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25田静语法笔记 公众号【大年的资料库】整理分享
Part1 简单句
第一章 简单句的核心
第一节 简单句的核心构成
•Whatis 简单句？
答：最简单的句子，即描述一件事的句子
•Whatis 简单句的核心构成？
答：n.(主语)+v.（谓语）——简单句在这里描述了一件事，只能一个主语搭配一个动词，
作谓语（一主一谓，一一搭配）
•Whytolearn 简单句的核心构成？
答：可以根据谓语动词的不同去判断动词后边的句子成分
•由于谓语动词的不同，还可以再细分成五个种类
•不及物动词vi.-这个动作不涉及到别的物，主语自己把这件事做完
•及物动词 vt.-这个动作主语不能完成，必须作用在别的人或别的东西身上
1.主谓=主语+不及物动词(vi.)
Hecries.(2016,ReadingComprehension,PartB)
...about7millionpeoplearrived...(2013,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)
Waitinglistsincreaseallthetime…(2014,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4)
2.主谓宾=主语+及物动词(vt.)+宾语
Weneedprogressivepolicies…(2019,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4)
Iunderstandthis.(2020,UseofEnglish)
Thisargumenthasattractedalotofattention.(2014,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3)
3.主谓双宾=主语+及物动词(vt.)+两个宾语（同时接人或类似于人的对象，如机构、学校、
公司、政府+物）
Itgavemethevalidationandconfidence...(2013,ReadingComprehension,PartB)
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Last month, Howard Schmidt … offered the federal government a proposal …(2011,Useof
English)
•主谓双宾有两种写法：vt.+人+物=vt.+物+介词(to-表示方向/for-表示目的)+人
Howard Schmidt …offered the federal government a proposal= Last month, Howard Schmidt …
offeredaproposaltothefederalgovernment…
4.主谓宾补=主语+及物动词(vt.)+宾语+宾语的补足语（简称宾补）
Furthermore,theselossesmakeusmature...(2015,ReadingComprehension,PartB)
PeteSchneiderconsiderstheclimbtoughertoday.(2016,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4)
5. 主系表=主语+系动词+表语
系动词 含义 真题例句
•Moreeducationisthenewprinciple.
是（单独使用，无其他 (2018,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)
be
实义动词） •Teenagersareparadoxical.
(2023,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4)
•These purchases often become more valuable
withtime...
get, become, turn,
变得，成为 (2014,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1)
go,grow
•Phonesbecomeoursecurityblanket...
(2015,UseofEnglish)
•...thezone`sfuturelooksuncertainatbest.
(2020,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3)
look, sound, smell, 看/听/闻/尝/感觉起
•Itremainstheworld`slargesttradingblock.
taste,feel 来……（感官动词）
(2011,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4)
Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.
remain,keep, 保持……
(2011,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)
seem,appear, 似乎……
第二节 简单句的核心变化
主语+谓语动词（动词的时态、情态、语态、否定、强调）
•What is 谓语动词的时态？
答：时态指的是时间+状态，时态主要通过谓语动词的变化来体现。
•Whytolearn 谓语动词的时态？
答：通过时态能够了解事情发生的时间和状态。
一、谓语动词的时态（√表示需重点掌握的时态，考研当中会重点考察）
时态 过去 现在 将来 过去将来
一般 √ √ √ √
进行 √ √
完成 √ √
完成进行
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1.一般时态
（1）一般过去时：谓语动词=did(指的是完全发生在过去的事，现在已经不再这样)
...welaunchedoursustainabilitystrategylastyear...(2023,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1)
Thatwasbadtomyoverallfitnessgoals.(2019,UseofEnglish)
（2）一般现在时：谓语动词=do/does(该时态表示现在的事，比如现在的状态、动态)
However,atruecashlesssocietyisprobablynotaroundthecorner.(2013,UseofEnglish)
I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner.(2013, Reading
Comprehension,PartB)
（3）一般将来时：谓语动词=will+do或am/is/aregoingto+do（表示现在的之后将要发生的
事）
Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon.
