文档内容
考点 15 基本句型和句子成分（核心考点精讲精
练）
序号 内容
精讲01 五大简单句+there be句型
精讲02 八大句子成分
精讲03 句子种类
精讲04 长难句解题要领+历年长难句分析
精讲05 书面表达中基本句型和句子成分易错点聚焦
【命题规律】
英语句子结构和成分是高中英语教学的重要内容，是理解文章的基础，广泛运用于阅读理解，完形填空，
语法填空和写作中。分析近年高考可知，长难句的比重日益增加，掌握词类、句子成分和结构，可以读懂
文意，并理解长难句之间的逻辑关系，同时也有助于句型的记忆。
【备考策略】
1.掌握五大简单句型;
2. 掌握八大句子成分;
3. 掌握句子种类;
4. 掌握长难句解题要领。
【命题预测】
预计2025年高考，词类、句子成分和结构仍然不会直接考查，长难句的理解共和分析仍然是难点。
01 五大简单句+there be句型
简单句就是由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成的句子。简单句有五种基本句
式，其他各种句式都是由这五种基本句式演变而来。
简单句型一：S＋V (主＋谓)
释义：此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动
词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。
S V (不及物动词)1.Time flies.
2.The moon rose.
3.She sings beautifully.
4.They talked for half an hour.
5.He walked yesterday.
[特别注意]
主语可有修饰语——定语，谓语可有修饰语——状语。
The red sun rises in the east.红色的太阳从东方升起。
简单句型二：S＋V＋O (主＋谓＋宾)
释义：此句型的句子有一个共同特点，谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意
思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。
S V (及物动词) O (宾语)
1.Who knows the answer？
2.She laughs at her.
3.They ate some apples.
4.Danny likes swimming.
5.I want to have a cup of tea.
易混点 1 ：只带 V-ing 做宾语的动词有：
suggest， advise， stop， resist， enjoy， imagine，finish， admit， excuse， delay， practise,
consider， keep， mind， understand， avoid， miss， risk ，succeed in， be busy，be worth， be used
to， give up， look
forward to
易混点 2 ：带 to do 做宾语的动词有：
offer, learn, intend, plan, demand, ask, promise, help，prepare，decide, determine，refuse， dare，manage，wish,
hope, want, expect， fail，pretend，choose, seem,agree, etc.简单句型三：S＋V＋IO＋DO (主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾)
释义：此句型的句子有一个共同特点，谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个
是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。
S V (及物) IO (多指人) DO (多指物)
1.She passed him a new dress.
2.She cooked her husband a delicious meal.
3.I showed him my pictures.
4.I told him how to run the machine.
5.He showed me the bus over there.
此句型中常见的谓语动词：give buy bring tell send leave pass write take show get teach pay
hand 等。
可借助to的: bring, give, lend, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等；
可借助for的：buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save等。
1. He brings me cookies every day.
2. Mr Johnson taught us German last year.
3. Grandma told us an interesting story last night.
4. Pass me the book,please
5. He showed the ticket to the conductor.
简单句型四：S＋V＋O＋C (主＋谓＋宾＋宾补)
释义：此句型的句子有一个共同特点，动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，
必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。
S V (及物) O (宾语) C (宾补)
1.We keep the table clean.
2.What makes him sad？
3.We saw him out.
4.He asked me to come back soon.
5.I saw them getting on the bus.注意：用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型
结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如：find/think/consider it +宾补+to do..
I found it very pleasant to be with your family.
Both sides consider it desirable to further the understanding between the two peoples.
简单句型五：S＋V＋P (主＋系＋表)
释义：此句型的句子有一个共同特点，句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语
身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。
S LinkingV (系动词) P (表语)
1.This is an English dictionary.
2.The dinner smells good.
3.He fell happy.
4.The book is interesting.
5.The weather became warmer.
[知识拓展] 6类系动词
(1)状态系动词，用来表示主语状态，只有be (am, is, are, was, were)一词。
(2)持续系动词，用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand。
(3)表象系动词，用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look。
(4)感官系动词，主要有feel, smell, sound, taste。
(5)变化系动词，表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come。
(6)终止系动词，表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out。
简单句型六：There be句型
There be表示 “存在有”。其中there是引导词, 本身无词义; be为谓语动词, 后面跟的是名词, 也就是主
语, 也就是说there be结构的运用也就是倒装的具体运用。其真正的主语在there be 之后。There be 结构是英
语三大句型之一，我们在此从以下方面进一步了解。
一、注意事项：1、there be 结构中的be 是可以运用各种时态的。
There is going to be a meeting tonight.今晚有个会议。
There was a knock at the door.有人敲门。
There has been a girl waiting for you.有个女孩一直在等你。
There will be rain soon.不久天就要下雨了。
2、动词be单复数形式要跟there be之后的真正的主语一致。并且要根据就近一致原则来变换be 的单复数
形式。如：
There is a book on the desk. 课桌上有一本书。
There are many people in the city.这个城市里有很多人。
There is a pen and two books on the desk. 课桌上有一个钢笔和两本书。
There are two books and a pen on the desk.课桌上有两本书和一个钢笔。
There are some students and a teacher in the classroom.在教室里有一些学生和一位老师。
There is a teacher and some students in the classroom.在教室里有一位老师和一些学生。
3、在there be引起的句子结构中，用来修饰主语的不定式主动形式和被动形式均可。
There is no time to lose (= to be lost).时间紧迫。
There is nothing to see (=to be seen).看不见有什么。
There is nothing to do.(=to be done).无事可做。
二、结构变形：
1、there be 结构还可以和其他连系动词、助动词、情态动词连用，构成更多的表达形式，总结如下：
There used/seem/ happen/appear to be
There might be snow at night. 晚上可能有雪。
There appeared to be nobody willing to help. 看来没人愿意帮忙。
There used to be a building here. 过去这儿有一座楼房。
There happened to be a man walking by.碰巧有个人在此经过。
There doesn't seem to be much hope.好象没有太大的希望。
There must be something wrong. 一定有问题。
There ought not to be so many people. 不应该有这么多的人。
There might still be hope . 可能还有点希望。
There is going to be an English evening next week.下周将有一台英语晚会。
2、在 there be 句型中的 be 还可以换成其他的动词与 there 连用，这些词都是表示状态的如：live
stand exist remain等或用来描写某事的发生或某人的到达如come, appear, enter, follow, occur等。
There lived a rich man.这以前住着一个富翁。
Then there came a knock at the door. 然后有人敲门。
Long, long ago, there lived a king. 很久很久以前，有一个国王。
There followed a terrible noise. 然后是传来了可怕的声音。
Suddenly there entered a strange man. 突然进来了一个奇怪的人。二、特殊的表达方式：
There be 结构通常是表示“存在”的句型，但是，There be结构不表示“存在”意义情况也经常可见，它
以否定句的形式出现，用于对某一具体行为和抽象概念的否定。其惯用结构一般有以下几种：
1、There能够is no sense in doing做某事是没有用的，没有意义的
There is no sense in making him angry. 跟他生气是没有用的。
There in no sense in going alone. 一个人去是没有好处的。
2、There is no use /good doing做某事是没有用的，没有必要的
There is no use trying to explain it. 解释是没有必要的。
There is no good/use going there. 去那儿是没有好处的。
3、There is no need to do 没有必要做某事
There is no need to worry. 没有必要担心。
There is no need to give him so much money.根本没有必要给他那么多钱。
4、There is thought/said/reported to be人们认为有/据说有/据报道有
There is thought to be an army between in these two countries。人们认为在这两国之间有一场战争。
There is reported to be a better way to cure cancer.据报道，找到了一种更好的治疗癌症的方法。
There is said to be oil under the North Sea.据说北海有石油。
5、There is no doing（口语）不可能…….
