文档内容
25田静语法笔记
Part2 长难句
第一章 并列句
一、并列句的构成
在英语当中，句子和句子连接必须要有连接词（conj.）,多个简单句连接在一起，可以构成
并列句或主从复合句。
•What is 并列句？
答：并列举指的就是多件事（两件或两件以上）一样重要。
并列句=多个简单句+并列连词
1.表示顺接的并列连词
…and… ……和……
both…and…
notonly…but…aswell 不但……而且……
notonly…butalso…
notonly…but…
notjust...but(also)...
notmerely...but(also)...
ThatboywasBillGates,andhehasn'tstoppedreadingyet...(2018,Translation)
A few wealthy people will own all the capital, and the masses will struggle in an impoverished
wasteland.(2017,UseofEnglish)
2.表示转折的并列连词
…but… ……但是……
…yet…
They didn't remember the information, but they remembered how to find the folders. (2023,
ReadingComprehension,PartAText3)
... adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our
younggirls'lives.(2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)
3.表示选择的并列连词
…or… ……或者……（二选一）
either…or…
neither…nor… 既不……也不……（两个都不选）
In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers...(2019,ReadingComprehension,
PartAText3)
Either Entergy never really intend ed to live by those commitments, or it simply didn't foresee
whatwouldhappennext.(英语一,2012,ReadingComprehension,PartfAText2)
4.表示因果的并列连词
第1/17页25田静语法笔记
…for… ……因为……
…so… ……所以/因此……
Strangers are inherently unfamiliar to us, so we are more likely to feel anxious...(2015,Useof
English)
...these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centers need to be well air-conditioned.(2011,
Translation)
并列句不一定非要连接句子，它也可以连接词或词组。如果多件事并列，且中间的多个并列
连词相同，通常保留最后一个并列连词，把前面相同的并列连词替换成逗号；如果中间的多
个并列连词不同，则不能替换。
例 ： Then his marriage failed , his career burned out and his drinking became serious.
(2013,ReadingComprehension,PartB)
二、并列句的省略
相同的部分可以省略，余下的成分保持不变。
1.主语相同（只有并列句中主语相同可以省略）
Ihadnomoneyand neededthejob.(2010.Translation)
Indeed, predictions of such a society have been around for two decades but have not yet come to
fruition.(2013,UseofEnglish)
He ticks “astronaut” but quickly adds “scientist”to the list and selects it as well. (2018,
Translation)
2.谓语动词或谓语动词的一部分相同
Thenthekidswerehandedchocolatecoins,and givenachancetosharethemwithananonymous
child.(2019,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1)
EvenAmericannewspapers…havenot onlysurvivedbut oftenreturnedtoprofit.(2011,Reading
Comprehension,PartAText2)
【内容要点】
1.并列句的构成：多个简单句+并列连词（四类并列连词是重点）
2.并列句的省略：相同的部分可以省略，余下的成分保持不变。
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第二章 主从复合句
第一节 名词性从句
名词性从句指的是一个从句当成名词来用，在句子中可以作宾语、表语、主语、同位语。因
此名词性从句分为宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句和同位语从句。
一、宾语从句
1.宾语从句的含义（宾语从句=连接词+陈述句）
宾语从句即一个句子作宾语，放在另一个句子（主句）中。
Harford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to-do list ineffective.(2018,
ReadingComprehension,PartAText4)（双划线部分为宾语从句)
2.宾语从句的写法
陈述句变宾语从句（前面加that，that不作成分，可以省略，但尽量不要省）
①
Dr.Worm acknowledges (that) these figures are conservative.(2006,ReadingComprehension,
PartAText3)
特殊疑问句变宾语从句（疑问语序变回陈述语序）
②
Wesuddenlycan’tremember____________+Wheredidweputthekeysjustamomentago?
→Wesuddenlycan’trememberwhereweputthekeysjustamomentago.(2014,UseofEnglish)
一般疑问句变宾语从句（先调整语序，主语提前，再前加是否whether或if）
③
Idon’tknow________________ Areotherclientsgoingtoabandonme,too?
→I don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too…(2004,ReadingComprehension,
PartAText3)
以上例句的从句的共同点为语序相同，都是陈述句，并且都有连接词。
3.宾语从句的位置
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动宾 动单宾：及 Some worry that this is having a destructive effect on
物 动 词 + society...
