样强大的买家的影响的错误，不是
泄露用户信息的错误，所以B选项和原文意思不一致。故选B。
89. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“The Silicon Valley mantra of “move fast and break things” might work forcompanies developing software. It has no place governing healthcare and technology. (硅谷“快速行动，打破常
规”的口号或许适用于开发软件的公司。它没有管理医疗和科技的地方)”可知，硅谷虽然在喊口号，但是
它并没有涉及医疗和科技的管理，所以作者对它是不认同的。故选C。
23
90. A 91. C 92. B 93. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。本文主要是讲专家关于美洲狮管制的看法，说明了为什么会有美洲狮进入人类
居住区，且表达了在此管制制度下美洲狮惹出的事端的看法。
90. 推理判断题。由第一段中的“However, when the cat suddenly jumped on his head, Joe found it turned out a
young cougar. (然而，当猫突然跳到他的头上时，乔发现原来是一只年轻的美洲狮)”和第二段中的“Cougar
encounters like this one are becoming increasingly common in the U.S. (在美国，这样的美洲狮遭遇正变得越来
越普遍)”及下文可知，文章开始讲述了一个孩子被美洲狮袭击的故事，接下来引出专家对于为什么会有美
洲狮进入人类居住区的说明，这也是本文的中心主题，因此推断，文章以故事开始是为了引出主题。故选
A项。
91. 词句猜测题。由第三段中的“And a study shows that the heavily hunted area has five times as many cougar
complaints as the lightly hunted area—even though the density of cougars is about the same in both areas (一项研
究表明，尽管美洲狮在这两个地区的密度大致相同，但重度捕猎地区的美洲狮投诉数量是轻度捕猎地区的
五倍)”和第四段中的“Wielgus suspects that hunting policies, which allow older males to be killed to keep cougar
populations in check, were the culprit and teenage cougars in the heavily hunted area may be responsible for most
of the trouble. (Wielgus怀疑，允许杀死年老雄性美洲狮以控制美洲狮的数量的捕猎政策是culprit，而在被
大量捕杀的地区，年轻的美洲狮可能是造成大部分问题的原因)”可知，Wielgus研究发现在过度捕猎区有更
多的美洲狮伤人事件发生，他猜测为了控制美洲狮数量，允许杀死年老美洲狮的狩猎制度是“原因
（cause）”。故选C项。
92. 细节理解题。由倒数第二段中的““Hunting definitely does cause lots of teenage males to flow in, but I
don’t yet see solid proof that they are more likely to cause trouble than older cats,” says the University of
Montana’s Robinson. (“狩猎确实会导致很多年轻雄性美洲狮流入，但我还没有看到坚实的证据，表明年轻
雄性美洲狮比年老雄性美洲狮更可能造成麻烦，”蒙大拿大学的Robinson说)”可知，Robinson还没有看到
坚实的证据表明年轻雄性美洲狮比年老雄性美洲狮更可能造成麻烦（与人类的冲突），说明他怀疑年龄是
否是人类与美洲狮冲突的关键因素。故选B项。
93. 推理判断题。由第二段中的“But Professor Robert Wielgus at Washington State University argues that
poorly designed hunting policies might be causing an increase in cougar-human conflicts. (但华盛顿州立大学的Robert Wielgus 教授认为，设计不当的狩猎政策可能会导致美洲狮人类冲突的增加)”和第四段中的
“Wielgus suspects that hunting policies, which allow older males to be killed to keep cougar populations in check,
were the culprit and teenage cougars in the heavily hunted area may be responsible for most of the trouble.
(Wielgus怀疑，允许杀死年老雄性美洲狮以控制美洲狮的数量的捕猎政策是原因，而在被大量捕杀的地区，
年轻的美洲狮可能是造成大部分问题的原因)”可知，Wielgus认为现行的捕猎政策是造成人类与美洲狮冲突
的关键因素，因此可得出Wielgus会提出改变狩猎政策，确保美洲狮种群健康。故选D项。
25
94. B 95. D 96. D 97. A 98. B
【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了智能手机发展带给我们的思考，如果回归乔布斯最初设想的手
机极简主义愿景，我们当中很多人都会过得更好；由此可知，作者的意图就是提醒读者不要过分的迷恋智
能手机，而是要多回归到正常的生活中。
94. 细节理解题。由第四段中的“In his remarks, Jobs spent an extended amount of time demonstrating how
users could utilize (应用) its touch screen before detailing the many ways Apple engineers had improved the age-
old process of making phone calls. “It’s the best iPod we’ve ever made,” Jobs exclaimed at one point. “The killer
app is making calls,” he later added. (在他的讲话中，乔布斯花了很长时间演示用户如何使用触摸屏，然后详
细介绍了苹果工程师改进古老的通话流程的许多方法。“这是我们制作过的最好的 iPod，”乔布斯一度惊
呼道。“杀手级应用正在打电话，”他后来补充道)”可知，使用苹果第一部iPhone打电话的方法很多，这
是他们制作过的最好的iPod，可知苹果第一部iPhone的主要卖点是它实际上是一个可以打电话的iPod。故
选B项。
95. 推理判断题。由第五段中的“The presentation confirms that Jobs imagined a simpler iPhone experience
than the one we actually have more than a decade later. For example, there was no App Store when the iPhone was
first introduced, and this was by design. (这次演讲证实了乔布斯想象的iPhone体验比我们十多年后实际拥有
的体验更简单。例如，iPhone首次推出时没有应用程序商店，这是经过设计的)”，第六段“The minimalist
(简约主义者) vision for the iPhone Jobs offered in 2007 is unrecognizable today — and that is a shame. (2007 年
乔布斯提供的极简主义iPhone的愿景如今已无法辨认，这是一种耻辱)”和倒数第二段中的“Practically
speaking, to be a minimalist smartphone user means only using your device for a small number of features that do
things of value to you. (实际上，要成为一个极简智能手机用户，就意味着只需将你的设备用于少数对你有
价值的功能)”可知，2007年发布的iPhone是极简主义智能手机的代表，上面没有应用程序商店，只有少数
功能，可得出极简主义智能手机用户很可能会从设备中删除不必要的应用程序。故选D项。
96. 词句猜测题。由第七段中的“Under what I call the “constant companion model,” we now see oursmartphones as always-on portal (通道) to information. We have become so used to it over the past decade that it is
easy to forget the novelty (新奇) of the device. (在我所说的“固定伴侣模式”下，我们现在看到我们的智能手
机总是在信息门户上。在过去的十年里，我们已经习惯了it，以至于很容易忘记它的新奇之处)”可知，it用
于指代上文，此处it指代上文“the constant companion model”。故选D项。
97. 推理判断题。由第五段中的“He simply wanted to take experiences we had already found important —
listening to music, placing calls, generating directions — and make them better. (他只是想利用我们已经发现的
重要经验——听音乐、打电话、指路——并使之更好)”，第七段中的“It seems increasingly clear to me that
Jobs probably got it right from the very beginning: Many of us would be better-off returning to his original
minimalist vision for our phones. (我似乎越来越清楚，乔布斯可能从一开始就做到了：我们中的许多人最好
还是回到他最初对手机的极简主义设想)”和最后一段中的“If you return this innovation to its original role,
you will get more out of both your phone and your life. (如果你将这项创新（智能手机）回归到原来的角色，
你将从你的手机和生活中获得更多)”可知，作者赞成乔布斯利用最少功能、发挥设备最大价值的极简主义
智能手机，认为如果智能手机回归到极简模式，用户能从手机和生活中获得更多，可得出iPhone的极简主
义帮助用户发挥设备的最佳性能。故选A项。
98. 推理判断题。由第七段中的“Many of us would be better-off returning to his original minimalist vision for
our phones. (我们中的许多人最好还是回到他最初对手机的极简主义设想)”和最后一段中的“If you return
this innovation to its original role, you will get more out of both your phone and your life. (如果你将这项创新
（智能手机）回归到原来的角色，你将从你的手机和生活中获得更多)”可知，作者赞成极简主义智能手机，
认为如果智能手机回归到极简模式，用户能从手机和生活中获得更多，作者意图就是提醒读者不要沉迷于
智能手机，而是更多地回归到正常地生活中去。故选B项。
26
99. C 100. A 101. B 102. D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一份泄露的政府间气候变化专门委员会草案报告称，全球数
百万平方公里的树木种植和生物能源作物的广泛使用可能会对粮食安全和土地退化造成潜在的严重后果，
并展开了相关讨论。
99. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段第一句“A leaked IPCC draft reports, “Widespread use across millions of
square kilometers globally of tree-planting and bioenergy crops could have potentially serious consequences for
food security and land degradation (退化).”(一份泄露的政府间气候变化专门委员会草案报告称，“全球数百
万平方公里的树木种植和生物能源作物的广泛使用可能会对粮食安全和土地退化造成潜在的严重后果”)”
可知，IPCC对广泛种植的态度是不同意的。故选C项。100. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段第一句“Everyone knows that to help ease the increasing climate crisis, we
need to plant new trees.(每个人都知道，为了帮助缓解日益严重的气候危机，我们需要种植新的树木)”和最
后一句“It would be a serious help to the environment.(这将对环境大有裨益)”可知，第二段是在介绍植树造
林的好处，再结合第三段最后一句“Should we use our spare soil for agriculture, reforestation or bioenergy?(我
们应该把多余的土壤用于农业、植树造林还是开发生物能源)”可知，本段是为了补充一些新的背景信息，
方便下文展开讨论。故选A项。
101. 词句猜测题。根据文章第三段第三句“If we consider that increasing desertification and rising ocean levels
will take away more arable (可耕种的) land, we arrive at a crucial “trilemma”(三难困境). Should we use our spare
soil for agriculture, reforestation or bioenergy?(如果我们考虑到不断加剧的沙漠化和不断上升的海平面将带走
更多的可耕地，我们就陷入了一个至关重要的“三难困境”。我们应该把多余的土壤用于农业、植树造林
还是开发生物能源)”可推知，这并不完全是个好消息，是因为没有更多的土地可以用于生物能源。故选 B
项。
102. 主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段最后几句“Wouldn’t it be better to start by stopping deforestation
altogether? Animal farming takes up 77 percent of the world’s arable land and provides us with 18 percent of the
calories. Shouldn’t we cut back on global meat consumption? Modern bioenergy is already available. Shouldn’t we
get rid of first-generation biofuels, which are produced from food crops?(从停止砍伐森林开始不是更好吗？畜牧
业占世界可耕地的77%，为我们提供了18%的卡路里。我们不应该减少全球肉类消费吗？现代生物能源已
经存在。难道我们不应该摆脱由粮食作物生产的第一代生物燃料吗)”可知，本文主要是告诉我们要保护现
有资源，而不是开发新资源。故选D项。
27
103. C 104. A 105. B 106. C
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了什么是复合型职业，阐述了未来找工作需要拥有多种技能。
103. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“It studied millions of job postings to better understand the skills companies