There is no telling when he will be back.无法知道他什么时候回来。
There is no knowing what he is doing.无法知道他在做什么。
四、there be的非谓语形式。
There be 结构也有非谓语形式，There be的非谓语形式有两种，即 thereto be和there being，需要掌
握以下几个情况：
1、作主语当作主语时，一般是There being结构，当句式中有for时，一般用there to be如：
There being a shop here is a great advantage.这儿有个商店，真是方便极了。
There being a house with a garden is of great value.拥有花园的房子是很有价值的。
It is impossible for there to be any more.不可能再有了。
2、作宾语① 作动词宾语时，在以下动词后用there to be结构：want, expect, hope, wish, like , hate, would
like,prefer, mean, intend等；
We expect there to be no argument. 我们希望不会出现争吵。
People don't want there to be anther war.人们不希望再有战争。
I don’t want there to be any misunderstanding.我可不希望有任何误解。
Students hate there to be too much homework.学生讨厌做太多的家庭作业。
We expect there to be more discussion about this.我们期望能对此展开更多的讨论。
Would you like there to be a picture on the wall? 你喜欢墙壁上挂一张画吗？
I don't want there to be any misunderstanding between us.我不希望我们之间有什么误会。
在以下动词后用there being结构：常见的动词有：deny, appreciate, mind, imagine, admit等She denied there being any misunderstanding between them. 她否认他们之间有任何误会。
②作介词的宾语一般用There being句式，但当是for时一般用there to be句式。
This depended on there being a sudden change.这需要有一个突然的改变。
I never dreamed of there being a picture on the wall.我从未想到墙壁上有幅画。
The teacher was waiting for there to be complete silence. 老师在等着大家都安静下来。
③在It be + adj. for...的结构中，常用there to be。
It is impossible for there to be any more chance.不可能在有机会了。
It was too late for there to be any buses.时间太晚，不会有汽车了。
We waited for there to be another opportunity.我们期待着还有下一次机会。
3、作状语用作状语时，用there being. 如：
There being no buses, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车，我们不得不走着回家。
There being no nobody in the room, we realized that there was no use crying. 屋里没人，我们意识到哭喊是没
有用的。
There being nothing else to do,we went home happily. 由于没事可做，我们快乐地回家了。
There being nothing to do, we went home.因为没有什么事要办，我们就回家了。
There being nobody else at hand, I had to do it by myself.由于身边没有别人，我只得自己干了
注意：如果句中出现for时应用there to be。
It was too late for there to be any buses. 太晚了，没有公共汽车了。
指出下列句子的基本类型
1．Our school is not far from my home.
2．It is a great pleasure to talk with you
3．All of us considered him honest.
4．My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.
5．He broke a piece of glass.
6．He made it clear that he would leave the city．
7．I love you more than her, child
8．Tees turn green when spring comes.
9．They pushed the door open.
10．Grandma told me an interesting story last night.
11．Don’t get nervous，help yourself to what you like．
12．We will make our school more beautiful.
13．He didn’t come．That is because he didn’t know．
14．She showed us many of her pictures.
15．The old man lives a lonely life.16．We need the Internet.
17．The Mid-Autumn Festival is around the corner.
18．There are 45 students in our class.
19．I want to have a cup of tea very much.
20．She cooked her husband a delicious meal.
【答案】
1．主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语 2．主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语 3．主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足
语 4．主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 5．主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语 6．主语 ＋动词
＋ 形式宾语it＋ 宾语补足语+宾语 7．主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语 8．主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语
9．主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语 10．主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 11．主语
＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语 12．主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语 13．主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语
14．主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 15．主语 ＋ 不及物动词
16．主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 17．主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语 18．There be... 19．主语 ＋动词
＋ 宾语+状语 20．主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
【解析】1．考查句子成分。句意：我们学校离我们家不远。其中“Our school（我们的学校）”作句子主
语；“is”是系动词；“far from my home (离我家远）”作句子表语。故填主语＋系动词＋表语。
2．考查句子成分。句意：和你说话真愉快。其中“ to talk with you（和你说话）”作句子主语；“is”是系
动词；“ a great pleasure (一件开心的事）”作句子表语。故填主语＋系动词＋表语。
3．考查句子成分。句意：我们所有人都认为他诚实。其中“All of us（我们所有人）”作句子主语；
“considered ”是动词；“him (他）”作宾语；“honest （诚实的）”作宾语补足语。故填主语＋动词＋宾
语＋宾语补足语。
4．考查句子成分。句意：我祖父给我买了一双运动鞋。其中“My grandfather（我的祖父）”作句子主语；
“ bought（买）”是双宾动词；“me（我 ）”作间接宾语；“a pair of sports shoes（一双运动鞋）”作直
接宾语。故填主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语。
5．考查句子成分。句意：他打碎了一块玻璃。其中“He （他）”作句子主语；“broke （打碎） ”是及
物动词；“a piece of glass（ 一块玻璃）”作宾语。故填主语＋及物动词＋宾语。
6．考查句子成分。句意：他明确表示他会离开这个城市。其中“He （他）”作句子主语；“made
（使）” 是动词；“it”作形式宾语；“clear（清楚的）”作宾语补足语；“that he would leave the city
（他会离开这个城市）”作宾语。故填主语＋动词＋形式宾语it＋宾语补足语+宾语。
7．考查句子成分。句意：我爱你超过她，孩子。其中“I（我）”作句子主语；“love（爱）”是及物动
词；“you（你）”作宾语。故填主语＋及物动词＋宾语。
8．考查句子成分。句意：春天来时树变绿。其中“Tees（树）”作句子主语；“turn”是系动词；“green
(绿色的）”作句子表语。故填主语＋系动词＋表语。
9．考查句子成分。句意：他们推开门。其中“They（他们）”作句子主语；“pushed”是动词；“the door
(门）”作宾语；“open（开着的）”作宾语补足语。故填主语＋动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语。
10．考查句子成分。句意：昨晚奶奶给我讲了一个有趣的故事。其中“Grandma（奶奶）”作句子主语；
“ told（讲） ”是双宾动词；“me（我 ）”作间接宾语；“ an interesting story（一个有趣的故事）”作直接宾语。故填主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语。
11．考查句子成分。句意：不要变得紧张。本句时祈使句，省略主语；“get”是系动词；“nervous (紧张
的）”作句子表语。故填主语＋系动词＋表语。
12．考查句子成分。句意：我们将会使我们学校更美丽。其中“We（我们）”作句子主语；“will make ”
是动词；“our school (我们学校）”作宾语；“more beautiful（更美丽）”作宾语补足语。故填主语＋动
词＋宾语＋宾语补足语。
13．考查句子成分。句意：他没有来。那是因为他不知道。其中“That（那个）”作句子主语；“is”是系
动词；“because he didn’t know (因为他不知道）”作句子表语。故填主语＋系动词＋表语。
14．考查句子成分。句意：她给我们展示了她的很多画。其中“She（她）”作句子主语；“showed （展
示）”是双宾动词；“ us（我们 ）”作间接宾语；“many of her pictures（她的很多画）”作直接宾语。
故填主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语。
15．考查句子成分。句意：这个老人过着孤独的生活。其中“The old man（这个老人）”作句子主语；
“lives（生活）”是不及物动词。故填主语＋不及物动词。
16．考查句子结构。句意：我们需要互联网。句子主语是we，谓语动词是need，宾语是the Internet，所以
句子是主语+谓语+宾语结构。。
17．考查句子结构。句意：中秋节就要到了。句子主语是the Mid-Autumn Festival，系动词是is，表语是
around the corner，所以句子是主语+系动词+表语结构。
18．考查句子结构。句意：我们班有45名学生。句子使用there be句型，句子主语是45 students，所以句
子是There be句型。故答案为There be ….
