英二-考研英语三小门讲义_考研_英语_12.刘琦_25刘琦《小三门》讲义

考研英语三小门讲义（英二） @刘琦老师 完形填空 第一讲考研完形填空概述 一、完形难度分析 语法（几乎无长难句） 词汇（词义辨析、词组搭配） 逻辑分析（句内、句际、上下文逻辑） 完形填空解题线索 1）分布在该空所在句中 例【2011-14】 ①Although sadness also 14 tears 14. [A] exhausts [B] follows [C] precedes [D] suppresses 2）分布在该空所在句上下句中 例【2011-17】 ②In an experiment published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to 16 a pen either with their teeth—thereby creating an artificial smile—or with their lips, which would produce a(n) 17 expression. 17. [A] disappointed [B] excited [C] joyful [D] indifferent 1`` 3）分布在该空所在的整个意群、段落、篇章中 例【2008-2】 The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently 3 any institution. ...Together with another two scientists 2. [A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare 二、完形填空特点 1. 240~280 words、首段首句不命题（2001 除外）、4~15 词设一个空 2. 选择最佳答案 3. 命题规范 ① 首段首句为全文中心； 【2004-22】 Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency （crimes committed by young peopl[E] focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories 21 on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 22 they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds 22. [A] before [B] unless [C] until [D] because 2`` ② 段落首句为段落中心 【2009-3/4】 Research on animal intelligence always makes us wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit-fly experiments described by Carl Zimmer in the Science Times. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is a(n) 4 in not being too bright. 3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer 4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority 三、完形填空考点 1. 阅读理解能力-精读能力 2. 语法能力-寻找解题线索 3. 词汇能力 ① 词义辨析 ② 词组搭配 四、完形填空解题步骤 1. 读文章首段前两句，把握文章中心； 2. 以段为单位精读、理解、选择； 3. 选项出发，逐空进行分析、找出每个空的定位线索 3`` 第二讲考研完形填空解题方法 一、逻辑关系题 英语一 3~5 题 英语二 1~3 题 英语中常见的逻辑关系词 1. 并列关系 and, and also, or, neither...nor..., either...or..., not only...but also... likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is(to say), as well as the same as 2. 递进关系 also, then, besides, in addition, additionally, moreover, what's more furthermore, above all, indeed 3. 因果关系 because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so that, such that in order that, accordingly(相应地)， on account of=in response to =because of in that=because, seeing that, considering that, now that 4. 对立关系 1）转折 but, however, yet, by contrast, on the contrary, contrarily on the other hand, unfortunately 4`` 2）让步 although, though, even though, even if, even, in spite of, despite nevertheless, much as, while, whereas, as 3）其他 rather than, instead of, against, unlike, not...but..., in fact 5. 列举关系 first, second, last, to begin with/to continue, next, first/then on one hand/on the other hand, for one thing/for another one/another, some/others/still others 6. 条件关系 if, if only, if only, unless, otherwise, supposing, providing/provided as soon as, as long as, in case, when, with 【2001-46】 “Press freedoms will be in safe hands 46 our British judges,” he said. 46. [A] with [B] to [C] from [D] by 7. 举例关系 for example, for instance, such as, of/among these+具体例子 to take an example, to illustrate, let's imagine more specifically speaking, according to 例题 【2001-31】 5公众号【研池大叔】，免费提供考研网课+PDF电子书 更多考研英语配套课程，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【英语】免费获取 更多考研无水印电子书，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【电子书】免费获取 更多考研笔记，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【笔记】免费获取 更多考研真题，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【真题】免费获取`` The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 31 the trial of Rosemary West. 31. [A] as to [B] for instance [C] in particular [D] such as 【2004-40】 All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, 40 a direct causal relationship has not yet been established. 40. [A] provided [B] since [C] although [D] supposing 【2005-20】 The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors 19 for unfamiliar and emergency signals 20 the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire. 20. [A] similar to [B] such as [C] along with [D] aside from 【2007-12】 On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the church, 9 , there was less agreement 10 the leadership Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one 11 by the Spanish crown. 12 most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism 13 the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the 14（exclusion） of other faiths. 12. [A] Since [B] If [C] Unless [D] While 6`` 【2009-14】 Research on animal intelligence also makes us wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. 14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance 【2009-18】 They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a(n) 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 18.[A]Above all [B]After all [C] However [D] Otherwise 二、逻辑关系题解题方法 PLUS （用于原文词读不懂的情况） 1. 同义相斥原则 例题 【2005-1】 The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, 1 this is largely because, 2 animals, we stand upright. 1. [A] although [B] as [C] but [D] while 7`` 【2006-14】 And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others, 14 not addicted or mentally ill 14. [A] when [B] once [C] while [D] whereas 【2006-1】 The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population. 1 , homelessness has reached such proportions that local governments can’t possibly 2 . 2. 1. [A] Indeed [B] Likewise [C] Therefore [D] Furthermore 2. not 题 3. 代表前后意思相反的对立关系 【2002-31】 radically changed the process, 31 its impact on the media was not immediately 32 . 31. [A] unless [B] since [C] lest [D] although 【2003-38】 This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. 38 they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by 39 for roles. 