require. (为了更好地了解公司所需的技能，它研究了数百万份招聘信息)”可知，公司研究招聘广告是为了了
解公司对技能的要求。故选C。
104. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“For example, these hybrid jobs might require people with skills in data
science and advertising, or engineering and sales. (例如，这些复合型职业可能需要同时具备数据科学和广告知
识、或具备工程知识和销售技能的人员)”结合选项可推知，数据工程师可以成为复合型职业。故选A。
105. 细节理解题。根据文章第四段“For example, a marketing manager mastering a database program gets paid
41% more than a traditional one, with an average yearly salary of $100,000. (例如，掌握数据库程序的营销经理的平均年薪为 10 万美元，比传统的经理高出 41%)”可推知，传统营销经理的年薪可能为
100000÷(1+0.41)≈71000美元。故选B。
106. 主旨大意题。通读文章，再根据文章第一段“Jobs that use both technical and creative thinking are among
the fastest-growing and highest-paying ones (同时使用技术和创造性思维的工作是增长最快、收入最高的工
作)”以及最后一段“people in hybrid jobs are less likely to become out of date (从事复合型职业的人不太可能
过时)”可推知，本文主要介绍了什么是复合型职业，阐述了未来找工作需要拥有多种技能。C项“Future
Jobs Requiring “Hybrid” Skills (未来的工作需要“混合”技能)”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。故选C。
107. C 108. B 109. C 110. A 111. A 112. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了什么是情商及情商的阴暗面。
107. 推理判断题。根据第一段句子“When Martin Luther King. Jr. presented his dream, he chose language that
would stir the hearts of his audience. Delivering this electrifying( 震撼性的) message required emotional
intelligence—the ability to recognize, understand, and manage emotions.”（当马丁路德金。在展示他的
梦想时，他选择了能打动听众心灵的语言。传达这种激动人心的信息需要情商——即识别、理解和管理情
绪的能力。）可知，马丁路德金的演讲就是运用了情商。而情商就是文章的主题。所以引用马丁路德金的
例子就是引出主题。故选C项。
108. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段句子“ Emotional intelligence is important, but the uncontrolled enthusiasm
has obscured (掩盖)a dark side. ”（情商是重要的，但是不受控制的热情掩盖了阴暗的一面）和句子“When
you know what others are feeling, you can motivate them to act against their own best interests.”（当你知道别人
的感受时，你就可以激励他们采取违背他们自己最大利益的行动。）可知，影响人们去做最不利于他们的
事情就是情商的阴暗面。故选B项。
109. 细节理解题。根据文章内容“ One observer reflected that Hitler’s persuasive impact came from his ability
to strategically express emotions—he would “tear open his heart”—and these emotions affected his followers to the
point that they would “stop thinking critically and just emote.”（一位观察家反映，希特勒的说服力来自
于他有有策略地表达情感的能力，他会“撕心裂肺”——这些情绪影响他的追随者，以至于他们会“停止
批判性思维，而只是情绪化”）可知，希特勒撕心裂肺的情绪化的演讲会让他的追随者失去理智。故选 C
项。
110. 细节理解题。根据文章内容“According to these experts, emotional intelligence helps people disguise (伪
装) one set of emotions while expressing another for personal gain. ”（根据这些专家的说法，情商帮助人们掩
饰一组情绪，同时表达另一组情绪以谋取私利。）可知，情商可以使人们掩饰他们自己的真实情感，展示
另一种情感。故选A项。111. 词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句子的前文“Throwing light on this dark side of emotional intelligence is
one mission of a research team led by University College London professor Martin Kilduff.”（伦敦大学学院教授
马丁•基尔达夫领导的一个研究小组的任务之一就是揭示情商的这一阴暗面。）可知，上段主要介绍情商
的阴暗面。根据空格前内容“Of course, people aren’t always using emotional intelligence for”可知，人
们并不是总是利用情商去做“不道德”的事。“nefarious ”意思是邪恶的，不道德的。故选A项。
112. 主旨大意题。根据第三段“Social scientists have begun to document this dark side of emotional
intelligence. ”（社会科学家已经开始记录情商的黑暗面）以及结合全文内容，可知这篇文章主要介绍了什
么是情商及情商的阴暗面。选项D“The dark side of emotional intelligence.”（情商的阴暗面）最适合作文章
标题。故选D项。
二、七选五
1
1. F 2. D 3. G 4. E 5. A
【解析】本文是议论文。文章介绍了书籍和人类的各种关系，以及阅读所带来的好处。
1. 上文“A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps, for there is the
companionship of books as well as of men. (通常看一个人读些什么书就可知道他的为人，就像看他同什么人
交往就可知道他的为人一样，因为有人以人为伴，也有人以书为伴)”说明可以通过一个人读的书籍或是同
伴来了解一个人的为人。与F选项And one should live in the best company whether it may be of books or men.
(无论是书还是人，我们都应该以最好的为伴)意思一致。故选F。
2. 上文“It is the most patient and cheerful of companions. (它是最有耐心、最令人愉快的伴侣)”说明书籍对人
的陪伴的作用。与D选项It doesn't turn its back upon us in times of difficulty or hardship.(在我们遇到困难的时
候，它也不会抛弃我们)语义一致。故选D项。
3. 下文“They do so just as two persons sometimes discover a friend by the admiration which they both have for a
third. (就像有时两个人因为敬慕同一个人而交了朋友一样)”句中的so为关键词，与上文为指代关系，指代
G选项Men discover their liking for each other by the love they each have for a book.(人们通过彼此喜爱一本书
而发现彼此的喜爱)，并与之形成并列关系。故选G项。
4. 下文“We hear what they said and did; we see them as if they were really alive; we sympathize with them,
enjoy with them; their experience becomes ours, and we feel as if we were actors or actresses with them in the
scenes which they describe. (我们能听到他们说了什么，做了什么；我们看到他们，就好像他们真的活着；
我们同情他们，与他们一起享受生活；他们的经历变成了我们自己的，我们觉得自己仿佛是他们所描述的
场景中的演员)”句中的they为关键词，指的是E选项中的the greatest minds that have ever lived(有史以来最富有才智的人)。故选E项。
5. 上文“There is a story of two men: one was a king, who dreamed every night that he was a beggar; the other
was a beggar, who dreamed every night that he was a prince , and lived in a palace. (有一个关于两个人的故事：
一个是国王，他每天晚上都梦见自己是一个乞丐；另一个是乞丐，他每天晚上都梦见自己是一位王子，住
在宫殿里)”句中的dreamed与A选项的Imagination相对应。同时，A选项中又与下文“But when we read,
we may not only be kings and live in palaces, but, what is far better, we may transport ourselves to the mountains or
the seashore, and visit the most beautiful parts of the world, without tiredness ,inconvenience or expense. (但是，
当我们读书时，我们不仅可以成为国王，住在宫殿里，而且，更妙的是，我们可以神驰群山，或畅游海滨，
我们也可遍访世界上最美丽的地方，而无需劳累，也没有什么不方便，更无须花费分文)”形成转折关系。
故选A项。
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6. A 7. D 8. F 9. G 10. E
【解析】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文，用训练员训练鲸鱼的例子告诉我们要营造一个好的环境，让人们可能少
地面对失败，就如大加赞赏、不作批评。
6. 根据本空前的“Have you ever wondered how the trainers at Sea World get the 19,000-pound whale to jump 22
feet out of water and perform tricks?”可知，你想过海洋世界的训练员是如何让一头重达19,000磅的鲸鱼跳出
水面22英尺和表演特技的么？此处承接上文，说的是这并不是简单的事情，故A项（这是一个巨大的挑
战）符合语境。
7. 根据本空前的“The first thing they do is reinforce the behavior that they want repeated --- in this case, to get
the whale to go over the rope.”可知，他们做的第一件事就是强化他们想要重复的行为——在这种情况下，让
鲸鱼越过绳索，此处承接上文，讲的还是关于绳索的话题，故D项（他们从水面以下的绳索开始）符合语
境。
8. 根据本空前的“But what happened when the whale goes under the rope? Nothing — no criticism, no warning
and no feedback.”可知，鲸鱼钻到绳索下面会发生什么呢？没有批评，没有警告，也没有反馈，此处解释没
有批评，没有警告，也没有反馈的原因，故F项（因为我们不可能教会鲸鱼承认它们的错误）符合语境。
9. 根据本空后的“Make a big deal out of the good and little stuff that we want consistently.”可知，让它们多点
成功，偶尔有点小失败，故G项（从鲸鱼训练员那里学会的最简单的道理就是大加赞赏）符合语境。
10. 根据本空后的“people will not forget the event and usually will not repeat it”可知，人们通常不会忘记这件
事，通常也不会再犯相同的错误，故E项（如果我们没有过多给予他们预期的批评、惩罚和职责时）符合
语境。3
11. E 12. G 13. D 14. A 15. C
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。生活不会是一帆风顺的，我们必然会遇到问题和困难。我们不能抱怨，而应
该面对他们。正是我们不断的解决问题，才使我们的人生变得容易。
11. 根据上文“Most do not fully see this truth.(大多数人并没有充分认识到这一真理)”以及后一句“It seems
to them that their difficulties represent a special kind of suffering especially forced upon them or else upon their
families, their class, or even their nation(在他们看来，他们的困难代表着一种特殊的苦难，特别是强加于他们
或他们的家庭，他们的阶级，甚至他们的国家)”可知，大部分的人都没有意识到生活并非一帆风顺，很多
人都认为困难是强加给的灾难。所以E项Instead they complain about their problems and difficulties as if life
should be easy(相反，他们抱怨他们的问题和困难，好像生活应该是轻松的)承上启下。故选E。
12. 根据空格后的内容“Problems, depending on their nature, cause us sadness or loneliness or regret or anger or
fear. These are uncomfortable feelings, often as painful as any kind of physical pain. And since life causes an
endless series of problems, life is always difficult and is full of pain as well as joy.(问题，取决于它们的性质，给
我们带来悲伤、孤独、遗憾、愤怒或恐惧。这些都是不舒服的感觉，通常和任何一种身体上的疼痛一样痛
苦。因为生活带来了无尽的问题，生活总是困难的，充满了痛苦和快乐)”可知，本段主要讲述生活中有很
多困难，会给我们带来这样或那样的痛苦，解决这些困难本身也是很痛苦的。所以G项What makes life
difficult is that the process of facing and solving problems is a painful one(使生活变得困难的是面对和解决问题
的过程是一个痛苦的过程)符合本段大意。故选G。
13. 结合文章上文“Problems, depending on their nature, cause us sadness or loneliness or regret or anger or fear.