19．考查句子结构。句意：我非常想喝一杯茶。句子主语是I，谓语动词是want，宾语是to have a cup of
tea，状语是very much，所以句子是主语+谓语+宾语+状语结构。故答案为SVOA。
20．考查句子结构。句意：她给她丈夫做了一顿美味的饭。句子主语是she，谓语动词是cooked，间接宾
语是her husband，直接宾语是a delicious meal，所以句子是主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语结构。。
02八大句子成分
英语句子由多个部分构成，各部分在句子中起着不同的作用，这些构成句子的不同部分被称为句子成分。
正确分析句子成分是英语成绩得高分的至关要素。
主要句子成分：主语(subject)---s； 谓语(predicate)---v
次要句子成分：宾语(object)---o； 定语(attribute)---attr； 状语(adverbial)---adv；
补语(complement)-c; 表语(predicative)---p； 同位语(Appositive)等。
1 主语
概念和位置：句子要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体，通常位于句首。
充当：通常由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等充当。
语序：正常：主语+谓语; 全部倒装：谓语+主语; 部分倒装：情态动词/助动词+主语+实义动词。
1. One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）
2. To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）
3. The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）4. What benefits most to their study is reading English books. (主语从句)（2022 全国乙卷满分作文 ）
5. The arugula (芝麻菜)was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. （名词）（2022
年新高考I卷阅读）
6. ...there is nothing to do with others’ thoughts.（代词+倒装）（2022年新高考I卷读后续写）
7. Writing an essay is a difficult process for most people. （动名词短语）(2022新课标全国II卷七选五)
8. It ’s urgent for students themselves to improve their self-discipline（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不
定式）(2022年乙卷书面表达）
2 谓语
概念和位置： 表示主语的动作或状态、谓语由动词充当，由简单谓语动词和复合谓语动词之分。
一般位于主语之后。
充当：一般由动词短语、系动词、动词、“情态动词/助动词+实义动词”结构等充当，谓语有时态与
语态的变化，同时受到句子主语的单复数和人称的制约，如果主语是单数形式，谓语动词要用单
数第三人称形式。
简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：This exhibition of some sixty masterpieces celebrating the
life and work of Scotland's best loved painter, Sir Henry Raeburn, comes to London. （实义动词）
（2022 全国甲卷 ） 复合谓语：
（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways,
detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems.（情态动词+实义动
词）（2022 全国乙卷 ）
（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：Food became easier to chew at this point. (系动词)（2022年新高考I卷）
3 宾语
概念：表示及物动词和及物动词短语的动作对象或内容，或用于介词后构成介词短语；有的动词后可
以跟两个宾语，其中表示人的宾语称为间接宾语，把表示物的宾语称为直接宾语。
位置: 位于及物动词或介词之后。
充当：通常由名词、数词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等充当。
1. Fitness Magazine recently ran an article titled “Five Reasons to ...”（名词）（2022年新高考I卷）
2. I’d appreciate it if you take my invitation into consideration. （代词it作形式宾语，if引导真正的宾语从
句）（2022年新高考I卷）
3. ...，drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or
switches, before they can cause any safety problems. （动名词短语）（2022 全国乙卷 ）
4. The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic
period. （宾语从句）（2022年新高考I卷）
5. How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）
6. They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）
7. He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）
4 表语概念: 说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份，与系动词一起构成复合谓语。
位置：位于系动词之后。
充当：通常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句等充
当。
1. Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance . （介词短
语）（2022 全国乙卷 ）
2. Food became easier to chew at this point. （形容词）(2022年新高考I卷)
3. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning....（方位副词）(2022年新高考I卷)
4. Needless to say, they were deeply moved.（分词）（2020年新课标I ）
5. The machine is out of order.(不定式)
6. His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）
7. The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）
5 定语
概念：修饰或限定名词或代词的成分叫定语；
位置: 定语有前置定语和后置定语。形容词、数词、代词、名词等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之前，
但是在修饰any-，some-，no， every-等构成的单词，如something 等时，应放于这些复合不定代词之后
进行修饰。动词不定式、副词、介词短语、从句等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之后。
充当：定语通常由形容词、形容词性物主代词、名词或名词所有格、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、
动名词、分词或从句充当。
1. Frui t juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax.
（名词，非谓语, 形容词）（2022 全国乙卷 ）
2. Road accidents, which had fallen for years , are now rising sharply.
（定语从句）（2022 新高考全国卷II ）
3. Throughout her career(职业) as a professional dancer , she toured in the UK.
（介词短语作后置定语）（2020全国甲卷 ）
4. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don't need to be flying overhead.
（代词，介词）（2022 全国乙卷 ）
5. With thei r ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be
able to react in time.（非谓语，代词，非谓语分词作定语）（2022 全国乙卷 ）
6 状语
概念：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，可表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、比较、伴
随、条件、程度、让步等。状语位置灵活。
位置: 修饰整个句子时放于句首;修饰形容词或副词时放于其后;表时间、目的、地点状语时常放于主句
之前或之后，若强调时则应放于主句之前;频度副词如almost、often 等作状语常放于be 动词、情态动词之
后，放于实义动词之前。
充当：通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词、形容词和从句等充当。
1. A dditional ly from time to time I will assign group work to be completed ..（副词）（2022年新高考I卷）
2. Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can
reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful.（从句）
（2021年新高考I卷）
3.