38. [A] On the contrary [B] On the average [C] On the whole [D] On the other hand 3. 除第一段以外的段首如果让填逻辑关系词，则选对立关系词； 若无对立关系词选项，则选递进关系词。 8`` 如果逻辑关系词前后内容有包容性，即总-分关系，则选举例关系词。 三、动词题 1. 根据主语和宾语的逻辑关系做题； 2. 看主语 — 是人还是物； e.g. _____ believe sth_____ (doubt or challenge) 总结：主语必须是人的动词：doubt, intend, require, regard, be impressed by, believe, notice 主语必须是物的动词：manifest（表明、显示） 主语可以是人或物的：show 3. 看宾语 A. 是人还是物 只能跟人做宾语的谓语动词有：assure，impress，side with； 可跟人可跟物的动词：ensure， agree with； B. 看宾语是抽象名词还是具体名词 跟抽象名词做宾语：enhance（quality） 跟具体名词做宾语：fasten；label（贴标签）；feed 既跟抽象又跟具体名词做宾语：tighten 4. 根据动词后的介词及介词后的宾语 例题 【2001-32】 9`` In a significant 32 of legal controls over the press 32. [A] tightening [B] intensifying [C] focusing [D] fastening 【2001-37】 Lord Irvine said he 37 with a committee report this year 37. [A] sided [B] shared [C] complied [D] agreed 【2002-38】 The communications revolution has 38 both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time. 38. [A] regarded [B] impressed [C] influenced [D] effected 【2004-30】 For example, changes in the economy that 30 to fewer job opportunities for youth. 30. [A] point [B] lead [C] come [D] amount 【2006-9】 One of the federal government's studies 9 that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade 9. [A] predicts [B] displays [C] proves [D] discovers 10公众号【研池大叔】，免费提供考研网课+PDF电子书 更多考研英语配套课程，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【英语】免费获取 更多考研无水印电子书，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【电子书】免费获取 更多考研笔记，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【笔记】免费获取 更多考研真题，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【真题】免费获取`` 【2009-1】 1 the fruit-fly experiments described by Carl Zimmer in the Science Times. 1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine 【2009-13】 Research on animal intelligence also makes us wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. 13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply 【2010-1】 It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting 1 workers' productivity. 1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored 【2010-19】 Workers 19 to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case. 19.[A] attempted [B] tended [C] chose [D] intended 11`` 四、形容词题 1. 形容词做定语时，形容词修饰的名词是解题线索； 2. 形容词做表语时，主语就是解题线索； 3. 形容词修饰名词，并且名词后有定语或同位语，则形容词修饰的 名词、名词后的定语或同位语同时作为解题线索； 4. 副词修饰形容词时，副词就是解题线索。 例题 【2001-40】 Lord Irvine caused a 40 of media protest 40. [A] storm [B] rage [C] flare [D] flash 【2001-44】 the European Convention on Human Rights legally 44 in Britain 44. [A] binding [B] convincing [C] restraining[D] sustaining 【2002-39】 but there have been 39 views about its economic, political, social and cultural implications 39. [A] competitive [B] controversial [C] distracting[D] irrational 【2003-30】 A variety of small clubs can provide 30 opportunities for leadership 12`` 30. [A] durable [B] excessive [C] surplus [D] multiple 【2006-8】 that the number of the homeless is 8 . 8. [A] inflating [B] expanding [C] increasing [D] extending 【2006-15】 simply lack the everyday 15 skills needed to turn their lives 16 . 15. [A] life [B] existence [C] survival [D] maintenance 【2006-17】 when there are 17 programs that address the many needs of the homeless 17. [A] complex [B] comprehensive [C] complementary [D] compensating 【2009-3】 This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer 3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer 【2009-19】 they would hope to study a(n) 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 19.[A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile 13`` 五、名词题 1. 名词做主语时，谓语和宾语就是解题线索； 2. 名词做宾语时，主语和谓语就是解题线索； 3. 名词做表语时，主语就是解题线索； 4. 名词被定语修饰时，定语就是解题线索； 5. 介词后填名词时，通常考固定搭配。 例题【2002-23】 the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic 23 , 23. [A] means [B] method [C] medium [D] measure 【2002-37】 the term “information society” began to be widely used to describe the 37 within which we now live 37. [A] context [B] range [C] scope [D] territory 【2003-25】 teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the 25 that comes from achieving success. 25. [A] assistance [B] guidance [C] confidence[D] tolerance 【2006-12】 find a 12 that will give them three meals a day and a place to 14`` sleep at night 12. [A] lodging [B] shelter [C] dwelling [D] house 【2009-4】 This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is a(n) 4 in not being too bright. 4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority 六、副词题 1. 根据副词所修饰对象来做题； 2. 根据副词所在语境来做题； 3. 根据文章中心来做题。 例题【2003-33】 some kind of organization with a supportive adult 33 visible in the background. 33. [A] particularly [B] barely [C] definitely [D] rarely 【2009-10】 Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we’ve left in the dust . 10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward 15`` 翻译 第一讲 句子翻译总论 一、翻译总论 三步法拆分 第一步 找谓语动词 第二步 找连词，初步切分句子并确定主干 第三步 梳理修饰成分，进一步切分句子 2004 （46）The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought，which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be. 二、简单句翻译 例 1 2017 英一 (49)The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to the UK’s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors. 例 2 2020 英一 (46)With the Church's teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance, the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories. 16`` 第二讲 三、并列句翻译 例 1 2017 英一 （48）many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages. 四、复合句翻译 1、定语从句 例 1 2004 （61）The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be. 例 2 2013 英一 (48) The gardens of the homeless, which are in effect homeless gardens, introduce form into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. 