(2011,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)
...overall thebenefits aregoingtooutweighthosecosts....(2023,ReadingComprehension,PartA
Text3)
...peoplewillsimplybecomelazyanddepressed.(2017,UseofEnglish)
WilltheEuropeanUnionmakeit?(2011,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4)
...thefuturewillbeawastelandofadifferentsort…
（4）（一般）过去将来时：谓语动词=would+do或was/weregoingto+do(表示过去的之后
将要发生)
(Facebook promised the European commission …) it would not link phone numbers to Facebook
identities…(2018,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3)
2.进行时态
（1）过去进行时：谓语动词=was/weredoing（在过去的时间段内某事正在进行或持续进行）
The position was just taking up too much time, she said.(2011,ReadingComprehension,PartA
Text1)
...but10yearsagohewasearning£130,000ayear...(2013,ReadingComprehension,PartB)
（2）现在进行时：谓语动词=am/is/are+doing（现在某事正在进行或持续进行）
...homeowners this era of high joblessness is probably beginning.(2012,ReadingComprehension,
PartAText4)
...isitchangingbetter?(2023,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3)
（3）将来进行时：谓语动词=willbe+doing （其中be动词永远用原型be）（将来某事正在
进行或持续进行）
NativeU.S.workerswon'tbereturningtothefarm.(2019,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3)
3.完成时态
（1）过去完成时：谓语动词=had+done(站在过去的时间点回头往之前看，表示从过去到过
去的之前这一个时间段内发生的事情)
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By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board.(2011,ReadingComprehension,Part
AText1)
Companieshad won patentsforisolatedDNAfordecades…(2012,ReadingComprehension,Part
AText3)
Many said that unemployment...had improved them in some ways...(2012, Reading
Comprehension,PartAText4)
区分：过去完成时（过去的之前，先发生）vs.一般过去时（过去，后发生）
（2）现在完成时：谓语动词=have/has+done（现在的之前）
Peoplehavespeculatedforcenturiesaboutafuturewithoutwork.(2017,UseofEnglish)
… since 2010, drought and insects have killed over 100 million trees in California …(2019,
ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)
The“braindrain”haslongbotheredpolicymakersinpoorcountries.(2012.Translation)
补充：完成时态中间经常会加上副词表示强调，如 already(已经)/just(刚刚)/ever(曾
经)/never(从不)/also(也)/long(长时间以来)...
He has also criticized the celebr ity chef Jamie Oliver's high- profile attempt to improve schoo I
lunches...(2011,ReadingComprehension,PartB)
现在完成时vs一般过去时
宏观上：两者涉及的时间不同。
...thepredictionshavebeenaround...现在完成时：从过去到现在；现在的之前
...thepredictionswerearound...一般过去时：只能表达过去，不能表达现在
微观上：做完和没都做完（做完的可以换成过去，没做完的就不能换成过去）
现在全部完成，可以换成过去时
①
Hehasleft,soIcannotfindhimnow.
