英一Part2长难句25_考研_英语_02.田静_25田静《语法课笔记》（完整版）_英一

25田静语法笔记 公众号【大年的资料库】整理分享 Part2 长难句 第一章 并列句 一、并列句的构成 在英语当中，句子和句子连接必须要有连接词（conj.）,多个简单句连接在一起，可以构成 并列句或主从复合句。 •What is 并列句？ 答：并列举指的就是多件事（两件或两件以上）一样重要。 并列句=多个简单句+并列连词 1.表示顺接的并列连词 …and… ……和…… both…and… notonly…but…aswell 不但……而且…… notonly…butalso… （……和……） notonly…but… notjust...but(also)... notmerely...but(also)... Texas is an energy state and we need to recognize that.(2023,ReadingComprehension,PartA Text1) ... the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era--the Age of Reason.(2020,Reading Comprehension,PartC) 2.表示转折的并列连词 …but… ……但是…… …yet… The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure.(2002,Reading Comprehension,PartB) We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved.(2003,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4) 3.表示选择的并列连词 …or… ……或者……（二选一） either…or… neither…nor… 既不……也不……（两个都不选） EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidn`tforseewhat wouldhappennext.(2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2) 4.表示因果的并列连词 …for… ……因为…… 第1/18页25田静语法笔记 公众号【大年的资料库】整理分享 …so… ……所以/因此…… Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflecttheconventionalvaluesofthiselite.(2001,ReadingComprehension,Passage3) 并列句不一定非要连接句子，它也可以连接词或词组。如果多件事并列，且中间的多个并列 连词相同，通常保留最后一个并列连词，把前面相同的并列连词替换成逗号；如果中间的多 个并列连词不同，则不能替换。 二、并列句的省略 相同的部分可以省略，余下的成分保持不变。 ...youdon`t“get”successfulbut becomeit.(2012,ReadingComprehension,PartC) The program keeps track of your progress and provides detailed feedback on your performance andimprovement.(2014,UseofEnglish) ... the people ... died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.(2004,Reading Comprehension,PartB) Butmostwomantodayarecopingwithalotofobligations...and feelingthestrain.(2008, ReadingComprehension,PartAText1) He must either sell some of his property or seek extra funds in the form of loans.(2000,Cloze Test) Humilityrequireyoutorecognizeweaknessinyourownargumentsand sometimesalsotoaccept reasonsontheoppositeside.(2019,ReadingComprehension,PartB)(该句主谓宾都相同，均省 略) 【内容要点】 1.并列句的构成：多个简单句+并列连词（四类并列连词是重点） 2.并列句的省略：相同的部分可以省略，余下的成分保持不变。 第2/18页25田静语法笔记 公众号【大年的资料库】整理分享 第二章 主从复合句 第一节 名词性从句 名词性从句指的是一个从句当成名词来用，在句子中可以作宾语、表语、主语、同位语。因 此名词性从句分为宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句和同位语从句。 一、宾语从句 1.宾语从句的含义（宾语从句=连接词+陈述句） 宾语从句即一个句子作宾语，放在另一个句子（主句）中。 Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed.(2019,Reading Comprehension,PartAText3)（双划线部分为宾语从句) 2.宾语从句的写法 陈述句变宾语从句（前面加that，that不作成分，可以省略，但尽量不要省） ① Dr.Worm acknowledges (that) these figures are conservative.（2006,ReadingComprehension, PartAText3) We believe (that) consumers should have more control.（2013,ReadingComprehension,PartA Text2) 特殊疑问句变宾语从句（疑问语序变回陈述语序，即谓语动词放回主语后） ② Wesuddenlycan’tremember____________+Wheredidweputthekeysjustamomentago? →Wesuddenlycan’trememberwhereweputthekeysjustamomentago.(2014,UseofEnglish) 一般疑问句变宾语从句（先调整语序，主语提前，再前加“是否”——whether或if） ③ Idon’tknow________________+Areotherclientsgoingtoabandonme,too? →I don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too…(2004,ReadingComprehension, PartAText3) 以上例句的从句的共同点为语序相同，都是陈述句，并且都有连接词。 第3/18页25田静语法笔记 公众号【大年的资料库】整理分享 3.宾语从句的位置 动单宾：及 ...scientists believe that intelligence can expand and 物动词+ fluctuateaccordingtomentaleffort. 从句 (2014,UseofEnglish) 动宾 动双宾：及 …userscouldtelladvertisersthattheydidnotwantto 物动词+ befollowed. 人+从句 (2013,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2) Thisandothersimilarcasesraisethequestionof 介宾 whetherthereisstillalinebetweenthecourtand 介词+宾语从句 politics.