例 3 2015 英一 (49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th-and-16th-century explorations of NorthAmerica. 17`` 2、名词性从句 1 主语从句 2012 英一 (46) yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression. 2 同位语从句 2010 英一 (46)Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. The evidence had to be economic in order to be valid. 3、状语从句 2011 英一 (46)Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share—that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts—and reveal its erroneous nature. 2013 英二 I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day before. 18`` 新题型 第一讲 小标题题 例题一 大纲样题（英一） Directions: You are going to read a list of headings and a text about plagiarism in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) [A]What to do as a student? [B]Various definitions of plagiarism [C]Ideas should always be sourced [D]Oversight plagiarism can be forgiven [E] Plagiarism is equivalent to theft [F] The consequences of plagiarism Scholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another person’s ideas. In the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of one’s ideas. Simply stated, plagiarism is “the wrongful appropriation or purloining, and publication 19`` as one’s own of the ideas, or the expression of ideas of another.” 41._________________________________________________________ ___________________ The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many universities, the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources. 42._________________________________________________________ ___________________ Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholars’ ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequences may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students inexactness in identifying sources properly. They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention. 20公众号【研池大叔】，免费提供考研网课+PDF电子书 更多考研英语配套课程，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【英语】免费获取 更多考研无水印电子书，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【电子书】免费获取 更多考研笔记，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【笔记】免费获取 更多考研真题，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【真题】免费获取`` 43._________________________________________________________ ___________________ Plagiarism by accident, or oversight, sometimes is the result of the writer’ s inability to decide or remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues. He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed. Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished. 44._________________________________________________________ ___________________ Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. The techniques for documentation—note-taking, quoting, footnoting, listing bibliography—are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Although “ there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them,” the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged. 45._________________________________________________________ ___________________ 21`` The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and language of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention. The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement. All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume their responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty. 例题二 2007 Directions: You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A-G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers onANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) 22`` [A]Set a Good Example forYour Kids [B]BuildYou Kids’ Work Skills [C]Place Time Limits on LeisureActivities [D]Talk about the Future on a Regular Basis [E] Help Kids Develop Coping Strategies [F] HelpYour Kids Figure Out Who TheyAre [G]BuildYour Kids’ Sense of Responsibility How Can a Parent Help? Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early 公众号：大叔考研，免费分享无水印PDF adulthood for their kids. Even if a job’s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult’s need for rapid content, the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move. Here are a few measures, drawn from my book Ready or Not, Here Life Comes, that parents can take to prevent what I call “work-life unreadiness” 41._________________________________________________________ ________ You can start this process when they are 11 or 12. Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulty, in communicating well or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back to, as these 23`` offer clues to the careers that will fit them best. 42._________________________________________________________ __________________ Kids need a range of authentic role models—as opposed to members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner-table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying “I have no idea.” They can change their minds 200 times, but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good. 43._________________________________________________________ _________________ Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn; parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job. Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills, such as managing time and setting priorities. 