Helefttwohoursago.（公众号：大年的资料库）
现在部分完成，不能换成过去时
②
WehavelearnedEnglishfor15years. （现在还在学）
WelearnedEnglishfor15years. （现在不学了）
（3）将来完成时：谓语动词=willhave+done
...wewillhavewastedthem.(2016,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3)
4.完成进行时态(某一时间之前，某事正在进行)
（1）过去完成进行时：谓语动词=hadbeen+doing
过去完成时vs过去完成进行时
角度相同 都表示“过去的之前”
两种时态 过去完成时 过去完成进行时
had+done hadbeen+doing
强调不同 强调结果（做完与否都 强调过程
可以）
例句 Wehadnotwonthematch. We had been working hard
forseveralmonths
The world are marker had already been losing momentum for a while after rising bewilderingly
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since2003.(2010,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1)
（2）现在完成进行时：谓语动词=have/hasbeen+doing
Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will.(2013, Reading
Comprehension,PartAText1)
… the attention has been rising steadily in recent weeks.(2020,ReadingComprehension,PartA
Text4)
（3）将来完成进行时：谓语动词=willhavebeen+doing（不用掌握）
时态 过去 现在 将来 过去将来
√ √
一般 √ √ will+do would+do
did do/does am/is/are was/were
goingto+do goingto+do
进行 √ √
willbe+doing ×
be+doing was/were+doing am/is/are+doing
完成 √ √ will
×
have+done had+done have/has+done have+done
完成进行 willhave/had
hadbeen+doing have/has+been+doing ×
have+been+doing been
考场攻略
谓语动词的时态要重点掌握，谓语动词的时态能够帮助你准确理解句意，帮助解题。
例：
Iloveyou.(我爱你)
Ilovedyou.(我爱过你，现在不爱了)
在考研阅读中，会出现专门针对时态设置的“混淆时间/混淆时态”的错误选项：
例:2008年阅读 Text3第34题
Genetic maximums can change, but don't expect this to happen soon. Claire Gordon, senior
① ②
anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the
uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for
③
basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to
④
predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and
large,“youcouldusetoday'sdataandfeelfairlyconfident."
34. Welearnfromthelastparagraphthatinthenearfuture .
[A] thegarmentindustrywillreconsidertheuniformsize.
[B] thedesignofmilitaryuniformswillremainunchanged.
[C] genetictestingwillbeemployedinselectingsportsmen.
[D] theexistingdataofhumanheightwillstillbeapplicable.
重点看B选项，”willremain”是一般将来时，表示现在的之后，即“军队制服的设计将不会
改变”，随后定位到原文，原文中”hasnotchanged”是现在完成时，表示现在的之前，原文与
选项时态对不上，该选项错误。
二、谓语动词的情态
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现在时 过去时
must 无
can could
will would
Shall（不常出现） should
may might
情态=情态动词+动词原形(表达对某件事的情绪态度)
情态动词的时态变化——有限（通常只有现在和过去两种时态）
情态动词的人称变化——无（公众号：大年的资料库）
情态动词变否定/疑问——直接加not或者直接提前
1.情态动词表示“情态”
情态动词 含义 真题例句
must 必须 Tosomeextentthehousingsectormustshouldertheblame.
(2014,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4)
can 能够/可以 •Theycanalsolearngeometrybyassemblingabicycle.
could (2018,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1)
•In the past, workers with average skills... could earn an average
lifestyle.(2013,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1)
will 愿意/将要 Willyoumarryme?
would ...somewillbelesseffectivethanothers.(2014.Translation)
In effect, the approach would create a “walled garden” in
cyberspace.(2011,UseofEnglish)
may 可以/可能 … guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency.(2013,
might ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)
We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.(2013,
ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)
should 应该 •Shouldtheybecomecharitablecorporation?
(2011,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)
•... I should have deep work scheduled for roughly the next
month.(2018,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4)
2.情态动词表示“推测”
must表示“肯定，一定”
can’t/couldn’t表示“不可能”
其他表示推测的可理解为“可能、也许”
…othersuitsmayhaveanevengreaterimpact.(2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3)
SuchamovecouldaffectfirmssuchasMcDonald’s…(2011,ReadingComprehension,PartB)
情态动词+do
情态动词+bedoing 推测现在正在进行
情态动词+havedone 推测过去
Jealousy and anger... may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities.(2019,Reading
Comprehension,PartAText1)
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Theymaybecoming[intotheworkforce]...(2017,ReadingComprehension,PartB)
【补充】其他情态动词词组：haveto/oughtto
【内容要点】
1. 情态动词的用法主要有两种：
一是表达“情绪和态度”；二是表达“推测”。
2.考研常用的情态动词：must,can,could,will,would,should,may,might.