(2012,UseofEnglish) …hefeltcertain thathenevercouldhavesucceeded 形容词+宾语从句 withmathematics. (2008,ReadingComprehension,PartC) ...shewantedtoknowifvaccinescomefromanimal research.(2003,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2) Neitherofthesepatternsisborneoutbytheanalysis, 非谓语动词+宾语从句 suggestingthatthestructuresofthelanguagesare lineage-specificandnotgovernedbyuniversals. (2012,ReadingComprehension,PartC) Tofilteroutwhatisuniquefromwhatissharedmight enableustounderstandhowcomplexculturalbehavior 多个宾语从句 aroseandwhatguidesitinevolutionaryorcognitive terms. (2012,ReadingComprehension,PartC) Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt's 宾语从句后置 decisionswillbeacceptedasimpartialjudgments. (2012,UseofEnglish) 动宾考查最多，形容词+宾语从句简单了解即可。 二、表语从句 1.表语从句的含义（表语从句=连接词+陈述句） 一个句子作表语，放到另一个句子（主句）中 This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments…(2019, Reading Comprehension,PartB) (双划线部分为表语从句) 2.表语从句的写法 表语从句的写法同宾语从句。但连接词为that时，不作成分也不能省略。 Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes.(2017,Reading Comprehension,PartAText1) Thisiswheredevelopingnewhabitscomesin.(2009,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1) This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years.(2018,Reading Comprehension,PartAText4) 第4/18页25田静语法笔记 公众号【大年的资料库】整理分享 3.表语从句的位置 表语从句位于系动词后，通常位于系动词be后 Yetthefactremainsthat themergermovementmustbewatched.(2001,ReadingComprehension, Passage4) Human nature being what it is, most t people stick with default settings.(2013,Reading Comprehension,PartAText2) Theexplanationfor insensitivitytosmellseemsto bethat thebrainfindsitinefficienttokeep all smell receptors working all the time but can create new receptors if necessary.(2005,Useof English) 三、主语从句 1.主语从句的含义（主语从句=连接词+陈述句） 一个句子作主语，放到另一个句子（主句）中 Whatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralintelligence...continuestoevadescientists. (整个句子为主语，双划线部分为主语从句) 2.主语从句的写法 主语从句的写法同宾语从句，但是that不作成分也不能省略，而且表示“是否”时，只能用 whethe，不能用if。 That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.(2006,ReadingComprehension, PartAText3) What motivated him … was his zeal for “fundamental fairness” …(2014, Reading Comprehension,PartAText1) 3.主语从句的位置 位于句首(谓语动词前) ① 通常情况下主语从句较短时位于句首；个别情况下，主语从句较长时也可位于句首，但相对 较少 Justhowpeoplethinkisstillfartooconmplextobeunderstood...(2019,ReadingComprehension, PartAText3) What isneededisatechnologyofbehavior…(2020,ReadingComprehension,PartB) 位于句尾 ② 为了避免因主语从句过长而造成整个句子头重脚轻，所以通常主语从句后置，句首用形式主 语it来代替。 It didnotmatterwhat wasdoneintheexperiment…(2010,UseofEnglish) It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification...(2012,Reading 第5/18页公众号【研池大叔】，免费提供考研网课+PDF电子书 更多考研英语配套课程，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【英语】免费获取 更多考研无水印电子书，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【电子书】免费获取 更多考研笔记，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【笔记】免费获取 更多考研真题，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【真题】免费获取25田静语法笔记 公众号【大年的资料库】整理分享 Comprehension,PartC) =That suchatheorywouldbeasimplificationisbecominglessclear,however... 模板1：Itisdone+主语从句（表达人们对一件事的观点或看法） Thisyear,itwasproposedthat thesystem bechanged … 模板2：Itis+adj./n.+主语从句（表达对一件事的评价） Itisnotyetclearhowmuch moreeffectiveairlinesecurityhasbecome… 四、同位语从句 1.同位语从句的含义 一个句子作同位语，放在另一个句子（主句）中。同位语从句的作用是解释说明一个抽象名 词。 So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.(2019,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3) (双划线部分为同位语从句) 2.同位语从句的写法 同位语从句的写法同宾语从句，但最常用的一种同位语从句是由that引导的（that+完整的 陈述句），虽然that在同位语从句中不作成分，但不能省略。 