44._________________________________________________________ ______________ 24`` Playing video games encourages immediate content. And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the same time, listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs. 45._________________________________________________________ _________________ They should know how to deal with setbacks, stresses and feelings of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations. What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate. They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever interests their fledging adult （as naive or ill conceived as it may seem） while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these new adults, must feel they are 25`` respected and supported by a family that appreciates them. 例题三 2013 Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subtitle from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph (41-45). There are two extra subtitles which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on theANSWER SHEET. (10 points) [A] Shopkeepers are your friends [B] Remember to treat yourself [C] Stick to what you need [D] Live like a peasant [E] Balance your diet [F] Planning is everything [G] Waste not, want not The hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has £60 a week to spend, £40 of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning £130, 000 a year working in corporate communications and eating at London’s best restaurants at least twice a week. Then his marriage failed, his career burned out and his drinking became serious. “The community mental health team saved my life. And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It 26`` gave me the validation and confidence that I’d lost. But it’s still a day-by-day thing.” Now he’s living in a council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. He’s feeling positive, but he’ll carry on blogging—not about eating as cheaply as you can—“there are so many people in a much worse state, with barely any money to spend on food”—but eating well on a budget. Here’s his advice for economical foodies. 41. Impulsive spending isn’t an option, so plan your week’s menu in advance, making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it’s not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. It’s also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being human, you’ll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy. 42. This is where supermarkets and their anonymity come in handy. With them, there’s not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer. And if you plan properly, you’ll know that you only need, say, 350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre-packed in the supermarket chiller. 43. 27`` You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer—that’s not good enough. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planning ahead should eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables you’ll do a vegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to “go off” will be cooked or juiced. 44. Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers, delis and fish-sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soon you’ll feel comfortable asking if they’ve any knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which, more often than not, they’ll let you have for free. 45. You won’t be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every few months treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant—£1.75 a week for three months gives you £21—more than enough for a three-course lunch at Michelin-starred Arbutus. It’s £16.95 there—or £12.99 for a large pizza from Domino’s: I know which I’d rather eat. 28`` 例题四 2015 Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph (41-45). There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on theANSWER SHEET. (10 points) ［A］You are not alone ［B］Experience helps you grow ［C］Pave your own unique path ［D］Most of your fears are unreal ［E］Think about the present moment ［F］Don’t fear responsibility for your life ［G］There are many things to be grateful for Some Old Truths to HelpYou Overcome Tough Times Unfortunately, life is not a bed of roses. We are going through life facing sad experiences. Moreover, we are grieving various kinds of loss: a friendship, a romantic relationship or a house. Hard times may hold you down at what usually seems like the most inopportune time, but you should remember that they won’t last forever. When our time of mourning is over, we press forward, stronger with a greater understanding and respect for life. Furthermore, these losses make 29`` us mature and eventually move us toward future opportunities for growth and happiness. I want to share these old truths I’ve learned along the way. 41. Fear is both useful and harmful. This normal human reaction is used to protect us by signaling danger and preparing us to deal with it. Unfortunately, people create inner barriers with a help of exaggerating fears. My favorite actor Will Smith once said, “Fear is not real. It is a product of thoughts you create. Do not misunderstand me. Danger is very real. But fear is a choice. ” I do completely agree that fears are just the product of our luxuriant imagination. 42. If you are surrounded by problems and cannot stop thinking about the past, try to focus on the present moment. Many of us are weighed down by the past or anxious about the future. You may feel guilt over your past, but you are poisoning the present with the things and circumstances you cannot change. Value the present moment and remember how fortunate you are to be alive. Enjoy the beauty of the world around and keep the eyes open to see the possibilities before you. Happiness is not a point of future and not a moment from the past, but a mindset that can be designed into the present. 