从句 (2023,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3)
动双宾：及 The survey...asks people if they worked less than 35
物 动 词 + hoursinthereferenceweek.
人+从句 (2015,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4)
介宾 … being human, you’ll sometimes change your mind
介词+宾语从句 about whatyoufancy.
(2013,ReadingComprehension,PartB)
形容词+宾语从句 I’mprettyconfident we’reatthebottom.
(2010,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1)
非谓语动词+宾语从句 Michelle Obama launched a high-visibility campaign
against childhood obesity, even claiming that it
representsourgreatestnationalsecuritythreat.
(2014,UseofEnglish)
多个宾语从句 I had not realized how profoundly marketing trends
dictated our perception of what is natural to kids,
including our core beliefs about their psychological
development.
(2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)
宾语从句后置 Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt's
decisionswillbeacceptedasimpartialjudgments.
(2012,UseofEnglish)
动宾考查最多，形容词+宾语从句简单了解即可。
二、表语从句
1.表语从句的含义（表语从句=连接词+陈述句）
一个句子作表语，放到另一个句子（主句）中
But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically
charged.(2014,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4)
(双划线部分为表语从句)
2.表语从句的写法
表语从句的写法同宾语从句。但连接词为that时，不作成分也不能省略。
...eyecontactiswhereallthemagichappens.(2018,ReadingComprehension,PartB)
Another nationwide concern is whether public funds from other agencies are going into
constructioninfirepronedistricts.(2017,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4)
3.表语从句的位置
表语从句位于系动词后，通常位于系动词be后
Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched.(20001, Reading
Comprehension,Passage4)
三、主语从句
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1.主语从句的含义（主语从句=连接词+陈述句）
一个句子作主语，放到另一个句子（主句）中
Thateveryone’stoobusythesedaysisacliche.(2016,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3)
(双划线部分为主语从句)
2.主语从句的写法
主语从句的写法同宾语从句，但是that不作成分也不能省略，而且表示“是否”时，只能用
whether，不能用if。
That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.(2006,ReadingComprehension,
PartAText3)
Whether theseparationdistancesinvolvedwould satisfyair-traffic-controlregulationsisanother
matter...(2010,ReadingComprehension,PartB)
3.主语从句的位置
位于句首(谓语动词前)
①
通常情况下主语从句较短时位于句首；个别情况下，主语从句较长时也可位于句首，但相对
较少
What Washingtondoes–ordoesn’tdo–to promotealternativeenergymaymeanlessandlessat
atimeofaglobalshiftinthough.(2018,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)
位于句尾(句首用形式主语it)
②
为了避免因主语从句过长而造成整个句子头重脚轻，所以通常主语从句后置，句首用形式主
语it来代替。
It seemsprettyclearthatmemoryischanging...(2023,ReadingComprehension,PartA Text3)
It remains to be seen how weather conditions affect the air flows…(2010, Reading
Comprehension,PartB)
模板1：Itisdone+主语从句（表达人们对一件事的观点或看法）
Ten years ago on Monday, it was announced that the Games of the 30th Olympiad would be in
London.
模板2：Itis+adj./n.+主语从句（表达对一件事的评价）
Soit’snotsurprisingthat peoplearemorestressedathome.
四、同位语从句
1.同位语从句的含义
一个句子作同位语，放在另一个句子（主句）中。同位语从句的作用是解释说明一个抽象名
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词。
...thisisasignthat Ineedtoincreasemydailycaloricintake.(双划线部分为同位语从句)
2.同位语从句的写法
同位语从句的写法同宾语从句，但最常用的一种同位语从句是由that引导的（that+完整的
陈述句），虽然that在同位语从句中不作成分，但不能省略。
...the probability that thecompany will subsequently have to restateearningsincreases bynearly
20%.(2011,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1)
3.同位语从句的位置
同位语从句是用来解释名词的，位于抽象名词后。
常考的抽象名词有：idea,opinion,view,fact,evidence,question,doubt,reason,demand,theory,
belief,possibility,chance,hope,contention,guarantee.