3. 注意:“情态动词+动词原形”算作一个整体，即一个谓语动词。
三、谓语动词的语态
1.被动语态的构成：be+done
确定“被动的动作”，变为过去分词
①
确定“被动的时间”，把be变成对应的时态
②
根据主语，确定be动词的单复数
③
如果强调被动的动作发出者，即强调“被谁做”，可以在”bedone”后加上“by+动作的发出者”
The shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids...(2019,ReadingComprehension,Part
AText3)
2.被动语态与时态的结合
但是她的呼吁（过去）被 But her appeal was 一般过去时的被动
认为是失败的。 consideredafailure. was/were+done
但是她的呼吁（现在）被 Butherappealisconsidereda 一般现在时的被动
认为是失败的。 failure. am/is/are+done
但是她的呼吁将会（现在 But her appeal will be 一般将来时的被动
的之后）被认为是失败的。 consideredafailure. willbe+done
但是她的呼吁过去将会 But her appeal would be 过去将来时的被动
（过去的将来）被认为是 consideredafailure. wouldbe+done
失败的。
但是她的呼吁过去正在被 But her appeal was being 过去进行时的被动
认为是失败的。 consideredafailure. was/were+done
但是她的呼吁现在正在被 But her appeal is being 现在进行时的被动
认为是失败的。 consideredafailure. am/is/arebeing+done
但是她的呼吁过去已经 But her appeal had been 过去完成时的被动
（过去的之前）被认为是 consideredafailure. hasbeen+done
失败的。
但是她的呼吁现在已经 But her appeal has been 现在完成时的被动
（现在的之前）被认为是 consideredafailure. have/hasbeen+done
失败的。
3.被动语态与情态的结合
Obesity... can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.(2014,
UseofEnglish)
... sustainability-oriented values must be expressed through everyday action and choice.
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(2010.Translation)
【内容要点】
1.被动语态表示主语和谓语动词之间是被动的关系(主语是谓语动词的动作承受者)。
2. 被动语态的构成为“be+done”，其中done 表达被动的动作，be表达被动的时间和主语的
单复数。
3.考研真题中经常考查被动语态与时态、情态相结合。
4.注意:不管是和时态还是情态相结合，被动语态跟它们永远作为一个整体，即算一个谓语动
词。
考场攻略
谓语动词的被动语态建议重点掌握，五大题型都有考察，尤其阅读、翻译和写作中必考。
考研阅读：同义改写——主被动互换
例：2010年 英语二阅读 Text4
In 1968, the Congress ofthe United States passed the Jury Selectionand ServiceAct, ushering
①
in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury. This law abolished special educational
②
requirementsforfederal jurorsandrequiredthemtobeselected atrandom fromacrosssection of
the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor v. Louisiana, the Supreme Court
③
extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state
level.TheTaylordecisionalso declaredsexdiscriminationinjury selectiontobeunconstitutional
andorderedstatestousethesameproceduresforselectingmaleandfemalejurors.
39.AftertheJurySelectionandServiceActwaspassed, .