These are uncomfortable feelings, often as painful as any kind of physical pain. And since life causes an endless
series of problems, life is always difficult and is full of pain as well as joy.(问题，取决于它们的性质，给我们带
来悲伤、孤独、遗憾、愤怒或恐惧。这些都是不舒服的感觉，通常和任何一种身体上的疼痛一样痛苦。因
为生活带来了无尽的问题，生活总是困难的，充满了痛苦和快乐)”可知，生活总是会给我带来无数的问题，
这些问题会给我们生活痛苦。再结合下一段“When we desire to encourage the growth of the human spirit, we
encourage the human ability to solve problems, just as in school we set problems for our children to solve(当我们
希望鼓励人类精神的成长时，我们鼓励人类解决问题的能力，就像在学校里我们给孩子们设置问题让他们
解决一样)”可知，解决这些问题会让我们成长。由此推知，空格处应该存在转折关系，虽然生活中会遇到
问题，但是解决问题会让我们的生活有意义。那么 D项Yet, it is in this whole process of solving problems that
life has its meaning(然而，正是在解决问题的整个过程中，生命才有了意义)承上启下。故选D。
14. 根据下文“When we desire to encourage the growth of the human spirit, we encourage the human ability tosolve problems, just as in school we set problems for our children to solve(当我们希望鼓励人类精神的成长时，
我们鼓励人类解决问题的能力，就像在学校里我们给孩子们设置问题让他们解决一样)”以及最后一句“It is
for this reason that wise people learn not to fear but to welcome the pain of problems(正是因为这个原因，明智的
人学会了不害怕，而是欢迎问题带来的痛苦)”可知，本段主要讲述要学会分辨困难，困难是区分成功和失
败的关键。所以A项Problems are the serious test that tells success from failure(问题是分辨成功与失败的严峻
考验)符合本段大意。故选A。
15. 根据空格前一句“When we desire to encourage the growth of the human spirit, we encourage the human
ability to solve problems, just as in school we set problems for our children to solve(当我们希望鼓励人类精神的
成长时，我们鼓励人类解决问题的能力，就像在学校里我们给孩子们设置问题让他们解决一样)”以及空格
后一句“Those things that hurt, instruct.(那些伤害你的东西，可以起到指导作用)”可知，空格处应该讲述面
对问题与解决问题的关系，即正视问题才会让我们进步。所以 C项It is through the pain of meeting and
working out problems that we learn(正是通过会面和解决问题的痛苦，我们才得以学习)承上启下。故选C。
4
16. F 17. B 18. E 19. A 20. C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要讲述了怎么处理电子垃圾。
16. 根据本段第一句“Modern technology does bring us many conveniences... ” (SymModern 技术确实为我们
带来了许多便利……)和最后一句“However，these new toys and equipment finally become electronic waste
（e-waste）once they are out of use.”(然而，这些新的玩具和设备一旦不再使用，最终就变成了电子垃圾。)
可知本段讲述了现代科技在带来便利的同时也带了了垃圾。F 项“Modern technology brings convenience
and ewaste”(现代科技带来便利和电子垃圾。)概括了下文，故选F项。
17. 根据本段第二句“As people buy new items to replace aging electronics or make upgrades，more electronic
waste comes into being.”(随着人们购买新产品以更换老化的电子产品或进行升级，更多的电子垃圾应运而
生。)可知，本段主要描述了垃圾产生的方式。B项“How ewaste comes into being”(废物是如何产生的)与下
文相照应，故选B项。
18. 根据本段第一句“There are many reasons why it is important to recycle electronic waste.”(回收电子垃圾很
重要的原因有很多。)可知，主要讲了回收电子垃圾的原因。E 项“The importance of the electronic waste
recycle”(回收电子垃圾的重要性)与下文相呼应，故选E项。
19. 根据本段第一句“The availability of e-waste recycling programs varies from place to place.”(电子垃圾回收
计划的可用性因地而异。)可知讲述了各个地区计划的不同。A 项“Means of ewaste recycling”(废物回收的
手段)与下文呼应，故选A项。20. 根据本段第一句“Ewaste recycling helps protect the environment by reducing the amount of poisonous
materials placed in landfills（垃圾场）and saving recyclable parts to save energy and other resources.”(电子垃圾
回收通过减少垃圾填埋场的有毒物质数量和节省可回收部件以节省能源和其他资源，有助于保护环境。)可
知本段主要讲电子垃圾回收的种种好处，故C 项“The benefit of ewaste recycling”(电子垃圾回收的好处)与
下文呼应，故选C项。
5
21. C 22. E 23. D 24. F 25. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了第一片人造太空垃圾是一个破碎的卫星，因为它没有造成任何问题，
所以科学家最初并没有关心太空垃圾。随着太空垃圾越来越多，科学家意识到如果不及时清理太空垃圾，
人类将面临危险。
21. 根据下文Scientists are now concerned that if we don’t clean it up, we may all be in great danger。可知，科
学家们现在担心，如果我们不把它清理干净，我们可能都处于极大的危险之中。由此推知，上文和太空垃
圾有关，C选项“然而，自从我们的太空之旅开始以来，我们在太空中留下了许多垃圾”符合题意。故选
C项。
22. 根据上文The first piece of space junk was created in the year of 1964, when the American satellite Vanguard I
stopped operating.和下文的顺承关系可知，停止运作当然造成卫星和地面的中心失去联系，E选项“它与地
面中心失去了联系”符合题意。故选E项。
23. 这是本段的主题句，根据下文The junk varies from tiny pieces of paint chipped off rockets to cameras, huge
fuel tanks, and even odd items like the million-dollar tool kit that…可知，此段涉及太空中各种各样的垃圾，D
选项“据说现在有50多万人造垃圾以每小时17500英里的速度环绕地球”符合题意。故选D项。
24. 根据上文The major problem with the space trash is that it may hit working satellites and damage travelling
spaceship. In addition to this, many pieces of junk may crash with each other and break into pieces which fall back
to the Earth.可知，既然太空那么多的垃圾有可能会产生各种各样的危害，科学家当然要寻求解决的办法，
此处后面就是讨论它们的处理办法，F选项“为了避免这种情况，科学家们发明了几种清理天空的方法”
符合题意。故选F项。
25. 根据下文They will stop littering in space and to clean up the trash already there.可知，他们将停止在太空乱
扔垃圾，并清理已经存在的垃圾。由此可知，they指的是many nations，这些国家在寻求合作以解决太空
垃圾的问题，A选项“未来的计划包括许多国家之间的合作努力”符合题意。故选A项。
6
26. B 27. C 28. D 29. A 30. E【解析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了大规模采伐森林的现状，原因，所带来的影响以及所采取的保护森林
的措施。
26. 下文“Since humans started cutting down forests, 46 percent of trees have been logged. About 17 percent of