Theinsightthat curiositycandriveyoutodoself-destructivethingsisaprofoundone.(2018,Use
ofEnglish)
We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer
databaseandtoalterinformationstoredthere.(2013,UseofEnglish)
补充：包含多个名词性从句的长难句
Withtheblurringofroles,andthefactthatthehomefrontlagswellbehindtheworkplacein
makingadjustmentsforworkingwomen,it'snotsurprisingthatwomenaremorestressedathome.
(2015,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1)
【内容要点】
1.名词性从句分为四类:宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句、同位语从句。
2. 名词性从句的写法基本相同:名词性从句= 连接词+陈述句。
(后面的从句缺什么成分，则加上相应的连接词;如果从句不缺成分，则加 that，that 在宾语
从句中可以省略。)
【考场攻略】
掌握重要的名词性从句的句型模板
①
句型模板1:Itisdone+主语从句(表达人们对一件事的观点看法)
is可以换成：was\hasbeen\hadbeen\willbeen
done可以换成：said\thought\proposed\argued\believed\noted\admitted\acknowledge
句型模板2:Itis+adj./n.+主语从句.(表达对一件事的评价)
句型模板3:n.+is+表语从句.(对作主语的名词进行详细说明)
找到从句
②
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开始于连接词，结束于标点或下一个连接词前；
开始于连接词，结束于第二个谓语动词前
判断从句
③
看位置，往前看
第二节定语从句
一、定语从句的概述
定语从句就是一个句子作定语，去修饰限定名词，位置要放在所修饰的名词后。
Thisisaskillthat willhelpthemallthroughoutlife.
双划线部分为定语从句，”skill”为先行词。”that”为关系词，引出定语从句
定语从句的关系词在从句中作成分，且所作的成分是与先行词一样的。
二、定语从句的写法
先行词n.+关系词+陈述句
先行词 关系词
事/物 which/that
人 who/whom/that
人/物
whose
（表示人或物的所有关系，即“某人的/某物的”）
时间 when
地点 where
原因 why
1.先行词是事/物，关系词选择which/that
The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for
governments to enact legislation to curb single-use plastics.(2019,ReadingComprehension,Part
AText4)
The BIO recently held a convention which included session to coach lawyers on the shifting
landscapeforpatents.(2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3)
2.先行词是人，关系词选择who/whom/that
The teenagers who were more rebellious were also more likely to help others.(2023,Reading
Comprehension,PartAText4)
..., you have limited time with the person that you want to talk with and you want to make this
talkmemorable.(2018,ReadingComprehension,PartB)
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3.先行词是人/物，表示人或物的所有关系，关系词选择whose
Users could select which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been
authenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.(2011,UseofEnglish)
4.先行词是时间，关系词选择when
Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimaginea
timewhen high-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.(英语一，2010,
ReadingComprehension,PartAText1)
5.先行词是地点，关系词选择where
Therelationshipwasthusstrongerinplaceswherehappinesswasspreadmoreequally.(2016,Use
ofEnglish)
6.先行词是原因，关系词选择why
...BrynjolfssonandMcAfeemissthereasonwhythesejobsaresovulnerabletotechnologyinthe
firstplace.(2014,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3)
【Tip】
定语从句中的每一个关系词都必须作成分，包括that。That既可以指人又可以指物
①
定语从句中的先行词是事/物时，关系词用which和that都可以，不需要区别。
②
Whom指人，只能在作宾语时使用‘而who和that指人，可以作任何成分。
③
关系词在定语从句中宾语时（及物动词后的宾语或介词后的宾语），都可以省略。
④
例：
In the same study, a group was asked to remember both the information and the folders it was
storedin.(2023,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3)
三、定语从句的分类
限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句
逗号 无逗号 有逗号
先行词 范围不明确 范围明确
补充说明先行词，可以省略，
作用 修饰限定先行词，不能省略，影响表意
不影响表意
翻译 往前翻译（译到先行词前，“……名词“） 不用往前翻译
1.关系词可以用that 1.关系词不能用that
关系词 2.作宾语可以省略 2.不可以省略
3.指人作宾语，用whom/who/that都行 3.指人作宾语，只能用whom
例：
1.HewillcallhisfriendwhoisworkinginLondon.（限定性定语从句）
Hewillcallhismother,whoisworkinginLondon.（非限定性定语从句）
Thisargumenthasattractedalotofattention…byErik Brynjolfsson and AndrewMcAfee,who
both hail from MIT's Center for Digital Business.(2014,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3)
（非限定性定语从句，先行词范围绝对明确）
The new vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is available ahead of
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expectations.(2010,UseofEnglish)（非限定性定语从句，先行词范围相对明确）
Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled corner of the global industry, have
notonlysurvivedbutoftenreturnedtoprofit.(2011,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)
AcoupleofChristmasesagomyyoungeststepdaughter,whowasnineyearsold atthetime,gota
SupermanT-shirtforChristmas.(2016,ReadingComprehension,PartB)
四、定语从句的补充
1.限定性定语从句与同位语从句的区别
n.+从句
同位语从句 限定性定语从句
解释说明n. 修饰限定n.
