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►第 09 讲 非谓语动词之动词不定式
(讲义)
【复习目标】
掌握动词不定式的句法功能
重点复习不定式作状语、宾语和补语
动词不定式的时态和语态
掌握不定式的被动语态和主动表被动
不定式符号to的省略
练透近年高考真题中关于非谓语动词的题目,感悟高考命题规律和特点,实现高效备考。
【考情分析】
从近三年新高考卷可以看出,对非谓语动词中不定式的考查是必考点,主要是考查非谓语动词作补语、
定语和目的状语。考查的都是不定式的基本用法,但是题目的设置更加注重语境以及情景化和结构复杂
化,加大了考生对题干的理解难度。
近年高考真题动词不定式考点细目表
年份 卷别 题号 作状语
2022 新高考I卷 59 to increase
(increase)
2022 新高考II卷 59 to see (see)
2021 新高考II卷 58 to educate (educate)【网络构建】
知识点 一 不定式的句法功能
不定式的形式
种类 时态 主动形式及意义 被动形式及意义
一 般
to do 将要发生或发生在谓语动词的动作后 to be done 被动、将来
式
进 行 to be doing 谓语发生时,不定式表示的动作正
不定式 式 在进行或与谓语动词的动作同时发生
to have been done 被动、
完 成
to have done发生在谓语动词的动作之前 发生在谓语动词的动作之
式
前
No. 1 作宾语
下列动词只跟不定式作宾语
口诀 动词希望学会想决心 hope/wish/expect, learn, want, decide/determine
设法拒绝愿假装 manage, refuse, care, pretend
主动承诺选计划 offer, promise, choose, plan
请求同意来帮忙 ask/beg, agree , help
She closed her eyes and pretended to be asleep.他闭上眼睛,假装睡着了。
注意:有些动词后常接“疑问词+不定式”短语作宾语,如,discover, explain, wonder等。
I wonder how to deal with the colourful apples.我想知道怎样处理这些五彩的苹果。
He has no choice but to leave.他除了离开别无选择。(作介词to 的宾语)
No. 2 作定语
不定式作定语,通常置于所修饰的名词或代词之后,与所修饰的词之间构成逻辑上的主谓、动宾或同
位关系。
(1) 表示将来的动作时,根据需要不定式可用主动或被动形式。
His first book to be published next month is based on a true story.
他下个月将要出版的第一本书是以一个真实的故事为依据写的。
I borrowed some books to read during my holiday.
我借了一些假期读的书。
(2 )表抽象意义的名词常被不定式修饰,如:chance, need, promise, ability, way, opportunity, right,
attempt, plan, evidence等,常表同位关系。
Do you have the ability to read and write in English?
你有用英语读和写的能力吗?
(3)名词或代词由序数词或最高级修饰,再被非谓语修饰时,一般用不定式作定语,表主谓关系。
She is always the first student to come and the last to leave.(主谓关系)
她总是第一个来最后一个走的学生。
(4)在表示有要做的事情时,通常用不定式作定语,不定式与被修饰词之间为被动关系。
—Do you have anything to be typed, sir?
—No, thanks.
——先生,你有东西要打印吗?
——没有,谢谢。
I have a lot of work to do.
我有许多活要干。
易错点:若不定式中的动词是不及物动词,则要在该动词后加适当的介词。
I have no pen to write with.
我没有写字用的钢笔。
He had no money and no place to live in.
他没钱,也没地方住。
No. 3 作状语
1. 作目的状语
不定式作目的状语可以单独放在句首、句中或句末。但用在句中表目的时前面不能用逗号,强调动词不定式所表示的目的时,动词不定式可用in order to/so as to+动词原形,但so as to不用于句首。
To make friend s easily, you need to be very kind.
要想很容易地交朋友,你需要友善。
2. 作结果状语
a.不定式作结果状语时多表示出乎意料的结果,其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语。作结果状语的不定式
通常用一般式,为了表示强调可在不定式前加上only。
I rushed to the station, only to find the train had already gone.
我匆忙赶到火车站,却发现火车已经开走了。
b.不定式作结果状语还常用于so ... as to ..., such ... as to ..., enough to ..., too ... to ...等结构中。
She was so late as to miss half of the lecture.
她来得如此晚以至于错过了一半的演讲。
She is such a good teacher as to be respected by all her students.
她是个如此好的老师,以至于受到她所有学生的尊敬。
The house is large enough to hold two hundred people.
这座房子足够大,可以容纳两百人。
3. 作原因状语
不定式与情感类形容词连用时,大多表示原因,用来作原因状语。这类形容词主要有:happy, kind,
surprised, frightened, shocked, glad, delighted, disappointed等。
They were surprised to be informed of the news.
被告知这一消息他们感到吃惊。
She was very happy to hear that her son had been promoted.
得知儿子升职了,她很高兴。
4. 动词不定式也可以跟在一些作表语的形容词easy, hard, difficult, pleasant, good, fit, comfortable等后面
作状语,构成“主语+be+形容词+不定式”结构,在该结构中构成不定式的动词和句子的主语构成逻辑
上的动宾关系,不定式通常用主动形式表示被动含义。另外需注意的是在该结构中,不定式中的动词必须
是及物动词,若为不及物动词,则要在其后加上适当的介词,使之构成及物动词短语。
This book is difficult to understand.
这本书很难懂。
The picture is pleasant to look at.