the Amazonian rainforest has been destroyed over the past 50 years, and losses recently have been on the rise.”（自
从人类开始砍伐森林，46%的树木被砍伐。在过去的50年里，大约17%的亚马逊雨林遭到了破坏，而且最
近的损失还在增加。）说明，大量的树木遭到砍伐。与 B 选项 Globally, forests are disappearing at an
alarming rate.（在全球范围内，森林正在以惊人的速度消失。）语义一致。故选B项。
27. 上文“So, what are the factors leading to deforestation? Farming, animal raising, mining, and drilling
combined account for more than half of all deforestation.”（那么，导致森林砍伐的因素是什么呢?农业、畜牧
业、采矿和钻探加起来占了森林砍伐总量的一半以上。）说明空处应该解释森林砍伐的原因。C选项中的
account for与前一句相对应。故选C项。
28. 下文“Some 250 million people living in forests depend on them for survival and income—many of them
among the world's rural poor. Eighty percent of Earth's land animals live in forests and deforestation threatens
many species.”（生活在森林里的约2.5亿人依靠森林生存和获得收入，其中许多人属于世界农村贫困人口。
地球上80%的陆地动物生活在森林中，砍伐森林威胁到许多物种。）说明森林对人和动物的影响，分别与
D选项的people and animals相对应。故选D项。
29. 下文“The South American rainforest, for example, influences regional and perhaps even global water cycles,
which is key to the water supply in Brazilian cities and neighboring countries.”（例如，南美洲的热带雨林影响
着区域甚至全球的水循环，这是巴西城市和周边国家供水的关键。）举例说明采伐森林的严重后果，与 A
选项Yet the effects of deforestation reach much farther.（然而，森林砍伐的影响要深远得多。）为例证关系。
故选A项。
30. E选项“With these joint efforts”是关键词，指代上文“Organizations and activists are working to fight
illegal mining and logging. As consumers, it makes sense to look for sustainably produced sources.”（一些组织和
活动人士正在努力打击非法采矿和伐木。作为消费者，寻找可持续生产的能源是有意义的。）说明保护森
林的运动起到了效果。故选E项。
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31. C 32. B 33. G 34. F 35. D
【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章围绕“无知”这一主题，阐述了“无知可能会令人沮丧，但问题并不在于
无知本身，而是我们身陷其中却浑然不觉”这一道理。
31. 上文“Ignorance can be frustrating, but the problem is not ignorance itself.”指出“无知可能会令人沮丧，但问题并不在于无知本身”，结合下一段首句“According to David Dunning, ignorant people don't know how
ignorant they are”（根据David Dunning的说法，无知的人往往不知道他们有多么无知）可知，真正的问题
应该指人们对无知的事实认识不足，C选项“问题在与我们认识不到自己是无知的”正好表达了这一含义。
故选C项。
32. 围绕“表现欠佳者自吹自擂，表现良好者又妄自菲薄”这一现象，前文“This is because those who lack
skills also lack the knowledge of what skills they're missing.”指出“这是因为那些欠缺技能的人对自己究竟欠
缺哪些能力认识不足”，正因为这样，B选项“所以他们自我感觉还挺不错”承接前文，其表述也是相符
的。故选B项。
33. 本段主题是“Our ignorance, in general, shapes our lives in ways we do not know about.”（我们的无知，一
般来说，以未知的方式塑造着我们的生活），前文“Put simply, people tend to do what they know and fail to
do what they don't know.”提到“简单地说，人们倾向于做他们知道的事，而不去做他们不知道的事。”，G
选项“以这种方式，无知引导着我们的人生方向”贴合文段主题，承接上文。故选G项。
34. 前句提到“This is a fact of life.”（这就是生活的真相），后文则以迪士尼乐园和奢侈品为例，表达了
“the less you know about them, the less you'll miss them”（我们了解得越少，欲望也就越少）这一思想，与F
选项“我们无法选择那些不了解的东西”表达的含义相吻合。故选F项。
35. 由后文“ If we don't know about birth control, then we won't use it.”（如果我们不懂得节育，也就不会采
取相关措施）来看，本段列举出的事例无疑都在表明无知会带来一些不好的结果，D选项“但无知也有代
价”符合文意，点明了本段主题。故选D项。
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36. G 37. D 38. E 39. C 40. F
【解析】幽闭恐惧症属于恐惧症中较为常见的一种。幽闭恐惧症是对封闭空间的一种焦虑症。幽闭恐惧症
患者在某些情况下，例如电梯、车箱或机舱内，可能发生恐慌症状，或者害怕会发生恐慌症状。如：出汗、
心跳加快、呼吸困难等待，值得庆幸的是有一些治疗的方法。
36. 根据空格前 Claustrophobia can develop after a troubling childhood experience, or from another unpleasant
experience later on in life related to small spaces.得知童年有过困扰经历的孩子或生活中有关于狭窄空间的不
愉快经历的人容易患上幽闭恐惧症。接下来要说有这些经历的人们会有惊恐感。与空前内容可以照应，连
接顺畅。故选G。
37. 根据空格后Claustrophobia symptoms can include: sweating, accelerated heartbeat, upset stomach, shaking,
breathing problem, etc.列举了一系列身体反应，可以得知空格处指出当有幽闭恐惧症的人处于封闭空间时身
体会有一些反应。这样的连接更加的合理。故选D。38. 根据空格前 The claustrophobia sufferer will look for an exit when inside a room, avoid driving on the
highway or major roads where there is heavy traffic when inside a car, or stand near a door when at a party 得知患
有幽闭恐惧症的人在屋内就会找出口、避免在高速上开车….接下来强调甚至在极端情况下，看到关闭的门
会有惊恐感，符合要求，故选E。
39. 根据空格后Exposure treatment, a form of mind-behavioral treatment.暴露治疗法是一种行为治疗法，得知
好消息是幽闭恐惧症可以被治疗能概括下面段落的主要内容。故选C。
40. 根据空格后Medications to help treat claustrophobia include things which help to ease the heart beating to fast
often associated with anxiety attacks..得知药物治疗的好处可以推断出，前面要阐述治疗幽闭恐惧症还有药物
治疗法或其他方法的结合。故选F。
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41. E 42. D 43. A 44. B 45. F
【解析】这是一片议论文。文章主要讲了团队合作对公司的成功和每个员工的发展都很重要。
41. 上文Teamwork in the workplace offers the staff the opportunity to become more familiar with each other and
learn how to work together.说工作场所的团队合作让员工有机会更加熟悉彼此，学习如何合作。该空承接上
文，E选项“它也是让员工和公司获得成功的燃料”，故选E。
42. 上文Work teams develop systems that allow them to complete tasks efficiently. 说工作团队开发的系统允许
他们高效地完成任务。下文 the team’s work pace makes sure that the task is completed quickly and accurately.