Evidence that the Love Life program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.(2012, ReadingComprehension,PartAText1) Since plants don't have nerve systems, the chances that they have consciousness are effectively zero.(2017,UseofEnglish) 3.同位语从句的位置 同位语从句是用来解释名词的，位于抽象名词后。 常考的抽象名词有：idea,opinion,view,fact,evidence,question,doubt,reason,demand,theory, belief,possibility,chance,hope,contention,guarantee... Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person, theyrevealhim. Butthe idea that thejournalist must understand the lawmore profoundly thanan ordinarycitizen resttsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthe newsmedia.(2007,ReadingComprehension,PartC) A century ago, Freud formulated d his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shad lowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears...(2005,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3) 补充：包含多个名词性从句的长难句 What researchers suchasRansomMyers andBorisWormhave shownisjusthow fastthings are 第6/18页25田静语法笔记 公众号【大年的资料库】整理分享 changing.(2006,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3) 【内容要点】 1.名词性从句分为四类:宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句、同位语从句。 2. 名词性从句的写法基本相同:名词性从句= 连接词+陈述句。 (后面的从句缺什么成分，则加上相应的连接词;如果从句不缺成分，则加 that，that 在宾语 从句中可以省略。) 【考场攻略】 掌握重要的名词性从句的句型模板 ① 句型模板1:Itisdone+主语从句(表达人们对一件事的观点看法) is可以换成：was\hasbeen\hadbeen\willbeen done可以换成：said\thought\proposed\argued\believed\noted\admitted\acknowledge 句型模板2:Itis+adj./n.+主语从句.(表达对一件事的评价) 句型模板3:n.+is+表语从句.(对作主语的名词进行详细说明) 找到从句 ② 开始于连接词，结束于标点或下一个连接词前； 开始于连接词，结束于第二个谓语动词前 判断从句 ③ 看位置，往前看 第二节 定语从句 一、定语从句的概述 定语从句就是一个句子作定语，去修饰限定名词，位置要放在所修饰的名词后。 Lawisadisciplinewhichencouragesresponsiblejudgment. (双划线部分为定语从句，”adiscipline”为先行词。”which”为关系词，引出定语从句) 定语从句的关系词在从句中作成分，且所作的成分是与先行词一样的。 二、定语从句的写法 先行词 关系词 事/物 which/that 人 who/whom/that 人/物 whose （表示人或物的所有关系，即“某人的/某物的”） 时间 when 地点 where 原因 why 第7/18页25田静语法笔记 公众号【大年的资料库】整理分享 1.先行词是事/物，关系词选择which/that Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience.(2003,UseofEnglish) Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists.(2007,ReadingComprehension,PartC) 2.先行词是人，关系词选择who/whom/that InFrance,shareholderswhoholdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimes earnmorevotingrightsinacompany.(2019,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1) Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantialprofitsthereby.(2010,ReadingComprehension,PartB) 3.先行词是人/物，表示人或物的所有关系，关系词选择whose ItalsopledgedtonotdeployAIwhoseusewouldviolateinternationallawsorhumanrights.(2019, ReadingComprehension,PartAText3) This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.(2004,ReadingComprehension, PartAText2) 4.先行词是时间，关系词选择when Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimaginea time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.(2010,Reading Comprehension,PartAText1) 5.先行词是地点，关系词选择where Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are all availableonoursmartphones.(2019,UseofEnglish) 6.先行词是原因，关系词选择why The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business.(2014,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2) 【Tip】 定语从句中的每一个关系词都必须作成分，包括that。That既可以指人又可以指物 ① 定语从句中的先行词是事/物时，关系词用which和that都可以，不需要区别。 ② Whom指人，只能在作宾语时使用，而who和that指人，可以作任何成分。 ③ 关系词在定语从句中宾语时（及物动词后的宾语或介词后的宾语），都可以省略。 ④ 例： Arehumansactuallyawareoftheuworldtheylivein?(2009,UseofEnglish) These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay...(2010,Reading Comprehension,PartAText4) 【补充】特殊的关系词whereby=bywhich 例：The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has 第8/18页25田静语法笔记 公众号【大年的资料库】整理分享 traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living.