7 补语
概念和位置：有些及物动词的宾语后需要添加部分内容对宾语进行补充说明，补语有两种，分别是主
语补足语、宾语补足语，用来对主语或宾语进行补充说明。
充当：常由形容词、名词、不定式、分词、副词等充当。高考英语试题主要考查非谓语动词作补足语
的语法。
1. Cao believes this will make the hiking trip even more meaningf u l.（形容词做宾补）（2022 高考全国甲
卷）
2. We sincerely wish you a quick recovery and an early return to China .（名词短语作宾补）（2020浙江
卷 ）
3. Lijiang will make the Chinese culture better known to British students.
（过去分词短语作宾补）（2019江苏卷 ）
8 同位语
概念和位置：对句子中某一名词（词组）做进一步解释、说明，与前面的名词在语法上处于同等地位
的句子成分叫做同位语。
充当：同位语可用名词、代词、名词短语、同位语从句等充当。
1. ...we human s are.（2021 年新高考全国I 卷）
2. This exhibition of some sixty masterpieces celebrating the life and work of Scotland's best loved painter, Sir
Henry Raeburn, comes to London. (名词)（2022 年高考全国乙卷）
My friend, Mary, bought a beautiful dress in the department last weekend.
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
主语 同位语 谓语 定语 宾语 地点状语 时间状语
指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分并总结出该句的基本句型结构。
1. They have worked for months and even years.
成分：主语 谓语 时间状语
句型结构总结：主语＋谓语（不及物动词）
2. The film you see on the screen is the product of a huge amount of hard work
成分：主语 定语 谓语 表语
句型结构总结：主语＋系动词＋表语
3. I didn’t understand all of the traditional customs at first.
成分： 主语 谓语 宾语 状语句型结构总结： 主语＋谓语（及物动词）＋宾语
4. Traditional festivals teach us a lot about our nation’s history
成分： 主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语
句型结构总结： 主语＋谓语（及物动词）＋双宾语（间接宾语＋直接宾语）
5. Traditional festivals enable us to learn fine Chinese values
成分： 主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语
句型结构总结： 主语＋谓语＋复合宾语（宾语＋补语）
小结：从以上的练习中可知英语中的句子成分包括： 主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，宾语补语
指出下列句子中划线部分的成分。(将划线部分的句子成分写在横线上)
1.Jack and Tom are doing their homework now. 宾语
2.Betty planted many trees and flowers on her farm 谓语
3.The boy under the tree is a policeman. 表语
4.We went on a visit to the Great Wall last week ? 状语
5.Yangjing was my best friend in my childhood. 定语
6.He always walks in the park after supper with his wife. 状语
7.Mary asked me to help her yesterday. 宾语补足语
8.I bought my girlfriend a gold ring on her birthday. 双宾语
9.Mr. Wei remains a doctor. 谓语（系动词）
10.The boys and girls seemed excited when they heard the news. 系表结构
03 句子种类
按用途： 陈述句，疑问句，祈使句，感叹句
按结构：简单句，并列句，复合句
1 简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。
He often reads English in the morning.
Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.
注意：句子只有一个主谓结构，但是为了使句子更加丰富，动词可以加上副词修饰，给名词加上形容词、
介词短语修饰，给句子加上状语进行修饰等。
He worked hard all his life. (划线部分在句中作状语，修饰动词worked)
He is a school student in No. 1 Middle School. (划线部分在句中作定语，修饰名词student)
2 并列句: 用分号或并列连词把两个或几个简单句连接起来的句子。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，
相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。
句型：简单句+并列连词+简单句
用分号：
We fished all day; we didn’t catch a thing.用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等并列连词）
She likes bread and milk, but she doesn't like eggs at all.
并列句的分类
类别 系动词
并列 and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then
选择 or, either…or…, otherwise
转折 but, still, yet, while, when
因果 so, for,
1. Not only is he our teacher, but also he is our friend.
2. The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John.
3. Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train.
4. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.
5. He was tired, so he went to bed.
6. He made a promise, but He didn’t keep it.
7. Class activities will vary from day to day, but students must be ready to complete short in-
class writings or tests drawn directly from assigned readings or notes from the previous class,
lecture/discussion, so it is important to take careful notes during class. ( 2022 新课标全国I卷 )
3复合句
由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所构成的句子,中间用从属连词连接。
主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个主句连用，不能独
立存在。
复合句 = 主句 +从属连词+从句；从属连词+从句+主句
复合句主要包含以下类型从句：
1. 名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句
Whether she will come or not is still a question.
她是否会来仍是一个问题。（whether引导的主语从句）
The chief editor decides which will be the most important story on the front page.
由主编决定哪篇报导最重要，应安排在头版。（which引导的宾语从句）
That is where he was born. 这就是他出生的地方。（where引导的表语从句）
We heard the news that our team had won.
我们听到了我们球队己经获胜的消息。（that引导的同位语从句）
2. 定语从句
The dam, which is the biggest in the world , is 3,830 metres long.
这座水坝是世界上最大的一座，长3830米。（which引导的定语从句）
3. 状语从句：时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、方式、让步、条件、比较状语从句Over 500 people were working in the building when the fire broke out on the llth floor.