说团队的工作节奏确保任务快速准确地完成。该空承上启下，D选项“当一项任务交给一个训练有素、效
率高的团队时”切题，故选D。
43. 下文And a strong team environment can act as a support system for staff member. Work group members can
help each other improve performance and work together toward improving professional development.说一个强大
的团队环境可以作为员工的支持系统。工作小组成员可以互相帮助，提高工作表现，共同努力促进专业发
展。该空引出下文，A选项“任何工作场所每天都有挑战”切题，故选A。
44. 上文Team members come to rely on each other and trust each other. 说团队成员相互依赖，相互信任。下
文 these bonds can be important.说这些结合很重要。该空承上启下，B选项“当团队面临特别困难的挑战
时”切题，故选B。
45. 上文Team members become accustomed to processing brainstorming information.说团队成员习惯于处理头
脑风暴信息。该空承接上文，F选项“公司肯定会从高效团队的各种建议中受益”，故选F。
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46. B 47. D 48. G 49. E 50. F【解析】本文为应用文。现在写求职信与过去不同了，不写具体称呼会让收信的人不舒服的，通用称呼只
有几种场合才能用。如果要用这种的话，也要注意别犯一些常见的语法错误。
46. 本句主要根据时态来判断。空前是一般过去时，讲的是写信用通用称呼，而不是具体称呼在过去是可
接受的。空后是一般现在时，现在最好要称呼具体，否则会让人不喜欢。由此可推断出空前后是今昔对比，
有所不同的。分析选项可知，B项Those times have changed, though.（然而，那些时代已经改变了）承上启
下，过去的那种现象已不适合现在了，会留下不好的印象。故选B项。
47. 根据空前的内容：用这样的方式（没写收信人的名字）写求职信或电子邮件可能会给你留下一个印象，
那就是你没有对你要写的东西做任何研究。空后：毕竟写信称呼他们的名字可能会更令人高兴。由此可推
断出如果没写收信人的名字，可能会让人不喜欢。分析选项D项（这也是非常客观的，有些老板可能不欣
赏）承上启下。故选D项。
48. 根据本段的内容：它可以用在推荐信或证明信、对公司提出的正式投诉、介绍信和感兴趣的信件中。
可知“To Whom It May Concern.”可用于四种场合。分析选项可知，G项But according to Grammarly, there
are four times when it’s OK to use this greeting.（但是根据Grammarly的说法，使用这个问候语有四次是可以
的）可知，本句中正好是可用于四种场合，且选项G项与本段有意思及词（use）的复现。故选G项。
49. 空前：对于一个必须复制几份推荐信发给不同的面试官的同事为例。由此可知写的求职信要用正式用
语。分析选项，可知E项In that circumstance, sending and receiving letters is more of a formal greeting.（在这
种情况下，发送和接收信件更多的是正式的问候语）是对上文的进一步说明，故选E项。
50. 根据空前的内容don’t make grammar mistakes, for example, letters or punctuation. （不要犯语法错误，例
如字母或标点符号），这是常见的错误。分析选项，可知F项You might want to take note of other common
errors you might be committing, too.（你可能会留意这些常见错误）符合本段内容意思，文中之意是在写信
时，不要犯一些常见的语法错误，如拼写和标点符号，也许你正在犯的错误。故选F项。
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51. C 52. B 53. D 54. E 55. A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文，自律和自我控制是一种能力，研究人员通过调查研究发现自律会对人们的生
活带来积极的影响。
51. 本题的关键词是“however”。横线后一句“However，some people think that as an immediate
consequence of leading lives of constant self-control, they aren’t likely to gain a lot of pleasure from life.”告诉我
们人们认为过着自我控制的生活不可能让人们从生活里得到快乐。句中的however说明横线句的内容与本
句内容相反，C项“It is generally believed that in the long run self-control can make people happier.”符合语境。
故选C项。52. 本段主要讲述的是研究人员利用调查研究的方法查明真实情况。B 项“Researchers checked these
general ideas through a survey and study.”是本段内容的概括，本段其余内容是对他们所做的研究的具体说明。
故B项正确。
53. 横线前一句“In their study, 205 adults were given smart phones and required to report their emotions at
random moments throughout the week”说明，在研究中，205位成年人被要求在随机的时刻报告他们这周的
情绪情况。本句内容还是与研究相关的内容，D项“Meanwhile, they were also asked to report whether they
were experiencing any desires.”也是研究的内容之一，符合上下文语境。故D项正确。
54. 横线前一句“The researchers found that the more self-control people had, the more satisfied they were with
their lives in the long run.”前一句告诉我们，长期来看人们越自律，他们对生活越满意。实际上短期来看自
律的人对生活也会比较满意。E项“However，people with more self-control were also more likely to be happy
in the short run.”符合语境，故选E项。
55. 横线前一句“They don’t waste time fighting inner battles over whether or not to eat a second piece of cake”
告诉我们自律的人不会浪费时间去考虑要不要再吃一块蛋糕。他们不会为这些小事烦恼。A项“In a word,
they are not bothered about such little desires.”符合上下文语境，故A项正确。
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56. F 57. E 58. B 59. G 60. C
【解析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了一款帮助检查语法及拼写错误的工具Grammarly，在国外一直都非常
流行，现在在国内也逐渐普及起来。但是Grammarly真的好用吗？人工智能是否真的能代替人工修正语法？
56. 根据空格前“Artificial—intelligence systems like Grammarly, an automated grammar—cecker, are trained
with data. for instance, translation software is fed sentences translated by humans, Grammarly's training data
involve a large number of standard error—free sentences and human—corrected sentences. ”（像Grammarly(自动
语法检查器)这样的人工智能系统是用数据进行训练的。例如，在翻译软件中输入人工翻译的句子，
Grammarly的训练数据包含大量标准无错句子和人工修正的句子。）可知，前面介绍了自动语法检查器，
以及空格后“The software then looks at a user's writing: if a line of words seems ungrammatical, it tries to spot
how the generally supposed mistake is most closely similar to one from its training inputs.”（然后，该软件会检
查用户的文字:如果有一行词看起来不符合语法，它会试图找出通常认为的错误是如何与训练输入的错误最
相似的。）得知，这里讲述了该软件可以做些什么，所以前面是添加其他的的功能，故F项：开发人员还
向Grammarty自学的模式中添加了某些规则。符合语境。故选F。
57. 根据空格后“Advances in language technology have been impressive in, for example, speech recognition,
which involves another sort of statistical guess—whether or not a stretch of sound matches a certain line of words.”（语言技术的进步令人印象深刻，例如，语音识别，它涉及到另一种统计猜测——一段声音是否与某一
行单词匹配。）得知，本段讲述了人工智能与人类的不同，故E项：在纯数学可以解决的问题上，计算机
的速度超过了人类。符合语境。故选E。
58. 根据空格后“ It can rate the tone of an email before you send it, after being trained on texts that have been
assessed by humans, for example as “admiring” or “confident”. ”（在你发送电子邮件之前，它可以对邮件的语
气进行评估，之前它会使用经过人类评估的文本进行训练，比如 “赞赏”或“自信”。）得知，空后是
对Grammarly的一个功能的解释，故B项：Grammarly的一个功能非常有效，那就是感知分析。符合语境。
故选B。
59. 根据空格后“Computers can analyse grammatical sentences fairly well, labeling things like nouns and verb
phrases. But they struggle with sentences that are difficult to analyse, precisely because they are ungrammatical—in
other words, written by the kind of person who needs Grammarly.”（计算机可以很好地分析符合语法的句子，
给像名词和动词短语这样的东西贴上标签。但是他们在难以分析的句子中挣扎，恰恰是因为它们不符合语
法——换句话说，是由那种需要Grammarly的人写的。）得知，空后讲述了计算机和人类比较所不能做到
的，故G项：在这个决定性的结构与意义的联系上，机器不是人类的对手。符合语境。故选G。
60. 根据空格后“But computers don't work in meaning or intention, they work in formulae（惯用语）. ”（但计
算机不是在意义上或意图上工作，而是在公式中工作。）得知，前后表示转折，后面说到计算机不能理解
作者的意图，前面是写作需要了解作者意图。故C项：纠正这样的写作需要知道作者的意图。符合语境。
故选C。
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61. D 62. A 63. G 64. F 65. E
【解析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了两大佛教建筑群婆罗浮屠和普兰巴南的相似和不同之处。
61. 上文说这两大建筑群被认为都在公元850年左右建成，下文又说一些历史学家认为它们都建于赛仑德
拉王朝时期，此处说的应该是说人们对这两大建筑群建成时间的看法，故D项（然而学者们并不完全确定
这两个地方确切的建造日期）符合语境。
62. 根据本空前的“Why were they left alone, isolated (被孤立) in the mountains of Java?”可知，为什么它们被
单独留在爪哇山区？此处是对前面的回答，故A项（也许是因为默拉皮火山的爆发）符合语境。
63. 根据前面的“First”和“Second”可知，此处介绍的是普兰巴南和婆罗浮屠有许多共同之处的第三个原因，
故G项（第三个共同因素是，这两座无价的历史遗迹在被遗弃的几个世纪里遭受了巨大的破坏）符合语境。
64. 根据本段第一句“Although there are so many similarities, there are important differences.”可知，尽管有很
多相似之处，但婆罗浮屠和普兰巴南也有不同之处，此处是举例说明二者的不同，故F项（婆罗浮屠是一个十层的巨大建筑，而普兰巴南是由十八座寺庙组成的建筑群）符合语境。
65. 根据本空前的“Borobudur sits on a hill and you can make it out from some distance. On the other hand,
Prambanan is spread out over a flatter area.”可知，婆罗浮屠坐落在一座山上，从远处就能看到，而普兰巴南
位于更平坦的区域，此处承接上文，讲的是欣赏普兰巴南的情况，故E项（最后，你可以进入印度神庙，
但你必须从外面欣赏佛教寺庙）符合语境。
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66. F 67. D 68. B 69. A 70. E
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了志愿者旅行。志愿者旅行的全部或部分目的是参与安排的服务机
会，帮助他人。通常，志愿者活动在外国进行，但有些机会可能涉及国家或地区项目。这些旅行通常由教
会组织、人类利益团体或非营利组织安排。依托于互联网的发展，志愿者旅行在当下变得更加方便且高效
了。
66. 根据上文“Volunteer travel involves taking a trip where all or part of the purpose of the trip is to participate in
an arranged service opportunity helping others. Typically, the volunteer activity takes place in a foreign country, but
some opportunities can involve national or regional projects.(志愿者旅行包括旅行的全部或部分,目的是参与安
排的服务机会，帮助他人。通常，志愿者活动在外国进行，但有些机会可能涉及国家或地区项目)”可知，
上文介绍了志愿者旅行的目的，以及涉及的区域，由此可推知接下来应介绍志愿者旅行组织部门，F项
“这些旅行通常由教会组织、人类利益团体或非营利组织安排”符合文意，故选F。
67. 根据上文“Charitable interests often go far beyond national boundaries. People in developed countries
become interested in the struggles of people in less developed countries.(慈善利益往往远远超出国界。发达国家
的人民对欠发达国家人民的困境感兴趣)”可知，发达国家会的人对欠发达国家和地区进行慈善援助，结合
下文 “Volunteer travel is a way to combine a visit to a new location with meaningful work that has a direct
impact on communities in other parts of the world.(志愿者旅行是一种将对新地点的访问与对世界其他地区的
社区有直接影响的有意义的工作相结合的方式。)”可知，慈善活动仅捐赠钱是不够的，还需要深入到具体
的地方去进行志愿活动，来帮助他们，由此可知，D项 “有时，捐款不足以满足帮助的需要。”符合文意，
承上启下，故选D。
68. 根据上文提到志愿者旅行会到新的地点去做有直接影响的有意义的工作，结合下文“Historically,
church groups made up a large part of this market. Once a year a religious organization or church would organize a
trip to another country. (从历史上看，教会团体在这一市场中占有很大一部分。宗教组织或教会每年组织一
次到另一个国家的旅行) ”可知，这种选择已经存在多年，B项“多年来，这种旅行一直是一种选择”符合
文意，for many years呼应下文的historically。故选B。69. 根据下文“For example, it would be to help build a school in an impoverished(贫困的)area, or dig wells so a
village would have clean water, or engage in hundreds of other projects that would impact those less fortunate.(例
如，它将帮助在贫困地区修建一所学校，或为一个村庄打井以获得干净的水，或参与数百个其他项目，这
些项目将影响那些不幸的人) ”可知，此处介绍志愿者旅行具体的目的，A项“这种旅行的主要目的非常明
确”符合文意，故选A项。
70. 根据下文“Volunteering in other countries has become as accessible as browsing a website and signing up.
