文档内容
第 01 讲 名词
目录
01 考情透视·目标导航 .......................................................................................................2
02 知识导图·思维引航 .......................................................................................................3
03 考点突破·考法探究........................................................................................................4
考点一 名词的数 ..........................................................................................................................................4
知识点1 可数名词复数的规则变化.................................................................................................4
知识点2 可数名词的不规则化5
知识点3 复合名词的变化规则6
知识点4 不可数名词..............................................................................................................................6
知识点5 名词与数量词的搭配7
知识点6 复数形式表示特殊含义的名词 7
考点二 名词的格...............................................................................................................................................7
知识点1 ‘s所有格7
知识点2 of所有格..................................................................................................................................8
知识点3 双重名词所有格 ...................................................................................................................9
考点三 常考名词后缀.....................................................................................................................................9
考点四 常考易混名词辨析.........................................................................................................................13
04 真题练习·命题洞现
1. 真题实战.................................................................................................................................................14
2. 命题演练.................................................................................................................................................14
考点要 考题统计 考情分析求
2024：（浙江高考1月完形填空）encounter邂逅；
chance机会；writers作者；（语法填空） criticism；
分析近年高考真题可知，新高考在命
听力、阅读理解、写作：略；
题考查加重对语境理解及语言知识相
2023：（新高考 I 卷完形填空）delay 延误；
融合的考查。对名词在高考试卷中的
competitor参赛者；race比赛；aid帮助；pain疼痛；
题型分布主要有以下几种：
deal交易，局面；meet体育比赛display展示；
听力、阅读理解：涉及到名词的一词
听力、阅读理解、写作：略；
多义、抽象名词具体化、名词词义辨
名 词 的
（新高考II卷语法填空）arrival(arrive)
析等。
数 interviews(interview)
完形填空：相比前2年明显增加在语
名 词 的 （全国乙卷语法填空）wonder(wonders)
境中正确使用名词词义的命题。
格 2022：（新高考I卷完形填空）memories记忆；wind
语法填空：保持稳定1-2题。主要考
易 混 辨 风；luck好运；excitement兴奋；adventure冒险
析 查名词的单复数（3年4考；3年2
（新高考II卷语法填空）son’s(son)
听力、阅读理解、写作：略； 考；3年8考；）、名词所有格，名
2022：（新高考I卷完形填空）memories记忆；wind 词和其它词类的转换。
风；luck好运；excitement兴奋；adventure冒险 写作：涉及较多的则是名词的数、名
（新高考II卷语法填空）son’s(son) 词的格及和名词相关的主谓一致现
听力、阅读理解、写作：略； 象。
（全国乙卷语法填空）responsible(responsibility)
复习目标：
具备名词的基本词义辨析能力；
掌握名词的数、名词的格、抽象名词具体话、名词和其它词类的固定搭配；
熟悉名词的一词多义、名词动用现象；【高考导航】
1.（2024 年浙江 1 月高考语法填空） Over the last two years, some supermarkets ________ (start) selling
chicken or salad in packs designed with two halves containing separate portions (份).
2. (2023年新高考II卷) Since June 2017, right before the ______ (arrive) of the two new pandas, Meng Meng
and Jiao Qing, I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and confident speaking
English.
考点一 名词的数
知识点1 可数名词复数的变化规则
情况 构成方法 单数变复数例词
一般情况 加 -s map-maps ；mouth-mouths; house-houses;
以s,sh,ch, x等结尾的词 加 -es watch-watches; glass-glasses; match-matches;
以辅音字母+y 结尾的 变y为i再加es baby---babies; country-countries;
词
以“元音字母＋y”结 词尾加-s key→keys，boy→boys; holiday-holidays;
尾
多数变f或fe leaf→leaves，life→lives, shelf
以-f或-fe结尾 为v后加-es knife→knives，thief，wife，loaf，half，leaf，knife，wolf，
life，
少数词尾加-s chief→chiefs, roof→roofs, belief→beliefs
词尾加-es Negro-Negroes, hero→ heroes, potato→ potatoes ，
以字母-o结尾 tomato→tomatoes
词尾加-s photo→photos, kilo→kilos, piano→pianos，zoo→zoos
以-sis结尾的外来词 变sis为ses basis→bases, analysis→analyses, crisis→crises【名师总结】 口诀1：“小偷妻子切面包，半片树叶当作刀，狼保己命架后藏”。这些名词变成复数时，
改-f或-fe为ve, 再加是。 口诀2：“黑人英雄爱吃土豆西红柿”。这些名词词尾加-es, 其它以o结尾的
名词复数加s。
典例1.（2024·福建宁德一中高三模拟）The complex layout of the turret posed an unprecedented (史无前例
的) technical challenge for Zhang and his team of designers and (develop).