[A]sexdiscriminationinjuryselectionwasunconstitutionalandhadtobeabolished
[B]educationalrequirementsbecamelessrigidintheselectionoffederaljurors
[C]jurorsatthestateleveloughttoberepresentativeoftheentirecommunity
[D]statesoughttoconformtothefederalcourtinreformingthejurysystem
通过题干定位第一句，题干是waspassed，为被动，原文中是passed，是主动。所以题干和
原文是主被动互换的同义改写。
考研翻译：被动的三种翻译方式
考研写作：被动语态+主语从句，考研必备的高分句型
四、谓语动词的否定
1.实义动词变否定—do/does/did+not+动词原形
A few decades ago, many people didn`t drink water outside of a meal.(2010, Reading
Comprehension,PartAText3)
...Wedon'tneedmorecategories....(2013,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)
... a gap year does not hinder the success of academic pursuits.(2017,ReadingComprehension,
PartAText3)
2.直接后加not变否定
例如：助动词、情态动词、完成时态中的have\has\had
Thinnerisn'talwaysbetter.(2014,UseofEnglish)
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Moneymaynotquitebuyhappiness...(2014,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1)
Ithasnotbeenmuchfun.(2011,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)
【补充】
Iwillnotbewaitingforyou.(如果有多个又有be又有情态动词或完成时态，not放在第一个后
面)
五、谓语动词的强调
do/does/did+ 动词原形
The zonedodeliversome improvements to air quality...(2020,ReadingComprehension,PartA
Text3)
But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future.(2005, Reading
Comprehension,PartAText2)
The number of adults doing weekly sport did rise, by nearly 2 million in the run-up to 2012...
(2017,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1)
考场攻略
谓语动词的三态变化（时态、情态、语态）建议重点掌握，否定和强调简单了解。
每个为谓语动词一定会有时态，但可能不止时态这一种变化。
谓语动词的五种变化，不管怎么变，永远作为一个整体，算一个谓语动词。
攻略1：抓住谓语动词，就抓住了句子最核心的表述动作或内容
...leavingroomforimprovisationinsuchalistcanreapthebest results.(2018,Reading
Comprehension,PartAText4)
攻略2：通过定位谓语动词，找到复杂多变的主语
...leavingroomforimprovisationinsuchalistcanreapthebest results.(2018,Reading
Comprehension,PartAText4)
攻略3：通过谓语动词的数量，判断长难句中包含了几件事
The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more and more
diverse)communicationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthatpassionateconsumerswillvoice
their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways.(英语一2011,Reading
Comprehension,PartAText3)
名词、代词
非谓语动词doing
主语、宾语、表语的变化 非谓语动词todo
并列多个
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第二章 简单句的拓展
第一节 词性角度的拓展
一、限定词
通常主语、宾语、表语可由名词来充当，而名词前常常用限定词来修饰限定。限定词主要包
括冠词、数词、名词所有格等。
America’ s Federal Trade Commission launched a round of talks about how to save
newspapers.(2011,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)
The heightened alert followed an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva...(2010,Useof
English)
More than three million doses were to be made available in early October 2009...(2010,Useof
English)
By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41
percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians.(2006,ReadingComprehension,
PartAText1)
二、形容词、副词
例：Theangryboyshoutedangrily. 生气的男孩生气地喊。
1.形容词、副词作修饰成分
（1）形容词修饰名词
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Highsympathycansubstituteforlowguilt.(2019,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1)
... renewable energy is already a principal energy source.(2018,ReadingComprehension,PartA
Text2)
（2）副词通常修饰动词、句子、形容词及其他的副词
副词修饰动词
①
Thistemporarilylowerscarbon-carryingcapacity.(2019,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)
Thismanquicklynoddedinagreement.(2010,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)
副词修饰整个句子
②
Collectively, they have a maintenance backlog of more than $12 billion. (2023, Reading
Comprehension,PartAText2)
Unfortunately, people create inner barriers with a help of exaggerating fears. (2015,Reading
Comprehension,PartB)
副词修饰形容词或其他的副词
③
Thetrendtoward"less”wasnotentirelyforeign.(2011,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3)
...those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly... (2012, Reading
Comprehension,PartAText4)
2.形容词、副词的三种比较级别
（1）原级比较
as+比较的内容（adj./adv.原形）+as+比较的对象 “和……相比一样的……”
The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its
doors.(2016.Translation)（公众号：大年的资料库）
（2）比较级
adj/adv.的比较级+(than+比较的对象)“(和……相比)更……” 通常用于两者之间的比较
注意：比较级是再形容词或副词词尾加er或是前加more。
Thisadviceismorerelevantnowthaneverbefore..(2019,ReadingComprehension,PartB)
...machinescanperformmuchbetteratthanhumanbeing.(2014,ReadingComprehension,PartA
Text3)
（3）最高级
adj/adv.的最高级+(介词短语表示比较的范围) "(……范围内)最...” 通常用于三者或以上
的比较
注意：最高级是在形容词或副词词尾加est或是前加most，并且在最高级前再加上the
… the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to
sell.(2010,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1)
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The most immediate changes w ill be observed in skill level, strength and inches lost.(2019,Use
ofEnglish)
【补充】三种比较的级别只针对形容词和副词，其他词性没有。
【补充】原级比较的比较对象都会加上，但是比较级和最高级的比较对象有时会被省略，隐
含在上下文中。
三、介词短语(prep.)