任意n.后
抽象n.后 区别一：从句前若为不抽象的n.则可以判断
是定语从句
n.+that从句（that不作从句的成分） 区别二：n.+that从句（that作从句的成分）
同位语从句中关系词不能省略 区别三：n.+省略关系词的从句
In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it. (2019,Reading
Comprehension,PartAText3)（公众号：大年的资料库）
此句中workers表示“工人们”，不是抽象名词，因此后接的一定不是同位语从句，所以who
pickit是定语从句。
Second, paper checks have the advantage that they provide receipts, something that many
consumersareunwillingtogiveup.(2013,UseofEnglish)
前半句中，that不作成分，因为后面的theyprovidereceipts是一个完整的句子（不缺成分），
所以这个是同位语从句。再第二个从句中，that作成分，因为giveup后缺成分，所以这个
是定语从句。
2.特殊的非限定性定语从句（补充说明整句话）
这类型关系词只能用which或as，且它们在从句中都要作成分。whic引导的特殊的非限定
性定语从句只能位于主句后；而as引导的特殊的非限定性定语从句可以位于主句前、中、
后。
… so the centers need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy. (2011,
Translation)
...ittakesseveraldaysbeforeacheckiscashedandfundsarewithdrawnfromtheissuer’saccount,
which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime.(2013,
UseofEnglish)
As Koziatek knows, there is learning in just about everything.(2018,ReadingComprehension,
PartAText1)
3.介词提前的定语从句：介词+whom/which
介词在后：… we would move quickly to the cashless society which all payments are made
electronicallyin.
介词提前：… we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made
electronically.
介词在后：He also urged councils to impose “fast-food-free zones” around schools and
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hospitals—areaswhich takeawayscannotopenwithin.
介词提前：He also urged councils to impose “fast-food-free zones” around schools and
hospitals—areaswithin which takeawayscannotopen.(2011,ReadingComprehension,PartB)
...economic co-ordinationshouldinvolveall27members of theEUclub, amongwhom there isa
small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour...(2011,ReadingComprehension,
PartAText4)
定语从句中，与关系词搭配的介词可以提前，也可以不提前。介词提前与否，表达的意思都
一样，差别只在于关系词的选择，如果介词提前，那么关系词则不能省略，不能用that，指
人用“介词+whom“，指物用”介词+which“
五、定语从句考场攻略
【考场攻略】
定语从句的写法建议重点掌握(尤其是先行词和关系词)，
在读句子时要能准确找到定语从句所修饰的先行词，看懂句意;其他定语从句用法了解即可。
不纠结于定语从句和同位语从句的区别，不重要
①
找到定语从句和先行词，更准确看懂句意（公众号：大年的资料库）
②
第三节 状语从句
一、状语从句的概述
1.状语从句的含义
状语从句，指的就是一个句子作状语，表达“描述性的信息”，补充说明另一个句子（主句）
2. 状语从句的写法
一个完整的陈述句前面再加上一个从属连词。这个从属连词是比较特别的一种连接词，不作
句子成分，但表达一定的逻辑关系，用来说明这个状语从句是描述何种信息的。状语从句的
种类是由从属连词决定的，即从属连词表达什么含义（逻辑关系），那么从句就是什么状语
从句。
When education becomes one-size-fits-all, it risks overlooking a nation’s diversity of gifts.(2018,
ReadingComprehension,PartAText1)
Because electronic paymentsare immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.(2013,Use
ofEnglish)
3.状语从句的位置
主句后
①
IntheUnitedStates,newcasesseemedtofadeaswarmerweatherarrived.(2010,UseofEnglish)
主句前
②
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Aswarmerweatherarrived,intheUnitedStates,newcasesseemedtofade.