典例2.（2024·广东东莞实验中学模拟）What’s more, Chinese Culture Centers in Cairo, Paris, Berlin, Tokyo and
Denmark, to name a few, are introducing China by holding cultural (activity), opening training classes,
and building libraries.
典例3.（2024·湖南百所名校高三模拟）The trading activity has brought culture exchange, religions spreading
and contrasts to the connected (region) and formed a remarkable culture tie featured by Asian, European
and the Mediterranean bank.
【变式训练】1. Testifying before a Senate Judiciary committee this week, Altman “advocated a number of
______ (regulate)— including a new government agency charged with creating standards” for AI.
【变式训练】2. Wang organized all the (housewife)who stayed behind and started the first support group
for such women in Taiping Village.
知识点2 可数名词的不规则变化
变化 示例
deer, fish, sheep, means, series, aircraft, spacecraft, species
单复数同形
Chinese，the United States，Swiss，physics，politics，maths,
变内部元音 goose-geese,tooth-teeth, foot-feet, man-men, woman-women；mouse-mice
-on变-a phenomenon-phenomena现象，criterion-criteria标准；
词尾加-(r)en child---children孩子; ox-oxen公牛
词尾-un变成-a datum-data数据；medium-media媒体；
【易错提醒】 1. 名词作定语，一般用单数，需要用复数作定语的有：goods trains货车；sports meet运动
会；customs officer海关人员；a salesgirl一个售货员；2. 名词前有man/woman修饰，名词变复数时，
man/woman和名词都要变为复数形式。3. man/woman构成的合成词，复数形式将a变为e。但German复
数形式是直接在词尾加-s。知识点3 复合名词的变化规则
将主体名词变为复数:passer-by→passers-by, looker-on→lookers-on; bedroom-bedrooms;
合成名词复数 无主体名词时通常在最后一个词后加-s: grown-up→grown-ups, forget-me-not - forget-
me-nots勿忘我；
知识点4 不可数名词
不可数名词没有复数形式，一般不能用a或an修饰。可在名词前加表示数量的词如
piece, glass 等。通常只用作不可数的名词有：beer, air, homework, weather, news,
不可数名词的数 butter, milk, information, bread, advice, progress, orange (橙汁), equipment, meat, fun,
luggage, luck, work (工作), traffic, furniture, wealth, word (消息), room (空间), man
(人类)等。
表示具体的一个人或特定的某一件事东西时，可以将抽象名词可作为可数名词，可以
与a/an连用，常见的这类词有：
success成功-成功的人或事； pleasure乐趣-令人高兴的事；
surprise吃惊-令人惊讶的人或事； beauty美-美丽的人或事；
抽象名词具体化
comfort安慰-令人感到安慰的人或事物; danger危险-危险的人或因素;
delight高兴-令人高兴的事; failure 失败-失败的人或事物;
shock震惊-令人震惊的事情; honour荣誉-一个(件)带来荣誉的人(事);
rain, snow, fog, wind, gas, fire, crop, coffee, tea, drink, ice, sugar, ice等物质名词可
物质名词具体化 以具体化为可数名词，用复数形式表示类别、数量、范围或程度。如：two drinks两
杯饮料； two ices两份冰淇淋； sands沙滩；snows多场雪；
school, college, hospital, court, prison, table, church等是可数名词，有具体的意义，
具体名词抽象化 当表示与之相关的活动时，表示抽象意义。如：go to school上学；at table在吃饭；
in prison坐监狱；go to church去做礼拜；
【易错提醒】 fish指鱼的种类时，加-es; 指鱼的条数时，单复数相同；指鱼肉时，为不可数名词。
典例1. （2023·广东高三模拟）Nowadays people often express their approval of the present economic situation
and their (critical) has caused wide attention.