30公众号【研池大叔】，免费提供考研网课+PDF电子书 更多考研英语配套课程，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【英语】免费获取 更多考研无水印电子书，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【电子书】免费获取 更多考研笔记，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【笔记】免费获取 更多考研真题，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【真题】免费获取`` 43. Sometimes it is easy to feel bad because you are going through tough times. You can be easily caught up by life problems that you forget to pause and appreciate the things you have. Only strong people prefer to smile and value their life instead of crying and complaining about something. 44. No matter how isolated you might feel and how serious the situation is, you should always remember that you are not alone. Try to keep in mind that almost everyone respects and wants to help you if you are trying to make a good change in your life, especially your dearest and nearest people. You may have a circle of friends who provide constant good humor, help and companionship. If you have no friends or relatives, try to participate in several online communities, full of people who are always willing to share advice and encouragement. 45. Today many people find it difficult to trust their own opinion and seek balance by gaining objectivity from external sources. This way you devalue your opinion and show that you are incapable of managing your own life. When you are struggling to achieve something important you 31`` should believe in yourself and be sure that your decision is the best. You live in your skin, think your own thoughts, have your own values and make your own choices. 第二讲 小标题+多项对应 例题一 2018 Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on theANSWER SHEET. (10 points) A. Just say it B. Be present C. Skip the small talk D. Ask for an opinion E. Find the “me too” s F. Name, places, things G. Pay a unique compliment Five ways to make conversation with anyone Conversations are links, which means when you have a conversation with a new person a link gets formed and every conversation you have after that moment will strengthen the link. 32`` You meet new people every day: the grocery worker, the cab driver, new people at work or the security guard at the door. Simply starting a conversation with them will form a link. Here are five simple ways that you can make the first move and start a conversation with strangers. 41. Suppose you are in a room with someone you don't know and something within you says “I want to talk with this person”—this is something that mostly happens with all of us. You wanted to say something—the first word—but it just won't come out, it feels like it is stuck somewhere. I know the feeling and here is my advice: just get it out. Just think: what is the worst that could happen? They won't talk with you? Well, they are not talking with you now! I truly believe that once you get that first word out everything else will just flow. So keep it simple: “Hi”, “Hey” or “Hello”—do the best you can to gather all of the enthusiasm and energy you can, put on a big smile and say “Hi”. 42. It’s a problem all of us face; you have limited time with the person that you want to talk with and you want to make this talk memorable. 33`` Honestly, if we got stuck in the rut of “hi”, “hello”, “how are you?” and “what's going on?”, you will fail to give the initial jolt to the conversation that can make it so memorable. So don't be afraid to ask more personal questions. Trust me, you’ll be surprised to see how much people are willing to share if you just ask. 43. When you meet a person for the first time, make an effort to find the things which you and that person have in common so that you can build the conversation from that point. When you start conversation from there and then move outwards, you’ll find all of a sudden that the conversation becomes a lot easier. 44._ Imagine you are pouring your heart out to someone and they are just busy on their phone, and if you ask for their attention you get the response “I can multitask”. So when someone tries to communicate with you, just be in that communication wholeheartedly. Make eye contact. Trust me, eye contact is where all the magic happens. When you make eye contact, you can feel the conversation. 45._ 34`` You all came into a conversation where you first met the person, but after some time you may have met again and have forgotten their name. Isn't that awkward! So, remember the little details of the people you met or you talked with; perhaps the places they have been to, the places they want to go, the things they like, the things they hate—whatever you talk about. When you remember such things you can automatically become investor in their wellbeing. So they feel a responsibility to you to keep that relationship going. That's it. Five amazing ways that you can make conversation with almost anyone. Every person is a really good book to read, or to have a conversation with! 例题二 2011 Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers onANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government’s role in promoting public health by demanding that ministers impose “fat taxes” on unhealthy food and introduce cigarette-style warnings to children 35`` about the dangers of a poor diet. The demands follow comments made last week by the health secretary, Andrew Lansley, who insisted the government could not force people to make healthy choices and promised to free businesses from public health regulations. But senior medical figures want to stop fast-food outlets opening near schools, restrict advertising of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship of sports events by fast-food producers such as McDonald’s. They argue that government action is necessary to curb Britain’s addiction to unhealthy food and help halt spiraling rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. Professor Terence Stephenson, president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said that the consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or excessive drinking. “Thirty years ago, it would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban on smoking in the workplace or in pubs, and yet that is what we have now. Are we willing to be just as courageous in respect of obesity? I would suggest that we should be,” said the leader of the UK’s children’s doctors. Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry rather than government to take the lead. He said that manufacturers of crisps and candies could play a central role in the Change4Life campaign, 36`` the centrepiece of government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness. He has also criticised the celebrity chef Jamie Oliver’s high-profile attempt to improve school lunches in England as an example of how “lecturing” people was not the best way to change their behaviour. Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV advertisements for foods high in fat, salt or sugar before 9 pm and limiting them on billboards or in cinemas. “If we were really bold, we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes—by setting strict limits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports events,” he said. Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald’s, which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should also stop offering “inducements” such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said. Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: “If children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front.” He also urged councils to impose “fast-food-free zones” around schools and hospitals—areas within which takeaways cannot open. A Department of Health spokesperson said: “We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy 37`` and live longer. This includes creating a new ‘responsibility deal’ with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this.” The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade. [A] “fat taxes” should be imposed on fast-food producers such as McDonald’s. 41.Andrew Lansley held that [B] the government should ban fast-food outletsin theneighborhood ofschools. 42.Terence Stephenson agreed that [C] “lecturing” was an effective way to improveschool lunches in England. 43. Jamie Oliver seemed to believe [D] cigarette-style warnings should be that introduced to children about the dangers of a poordiet. 44.Dinesh Bhugra suggested that [E] the producers of crisps and candies could contribute significantly to the Change4Life campaign. 45. A Department of Health [F] parents should set good examples for their spokesperson proposed that children bykeeping ahealthy diet at home. [G] the government should strengthen the senseof responsibilityamong businesses. 例题三 2012 Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the left column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. 38`` Mark your answers onANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) “Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,” wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle. Well, not any more it is not. Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from our forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration. From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus—On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Niccolò Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, he championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders. Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist’s personal experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samuel Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers. 39`` “The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self-help, of patient purpose, resolute working, and steadfast integrity, issuing in the formation of truly noble and manly character, exhibit,” wrote Smiles, “what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself.” His biographies of James Watt, Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life. This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals. Not everyone was convinced by such bombast. “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles,” wrote Marx and Engels in The Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles: “It is man, real, living man who does all that.”And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle. As such, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood. For: “Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and 40公众号【研池大叔】，免费提供考研网课+PDF电子书 更多考研英语配套课程，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【英语】免费获取 更多考研无水印电子书，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【电子书】免费获取 更多考研笔记，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【笔记】免费获取 更多考研真题，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【真题】免费获取`` transmitted from the past.” This was the tradition which revolutionised our appreciation of the past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whole new realms of understanding—from gender to race to cultural studies—were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs. [A]emphasized thevirtueofclassical heroes. 41.Petrarch [B]highlighted thepublicglory oftheleading artists. [C] focused on epochal figures whose lives were hard to 42.NiccolòMachiavelli imitate. 