(2006,Reading Comprehension,PartC) 三、定语从句的分类 限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句 逗号 无逗号隔开 有逗号隔开 先行词 范围不明确 范围明确（见例2，3） 补充说明先行词，可以省略， 作用 修饰限定先行词，不能省略，影响表意 不影响表意 翻译 往前翻译（译到先行词前，“……名词“） 不用往前翻译 1.关系词可以用that 1.关系词不能用that 关系词 2.作宾语可以省略 2.不可以省略 3.指人作宾语，用whom/who/that都行 3.指人作宾语，只能用whom 例： 1.HewillcallhisfriendwhoisworkinginLondon.（限定性定语从句） Hewillcallhismother,whoisworkinginLondon.（非限定性定语从句） 2.If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirectmethod.(2013,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)（非限定性定语从句，先行词范 围“绝对明确”） 3.This trend, which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providerssuchasairlinesandhotelsandwillnodoubtgofurther.(2011,ReadingComprehension, PartATeext3)（非限定性定语从句，先行词范围“相对明确”） 四、定语从句的补充 1.限定性定语从句与同位语从句的区别 n.+从句 同位语从句 限定性定语从句 解释说明n. 修饰限定n. 任意n.后 抽象n.后 区别一：从句前若为不抽象的n.则可以判断 是定语从句 区别二：n.+that从句（that作从句的成分） n.+that从句（that不作从句的成分） 则可判断是定语从句；反之则为同位语从句 同位语从句中关系词不能省略 区别三：n.+省略关系词的从句 One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet availableonrecord.(2011,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1) （music是不抽象的名词，不需要解释说明，所以不需要接同位语从句，则该句为定语从句） The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent then others is one of those hypothesesthat donotspeakitsname. （前半句中，idea是抽象名词，因此既可以接同位语从句，也可以接定语从句，但 idea后 的that从句中是完整的句子，所以that不作成分，则该句为同位语从句。后半句中，hypotheses 后的that从句中，缺少主语，所以that作主语，该句为定语从句。） 注：名词后加主谓，这个主谓一定是定语从句 第9/18页25田静语法笔记 公众号【大年的资料库】整理分享 2.特殊的非限定性定语从句（补充说明整句话） 这类型关系词只能用which或as，且它们在从句中都要作成分。which引导的特殊的非限定 性定语从句只能位于主句后；而as引导的特殊的非限定性定语从句可以位于主句前、中、 后。 Most fisheries are well below that, which is s a bad way to do business. (2006,Reading Comprehension,PartAText3) Afewgenerativerulesarethensufficienttounfoldtheentirefundamentalstructureofalanguage, which iswhychildrencanlearnitsoquickly..(2012,ReadingComprehension,PartC) Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person's early life and its conditions are often the greatestgifttoanindividual..(2011,ReadingComprehension,PartC) 3.介词提前的定语从句：介词+whom/which 介词在后：Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacoursewhich theyreceivedalowgrade in… 介词提前：Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low gradein… 介词在后：… commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections which as ampleiscomparedto. 介词提前：…commercial genetictestingisonlyas goodas thereferencecollections to which a sampleiscompared.(2009,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2) 定语从句中，与关系词搭配的介词可以提前，也可以不提前。介词提前与否，表达的意思都 一样，差别只在于关系词的选择，如果介词提前，那么关系词则不能省略，不能用that，指 人用“介词+whom“，指物用”介词+which“ 【考场攻略】 定语从句的写法建议重点掌握(尤其是先行词和关系词)， 在读句子时要能准确找到定语从句所修饰的先行词，看懂句意;其他定语从句用法了解即可。 不纠结于定语从句和同位语从句的区别，不重要 ① 找到定语从句和先行词，更准确看懂句意 ② 第三节 状语从句 一、状语从句的概述 1.状语从句的含义 状语从句，指的就是一个句子作状语，表达“描述性的信息“，补充说明另一个句子（主句） 2. 状语从句的写法 第10/18页公众号【研池大叔】，免费提供考研网课+PDF电子书 更多考研英语配套课程，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【英语】免费获取 更多考研无水印电子书，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【电子书】免费获取 更多考研笔记，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【笔记】免费获取 更多考研真题，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【真题】免费获取25田静语法笔记 公众号【大年的资料库】整理分享 一个完整的陈述句前面再加上一个从属连词。这个从属连词是比较特别的一种连接词，不作 句子成分，但表达一定的逻辑关系，用来说明这个状语从句是描述何种信息的。状语从句的 种类是由从属连词决定的，即从属连词表达什么含义（逻辑关系），那么从句就是什么状语 从句。 When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn't have the capital to do so.(2001, ReadingComprehension,Passage2) We did not evolve, because mac chines and society did it for us.(2000,ReadingComprehension, Passage2) 3.