介词后必须接词，可接名词、代词（宾格）、动名词（doing）来构成介词短语。
介词短语又叫介宾短语，后接的成分作宾语。
介词短语是简单句的扩展部分，是句子的非核心成分。
1.表示时间的介词
介词 表达含义
at/on/in 在……时间点/时间上/时间内
before/after 在……时间之前/之后
from,since 自从……时间
by,until 截止到（直到）……时间
for 持续……时间
during 在……期间
On July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily.(2012,ReadingComprehension,PartA
Text3)
But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. (2012, Reading
Comprehension,PartAText3)
Two years before graduating from secondary school, I took a sewing and design course …
(2017.Translation)
Since 1914, scientists have known that birds flying information... expend less energy.
(2010,ReadingComprehension,PartB)
... by 2005 some 20% of human genes were patented ...(2012,ReadingComprehension,PartA
Text3)
Childrenwerenotcolor-codedatalluntiltheearly20thcentury...(2012,ReadingComprehension,
PartAText2)
2.表示地点或范围的介词
介词 表达含义
at/in 在……地点/在……里面
on,above,over/under,below,beneath 在……上面/下面
infrontof/behind 在……之前/之后
near/by,beside,nextto 在……附近/在……旁边（挨着）
在……之间（between表示两者之间；among
between,among
表示三者或以上的之间）
around 在……周围
into/outof 进入……里面/从……里面出去
onto/off 到……上面/脱离……
across,through/past 穿过……/经过……
along 沿着……
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from/to,towards 来自……/朝着……去
beyond 超过，超过（指在范围内）
IntheUnitedStates,newcasesseemedtofade...(2010,UseofEnglish)
Ina2014study...Maltilookedat244children.(2019,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1)
...hiswifesatsilentlybesidehimonthecouch.(2010,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)
Yetthelinkbetweenfeelinggoodendspendingmoneyonotherscanbeseenamongrichandpoor
people..(2014,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1)
Andsohereads-everythingfromencyclopediastosciencefictionnovels.(2018.Translation)
3.其他用法的介词
介词 表达含义
……的……（表示属性）
of
（“AofB” 通常翻译为“B的A”）
about 关于……
with/without 伴随着有……/没有……
为了……（表示目的）
for 因为……（表示原因）
对于……（表示对象）
通过……方式或方法
by 被……做（被动语态+by+动作的发出者）
相差了……（表示变化的差额）
作为……
as
像……一样，如同……
like 像……一样
despite,inspiteof 尽管……
Theusersoftheirservicesarenottheircustomers.(2018,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3)
….peoplein developingcountriesworryabout migration...(2012,Translation)
Somepeoplewith ahighBMIareinfactextremelyfit...(2014,UseofEnglish)
It' s already a huge problem from a public expenditure perspective for the whole country..(2017,
ReadingComprehension,PartAText4)
They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle.(2018,ReadingComprehension,PartA
Text1)
... the number of annual visitors has in creased by more than 50% since 1980.(2023,Reading
Comprehension,PartAText2)
第二节 成分角度的拓展-同位语、插入语
一、同位语、插入语
1.同位语
用来解释说明名词，通常放在其解释的名词之后，可以用一个词、一个词组甚至一句话来作
同位语。
… we, the users, convert our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants.(2018,Reading
Comprehension,PartAText3)
ThisisnowaquestionforGloriaMackenzie,an 84-year-old widow...