主句中
③
IntheUnitedStates,newcases,aswarmerweatherarrived,seemtofade.
二、状语从句的分类
1.时间状语从句
从属连词 含义 真题例句
when 当……时候 •When our brains switch between being focused and
while unfocusedonatask,theytendtobemoreefficient.
as (2018,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4)
•Researchers measured people’s cortisol... while they
wereatworkandwhiletheywereathomeandfound…
(2015,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4)
•But as companies continue their attempts at
personalized medicine, the courts will remain rather
busy.
(2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3)
before 在……之前 Even dairy farms, where robots do a small share of
milking, have a long way to go before they’re
automated.
(2019,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3)
after 在……之后 ...wequickly“thinslice”informationreliablyonlyafter
we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced”
long-termstudy.
(2013,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3)
since 自从…… Thecurrentdownturnintheartmarketistheworstsince
theJapanese stopped buying Impressionistsat theend of
1989.
(2010,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1)
until 直到…… … the corporate workplace will never be completely
family-friendly until women are part of senior
managementdecisions.
(2013,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4)
assoonas 一…… Facebook promised the European commission then that
就……（公众号：大 it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities,
年的资料库） but it broke thepromise almostas soon as the deal went
through.
(2018,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3)
bythetime 截止到……时候 Bythetimeaproblemhasbeenaddressedandremedied
it may have vanished in the marketplace, to be replaced
bynewabusesofpower.
(2018,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3)
2.地点状语从句
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从属连词 含义 真题例句
where 在……地方 And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to
magnifygenderdifferences—orinventthemwherethey
didnotpreviouslyexist.
(2012,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)
3.原因状语从句
从属连词 含义 真题例句
because 因为…… I’ve also experienced greater success in achieving my specific
fitness goals, because I’m training according to those goals, not
thenumbersonascale.
(2019,UseofEnglish)
since 因为…… Since weight loss is not my goal, it is less important for me to
trackmyweighteachweek.
(2019,UseofEnglish)
as 因为…… They also need better public relations skills than their
predecessors, as the costs of even a minor slip up can be
significant.
(2020,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)
4.结果状语从句
从属连词 含义 真题例句
such…that… 太……所以…… Indeed, homelessness has reached such
（such后接名词或名词词组） proportions that local governments can't
possiblycope.
(2006,UseofEnglish)
so…that… 太……所以…… He reads so passionately that his parents
（so后接名词或名词词组） have to institute a “no readingpolicy” at the
dinnertable.
(2018.Translation)
sothat… 所以…… Transitions should connect one paragraph to
the next so that there are no abrupt or
confusingshifts.
(英语一，2008,ReadingComprehension,
PartB)
5.目的状语从句
从属连词 含义 真题例句
so that … /in 目的是/为了…… When you meet a person for the first time, make an
orderthat… effort to find the things which you and that person
have in common so that you can build the
conversationfromthatpoint.
(2018,ReadingComprehension,PartB)
第12/17页25田静语法笔记 公众号【大年的资料库】整理分享
6.条件状语从句
从属连词 含义 真题例句
if 如果…… If she didn’t keep the conversation going, we’d
spendthewholeeveninginsilence.
(2010,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)
unless 如果不，除非…… The US Supreme Court frowns on sec-based
classification unless they are designed to address
an“important”policyinterest.
(英语一，2020,ReadingComprehension,PartA
Text3)
once 一旦…… ... once youget thatfirst world out everything else
willjustflow.
(2018,ReadingComprehension,PartB)
aslongas/solongas 只要…… If you’re a physician, you can risk your patient’s
suicideaslongasyoudon’tintendtheirsuicide.
(2002,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4)
7.让步状语从句
从属连词 含义 真题例句
Although/though 尽管，虽然…… •Although electronic means of payment may
be more efficient than a payments system
based on paper, several factors work against
thedisappearanceofthepapersystem.
(2013,UseofEnglish)
•For example, many collegiate and
professional football players qualify as
obsess, though their percentage body fat is
low.