状语从句的位置 主句前(建议写) ① As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.(2011, Reading Comprehension,PartAText2) 主句后（建议写） ② Opportunitieswillaboundforaspiringleaders,astheeconomypicksup. 主句中（不建议写） ③ Opportunities,astheeconomypicksup,willaboundforaspiringleaders. 二、状语从句的分类 1.时间状语从句 从属连词 含义 真题例句 when 当……时候 •But in some cases, one marketer’s ownedmedia while become another marketer’s paid media-for as instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad spaceonitsWebsite. (2011,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3) •In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. (2000,ReadingComprehension,Passage1) •Asthebrainfades,werefertotheseoccurrences as"seniormoments.(2014,UseofEnglish) before 在……之前 Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kingsforsevenyearsbeforehelocatedthetomb in1922. after 在……之后 Witness payments became an issue after West wassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995. since 自从…… Communities throughout New Englancd have been attempting to regulate short-term rentals sincesiteslikeAirbnbtookoffinthe2010s. (2023,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2) And since the first Internet gambling site was createdin1995,competitionforgamblers’dollars hasbecomeintense. 第11/18页25田静语法笔记 公众号【大年的资料库】整理分享 until 直到…… Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise(2008,ReadingComprehension, PartB) assoonas 一…… As soon as that report runs, we’ll suddenly get 就…… 500newinternetsign-upsfromUkraine... (2003,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1) bythetime 截止到……时候 …by thetime 100percent of the evidence isin, itmaybetoolate. (2005,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2) eachtime/everytime 每一次…… “Every time you answer a question you eliminateapossibility,”saysonexpert. (2004,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1) thenexttime 下一次…… … the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enoughtocontrolitscourse. 2.地点状语从句 从属连词 含义 真题例句 where 在……地方 Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where theyhadn'tbefore. (2019,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4) 3.原因状语从句 从属连词 含义 真题例句 because 因为…… However, because these connections are made througheffortandpractice, scientistsbelievethat intelligence can expand and fluctuate according tomentaleffort. (2014,UseofEnglish) since 因为…… Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded: "We do not attract what wewant,butwhatweare. (2012,ReadingComprehension,PartC) as 因为…… Nowutopiahasgrownunfashionable,aswehave gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threatsfacingus,fromasteroidstriketoepidemic fluandtoclimatechange. nowthat 既然，由于…… Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis,you canassembleyournotes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made. (2008,ReadingComprehension,PartB) 4.结果状语从句 第12/18页25田静语法笔记 公众号【大年的资料库】整理分享 从属连词 含义 真题例句 such…that… 太……所以…… Indeed, homelessness has reached （such后接名词或名词词组） such proportions that local governmentscan'tpossiblycope. (2006,UseofEnglish) so…that… 太……所以…… We define such sold media as （so后接名词或名词词组） owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engineswithinthatenvironment. (2011, Reading Comprehension, PartAText3) sothat… 所以…… Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there arenoabruptorconfusingshifts. (2008, Reading Comprehension, PartB) 5.