典例2.（2024·广东湛江高三模拟）He can’t wait to get his father’s (approve).
【变式训练】1. Smoking is harmful to health, which is without (argue).【变式训练】2. Phsical activity increases the (efficient) of your heart and lungs.
知识点5 名词与数量词的搭配
a (few), several, many, a great many, the/a number of, hundreds of, dozens/scores
+可数名词
of/different/other
a (little), a great of, a large amount of, much +不可数名词
a lot of, lots of, enough, masses of, plenty of, a quantity of, quantities
+可数/不可数名词
of, a supply of, some
socks, trousers, stockings, compasses, glasses, jeans, shorts, pants, pincers, scissors,
clothes, gloves, scales等成双成对的名词一般不用具体数词修饰，但可以用 a pair 成双成对的名词
of, two pairs of gloves.
【易错提醒】物质名词表示数量时，一般用表示数量的短语来表示。of之前的数量名词，要根据情况使用
单数或复数形式，如：a cup of tea; three pieces of bread; two pieces of paper等。
知识点6 复数形式表示特殊含义的名词
good好的--goods货物； water--waters水域，
fish鱼肉--fishes（各种）鱼， possession拥有--possessions (财产)；
manners (礼貌)； work工作--works (作品，著作);
单复数
glass玻璃--glasses眼镜； paper纸--papers报纸，论文；
意义不
同的词 content内容--contents目录； custom习俗--customs关税；
wood木材--woods树林； arm胳膊--arms武器；
time时间--times时代； green绿色-greens青菜；
考点二 名词的格知识点1 's所有格
表示人或有生命的名词常在词尾加's。
1. 以s结尾的复数名词，只加“’”。如: students’ reading room学生阅览室；
2. 表示两者各自所有关系时，分别在每个名词的词尾加’s；表示两者共有，在最后名词词尾加’s。如：
my sister's telephone 姐姐的电话； the boy’s pen男孩的钢笔； Women’s day 妇女节。
3. 表示店铺、办公室或某人家时，名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。如：
at the barber's在理发店； at my uncle's在我叔家； the doctor’s (office)诊所；
4. 若一样东西为两人所有，只在后一个名词后加’s。
This is Tom and Jim's father 汤姆和吉姆的父亲。
5. 表示时间、距离、重量、地方等无生命的事物的名词也可以借助's表示所有关系。
a week's holiday 一周的假；thirty minutes' ride三十分钟的车程
典例1.（2024·浙江省名校协作体适应性考试）A (student) college experience is his or her own, and the
student must put his or her education first.
典例2.（2024·江苏省前黄高级中学学情检测）During a visit earlier this year to the crowded and noisy market
in the
(city) Wuning subdistrict, Mao Fenghua, head of the local trade union federation, found a child doing
homework near a street stall.
【变式训练】1. It is believed that _______ (today) children and teenagers are consuming three times the
recommended level of sugar, putting them at a higher risk of the disease.
【变式训练】2.We should remember these ________ (hero) names forever.