当11层楼起火的时候，大楼内有500人在工作。（when引导的时间状语从句）
复合句详细复习参考本专辑从句专题。
04长难句
第一部分 长难句的解题要领
在阅读中，我们经常会遇到一些长而难的句子。长难句通常含有较多、较长的修饰成分、并列成分或从句。
长难句的丰富内容和复杂结构往往会导致理解的困难。理解长难句的关键是了解长难句的类型，理清句子
成分，抓住句子中的关键部分。
纵观历年高考英语试题，可以发现阅读文章中出现了许多结构复杂的句子。不难理解，命题者在句子难度
上大做文章，无非是想通过增加句子长度和使用复杂结构来打断和干扰考生正常的阅读习惯和思维方式，
从而达到考查考生综合阅读能力的目的。下面我们来了解长难句最常见的形式。
一、 复合从句
这些句子往往较长，一个从句套着另一个从句，环环相扣，使得考生搞不清楚整个句子结构。其实，
不管句子有多长有多复杂，它只由两部分构成，即主干和修饰成分。主干是整个句子的骨架，主要指主谓
宾结构(如: I want a ticket.)或主系表结构(如:The man is a teacher.)。而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干
的作用，它既可以是单词，也可以是短语，更常见的则是从句，尤其是定语从句和状语从句。这些从句都
很常见，考生比较熟悉，但很多时候不少考生分不清单词、短语和从句之间的相互关系，这样会导致整个
句子分析混乱。
这时，考生应通过仔细分析，将每个修饰成分划出来，找出句子的主干，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。
二、 分隔结构
为了调整语气和增加补充信息，更主要的是为了平衡句子结构，避免头重脚轻，使语义严密，结构紧
凑，可将语法关系密切的两个句子成分用其他语法成分分隔开来，这就是所谓的分隔结构。考试中出现较
多的是插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充信息。此外，还有一些句子成分（一般是定语）过长而出现
后置，也可以看作是插入现象，只不过它只是句子原有成分位置的调整，没有新增信息。
三、 成分省略
在英语句子中，节约用词是一条重要的修辞原则。省略主要是为了避免重复，突出关键词并使上下文
紧密连接。成分省略一般和从句相结合，一正一反，使句子富于变化，增强表现力。
例如在以than，as引导的比较状语从句中，一些成分往往被省略，会给理解带来一定的影响，而且这
类句子出现频率较高，考生需要熟记。
四、 改变语序
改变语序主要指倒装句式。这种打破相对固定的常规语序的做法，或是为了强调句子的意义表达的重
心，或是强调一种表达语气，如虚拟语气、否定语气等。这些句子往往和一些副词、连词相关，有明显的
标志。
当然，被动句、双重否定句等句式在阅读考试中也屡屡出现，限于篇幅本文未将其归入。希望考生能
结合阅读实践来体会上述句法特征。
【突破策略】
(1) 结构分析法
所谓结构分析法，就是通过语法分析，迅速弄清句子的结构，把握住句子的基本框架。基本步骤是：首先，判断该句是简单句、并列句还是复合句；然后，找出句子的核心成分，分清主语和谓语，再分清句
子的附属成分。
方法一：较复杂单句的处理方法——找主谓语，即找主干成分
较复杂单句在高考试卷中经常出现，所以应引起同学们的足够重视。
① However, many scientists who specialize in ageing are doubtful about it and say the human body is just
not designed to last past about 120 years.
此句的主语为many scientists，主语里面包含了一个由who引导的定语从句。主句有两个谓语，即are
doubtful和say，say后面又包含了一个宾语从句。
② Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products their main selling point and
emphasize it in their advertising.
此句的主语为some companies,有两个谓语，即have made和emphasize。
③At the press of a button, a microcomputer locks all other floors chute(道) doors and sets the recycling
container turning until the right box comes under the chute.
此句的主语为a microcomputer，也有两个谓语，即locks 和sets。
方法二：并列复合句的处理方法——找并列连词
① The hot sun had caused the dough (面团) to double in sizeand fermenting yeast(酵母) made the surface
shake and sigh as though it was breathing.
② Miss Germaine’s mother looked anxious through the wedding and Mr. Cordell’s parents are reported to be
less than delighted.
第一句话中第一个and和第2句中的and是连接两个并列成分的，两句话的and 都是连接两个并列单
句。
方法三：主从复合句的处理方法——找从属连词
① Whereas a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，it
wasn’t unusual to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one
night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.
whereas引导了一个从句，即 a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave afailing
marriage, 而it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s marriagewas in serious trouble until he
appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.为主句，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语为不定式。
方法四：并列和主从复合句并存的处理方法——先读懂并列复合句，再看主从复合句
If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get
answers like “Shakespeare”, “Samuel Johnson”, and “Webster”, but none of these men had any effect at all
compared to a man who didn’t even speak English—William, the Conqueror.
首先弄清并列复合句，即but连接的两个句子，再看but前有一个条件状语从句，but后为一个单句，单句
里又有一个who引导的定语从句。
(2)意群阅读法
意群阅读法即把意义和语法结构上有关联的几个词连接成较完整的信息。此方法不仅有利于提高阅读
速度，而且有利于对句子的整体理解。例如：
When two cars travelling at 30 mh hit each other①, an unbelted driver would meet the windshield② with aforce equal to diving headfirst into the ground from a height of 10 meters③.
分析：①是状语从句，②是主句，③是with引导的介词短语作状语，修饰谓语。这样，把整个句子划
为4个意群，可以大大提高阅读速度。
例1 What Winter knows of the 19-year-old who saved his life is only that he died in a car accident and that his
family was willing to honor his wishes and donate his organs for transplantation(移植).
解析： 此句的主语为What Winter knows of the 19-year-old who saved his life整个从句，其中主语里面
又包含了一个由who引导的定语从句；主语的谓语为is，后面的that引导两个并列的表语从句。
点评： 分析长难句时找出主句的谓语是至关重要的一步。
例2 Pasteur discovered that heating the wine gently for a few minutes after it had fermented would kill off the
yeast that was left in the wine, with the result that the wine would remain fresh for much longer.
解析：此句的主语为Pasteur，谓语即discovered，第一个that引导的是宾语从句。在宾语从句中after
引导状语从句，第二个that引导定语从句。第三个that引导同位语从句。
点评： that在长难句里面用得非常多，所以正确理解that在不同从句中的用法非常重要。
跳出陷阱
1. This chance discovery ended a 12-day search by the Library Company of Philadelphia for a historical
treasure—a 120-page diary kept 190 years ago by Deborah Logan—“a woman who knew everybody of her day,”
James Green, the librarian told the magazine “American Libraries”.
分析： 第一句的主语为James Green, the librarian，谓语为told，第一个宾语为the magazine
“American Libraries”，第二个宾语为宾语从句，此宾语从句的主语为This chance discovery，谓语即ended，
后面宾语的中心词为a 12-day search。
2. The alarm had been raised because Vicki became suspicious(怀疑) of the guest who checked in at 3 pm the
day before New Year’s Eve with little luggage and wearing sunglasses and a hat pulled down over his face ...
分析： The alarm had been raised为主句，because 引导一个原因状语从句，原因状语从句里又包含了
一个由who引导的定语从句。
3. At the conference in San Francisco, Donald Louria, a professor at New Jersey Medical School in Newark
said advances in using genes as well as nanotechnology(纳米技术) make it likely that humans will live in the
future beyond what has been possible in the past.
分析： 主语为Donald Louria, a professor at New Jersey Medical School in Newark，主语中心词为
Donald Louria，谓语为said，said后面都是省略了that的宾语从句，宾语从句的主语为advances in using
genes as well as nanotechnology，主语中心词为advances，谓语为make，it为形式宾语，真正的宾语为that
引导的宾语从句
第二部分 长难句的分类与解析
一、长难句的分类
1、带有较多成分的简单句。如：Having chosen family television programs and women’s magazines，the toothpaste marketer，for
instance，must select the exact television programs and stations as well as the specific women’s
magazines to be used.