(2014,UseofEnglish)
Evenif/eventhough 即使，虽然…… •... viewing a fast-food logo for a few
milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent
faster, even though reading has little to do
witheating.
(2013, Reading Comprehension, Part A
Text3)
•It doesn’t feel like a human or democratic
relationship,even ifbothsidesbenefit.
(2018, Reading Comprehension, Part A
Text3)
While 虽然，尽管 While such numerical standards seem
straightforward,theyarenot.
(2014,UseofEnglish)
However/ no matter 不管怎样 … corporations in Europe as well as the US
第13/17页25田静语法笔记 公众号【大年的资料库】整理分享
how are evading the meritocratic hiring and
promotion of women to top positions – no
matter how much“softpressure” isout upon
them.
(2013, Reading Comprehension, Part A
Text4)
8.比较状语从句
从属连词 含义 真题例句
than 和……相比较 ...surfingthewebexercisedthebrainmorethan reading
（用在比较级中） did...
(2023,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3)
as 和……相比较 They boy is convinced that if he reads enough, he can
（用在原级比较级中） exploreasmanycareerpathsashelikes.
9.方式状语从句
从属连词 含义 真题例句
as 按照……方式，如同…… Menmaketheirownhistory,buttheydonotmakeit
justastheyplease...
(2012,ReadingComprehension,PartB)
asif 似乎，好像…… On a really good day, it no longer feel as if you’re
“making time to read,” but just reading, and making
timeforeverythingelse.
(2016,ReadingComprehension,PartAText3)
一词多义：【as】 时间状语从句：当……时候
原因状语从句：因为……
比较状语从句：和……相比较
方式状语从句：按照……方式，如同……
三、状语从句—考场攻略
九种状语从句建议重点掌握时间、 原因、结果、条件和让步状语从句。
状语从句的重点是从属连词。
完型填空中，选择从属连词
①
I've also experienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals, 19 I'm training
accordlingtothosegoals,notthenumbersonascale.(2019,UseofEnglish)
A. if B.because C.unless D.until
A,C均引导条件状语从句，而如果选择A,C的话，前面应该用将来时，而主语是现在完成时，
所以不能选。根据句意，选择表原因的从属连词更合适，所以选B。
根据从属连词，判断上下文
②
When we travel down a well-known route, because we don't have to concentrate much, time
seemstoflowmorequickly.(2015,Translation)
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第三章 特殊句式
第一节 虚拟
一、虚拟的概念
虚拟就是“非真实”，主要分为两种情况：
一是跟真实的情况进行比较，发现这个事情不是真的。
二是与假设的情况进行比较，发现即使假设，这个事情也不太可能成真。
谓语动词的一种特殊变化，通过把谓语动词“改变时态”，即可表达虚拟。
二、if虚拟条件句
如果假设这个事不是真的或者不太可能成为真的，那就是虚拟条件句，就要用虚拟。
时间范围 If从句 主句
假设过去 haddone +havedone
would
假设现在 did/were +do
could
did/were
should
假设将来 weretodo +do
might
shoulddo
If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42.(2008, Reading
Comprehension,PartAText3)（虚拟假设过去）
"Ifwewerereallybold,wemightevenbegintothinkofhigh-caloriefastfoodinthesamewayas
cigarettes--by setting strict limits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sport
events,"hesaid.(2011,ReadingComprehension,PartB)（虚拟假设现在）
Dr. Kroo and his team modelled what would happen if three passenger jets departing from Los
Angeles SanFranciscoand Las Vegas were to assemble over Utah... (2010, Reading
Comprehension,PartB)
三句口诀帮助记忆
从句往前推：表达虚拟时，要把从句往前推一个时态。
主句四加一：“四”指主句中谓语动词的形式都是四个情态动词任选一个（would,could,should,
might），而：“加一”指的是情态动词后加上一个跟从句对应的原型形式，如果从句用did，
那么主句就加对应的原型do；如果从句用haddone，主句用havedone。
将来同现在：假设将来事情的虚拟可以跟假设现在的完全相同
Ifhehad played lastseason,however,hewould havebeen oneof42.
“Ifwewerereallybold,wemight evenbegin tothinkofhigh-caloriefatfoodinthesamewayas
cigarettes – by setting strict limits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sport
events,”hesaid.