目的状语从句 从属连词 含义 真题例句 so that … /in order 目的是/为了…… In December 2010 America's Federal Trade that… Commission(FTC)proposedaddinga “do not track" (DNT) option to internet browsers,sothat userscouldtelladvertisers thattheydidnotwanttobefollowed. (2013,ReadingComprehension,PartAText 2) 6.条件状语从句 从属连词 含义 真题例句 if 如果…… If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democraticsociety-isundermined. (2017,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4) unless 如果不，除非…… The US Supreme Court frowns on sec-based classification unless they are designed to address an “important” policy interest.(2020, Reading Comprehension,PartAText3) once 一旦…… Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discovererreceivesintellectualcredit. (2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3) as long as/ so long 只要…… Ifyouseeaconversation asafightorcompetition, as you can win by cheating as long as you don't get caught. 第13/18页25田静语法笔记 公众号【大年的资料库】整理分享 (2019,ReadingComprehension,PartB) 7.让步状语从句 从属连词 含义 真题例句 although/though 尽管，虽然…… Although sadness also precedes tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow frommuscularresponses. (2011,UseofEnglish) evenif/eventhough 即使，虽然…… The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. 2007,ReadingComprehension,PartAText 2) while 虽然，尽管 While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied tothembylawyers. (2007,ReadingComprehension,PartC) however/nomatterhow 不管怎样 No matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you present yourself hasanimpact. (2016,ReadingComprehension,PartB) 8.比较状语从句 从属连词 含义 真题例句 than 和……相比较 But phones run on batteries, and batteries can die faster （用在比较级中） than werealize. (2019,UseofEnglish) as 和……相比较 In the general population today, at this genetic, （用在原级比较级中） environmental level, we've pretty much gone as far as wecango... (2008,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3) 9.方式状语从句 从属连词 含义 真题例句 as 按照……方式，如同…… Duringmostofhiswalkinglifehewilltakehiscode forgranted,asthebusinessmantakeshisethics. (2006,ReadingComprehension,PartC) asif 似乎，好像…… Beethoven's music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were art imperative of human existence. (2014,ReadingComprehension,PartC) 第14/18页25田静语法笔记 公众号【大年的资料库】整理分享 一词多义：【as】 时间状语从句：当……时候 原因状语从句：因为…… 比较状语从句：和……相比较 方式状语从句：按照……方式，如同…… 三、状语从句—考场攻略 九种状语从句建议重点掌握时间、 原因、结果、条件和让步状语从句。 状语从句的重点是从属连词。 完型填空中，选择从属连词 ① The court cannot maintain its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law when justices behave like politicians.(2012,UseofEnglish) 根据从属连词，判断上下文 ② Becauseourconsciousmindisoccupiedwithdailylifewedon'talwaysthinkabouttheemotional significance of the day's events until, it appears, we begin to dream.(2005, Reading Comprehension,PartAText3) 第15/18页25田静语法笔记 公众号【大年的资料库】整理分享 第三章 特殊句式 第一节 虚拟 一、虚拟的概念 虚拟就是“非真实”，主要分为两种情况： 一是跟真实的情况进行比较，发现这个事情不是真的。 二是与假设的情况进行比较，发现即使假设，这个事情也不太可能成真。 谓语动词的一种特殊变化，通过把谓语动词“改变时态”，即可表达虚拟。 二、if虚拟条件句 如果假设这个事不是真的或者不太可能成为真的，那就是虚拟条件句，就要用虚拟。 时间范围 If从句 主句 假设过去 haddone would +havedone 假设现在 did/were could +do did/were should +do 假设将来 weretodo might shoulddo If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42.(2008, Reading Comprehension,PartAText3)（虚拟假设过去） Your prospects would be almost a s dismal if arguments were even just competitions-like, say, tennisisgames.(2019,ReadingComprehension,PartB)（虚拟假设现在） If railroads charged all customers the same average rate...shippers who ... would do so, leaving g remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.(2003,ReadingComprehension, PartAText3)（虚拟假设将来） 三句口诀帮助记忆 从句往前推：表达虚拟时，要把从句往前推一个时态。 主句四加一：“四”指主句中谓语动词的形式都是四个情态动词任选一个（would,could,should, might），而：“加一”指的是情态动词后加上一个跟从句对应的原型形式，如果从句用did， 那么主句就加对应的原型do；如果从句用haddone，主句用havedone。 