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(2014,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1)
Tip：专有名词常后接同位语，表示对专有名词的解释说明；还有可能反过来，普通名词后，
专有名词作同位语表示解释说明。
They are acting because national governments – Britain’s and others across Europe – have
failedtodoso.(2020,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3)
And it gives the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (WAFWA), a coalition of
stateagencies,thejobofmonitoringprogress.(2016,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)
Tip：同位语表示进一步的解释说明，常伴随着一些标志性的标点符号，如：逗号，破折号，
冒号。
Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra - their unique value contribution...(2013,Reading
Comprehension,PartAText1)
2.插入语
后来插入句子中的成分，表示想补充说明的内容。通常插入语两端会出现成对的逗号、破折
号或括号，但有时候没有标点隔开。
主谓结构作插入语 表示“某人说，某人认为”
①
Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance.(2011,ReadingComprehension,PartA
Text3)
副语作插入语
②
Theanswer,saysDr.Kroo,lieswithbirds.(2010,ReadingComprehension,PartB)
Visual recognition, reads the study, is “a n automatic psychological process, occurring rapidly
and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation".(2014,ReadingComprehension,
PartAText2)
Some environmentalists, however, were disappointed.(2016,ReadingComprehension,PartA
Text2)
介词短语作插入语
③
Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together.(2019, Reading
Comprehension,PartAText1)
TheBoyleFamily,on theother hand, standforitsdirty,urban aspect.(2014,Reading
Comprehension,PartB)
注：同位语和插入语都是对于句子的补充说明，因此都是非核心部分，在考研的长难句分析
当中可以先略去不看。尤其是旁边有逗号或破折号隔开的时候，可以率先省略，降低句子难
度。
【考场攻略】
攻略：如何利用简单句的核心和扩展提高考研英语分数。Girlsplaygames.→Girlsareplaying
games.→Cute girls are playing games happily.→Thousands of cute girls are playing games very
happily.→After class thousands of cute girls are playing games games very happily on the
playground.（从前到后是写句子的过程，读句子是从后到前的过程。）
读句子：去扩展，找核心
找到谓语动词，确定是否为简单句(一件事)
... they are usually concerned at the prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon
Valleyortohospitalsanduniversitiesinthedevelopedworld.(2012,Translation)（红色为句子主
干部分，即句子的核心）
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第二章 简单句的提升——非谓语动词
•什么是非谓语动词？
答：一个句子只能有一个谓语，句子中有了谓语之后，其余动词均为非谓语动词。
•什么时候用非谓语动词？
答：句子中有了谓语动词后，用非谓语动词。
•非谓语动词有哪几种？
答：doing/done/todo,doing,done,todo这三种形式只有单独出现，旁边没有其他动词，才是
非谓语动词
•非谓语动词的用途？
答：1.相当于名词，作主语、宾语、表语（核心成分）
2. 修饰名词、句子，作定语、状语（扩展成份）
第一节 非谓语动词作主语、宾语、表语（核心成分）
一、非谓语动词doing/todo作主语
1.doing作主语
Monitoringisthefirststepontheroadtoreduction...(2011.Translation)
... amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children' s marketing strategy …(2012,
ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)
Simplystartingaconversationwiththemwillformalink.(2018,ReadingComprehension,PartB)
2.todo作主语
...to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.(2019,
ReadingComprehension,PartAText3)
Tobeatplasticiseasy.=It`seasytobeatplastic.(2019,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4)
...it'seasyforparentstoforget abouttheirownscreenuse.(2017,ReadingComprehension,PartA
Text2)
句型模板：Itis+adj.+(forsb.)+todosth.