Instead of traveling with a group that is organized at the volunteers home base, the volunteer may join a group that
gathers at the worksite from all over the world. (在其他国家的志愿服务已经变得像浏览网站和注册一样容易。
志愿者可以加入一个来自世界各地的团队，而不是与志愿者基地组织的团队一起旅行。)”可知，通过网络，
志愿者旅行变得更加容易，并且更多人参与进来，可以不用长途跋涉到很远的地区去进行志愿服务，由此
可知E项“互联网使社区服务总体上更受欢迎”符合文意，故选E项。
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71. F 72. A 73. B 74. D 75. G
【解析】本文是议论文。文章讲述了美国一些学校向家长报告学生健康状况这一措施，并对此进行论述，
陈述了正反双方的理由。
71. 上文“The number of overweight children in the United States has more than doubled in the past 20 years(在
过去的20年里，美国超重儿童的数量增加了一倍多)”讲美国学校超重儿童，肥胖儿童数量大增，F项
“Being obese, or severely overweight, can lead to health problems later in life.(肥胖或严重超重会导致晚年的健
康问题)”说肥胖可能带来的问题，下文“As a result, schools in several states, from California to Pennsylvania,
have started sending home ‘BMI report cards’ .(因此，从加州到宾夕法尼亚州，好几个州的学校都开始给家里
寄‘BMI成绩单’)”讲一些学校开始给家长寄‘BMI成绩单’，报告学生身体健康状况。F项承上启下，
逻辑关系明晰。故选F 项。
72. 下文“People on both sides of the debate are weighing in.(辩论双方的人都在发表意见)”中说到“the
debate”，那么设空处需要明确辩论的是什么，A 项“Should schools send home BMI reports?(学校应该把
BMI报告寄回家吗?)”即辩论的话题。故选A项。
73. 上文“In 2003, former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee helped launch the first program to report students’
BMI. (2003年，前阿肯色州州长迈克·赫卡比帮助启动了第一个报告学生BMI的项目)”，B项“Obesity rates
in that state have since stopped increasing.(从那以后，该州的肥胖率就停止了增长)”是上文“启动了第一个报
告学生BMI的项目”的结果，与上文是顺承关系，且句中“that state”指代上文“Arkansas”，时间状语
“since ”即“since 2003”。故选B项。74. 下文“Parents have complained that the reports damage their children’s self-respect.(家长们抱怨说，这些报
告损害了孩子的自尊)”是D项“Not everyone thinks that reporting students’ BMI is a good idea.(并不是所有人
都认为报告学生的BMI是个好主意)”的举例说明，具体说明了什么人，为什么不赞同报告学生的 BMI，D
项符合语境。故选D项。
75. G项“Some people argue that schools that label students overweight are acting unfairly.(一些人认为学校给
学生贴上超重的标签是不公平的)”说学校给学生贴上超重的标签，这是一种不公平的做法，下文“They
point out that many school cafeterias serve atty foods.(他们指出许多学校的自助餐厅提供美味的食物)”指出学
校一边提供美味的食物，一边给学生贴上超重的标签，对上文的“acting unfairly”作出了解释，且G项中
“Some people”即下文中“They”。故选G项。
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76. G 77. E 78. B 79. D 80. C
【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章作者对于如何成为TEDx的组织者，给出了一些参考建议。
76. 下文 For events less than half a day in length, two TED Talks videos are required to be shown. For longer
events, 25% of the total number of talks must be official TED Talk videos.说对于少于半天的活动，需要播放两
个TED演讲视频。对于较长的活动，总演讲次数的25%必须是官方TED演讲视频。该空引出下文，G选
项“每个TEDx活动要么展示TED演讲视频，要么同时展示视频和现场演讲者”切题，故选G。
77. 上文Being a TEDx organizer can be an unexpected experience.说成为TEDx的组织者是一种意想不到的体
验。该空承接上文，E选项“如果你想成为其中一员，下面是一些建议供你参考”切题，故选E。
78. 这一段的意思是：作为TEDx的组织者，你可以选择在你的活动中进行现场演讲，让人们关注你社区
中未被发现的声音。如果你决定邀请单独的演讲者，那就选择那些在他们的领域里有新方法、有独特的故
事可以用一种好的方式讲述的特殊的人。由此可知，这一段主要讲了发现当地的声音，B选项切题，故选
B。
79. 这一段的标题Follow rules & guidelines意思是遵循规则和指南，结合下文但是他们成为TEDx项目的一
部分是有原因的——让你的工作更容易。该空承上启下，D选项“规则和指导方针会让人烦恼”切题，故
选D。
80. 下文 You’ll need more than three months to organize your event after your license is approved to give your
speakers enough time to develop and practice their talks.说在你的执照被批准后，你需要三个多月的时间来组
织你的活动，给你的演讲者足够的时间来发展和练习他们的演讲。该空引出下文，C选项“然后，在几个
月前设置事件日期”切题，故选C。
1781. A 82. F 83. G 84. C 85. B
【解析】文章是一篇说明文，讲述了自尊的定义，拥有健康自尊的人们的特征和低自尊人群对自身的危害，
最后对于如何正确提升自尊给出了建议。
81. 空格下文“ Someone can develop low self-esteem even when they are highly functional and greatly
skilled.”（有些人即使很能干、很有技能，也可能会发展出低自尊。）这个例子与空格前没有呼应，选项
A“Self-esteem is not always rooted in reality, though.”（然而，自尊并不总是根植于现实。）与这个例子存在
论点和论据的关系，故选择A。
82. 这段第一句“People with healthy self-esteem don't need to boast about themselves to others. ”（有健康自尊
的人不需要向别人吹嘘自己。）可见，整一段都在讲健康自尊的人们。再者空格后“They are not shy about
sharing ideas, including constructive criticisms of others. ”（他们不羞于分享想法，包括对他人的建设性批
评。）可知，选项F的“People with a healthy level of self-esteem ”与整段的指代一致，故选择F。
83. 根据空格前“When you turn off negative self-talk, you can open the floor.....Keep going until it becomes less
and less and maybe even a few awkward laughs in the mirror may help.”(当你停止消极的自我对话时，你就能敞
开心扉......继续，直到它变得越来越少，也许甚至是在镜子里的几个尴尬的笑可能会有帮助。)可知，讲述
改变低自尊状态的方法，与选项G"With some practice and persistence, you will win this internal struggle to see
your self-worth."(通过一些练习和坚持，你会赢得这场内在的斗争，看到你的自我价值。),中的练习和坚持
这些方法相对应，故选G。
84. 空格前“professionals doing psychotherapy do not pass judgement or give corrections. ”（做心理治疗的专
业人员不会通过判断或给予纠正。）可知，这个现象与选项C中指代的this指代一致，专业人员不会判断
或者纠正，所以这将鼓励你去放开说。故选择C.
85. 空格后“It will take some work but your entire life—from your relationships to your body image to your work
habits”（这需要付出一些努力，但你的整个生活——从你的人际关系到你的身体形象，再到你的工作习
惯），可知it 指代与选项B"You have the power to shape a new self-perception(你有能力塑造一种新的自我认
知)相一致，可知新的自我认知需要一些努力，但会让你受益颇多。故选择B.
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86. D 87. B 88. F 89. A 90. E
【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章表达了人工智能时代有关人类前景的一些观点。
86. 由上一句“In a few decades, artificial intelligence (AI) will surpass many of the abilities that we believe make
us special.”（再过几十年，人工智能（AI）将超越许多我们认为让我们与众不同的能力。）和下文关于
“自动驾驶”、“电脑赢得国际象棋冠军”等人工智能技术可知，驾驶和围棋原本是人类特有的能力，但因为人类正在接近人工智能时代，科技将让人们实现无人驾驶，电脑能打败人类世界领先的职业围棋选手，
人类对这种失败的反应无疑是震惊的，这于人类而言是挑战，因此人类需要对这种失败有不一样的反应，
承接上下文，D选项“这对我们这个时代来说是一个巨大的挑战，可能需要一种“非理性”的反应。”切
题。故选D项。
87. 由上一句“The board game Go(围棋) took over from chess as a new test for human thinking in 2016, when a
computer beat one of the world's leading professional Go players.”（围棋在2016年取代国际象棋，成为人类思
维的新测试，当时一台电脑击败了世界领先的职业围棋选手之一。）和下两句“I worry about my six-year-
old son. What will his place be in a world where machines beat us in one area after another?”（我担心我六岁的儿
子。在一个机器在一个又一个领域打败我们的世界里，他的位置会是什么？）可知，上文讲计算机击败了
一位世界领先的职业围棋选手，征服原本属于人类的围棋，下文讲作者担心儿子在计算机不断打败人类的
世界里，位置在哪里，说明作者担心一个问题，即在计算机不断征服人类任务的世界里，人的意义与定位
将在哪里？承接上下文，B选项“随着计算机征服了过去深深属于人类的任务，未来成为人类意味着什
么？”切题。故选B项。
88. 由上三句“I worry about my six-year-old son. What will his place be in a world where machines beat us in
one area after another? He’ll never calculate faster, never drive better, or even fly more safely.”（我担心我六岁的
儿子。在一个机器在一个又一个领域打败我们的世界里，他的位置会是什么？他永远不会计算得更快，开
得更好，甚至飞得更安全。）和下一句“It can’t be skills like arithmetic, which machines already excel in.”