这张画很好看。
5. 作独立成分
下列结构常用作独立成分:
to tell the truth说实话; to be honest诚实地说; to put it briefly前言之;
to be frank坦白地说; to begin/start with首先; to make things/matters worse更糟糕的是;
to put it in a nutshell简而言之
No. 4 作主语
不定式(短语)作主语,表示某一具体的,尤其是未发生的动作。可位于句首,也可用it作形式主语,
而把不定式置于后面。不定式作主语时,谓语动词用单数。To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
It's not easy to learn English well.Reading as much as possible is necessary.
学好英语不容易,广泛阅读是有必要的。
It's important for the figures to be updated regularly.
对数字进行定期更新很重要。
No. 5 作补语
下列动词(短语)后跟带to的不定式作宾补
advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, intend, invite, order, persuade,
prefer, require, teach, tell, want, wish, warn, remind, wait for, call on, depend on等。
Our teacher encourages us to face difficulty bravely.我们老师鼓励我们勇敢地面对困难。
She asked me to answer the phone in her absence.她要我在她不在的时候接电话。
易错点:1. 感官动词(短语)see, watch, observe, look at, notice, hear, listen to, feel的宾语补足语主要有三
种形式,试比较(以see为例):
① I heard her sing an English song just now.(主动,完成)
刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。
② I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.(主动,正在进行)
昨天经过她房间时,我听见她正在唱一首英文歌。
③ To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English spoken as much as possible.(被动,
无时间性)
为了学好英语,我们应该找机会尽可能多地听英语。
易错点:2 使役动词+宾语+宾补
注意:(1)在以上省去to的不定式作宾补的结构中,若变为被动语态,需将省去的不定式符号 to补出
来。
He made his workers work 12 hours a day.(主动)
→His workers were made to work 12 hours a day.(被动)
他让他的工人们每天工作12个小时。
(2)have还可以用于“have sth to do/to be done”结构中,其中have作“有”讲,用不定式作定语。
I have something urgent to inform you.
No. 6 作表语
表示一般的概念时,不定式、动词ing形式可以互换,而表示具体的、个别的动作或有将来含义时,一
般用不定式。
③What she likes is watching/to watch children play.
她喜欢的事情就是看孩子们玩耍。④ My wish is to become a good teacher.
我的愿望就是要当个好老师。
注意:下列情况下不定式作表语通常省略to:
(1)主语是all其后有that引导的定语从句或what引导的从句,且从句中含有do的某种形式时。
(2)主语是the only,the first,the last,形容词最高级或被这些词修饰,主语后有定语从句,且定语
从句中含有do的某种形式时。
All you need to do now is complete the form.
你现在要做的是把这张表填好。
What I want to do most in senior high school is improve my English.
我在高中最想做的事就是提高我的英语水平。
The only thing to do now is go on.
前进是现在唯一的出路。
知识点 二 不定式的被动和主动表被动
No. 1 不定式的主动表被动
(1) 不定式作定语与被修饰名词构成动宾关系时。
If you want to make even greater progress in your studies, you still have many difficulties to overcome.
如果你想在学业上取得更大的进步,那么你还需要克服许多困难。
(2) 在“be+性质形容词+不定式”结构中,性质形容词如easy,hard,difficult,safe,interesting,heavy,pleasant,
comfortable,dangerous,impossible 等。
He is not easy to get along with. 他不易相处。
The book is very interesting to read.这本书读一读是很有趣的。
(3)不定式与疑问代词连用时。
I don't know which to choose because there isn’t any difference between the two.
两者之间毫无差别,所以我真不知道该选哪个。
(4) 某些动词不定式与be连用时,如to blame(责备),to seek(寻找),to let(出租)等。
He is to blame for this.他因这件事该受责备。
The answer is not hard to seek.答案不难寻找。
No. 2 不定式的被动语态
(1) 当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,一般要用被动语态。
A lot of graduates ask to be sent to work where they are most needed every year.
每年都有毕业生要求被派往最需要他们的地方工作。
(2) 不定式的被动语态一般式通常表示将来的动作。
The topic to be discussed tomorrow is about climate change明天要讨论的主题是关于气候变化的。
(3) 不定式的被动语态完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。
The novel is said to have been translated into several languages.
这部小说据说被翻译成了种语言。
考向一 作状语
1.(江苏省决胜新高考2023年高三4月大联考试题)Xidi and Hongcun are, without doubt, ideal sites for a
contemporary society _________ (research) traditional village culture.
2.(2023届广东省梅州市高三下学期二模英语试题)Although Wan has to stay up late________(work) sometimes,
she thinks it’s all worthwhile when she sees her grandpa smile more and more.
考向二 作定语
1. (2023年福建龙岩第一中学校考三模) This expresses the desire of the Arab people ________ ( seek)
knowledge from China.
考向三 习惯用法
1.(2023届四川省成都石室中学高三二诊模拟考试)“You could tell Tim was very relaxed ________(have)
someone he could talk to, and she was such an angel.”
2.(2023届陕西省榆林市高三二模试题)The Philadelphia Orchestra, as the first American
orchestra_________(visit) China, bridged the two nations in the field of culture.
1. (2022年新高考II卷)He pushed a chair onto the balcony, and climbed up ___ 5 9___ (see) them.
2. (2022年浙江卷6月) Through touch, the one thing gallery signs tell you not ____57____ (do).
3.(2021年全国乙卷)Activities there range from whale watching to hiking(远足)and accommodations aim
____70____(have) a low impact on the natural environment.