知识点2 of所有格
无生命的名词常用of所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或定语修饰的有生命的名词用of所有格。
the window of the room 房间的窗户；the cost of living生活成本；the news of success捷报；
知识点3 双重所有格
构成：＂名词＋of＋名词所有格＂或＂名词＋of＋名词性物主代词＂
双重所有格表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”,名词前可用a,any,some,a few,two,this,that,these,those
等修饰,但不能用the。如:a picture of my mother's我母亲(拥有)的一张照片; a friend of mine我的一个朋友；
this little cat of your sister's你妹妹的这只小猫；
【易错提醒】 ’s所有格my mother’s friend强调我母亲和这个朋友的关系，不涉及其他人。双重所有格a
friend of my mother’s指我母亲还有其他朋友。如：a picture of Jack’s指杰克所拥有的照片中的一张；而
a picture of Jack指一张杰克的照片，照片上的人就是杰克。
考点三 常考名词后缀
知识点1 形容词转化为名词后缀
后缀 例词
－age short→shortage 短缺 percent→percentage 百分比
efficient→efficiency效率 fluent→fluency流利
－cy
accurate→accuracy准确性 private→privacy隐私
－dom free→freedom自由 wise→wisdom明智；智慧
－ence different→difference差异 evident →evidence 证据
weak→weakness虚弱；弱点 thick→thickness厚度
－ness
kind→kindness仁慈，友好 careless→carelessness粗心大意
－th strong→strength力气；优势 warm→warmth温暖；热情
difficult→difficulty困难 disable→disability缺陷；伤残
－y/－ty/－ity
responsible→responsibility责任 honest→honesty诚实
知识点2 动词转化为名词后缀
后缀 例词
attract→attraction吸引力 celebrate→celebration庆祝
－ion/ conclude→conclusion结论；结束 discuss→discussion讨论；论述
－tion/ decide→decision决定 admit→admission承认；准许加入
－sion/ permit→permission允许，许可 invite→invitation邀请
explain→explanation解释 expect→expectation期望sail→sailor海员，水手 drive→driver司机；驾驶员
－er/
gather→gatherer收集者，采集者 teach→teacher老师
－or
announce→announcer广播员 conduct→conductor指挥；售票员
punish→punishment惩罚 achieve→achievement成就
argue→argument辩论；论据 treat→treatment对待；治疗
－ment
equip →equipment装备；设备 govern→government政府
astonish→astonishment惊奇 develop→development发展
appear→appearance出现；外貌 guide→guidance指引；指导
－ance/
perform→performance表演；表现 exist→existence存在；生存
－ence
prefer→preference偏爱 refer→reference参考，查阅
－ure/ fail→failure失败；倒闭 press→pressure压力
-ture depart→departure离开；出发 mix→mixture混合(物)
hear→hearing听力，听觉 begin→beginning开始
－ing
build→building建筑 warn→warning 警告
－y recover→recovery恢复 discover→discovery发现
典例1.（2023全国甲卷）The themes of traditional fables often deal with simple truths about everyday life.
However, Cason’s theme is a more weighty (warn) about environmental destruction.
典例2.（2021新高考II卷）A company ________ (represent) wrote back and told me the airline was switching
over from plastic to paper cups on all of its 1,200 daily flights.
【变式训练】Wu Qin Xi, or The Five-Animal Qigong, can be regarded as the earliest form of Medical Qigong in
Chinese history, dating back to Eastern Han Dynasty (25—220). The
(create) of Wu Qin Xi was credited to the famous Chinese physician Hua Tuo (110—207) who had great
skills as a surgeon, acupuncturist (针灸师) and herbalist.
考点四 常考易混名词辨析
Group 1 affair, business, event, matter
1. affair指“事件，事务”，多指私事或重大的国家事物等。
【江苏卷】China's image is improving steadily, with more countries recognizing its role in internationalaffairs.
中国的形象正在稳步提升，越来越多的国家认识到中国在国际事务中的作用
2. business指商业方面的事情，也指繁忙的事情。
【全国甲卷·知识运用】Burchill was packing at the hotel on business and planning to visit some friends
in the area.
伯奇尔出差，当时正在酒店收拾行李，并打算去拜访当地的一些朋友。
3. event指有历史意义的大事，重要事件，也可指运动会的赛事。
【新课标卷Ⅰ·阅读理解】The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the
50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon.