Dr. Kroo and his team modelled what would happen if three passenger jets departing from Los
Angeles,SanFranciscoandLasVegasweretoassembleoverUtah...
三、名词性从句的虚拟
名词性从句有宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句和同位语从句。不管是哪种名词性从句，只要
第15/17页25田静语法笔记 公众号【大年的资料库】整理分享
是对应的主句中有表示“建议、命令、要求”的词（无论词性是什么），名词性从句都需要虚
拟。名词性从句的虚拟要把谓语动词变成“should+动词原型”，并且should可以省略。
Europeanministersinstantlydemanded thattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(IASB)
dolikelikewise.(2010,ReadingComprehension,PartAText4)
Thisyear,itwasproposed thatthesystembechanged…(英语一，2013,ReadingComprehension,
PartB)
第二节 倒装
“倒装”就是把一个句子正常的顺序颠倒。
在考研英语中只需要掌握“主谓倒装”，主语和谓语顺序颠倒，即谓语动词被放到主语前。
主谓倒装分为两类:全部倒装和部分倒装。
一、全部倒装
把句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语前
倒装原因：突出强调，把需要强调的内容往前方；引出下文，承上启下。
Of even greater concern is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define.(2014,Use
ofEnglish)
由于介词短语提前，且主语thefact后接的同位语从句过长，因此将句子全部倒装，即把谓
语动词is提到主语thefact前。（公众号：大年的资料库）
Therebe句型的基本结构：Therebe+名词 表示“有……”（客观存在）
Thereisagirl.
Therebe句型的拓展结构：Therebe+名词+介词短语 表示“有……在那里”（介词短语表示位
置）
…therewassignificantfluactivityinalmosteverystate…(2010,UseofEnglish)
Mostsignificantly,therewasa positivecorrelation betweenprosociality andrebelliousness.(2023,
ReadingComprehension,PartAText4)
… there are so many people in a much worse state, with barely any money to spend on
food…(2013,ReadingComprehension,PartB)
【补充】be可以结合时态和情态
There will always be change—new jobs, new products, new services. (2013, Reading
Comprehension,PartAText1)
... but there have been controversial views about its economic, political, social and cultural
implications.(2002,UseofEnglish)
Theremaybemorematchesinthedatabase…(2004,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1)
二、部分倒装
1.否定副词或词组位于句首
...and perhaps it has neverserved somuch to connect different peoplesandnations before...部分
倒装为：...and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and
nationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.(2005,ReadingComprehension,PartC)
正常语序为“…ithasneverservedbefore”，把否定词组neverbefore提前，句子需要部分倒装。
They developed not onlysuch a device…部分倒装为：Not only did they develop sucha device
第16/17页25田静语法笔记 公众号【大年的资料库】整理分享
but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide
system…(2012,ReadingComprehension,PartB)
正常语序为“Theynotonlydevelopedsuchadevice…”，把否定词组notonly提前，句子需要
部分倒装。
2.only位于句首
Theyhavecometoseethevitalpartforestswillhavetoplayinstoringcarbononlyrecently.
→Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing
carbon.(2019,ReadingComprehension,PartAText2)
TheywillbeusefulservantsandnotFrankenstein'sout-of-controlmonsteronlythen.
→Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein's out-of-control monster.(2019,
ReadingComprehension,PartAText3)
3.虚拟条件句省略if——从句部分倒装，主句不变
ButifEntergyhad kept itsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint.
→But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.(2012,Reading
Comprehension,PartAText2)
第三节 强调
一、强调句的构成
“Itis…that…”把想强调的部分放到中间，句子余下的部分放到that后，就变成了强调句。
注意：不能强调形容词和动词
...theenvironmentispayingtheprice.
→…it istheenvironmentthat ispayingtheprice.(2023,ReadingComprehension,PartAText1)
二、强调句的变化
Itis/was…that/who…
...it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty.(2010,
ReadingComprehension,PartAText4)
判断是不是强调句？（公众号：大年的资料库）
还原法：去掉Itis/was...that/who后，剩下的部分是一个成分完整的句子，那么这个句子
①
是强调句。
反证法：如果Itis/was...that/who的中间部分有形容词或者动词，就不是强调句。
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