例如，决定选择家庭电视节目和妇女杂志后，牙膏经销商还必须挑选出要用的确切的电视节目和
电视台，以及那些具体的妇女杂志。
在这个有30多个词的简单句中，动词-ing形式短语用作时间状语，不定式 to be used修饰的不仅
是 women’s magazine，而且还修饰 television programs and stations. exact television 同时修饰
programs 和 stations 两个词，这在翻译中可以看出来。插入语 for instance 把主语和谓语分隔开
了。
2、含有多个简单句的并列句。如：
In the 1970s he was a surgeon at Yale，had a wonderful wife and five beautiful children，but he
was terribly unhappy.
在20世纪70年代，他在耶鲁当外科医生，有位出色的太太和 5个漂亮的孩子，但他那时过得却很
不开心。
在第二个并列句中，即在had前面省略了and he.
Discrimination(歧视) isn’t their only concern；almost everyone testing positive for the Huntington’s
gene(基因) develops symptoms(症状) during middle age， and doctors can do nothing to help.
担心受到歧视并不是他们唯一的忧虑，几乎所有遗传性亨廷顿病基因检测呈阳性的人在中年时症
状都会显现出来，而医生对此却无能为力。
三个分句均为简单句，分别用分号和and连接。
3、含有多个从句的复合句。如：
I can’t live in fear of the possibility that as the earth’s population grows and we use more and more of
our nonrenewable(不能再生的) resources，our children may have to lead poorer lives.
我不能总是生活在对这种可能性的忧虑中：由于地球上人口的不断增长，由于我们正在消耗掉越
来越多的非再生资源，我们的孩子可能不得不过着更加贫穷的生活。
在possibility后由that引导的同位语从句中还含有一并列结构的时间状语从句：as…resources.
However，those of us who are parents of children in this age group know that such offers are relatively
rare and that many liberal-arts students(文科生) graduate with the belief that the prospective(预期
的) workplace may not have a place for them.
然而，我们这些有这个年龄段孩子的家长们都知道，这样的机会少得可怜；我们也知道，许多文
科毕业生认为未来的就业市场没有他们的一席之地。
本句的主谓语是：those of us know。know 有两个由 that 引导的宾语从句，其中第二个省略了
know。在主句中还有一个定语从句修饰 those of us，在第二个宾语从句中还有一个同位语从句修
饰belief。
4、含有多个插入成分的句子。如：His journey to the e-mail hell began innocently（无知地） enough when, as chairman of Computer
Associates International，a software company，he first heard how quickly his employees had accepted
their new electronic-mail system.
他在电子邮件的地狱之旅是糊里糊涂开始的。作为国际计算机联合公司这家软件公司的董事长，
他当时还是第一次听说他的雇员们是多么快地就接受了他们公司的新的电子邮件系统。
as chairman of Computer Associates International 是he的同位语，a software company 是Computer
Associates International的同位语，他们将从属连词when引导的时间状语从句的主语分隔开了。
5、并列复合句。如：
I have known changes for the better and changes for the worse，but I have never questioned the fact
that whether I liked it or not，change was unavoidable.
我经历过好的变化，也经历过坏的变化，但是我从来没有怀疑过这样一个事实，即不管我喜欢与
否，变化总是不可避免的。
在but后的那个并列的分句中有一个同位语从句，其中还含有一个让步状语从句。
They also found that the bus conductor had a major role in preventing vandalism（故意破坏行
为），and at the times he went up the stairs to the upper deck to collect fares，vandalism did not
often occur.
他们还发现公交车售票员在防止发生故意破坏方面发挥了重要的作用。当售票员到双层公交车的
上层收费时，破坏行为就不常发生。
在前一个并列分句中有一个宾语从句，在后一个并列的分句中有一个修饰 times的定语从句，这个
定语从句前省略了关系词that或when.
二、长难句分析步骤
1、首先确定句子是简单句、复合句或并列句。
2、如果是简单句，首先确定主谓结构；接着确定宾语和宾语补足语（如有的话）；然后确定定语
和状语等次要成分，即找出主语、谓语和宾语各自的修饰语。按照所确定的各个成分，给出全句
大意（可用翻译法）。译文意思应当通顺，并和上下文意义基本吻合。如意义出入较大，文理不
通，则分析可能有误，这时应考虑重新进行句子结构分析。
3、如果是并列句，首先应找出并列连词并把全句分解为若干个分句；接着按照简单句的分析方法
再细分各分句的内部结构和句意；然后将全句综合考虑。
4、如果是复合句，首先找出从属连词并确定出主句，这时应特别注意连词省略现象和多义连词在
句中的确切含义；接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意；然后确定从句的
性质，即该从句在句中修饰什么词语或结构；最后整体考虑全句大意，尤其要注意对修饰语的判
断是否准确。
三、长难句分析的注意事项
在分析句子成分时，还应特别注意下列几点：
1、是否有同位语和插入语。
2、是否有省略、倒装和分隔等现象。3、替代词的所指对象。
4、判断并列成分的层次。
5、句首的并列连词 and、or、but、for 通常起承上启下的作用，不要将他们归入后文的句法分
析。
6、在从句多的句子中，从句中又包含从句的现象。
7、非限定动词短语在句中作次要成分（定语和状语）时又带着自己较长的从属成分，尤其是状语
从句或宾语从句时的结构分析。
8、在有多个从句的复合句和并列句中，状语（单个词、短语或从句）究竟是全句的修饰语还是某
个从句或词语的修饰语。
四、长难句分析实例
2024年高考
1. [2024新课标I卷阅读理解A篇]We’ll explore beautiful park sites while conducting invasive plant removal,
winter planting, and seed collection.
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。while 引导的状语从句的主语和主句主语We一致，且状语从句谓语中有
be动词，可以将状语从句的主语连同be动词一起省略。完整的状语从句为：while we are conducting
invasive plant removal, winter planting, and seed collection。
翻译：我们将在探索美丽的公园场地的同时，进行入侵植物清除、冬季种植和种子采集工作。
2. [2024新课标I卷阅读理解C篇]The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters
move from posing simple tasks—like identifying the main idea in a reading passage—to ones that require mental
abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。when引导时间状语从句，其中like identifying the main idea in a reading
passage和such as drawing inferences from a text分别补充说明simple tasks和ones that require mental
abstraction。
翻译：纸质阅读的好处尤其突显在实验者从简单任务——比如识别阅读文章的主旨——转向需要思维抽象
的任务时——比如从文本中推断出信息。
3. [2024新课标I卷阅读理解C篇]According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited
to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。suited to social media作后置定语修饰mindset, which引导的非限制性定语从
句，修饰先行词social media，and连接主句并列的谓语approach和devote。
翻译：根据这一理论，人们对待数字文本的态度与对待社交媒体的态度相当，社交媒体通常不那么严肃，
相比纸质阅读，人们投入的脑力要少。
4. [2024新课标I卷阅读理解D篇]These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from
physical specimens, and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are
responding to global change, I wanted to know：Are they usable?分析：本句是一个并列复合句。前半句中的that作关系代词引导定语从句，修饰先行词the primary data ; 后
半句中的since引导原因状语从句，how引导宾语从句作investigate的宾语。
翻译：现在，这些观察结果的数量超过了来自实物标本的原始数据，而由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据
来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：这些观察数据可靠吗?