（不可能是算术这样的技能，机器已经擅长算术了。）可知，上文讲到作者担心儿子在计算机不断打败人
类的世界里，位置在哪里，毫无疑问儿子（或人类）是比不上机器人擅长的算数的，因此找定位时，不能
以机器人擅长的算数为准，人类应该要找自己的优点或不同于计算机的特别之处，才能找到定位，上下文
是顺承关系，承接上下文，F选项“实际上，这都归结为一个相当简单的问题：我们有什么特别之处？”
切题。故选F项。
89. 由上一句“Perhaps, if we continue to improve information-processing machines, we’ll soon have helpful
rational（理性的）assistants.”（也许，如果我们继续改进信息处理机器，我们很快就会有用的、理性的助
手。）可知，上文中作者建议我们改进信息处理机器，获得有理性的机器助手，换句话说，作者赞成弥补
机器的合理性，承接上文，A选项“因此，我们必须致力于补充机器的合理性，而不是与之竞争。”切题。
故选A项。
90. 由本段首句“Perhaps, if we continue to improve information-processing machines, we’ll soon have helpful
rational（理性的）assistants.”（也许，如果我们继续改进信息处理机器，我们很快就会有用的、理性的助手。），上一句We need to help our children learn how to best work with smart computers to improve human
decision-making.”（我们需要帮助我们的孩子学习如何最好地使用智能计算机来改善人类的决策。）和下一
句“Because if we aren’t, we won’t be providing much value in future ecosystems, and that may put in question the
foundation for our existence.”（如果我们不能，我们将不会在未来的生态系统中提供更多的价值，这可能会
质疑我们生存的基础。）可知，上文中作者建议我们改进信息处理机器，弥补机器的合理性，来帮助人类
决策，下文讲到在某种情况下人类的生存基础会受到质疑，该空肯定假设了一种条件，在此种条件下，人
类能保证自己的主导地位不动摇，如果不能，人类就会受到质疑，承接上下文，E选项“但最重要的是，
我们需要牢记长远的观点：即使电脑比我们聪明，我们仍然可以成为最有创造力的人。”切题。故选E项。
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91. C 92. B 93. E 94. G 95. A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文，生活中不能没有笑声，有时候我们不得不挤出微笑让自己有好心情。同时文
章中还提出了让自己保持好心情的四个建议。
91. 根据上文“However, after I realized I had “lost” my laughter, the first thing I thought of was how silly I was
going to look and sound.(然而，当我意识到我已经“失去”了我的笑声后，我想到的第一件事是我会看起来
多么愚蠢，听起来多么愚蠢)”可知，上文提到作者失去了自己的笑声，即很长时间没有笑过了，故 C项
“如果你很长一段时间没有真正笑过，你就得假装笑，直到你笑出来”符合上下文语境，故选C项。
92. 根据后文“It will be a forced laugh. I know it sounds silly, but trust me, if you can’t laugh by yourself and be
comfortable, it’s even harder to laugh in a social situation when you think people are judging you.(这将是一场强
颜欢笑。我知道这听起来很傻，但相信我，如果你自己不能笑，不能感到舒服，那么在社交场合，当你认
为人们在评价你时，你就更难笑了)”可知，后句描述可知这是挤出来的笑容，但是我们必须这样做，因为
如果我们不这样做，在社交场合里我们更笑不出来。选项中只有 B项“Look in a mirror and laugh.”符合语
境，对着镜子挤出笑容属于强迫的笑容。故选B项。
93. 根据上文“Watch only funny programs on TV and at the movies.(只看有趣的电视节目和电影)”告诉我们要
观看滑稽的电视节目和电影，是因为这些节目会让我们开怀大笑，推测本句是在说明不要去看一些过于严
肃的节目，比如新闻和政治类节目。E项“如果你是新闻节目和政治电视台的忠实观众，你很难感到快
乐”符合上下文语境，故选E项。
94. 根据本段第一句“Invite your friends and family to make it funny!(邀请你的朋友和家人来让它变得有
趣！)”建议我们邀请朋友一起开心，可知建议和朋友在一起会更加开心，独乐乐不如众乐乐。G项“当你
和别人在一起的时候，笑声会更有趣”符合语境，故选G项。
95. 根据本段第一句“While driving, go over your day and remember everything funny.(开车的时候，回顾一下你的一天，记住所有有趣的事情)”以及后文“Not only will this help you laugh more, but it will keep you
feeling happy. If you are spending all your time remembering the good times you had for the day, it doesn’t leave
much time to think over negativity!(这不仅会让你笑得更多，而且会让你感到快乐。如果你把所有的时间都
花在回忆一天中度过的美好时光上，你就没有多少时间去想消极的事情了)”可知，列举的例子告诉我们要
积极利用好零碎时间让自己去想开心的事情。A项“用积极的方式利用时间”符合语境，所以选择A项。
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96. D 97. E 98. G 99. B 100. C
【解析】本文讲述了对每个人来说，要改变自己的生活方式都是一大挑战，尤其是在需要马上转变的时候。
文章提供了几条如何让自己改变的小建议。
96. 空格位于￭Make a plan that you can stick to. Your plan is a map that will guide you on this journey of change.
（第一条建议是制定可以坚持的计划，你的计划就是你在改变的旅程中前行的指引）后，D选项中You can
even think of it as an adventure.正好与其呼应，故选D。
97. 根据空格前的内容 Break down your goals into small, manageable steps. Is your long-term goal to lose 20
pounds within the next five months?（把自己的目标分解为几个小的、可管理的目标。你的长期目标是在未
来五个月内减20磅吗？）可知，E项A good weekly goal would be to lose one pound a week.（一个好的周目
标是一周减掉一磅。）承接上面内容，故选E。
98. 本段主题是“一次改掉一个习惯”，而前一句说“用健康的行为来代替不健康的行为需要时间”，故
G项Many people run into problems when they try to change too much too fast.（许多人当试图改变太多太快时
会遇到问题）承接上文内容，故选G。
99. 空格位于整个段落之首，说明需要总结下面段落的大意，根据段落中 Accepting help from those who
care about you and will listen strengthens your commitment.可知，B选项中Ask for support.正好与其呼应，故
选B。
100. 空格位于段末，说明需要总结前面段落的大意，根据段落 Minor missteps on the road to your goals are
normal and okay.可知，这段要告诉我们在通往目标的路上出些差错是正常的，只要我们有决心，能回归正
轨，C选项中Be determined to recover and get back on track.正好与其呼应，故选C。
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101. C 102. E 103. F 104. G 105. B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。本文讲述了人和动物为什么需要睡眠的一些理论以及睡眠的重要性。
101. 根据前一句When lab rats are not allowed to sleep,they die within a month.当实验室的老鼠不
允许睡觉时，一个月他们就死了，因此推断 C项“同样，人几天不睡觉，也会生病”，人和动物对应起来，死和生病形成对应，故选C。
102. 前一句提到的睡觉有助于帮助我们加强新的记忆，因此推断学生在学习新知识后如果有
机会睡一觉，他们在考试中就会表现得更好，前后逻辑关系很顺畅，因果联系，故选E。
103. 该空为段尾句，是对该段前面内容的总结，同时，结合第四段第一句话中的代词he可以
知道，该空中必然包含一个人名，否则he就失去了所指对象，选项中包含人名的选项有F和
G，但只有F选项能与第三段的内容衔接. 也就是说，睡眠会帮助清除一部分记忆，为新记忆
腾出空间，按照研究人员Tononi的话说，"睡眠是我们为学习付出的代价"。故选F。
104. 根据下文中提到的关键词 synapses in the mice以及整个句子可知，他肯定做了关于老鼠的
实验，G项有关键词synapses，mice，都与他的实验有关，故选G。
105. 该空为尾段的倒数第二句话，应该与其前后的句子意义连贯. 该空前面一句里出现了
protect、stay，而该空后面一句出现了 keep、matter，正好与选项B里的preserve和important
呼应. 也就是说，重要的记忆会被保留下来。前后逻辑关系顺畅，故选B。
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106. G 107. D 108. C 109. E 110. A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了在美国无家可归的人越来越多，每个地区对于这一现状都有自己的解
决措施。
106. 根据空格前一句“In Los Angeles, California, tiny homes are now being used as temporary shelters for
people, serving as a welfare for citizens.(在加州的洛杉矶，小房子现在被用作人们的临时庇护所，作为公民的
福利)”可知，此处在介绍小房子是一种公众福利。再结合空格后一句“Similar projects went up in other
California cities, including San Jose and Sacramento, and also across the United States in Seattle, Washington,
Minneapolis, Minnesota, and Des Moines, Iowa.(类似的项目也出现在加州的其他城市，包括圣何塞和萨克拉
门托，以及美国各地的华盛顿州西雅图，明尼苏达州明尼阿波利斯市，爱荷华州得梅因)”可知，空格处应
该继续讲述小房子政策所带来的好处。那么 G 项 The project is part of an emergency effort to solve the
worsening homelessness crisis(该项目是解决日益严重的无家可归危机的一部分)承上启下。故选G。
107. 根据空格后一句“That number is an increase of more than 12 percent from a year earlier.( 这一数字比去
年同期增长了12%以上)”介绍了今年的数据比去年增长了12%，由此推知，空格处应该介绍今年无家可归
的人数。那么D项In 2020, there were about 66,400 homeless people in Los Angeles(2020 年，洛杉矶大约有
66,400名无家可归者)介绍了这一数字。故选D。
108. 空格前一句“City officials selected the land on Chandler Street for the tiny home village, because it could
not be used for anything else.(城市官员选择钱德勒街上的土地作为小村庄，因为它不能用于其他用途)”可知，官员们对于接纳难民找到了解决办法。同时结合下文“The officials had to promise nearby neighbors that the