将来同现在：假设将来事情的虚拟可以跟假设现在的完全相同 三、名词性从句的虚拟 名词性从句有宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句和同位语从句。不管是哪种名词性从句，只要 是对应的主句中有表示“建议、命令、要求”的词（无论词性是什么），名词性从句都需要虚 拟。名词性从句的虚拟要把谓语动词变成“should+动词原型”，并且should可以省略。 Europeanministersinstantlydemanded thattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(IASB) dolikelikewise.(2010,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4) Thisyear,itwasproposed thatthesystembechanged…(2013,ReadingComprehension,PartB) 第16/18页25田静语法笔记 公众号【大年的资料库】整理分享 第二节 倒装 “倒装”就是把一个句子正常的顺序颠倒。 在考研英语中只需要掌握“主谓倒装”，主语和谓语顺序颠倒，即谓语动词被放到主语前。 主谓倒装分为两类:全部倒装和部分倒装。 一、全部倒装 把句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语前 倒装原因：突出强调，把需要强调的内容往前方；引出下文，承上启下。 Among the 10 worst performers were some of the most populous states, including Texas, which was given the lowest grade (F) and has a disproportionate influence......(2023, Reading Comprehension,PartAText1)（整个句子主谓颠倒，全部倒装） ImplicitwithinTylor'sdefinitionistheconcept..(2003,ReadingComprehension,PartB)（整个句 子主谓颠倒，全部倒装） AlsouncleariswhyMicrosofthasgoneitalone.(2013,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2) Therebe句型的基本结构：Therebe+名词 表示“有……”（客观存在） Thereisagirl. Therebe句型的拓展结构：Therebe+名词+介词短语 表示“有……在那里”（介词短语表示位 置） There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals...(2019, Reading Comprehension,PartC) In some instances, there is absolutely no relationship between the content of the article and the citations.(2023,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4) 【补充】be可以结合时态和情态 There will now be a seven-day wait for the job seeker's allowance. (2014, Reading Comprehension,PartAText1） Therehasbeenakindofinflationaryprocessatwork...(2019,ReadingComprehension,PartC) Theremaybemorematchesinthedatabase…(2004,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1) 二、部分倒装 1.否定副词或词组位于句首 ...and perhaps it has neverserved somuch to connect different peoplesandnations before...部分 倒装为：...and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.(2005,ReadingComprehension,PartC) They developed not onlysuch a device…部分倒装为：Not only did they develop sucha device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system…(2012,ReadingComprehension,PartB) 正常语序为“Theynotonlydevelopedsuchadevice…”，把否定词组notonly提前，句子需要 部分倒装。 2.only位于句首 TheywillbeusefulservantsandnotFrankenstein'sout-of-controlmonsteronlythen.部分倒装为： Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein's out-of-control monster.(2019, ReadingComprehension,PartAText3) 第17/18页25田静语法笔记 公众号【大年的资料库】整理分享 Andscholarshaveexamined historyfromthebottomuponlyoverthepast30years.部分倒装为： And only over the past 30 year have scholars examined history from the bottom up.(2008, ReadingComprehension,PartAText4) 3.虚拟条件句省略if——从句部分倒装，主句不变 But if Entergy had kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.部分倒装为：But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.(2012,ReadingComprehension, PartAText2) 第三节 强调 一、强调句的构成 “Itis…that…”把想强调的部分放到中间，句子余下的部分放到that后，就变成了强调句。 注意：不能强调形容词和动词 Wehearthemorehonestargumentonlyinrecentyears. 变为强调句：It isonlyinrecentyearsthat wehearthemorehonestargument…(2010,Reading Comprehension,PartC) 二、强调句的变化 Itis/was…that/who… It is they, not America, who have become anti-intellectual.(2006,ReadingComprehension,Part C) ...it was not until the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic medium,...(2006,UseofEnglish) 三、区分强调句和主语从句后置 判断是不是强调句？ 还原法：去掉Itis/was...that/who后，剩下的部分是一个成分完整的句子，那么这个句子 ① 是强调句。 反证法：如果Itis/was...that/who的中间部分有形容词或者动词，就不是强调句。 ② 第18/18页