5. [2024新课标I卷阅读理解D篇]Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and
animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
分析： 本句是一个主从复合句。Using a global dataset ...为分词短语作状语， how引导宾语从句作test的
宾语。
翻译：Daru和他的团队使用了一个包含19亿条植物、昆虫、鸟类和动物记录的全球数据集，测试这些数
据在多大程度上代表了实际的全球生物多样性模式。
6. [2024新课标I卷阅读理解D篇]This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data
on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.
分析： 本句是一个主从复合句。because引导原因状语从句，who引导定语从句修饰先行词the people,
recording ... nearby为分词短语作后置定语，修饰citizen scientists 。
翻译：这是有道理的，因为民间科学家经常通过移动设备获取生物多样性观察数据，他们记录的是在附近
地区接触到的物种。
7. [2024新课标I卷七选五]Of course, these days there are plenty of online dictionaries and thesauruses, but I’m
old-fashioned enough to prefer a hard cover and pages I can leaf through with my fingers.
分析：本句是一个并列复合句。but连接两个分句。在后半个分句中，包含一个省略了关系词的定语从句，
修饰先行词pages。
翻译：当然，如今虽然有很多在线词典和同义词词典，但我还是足够守旧，更喜欢硬皮封面和可以用手指
翻阅的页面。
8. [2024新课标I卷完形填空]Between the girl making my achievement seem small and the pure boredom of
jogging, I decided that the only reason I'd ever run again is if a big dog was running after me!
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。句子的主干为I decided that 。Between ... and… 为介词短语作状语，其中
making my achievement seem small为现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰the girl；that引导的宾语从句中，the
reason (that) ... 表示的原因/理由”。
翻译：那个女孩让我觉得自己的成就微不足道，加上慢跑让我感觉无聊，我决定以后再也不跑步了，除非
有一只大狗追着我跑！
9. [2024新课标I卷语法填空]Further, the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse walks visitors through a
journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road, by which silk as well as many plant species came to Britain for the
first time.
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。主句为the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse walks visitors through a
journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road…，by which是“介词+which”引导的非限制性定语从句，补充说
明先行词the ancient Silk Road。
翻译：此外，温室周围的丝绸之路花园将带领游客体验受古丝绸之路影响的旅程，丝绸和许多植物物种就
是通过这条丝绸之路首次来到英国的。2024新课标Ⅱ
10. [2024新课标Ⅱ卷阅读理解A篇]Those who are dressed inappropriately will be refused permission to
participate.
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。该句中who引导定语从句，在从句中作主语，先行词是Those。
翻译：着装不得体者将被拒绝参加。
10. [2024新课标Ⅱ卷阅读理解B篇]“You enter the fare gates and you’ll see a kiosk that is lit up and it tells you
can get a one-minute, a three-minute, or a five-minute story,” says Alicia Trost, the chief communications officer
for the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit—known as BART.
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。句中that引导限制性定语从句，并在从句中作主语，先行词是a kiosk；
tells后是省略了that的宾语从句；the chief communications officer for the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid
Transit是Alicia Trost的同位语；known as BART是过去分词短语作后置定语。
翻译：旧金山湾区捷运系统(BART)的首席通讯官Alicia Trost说：“你进入检票口，就会看到一个亮着灯
的亭子，它告诉你可以选择一分钟、三分钟或五分钟的故事。”
11. [2024新课标Ⅱ卷阅读理解B篇]We wanted to do something where we do a call to artists in the Bay Area to
submit stories for a contest.
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。句子主干是：We wanted to do something ; where引导定语从句，修饰先行
词 something，说明其具体内容，即发起一个呼吁。不定式短语to submit stories for a contest作目的状语，
说明发起呼吁的目的，即让艺术家提交故事参加比赛。
翻译：我们想要做一些事情，即向湾区的艺术家发起呼吁，让他们提交故事参加比赛。
12.[2024新课标Ⅱ卷阅读理解C篇]Moreover, having a system in the same building where it's eaten means zero
emissions from transporting plants from soil to salad.
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。having a system in the same building为动名词短语作主语，where it’s eaten
引导定语从句，修饰先行词building，means为句子谓语。
翻译：此外，在同一楼内的这一系统(从种植到食用)意味着蔬菜从土壤到沙拉过程中的零排放。
13. [2024新课标Ⅱ卷阅读理解C篇]She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an
academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you
feel almost as smart as AI.
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an
academic; making for ... as AI是非谓语短语作伴随状语，其中嵌人两个which引导的定语从句，都修饰先行
词guide。
翻译：她从商业人士(而非学者)的实用角度出发，使得这本指南通俗易懂、内容丰富，读完之后，你会觉
得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明。
14. [2024新课标Ⅱ卷阅读理解D篇]In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as
the computer code that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience
translating the heady into the understandable.
分析：本句为but连接的并列复合句。在第一个分句中包含一个限制性定语从句that powers AI，修饰先行
词the computer code。翻译：这本书如果落入不当之手，可能会像人工智能的计算机代码一样复杂，但值得庆幸的是，Campbell
拥有二十多年的专业经验，可以将枯燥的内容转化为通俗易懂的内容。
15. [2024新课标Ⅱ卷阅读理解D篇]As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and
will become more capable, moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence.
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。As引导非限制性定语从句，moving from... to... 为V-ing短语作伴随状语。
翻译：从《AI by Design》中我们很快就会了解到，人工智能已经非常智能，并且将变得更加强大，从当前
的“狭义人工智能”一代向通用人工智能发展。
16. [2024新课标Ⅱ卷七选五]You’ll compete with fewer tourists, save money, experience a different side of a
popular place, and boost the economy when tourism is traditionally slower.
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。本句的主体结构是You’ll compete …, save …, experience …, and boost…，
其中when引导时间状语从句。
翻译：你将与更少的游客竞争，节省开支，体验热门景点的另一面，并在传统的旅游淡季促进经济发展。
18. [2024新课标Ⅱ卷完形填空]Whatever disadvantages life in Italy might have, the problems are forgotten once
you sit down to a big meal with friends and family.
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。主句为…the problems are forgotten…，里面包含一个once引导的条件状语
从句；Whatever引导让步状语从句。
翻译：无论意大利的生活有什么缺点，只要你坐下来与亲朋好友大吃一顿，这些问题都会被忘得一干二净。
19. [2024新课标Ⅱ卷语法填空]Chinese cultural elements commemorating Tang Xianzu, who is known as “the
Shakespeare of Asia,” add an international character to Stratford-upon-Avon, William Shakespeare’s hometown.