夏季奥运会最长的田径项目是50公里竞走，比马拉松距离还长大约5英里。
4. matter指麻烦事。
Group 2 approach, manner, means, method, way
1. approach后面可跟介词to，指为着手某项工作而使用的方法或步骤，还可指“通路，途径”。
【北京卷·阅读理解】Recently, I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that's connected to
circumstances on our planet, conditions that might change as a result of global warming.
最近，我构想了一种新的计时方法，它与我们星球的环境有关，由于全球变暖，环境可能会改变。
2. manner指人们说话做事所采取的手段或方式，表示“举止，行为”。复数形式可以表示“礼貌”。
【天津卷·阅读理解】I wrote my poems in this manner for nearly ten years before my first book was published.
在我的第一本书出版之前，我用这种方式写诗写了将近十年。
3. means指为达到目的采用的方法、手段或途径。单复数同形，常搭配介词by。
4. method指系统、有条理地办事或解决问题的方法，可以与介词with搭配。
5. way普通用词，统指“方法”，后面可跟不定式或of doing等作定语。
Group 3 symbol, sigh, signal, mark
1. symbol指作为象征或表达某种深邃意义的特殊事物。
2. sign 指具有一定含义的符号或标志,它的标示可以是实物表情、动作、文字、语言及任何痕迹或征兆。
There is a stop sign at the intersection.在交叉路口处有停车标志。
3. signal 指为某一目的而有意发出的信号。
When she got up from the table, it was the signal for us to leave.
当她从饭桌旁站起来的时候,那就是我们该离开的信号。
4. mark指为某一目的有意做的标记,也指无意留下或自然形成的痕迹。
Suffering left its mark on his face.苦难的经历在他脸上留下了痕迹。
Group 4 scene, sight, scenery, view
1. scene指具体的或某一局部的景色，也包括人其中人的活动。000
【新课标卷Ⅲ·知识运用】If you do, you won't be able to handle it and the whole thing develops into an
unpleasant scene and that ruins everyone's day.如果你这样做了，你将无法处理好它，整个事情发展成一个不愉快的场面，那会毁了每个人的心情。
2.sight侧重风光，包括城市景色或自然风光，也可指人造景物或奇特的景色。
【新高考II卷·知识运用】When he was safely outside, the only help in sight was a policeman.
当他安全到外面时，眼前唯一的帮手就是一名警察。
3.scenery指国家或某个地区的整体自然风景，如山川、河流等。
【天津卷·写作】I'm sure the visitors will be amazed by the beautiful scenery in Jiazhaigou as well as the
construction Dujiangyan Irrigation Project.
我相信，游客们会被九寨沟的美景以及都江堰水利工程的建设所震撼。
4.view多指从某个特定的地方看到的景色，尤其指从高处看到的。
You can get a good view of the whole city from the top of the tower.
从塔顶上可以看到整个城市的景色。
Group 5 damage, harm, hurt, injury, wound
1. damage指部分损害，降低其价值、破坏其功能等。
2. harm指“危害”，指使事物不再完整或不具有原来的价值。
【新课标卷·阅读理解】True to a gorilla's unaggressive nature, the huge animal meant me no real harm.
大猩猩天性不具侵略性，这种体型巨大的动物对我并没有真正的恶意。
3. hurt指精神，情感或肉体上的伤害。
hurt one’s feelings 伤害某人的情感
4. injury比hurt正式，多用于指平时的大小创伤和伤害。
He got injured when he fell off the tree.
当他从树上摔下来的时候，他受伤了。
5. wound强调外部创伤，一般指在战斗中受的刀、枪等武器的伤害；有时也可指精神方面的伤害。
The nurse cleaned and bandaged his wound.
护士为他清洗并包扎了伤口。
Group 6 custom, habit, practice, tradition
1．custom指社会经过一段较长时间形成的风俗、习惯。the Customs指“海关”。
2．habit指自然养成的，不易戒除的个人习惯。
【浙江卷·阅读理解】His own children have got into the habit of playing outside now: "We just send
them out into the garden and tell them not to come back in for a while."