公众号：大叔考研，免费分享无水印PDF [D] opened up new realms of understanding the great men in 43.SamuelSmiles history. [E] held that history should be the story of the masses and 44.Thomas Carlyle theirrecord of struggle. 45.Marx and Engels [F]dismissed virtueas unnecessary forsuccessful leaders. [G] depicted the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers. 例题四 2014 Part B Directions: Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column. There are 41`` two extra choices in the right column, Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Emerging in the late Sixties and reaching a peak in the Seventies, Land Art was one of a range of new forms, including Body Art, Performance Art, Action Art and Installation Art, which pushed art beyond the traditional confines of the studio and gallery. Rather than portraying landscape, land artists used the physical substance of the land itself as their medium. The British land art, typified by Richard Long’s piece, was not only more domestically scaled, but a lot quirkier than its American counterpart. Indeed, while you might assume that an exhibition of Land Art would consist only of records of works rather than the works themselves, Long’s photograph of his work is the work. Since his “action” is in the past, the photograph is its sole embodiment. That might seem rather an obscure point, but it sets the tone for an exhibition that contains a lot of black-and-white photographs and relatively few natural objects. Long is Britain’s best-known Land Artist and his Stone Circle, a perfect ring of purplish rocks from Portishead beach laid out on the gallery floor, represents the elegant, rarefied side of the form. The Boyle Family, on the other hand, stand for its dirty, urban aspect. Comprising artists Mark Boyle and Joan Hills and their children, they recreated random sections of 42`` the British landscape on gallery walls. Their Olaf Street Study, a square of brick-strewn waste ground, is one of the few works here to embrace the commonplaceness that characterises most of our experience of the landscape most of the time. Parks feature, particularly in the earlier works, such as John Hilliard’s very funny Across the Park, in which a long-haired stroller is variously smiled at by a pretty girl and unwittingly assaulted in a sequence of images that turn out to be different parts of the same photograph. Generally however British land artists preferred to get away from towns, gravitating towards landscapes that are traditionally considered beautiful such as the Lake District or the Wiltshire Downs. While it probably wasn’t apparent at the time, much of this work is permeated by a spirit of romantic escapism that the likes of Wordsworth would have readily understood. Derek Jarman’s yellow-tinted film Towards Avebury, a collection of long, mostly still shots of the Wiltshire landscape, evokes a tradition of English landscape painting stretching from Samuel Palmer to Paul Nash. In the case of Hamish Fulton, you can’t help feeling that the Scottish artist has simply found a way of making his love of walking pay. A typical work, such as Seven Days, consists of a single beautiful black-and-white photograph taken on an epic walk, with the mileage and number of days taken listed beneath. British Land Art as shown in this 43`` well selected, but relatively modestly scaled exhibition wasn’t about imposing on the landscape, more a kind of landscape-orientated light conceptual art created passing through. It had its origins in the great outdoors, but the results were as gallery-bound as the paintings of Turner and Constable. [A]originates from a long walk that theartist took. 41.StoneCircle [B]illustrates akind oflandscape-orientated light conceptual art. 42.Olaf Street Study [C]reminds people oftheEnglish landscape painting tradition. 43.Across thePark [D]represents theelegance oftheBritish land art. 44.TowardsAvebury [E]depicts theordinary sideoftheBritish land art. 45.Seven days [F]embodies a romanticescape intotheScottish outdoors. [G]contains images from different parts of thesamephotograph. 参考答案 第一讲 大纲样题（英一）41. F 42.A 43. D 44. C 45. E 2007 年真题 41. F 42. D 43. B 44. C 45. E 2013 41. F. Planning is everything 42. C. Stick to what you need 43. G. Waste not, want not 44`` 44. A. Shopkeepers are your friends 45. B. Remember to treat yourself 2015 41.D. Most of your fears are unreal 42.E. Think about the present moment 43.G. There are many things to be grateful for 44.A.You are not alone 45.C. Pave your own unique path 第二讲 2018 41.A. Just say it 42.C. Skip the small talk 43.E. Find the “me too” s 44.B. Be present 45.F. Name, places, things 2011 41. E. the producers of crisps and candies could contribute significantly to the Change4Life campaign. 42. D. cigarette-style warnings should be introduced to children about the dangers of a poor diet. 45`` 43. C. “lecturing” was an effective way to improve school lunches in England. 44. B. the government should ban fast-food outlets in the neighborhood of schools. 45. G. the government should strengthen the sense of responsibility among businesses. 2012 21.A. emphasized the virtue of classical heroes. 22.F. dismissed virtue as unnecessary for successful leaders. 23.G. depicted the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers. 24.C. focused on epochal figures whose lives were hard to imitate. 25. E. held that history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle. 2014 41. D. represents the elegance of the British land art. 42. E. depicts the ordinary side of the British land art. 43. G. contains images from different parts of the same photograph. 44. C. reminds people of the English landscape painting tradition. 45. A. originates from a long walk that the artist took. 46