village would be safe and clean.(官员们不得不向附近的邻居们承诺，这个村庄将是安全和干净的)”可知，官
员们对于这项政策向附近的居民给予了承诺。由此推知，并不是所有的人都支持这项政策。即空格前后句
之间存在转折关系。那么C项However, not everyone supported the plan(然而，不是每个人都支持这个计划)
承上启下。故选C。
109. 根据空格前一句“He said the village offers services that can help people out of homelessness.( 他说，这个
村庄提供帮助人们摆脱无家可归的服务)”可知，这个村庄项无家可归的人提供了解决问题的政策。由此推
知，空格处应该具体讲述政策的内容。那么E项They include mental health treatment, legal aid, and help with
job searches(它们包括心理健康治疗、法律援助和求职帮助)承接上文。they指代的是services。故选E。
110. 空格前一句“Hope of the Valley is building two more villages in North Hollywood.(希望之谷正在北好莱
坞再建两个村庄)”介绍了北好莱坞的具体做法。再结合空格后一句“At Chandler Street, the housing is
temporary, whose goal is for people to stay a few months and then move on to permanent housing.(在钱德勒街，
住房是临时的，目的是让人们在这里住上几个月，然后再搬到永久住房)”介绍了，钱德勒街的做法。由此
推知，空格处应该介绍不同的地方做法不一样。那么A项More are planned in other neighborhoods(在其他社
区也有更多的计划)承上启下。故选A。
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111. C 112. G 113. B 114. F 115. A
【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章作者针对如何处理“尚未处理好的事情”这一问题，给出了自己的一些建
议。
111. 上文Loose ends are the unsolved relationships that keep you from sleeping worry free at night.说 尚未处理
好的事情会让你晚上睡不着觉。下文You have a loose end if there’s someone you don’t want to sit next to at a
holiday dinner.说如果在节日聚餐上你不想坐在某人旁边，那你就会有一个尚未处理好的事。该空承上启下，
C选项“如果你不想在第一次约会或工作中遇到某人，你就会有一个尚未处理好的事”切题，故选C。
112. 下文These could be past relationships, employers, business partners, friends, family, or co–workers.说这些
可能是过去的关系、雇主、商业伙伴、朋友、家人或同事。该空引出下文，G选项“找出和你有最多未解
决问题的五个人”切题，故选G。
113. 上文 Ask those who agree to meet to write down any ways they think you wronged them, and you do the
same.说要求那些同意见面的人写下他们认为你冤枉他们的任何方式，你也做同样的事情。该空承接上文，
B选项“告诉他们把这个清单带到你的聚会上”切题，故选B。
114. 上文Listen to each issue each of them raises and try to see it from their perspectives (视角).说 倾听他们提出的每一个问题，试着从他们的角度看问题。下文 Seek to understand why they have bad feelings toward you.
说试着去理解为什么他们对你有不好的感觉。该空承上启下，F选项“当他们分享时不要打断他们”切题，
故选F。
115. 上文This is hard to explain until you have done it; but once you do, you’ll know what I mean. 说这很难解
释，直到你做了;但一旦你这么做了，你就会明白我的意思。下文Most of all, I think this process helped me
become a more understanding and patient friend.说最重要的是，我认为这个过程帮助我成为一个更善解人意
和更有耐心的朋友。该空承上启下，A选项“我通过整理自己的尚未处理好的事对自己了解了很多”切题，
故选A。
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116. D 117. A 118. B 119. E 120. G
【解析】本文是说明文。GPS能给驾驶者提供全天候覆盖全球的时间和位置信息，但也带来一些问题。
116. 根据前文“GPS can help people get to where they want to go.”（GPS可以帮助人们到达他们想去的地
方。）说到 GPS 的便利，下文“When this happens, the driver is often to blame. Sometimes a GPS error is
responsible. Most often, it is a combination of the two.”（当这种情况发生时，司机往往是罪魁祸首。有时是
GPS的错误造成的。大多数情况下，它是两者的结合。）可知，后面说到 GPS出现的问题，可推断，文意
反转，D项But表示转折。故选D。
117. 本空位于句首，起到统领下文的作用。根据后文“Barry Brown, a GPS technologist, took an incident as
an example. His friend once flew to an airport in the eastern United States. There he borrowed a GPS-equipped car
to use. He wrongly plugged in the home address in the west. It wasn't until he was driving for thirty minutes that he
realized it. Mr. Brown says this is a common human error.”（全球定位系统技术专家巴里·布朗举了一个例子。
他的朋友曾经飞到美国东部的一个机场。在那里，他借了一辆装有 GPS的车。他把家庭地址错插在西边了。
直到开了三十分钟他才意识到这一点。布朗先生说，这是一个常见的人为错误。）举例具体说存在的问题。
此句是段落主题阐述有相当多的情况显示了使用GPS的问题。故选A。
118. 根据前文“ But he says, “One problem is that GPS has a very small screen and it can just tell you the next
turn.”（但他表示:“一个问题是，GPS的屏幕非常小，它只能告诉你下一个转弯。）GPS告诉你下一个拐弯，
但是不等于告诉你去错误的地点，与B项吻合。故选B。
119. 根据上文“‘The Normal and Natural Troubles of Driving with GPS’ lists several areas where GPS can
cause difficulties. They include maps that are outdated, incorrect or difficult to understand. ”（《使用GPS驾驶的
正常和自然的问题》列出了几个可能导致GPS困难的领域。它们包括过时、不正确或难以理解的地图。）。
前文说GPS出现的若干问题，选项E列举了另一个问题，文意连贯。故选E。120. 此句在段尾，是对本段的总结。根据空前“Although GPS sometimes causes difficulties when people are
driving, the most attractive point of this system is its 100% coverage on the planet. It is important for you to have to
know what you are doing when you use GPS. You need to have the “ability” to be able to use GPS because it
sometimes goes wrong.”（虽然GPS有时会在人们开车时造成困难，但这个系统最吸引人的一点是它在地球
上的100%覆盖。重要的是，当你使用GPS时，你必须知道你在做什么。你需要有“能力”能够使用
GPS，因为它有时会出错。）可知，前面强调使用GPS要明白的地方，前面的you need to 和G项的you
need 一致，故选G。
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121. B 122. F 123. G 124. C 125. E
【解析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了职业生涯规划的影响技巧。
121. 根据下文“Gaining transferable (可转移的) knowledge begins with the choices you make at school.(可转让
收益知识始于你在学校做出的选择)”推知，上文提到了“transferable (可转移的) knowledge”。B项“ Gain
transferable expertise and form close bonds with your colleagues. (获得可转移的专业知识，并与同事建立密切
联系)”符合语境，故选B。
122. 根据上文“You want your education to provide you with the necessary skills and expertise to succeed in a
wide variety of jobs.(你希望你的教育能为你提供必要的技能和专业知识，从而在各种各样的工作中取得成
功)”可知，想要教育为你提供必要的技能和专业知识，就意味着对将要学习的专业课程做出明智的选择。F
项“This means that you need to make smart choices about the courses you will follow. (这意味着你需要对你将
要学习的课程做出明智的选择)”符合语境，故选F。
123. 根据上文“Let’s say you take a job putting together airplane leases. Within a few years, you could become
the world’s expert on the subject.(比方说，你做了一份飞机租赁的工作。几年内，你就可以成为这方面的世
界专家)”以及下文“By contrast, if you take a job that will expand your computer programming skills, you can
greatly boost your options for later steps in your career.( 相比之下，如果你从事的工作能够提高你的计算机编
程技能，你可以极大地提高你职业生涯中后续步骤的选择。)”推知，空处与上文形成转折关系，指出这种
领域的工作技能可能在其他行业帮不上忙。选项G“ However, this narrow expertise probably won’t help you in
any other line of work. (然而，这种狭隘的专业知识可能在任何其他工作领域都帮不上你)”承上启下，符合
题意。故选G。
124. 根据下文“As a saying goes, ‘Organizations don’t hire people. People hire people.’(俗话说，‘组织不雇佣
人。人们雇佣人。’)”可知，人际关系非常重要，选项C“Your next step should help you expand your web of
personal relationships. (你的下一步应该可以帮助你拓展你的人际关系网)”符合题意，故选C。125. 根据上文“Of course, you can build your network to some degree without changing jobs.(当然，你可以在
一定程度上建立你的人际网络，而不必换工作)”说明可以使用其他的方式来建立人际关系网，选项E “You
can attend conferences or participate in committees at trade associations. (你可以参加会议或参加贸易协会的委
员会)”符合题意，故选E。