他自己的孩子现在已经养成了在外面玩的习惯：“我们只是让他们到花园里去，并告诉他们一段时间内
不要回来。”
3．practice指习惯性的做法、惯例或常规。
【全国乙卷·听力】It was a good chance to practice my Spanish.这是一个练习西班牙语的好机会。
4．tradition指世代相传或因长久奉行而形成的传统、习俗。
Group 7 earnings, fee, fare, income, pay salary, wage
1. earnings一般指通过劳动等手段得到的收入。
2. fee通常指加入某个组织支付的费用，也指付给律师、医生或家庭教师的服务费，还可指“小费”。
3. fare指乘坐公共汽车、轮船或出租车等的票价。
4. income指侧重总收入，与earnings意思相近。
5. pay指按买卖等按时支付的固定薪酬，常与salary, wage互换。
6. salary一般指按月支付的报酬，通常指脑力劳动者的薪水。
7. wage一般用复数形式，通常指按小时、日或星期支付的报酬，侧重指体力劳动这的工资。表示工资的
多少时常用high/low表示。
【新高考I卷·知识运用】I'd earn minimum wage.
我挣的是最低工资。
Group 8 clothes, clothing, cloth
1. clothes指各种衣服，谓语动词永远用复数。
2. clothing是服装的总称，指一件衣服用a piece of , an article of。
3. cloth指布，为不可数名词；指某种用途的布，如抹布等可以加不定冠词。
一、 真题实战
用括号内所给词的适当形式填空
1.（2023年全国乙卷）But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place which welcomes the fast-paced
development of modern life, with 21st-century architectural ________ (wonder) standing side by side with
historical buildings of the past.
2.（2022年新高考I卷)The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity between separate ______
(population)and homes of giant pandas, and eventually achieve a desired level of population in the wild.
3.(2022 年全国甲卷) Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road, in order to promote environmental
______ (protect).
4. (2021年新高考II卷 )A company ________ (represent) wrote back and told me the airline was switchingover from plastic to paper cups on all of its 1,200 daily flights.
5.（2023年浙江1月卷）Thanks to Beijing’s long history as capital of China, almost every hutong has its stories,
and some are even associated with historic (event).
6.（2022浙江1月卷）Cobb, for her party, started to ask conference organizers who invited her to speak if she
could do so remotely; about three-quarters of the time, they agreed. When the answer was no, she declined the
_____________ (invite).
7. (2021全国甲卷) Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and ________
(watchtower) to take pictures or just to watch the local people going about their daily routines.
8. (2022新高考II卷) He saved my ______ (son) life," said Mrs. Brown.
9.（2022浙江6月卷）John Olson, a former ______ (photograph)and his team turn paintings into fully textured
3D models.
二、 命题演练
用括号内所给词的适当形式填空
1．（2024·九省联考）Whenever you have to write a paper, a letter, or any other document for work or school,
you probably head toward the computer. Now, most people reach for ______ (keyboard) faster than they pick up
pens.
2．（23-24高三·福建·高三模拟）The expert drew a (conclude) from his investigation that the
disease was carried through water rather than air.
3．（2023高三·福建福州·模拟测试）The company’s silence on the subject has been taken as an
(admit) of guilt.
4．（2023·河北衡水·阶段练习）It was beyond Chinese (expect) that China entered the FIBA
Women’s Basketball World Cup final in 2022.
5．（2023·河北石家庄·高三模拟）There is a general (recognize) of the urgent need for educational
reform.
6．（23-24·广东广州·开学考试）He said it officially that he would put humans on Mars in less than a decade,
but his (declare) proved unrealistic.
7．（2023·湖南长沙·高三调研）Although the library was open to everyone, all readers had to pay for a
membership or (subscribe) in order to borrow books.
8．（23-24高三上·河北·期末）He is one of the top （chef） in China.
9．（23-24·河北沧州·期中）When Michael Jackson died, MTV quickly assembled a reel of the singer’s
(perform) and spread it around the world.
10．（2023·江苏南通·开学考试）Equally exciting are the diverse (possibility) provided by the
animal kingdom.