二、非谓语动词doing/todo作宾语（doing能做动宾，介宾，todo只能作动宾）
1.及物动词后，非谓语动词doing/todo作宾语
Ilovecreating...(2017,ReadingComprehension,PartB)
This includes creating a new 'responsibility deal' with business ...(2011,ReadingComprehension,
PartB)
...Americans continue to prize many y of the same traditional milestones of a successful
life...(2016,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4)
2.介词后，非谓语动词doing/todo作宾语
Thinkingisessentiallyaprocessofmakingconnectionsinthebrain.(2014,UseofEnglish)
3.介词后，非谓语动词doing/todo作表语（位于系动词后的为表语）
…theonlywayofgettingclothescleanwastoboilthem.(2012,ReadingComprehension,PartA
Text2)
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Theideaistocreateafederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.(2011,UseofEnglish)
【补充】非谓语动词doing也可以作表语，跟在系动词后，但在考研英语中不太常见，不用
掌握。
【补充】主系表结构中，主语和表语都可以用非谓语动词doing和todo。但如果同时使用，
请注意前后一致，即主语和表语同时都用doing或同时都用todo。
第二节 非谓语动词作定语、状语（扩展成分）
doing,done,todo这三种形式只有单独出现，旁边没有其他动词，才是非谓语动词
一、非谓语动词修饰名词，作定语
Thisproposedmandatewasbornoffrustration.(2013,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4)
Itisthefirstworldwideepidemicdesignated bytheWorldHealthOrganizationin41years.
(2010,UseofEnglish)
It'sareflectionsimplyofpeoplegenerallythinkingwellofthemselves.
(2014,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)
Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits.
(2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)
… such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough
tactics…(2011,ReadingComprehension,PartB)
二、非谓语动词修饰句子，作状语
Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girl’s lives and
interests.(2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)
Through the evening, one man had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and
anecdotes.(2010,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)
Viewedinthelight,guiltisanopportunity.(2019,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1)
Toavoidthisuneasiness,weturntoourphones.(2015,UseofEnglish)
Canprivacybepreservedwhilebringingsafetyandsecuritytoaworld..?(2011,UseofEnglish)
内容要点
1. 非谓语动词，还是动词，但是不做谓语了
当简单句中“一主一谓”已经搭配好时，多余的动词一律变为非谓语动词
2. 非谓语动词一共有三种：doing/done/todo
3. 注意非谓语动词的完整性：
如果是及物动词，要后接宾语；还可以再加入解释说明、修饰限定的形容词、副词和介词短
语，构成一个较长的非谓语动词词组。
4. 非谓语动词的用法：
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【考场攻略】
攻略1：非谓语动词词组的完整性
The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the
uniqueness of the artist's personal experience rather than public glory.(2012, Reading
Comprehension,PartB)
攻略2：准确找到非谓语动词所修饰的对象
Isawapassingplane.（非谓语动词修饰plane）
Passingthecafe,Isawafriend.(非谓语动词修饰整个句子)
Archaeologists commonly use computer to map sites and the landscapes around sites. (2014,
ReadingComprehension,PartB)(todo在这修饰整个句子)
准确找到非谓语动词所修饰的对象：一是非谓语动词的位置，二是与句子间是否有逗号隔开，
三是代入法，把前后的名词或句子主语分别代入到非谓语，看意思是否合适
攻略3：准确找到非谓语动词作主语、宾语、表语
Accommodatingthisnewworldofpeopleinmotionwillrequirenewattitudesonbothsidesofthe
immigrationbattle.(2013,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)
…the keyisto determineyourlengthof focustimeandstickto it.(2018,ReadingComprehension,
PartAText4)
攻略4：非谓语动词的去留
如果非谓语动词在句子中作主语、宾语、表语，在简化句子时要保留；如果作定语或状语，
则简化句子时可以先去掉不看。
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