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。本句的主体结构是Chinese cultural elements…add an international character
to…，其中who引导非限制性定语从句，指代先行词Tang Xianzu。
翻译：纪念被誉为“亚洲莎士比亚”的汤显祖的中国文化元素为威廉-莎士比亚的故乡埃文河畔的斯特拉福
德增添了国际特色。
2024全国甲卷
20. [2024全国甲卷阅读理解B篇]That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around
any other cats, which they don't usually like.
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately; why most pet cats are able
to tell immediately为why引导的表语从句；if their owners were around any other cats为if引导的宾语从句作
tell的宾语；which they don't usually like为which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰说明它们的主人接触过其
他猫的这种情况。
翻译：这就是为什么大多数宠物猫能够立即判断它们的主人是否曾接触过其他猫，而它们通常不喜欢主人
这样做。
21.[2024全国甲卷阅读理解D篇]He suggested I think about the difference between endings that I wanted for the
characters and endings that were right for the characters, endings that satisfied the story even if they didn't have a
traditionally positive outcome.分析：本句是一个主从复合句。句中that I wanted for the characters、that were right for the characters和that
satisfied the story均是定语从句，均修饰各自前面的endings; even if引导让步状语从句;He suggested I think
about ...中，suggest意为“建议”其后的宾语从句中用should+动词原形表示虚拟语气，think前省略了
should。翻译：他建议我思考我想要的角色结局和适合角色的结局之间的区别，即满足故事需要的结局，
即使这些结局不是传统意义上的美满结局。
22.[2024全国甲卷完形填空]This training taught her to read and write her Chinese upside down — a skill that has
turned out to be quite practical, especially whenever we share the newspaper.
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。主句主干“This training taught her to read and write her Chinese”为主谓宾补
结构;“upside down”为副词短语作方式状语;破折号后面“a skill”为插入语，补充说明前面内容是一项技
能;“that has turned out to be quite practical”为关系代词that 引导的限制性定语从句修饰先行词
skill;“especially whenever we share the newspaper”为副词 especially 修饰 whenever 引导的时间状语从句，
起强调作用。
翻译：这次培训教会了她倒着读和写中文--这项技能非常实用，尤其是在我们分享报纸的时候。
2023年高考
1. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where
tiny creatures lived.
句意为：例如，一条污浊的小溪，在流经植物和微小生物栖息的岩石后，通常会变得清澈。
本句中for example为插入语，after flowing through plants and along rocks ... 为时间状语，其中包
含一个由where引导的定语从句，修饰先行词rocks。（新课标I卷）
2. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an
examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before
moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
句意为：在第一部分中，我论述了数字极简主义的哲学基础，首先探讨了到底是什么样的力量使
得许多人的数字生活越来越难以忍受，然后对数字极简主义生活准则进行详细讨论。
starting with … 为分词结构作状语；that引导定语从句，修饰先行词forces。（新课标I卷）
3. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online
activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
句意为：在这三十天结束时，你可以恢复少量精心挑选的，你认为将对你所珍视的东西大有裨益
的线上活动。
that引导定语从句，修饰先行词online activities；you value为省略了引导词的定语从句，修饰先行
词the things。（新课标I卷）
4. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps
they encountered that you should avoid.
句意为：你将了解到这些参与者的故事，知悉哪些策略对他们有效，以及他们遇到了哪些你应当
避免的陷阱。
learn后有两个由what引导的宾语从句，that引导定语从句，修饰先行词traps。（新课标I卷）5. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude and the necessity of cultivating
high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use.
句意为：在这些章节中，我探讨了独处的重要性，以及培养高质量休闲活动的必要性等问题，以
取代现在大多数人漫无目的地使用电子设备而花费的时间。
most now spend on … 为省略了引导词的定语从句，修饰先行词 the time，most 意为“大多数
人”。（新课标I卷）
6. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that
were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from
an equal number of independent individuals.
句意为：这项研究的重要发现是，当大的群体被进一步分成更小的群体并允许讨论时，这些群体
（估算）的平均值比同样数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。
本句主干是个主系表结构：the key finding of the study was that ...；that引导的表语从句由一个主
从复合句构成，其中 when引导的条件状语从句中又包含一个 that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词
smaller groups，主句 the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal
number of independent individuals 中的those指代the averages。（新课标I卷）
7. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know
them came into being.
句意为：阅读者的形象是贯穿历史的，早在我们如今熟知的书籍出现之前很久，就已有展现阅读
者形象的艺术作品问世。
句子主干是：The image of the reader appears throughout history。in art …作状语，made long before
books … came into being作后置定语，修饰art；as we now know them为插入语。（新课标Ⅱ卷）
8. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the
raw material for artworks — transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and
sculptures.
句意为：最近，由于书籍变得廉价甚至被随意丢弃，艺术家们已经将书籍用作艺术品的原材料，
将书籍的封面、内页甚至整本书变成绘画和雕塑作品。
本句为主从复合句，主句的主干为 artists have used them as the raw material for artworks。as引导
原因状语从句，主句后的动词-ing短语作伴随状语。（新课标Ⅱ卷）
9. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a
meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park.
句意为：他们调查了数百名公园游客，要求他们在线提交一份书面总结，描述一下他们在公园里
与大自然进行的一次有意义的互动。
句子主干是：They surveyed several hundred park-goers；asking them ... nature in the park 作伴随
状语；伴随状语中 they had with nature in the park 是省略了关系代词的定语从句，修饰先行词
interaction。（新课标Ⅱ卷）10. Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take
part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them.
句意为：为每种自然体验命名可以创造出一个可用的语言，它有助于帮助人们认识和参与最令人
满意和有意义的活动。
句子主干是：Naming each nature experience creates a usable language；which引导定语从句，修饰
先行词language，该定语从句中又包含另一个定语从句 that are most satisfying and meaningful to
them，修饰先行词activities。（新课标Ⅱ卷）
11. Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each
philosopher’s work in the context of one thing they can help us do better.
句意为：魏纳写每一章都以城际火车旅行的场景开始，然后把每位哲学家的作品通过一件事来说
明，而他们的作品能让我们把这件事做得更好。
本句中动词starts和frames是两个并列的谓语成分，they can help us do better是省略了引导词的定
语从句，修饰先行词one thing。they指代哲学家的作品。（全国甲卷）
12. The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and
gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging.
句意为：《苏格拉底哲学特快车》是一本有趣且思考敏锐的书，它以看似简单的内容吸引读者，
并逐渐将他们带入对欲望、孤独和衰老的更深层次的思考中去。
本句主干为：The Socrates Express is a book。fun和sharp是两个并列的前置定语，that引导定语从
句，修饰先行词book。定语从句中包含两个谓语：draws和pulls；on desire, loneliness, and aging
是介词短语作后置定语修饰thoughts。（全国甲卷）
13. Ask the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most
hope to see, and their answer is often the same: a grizzly bear.
句意为：询问那些涌入黄石国家公园的世界各地的游客们，他们最希望看到什么，他们的回答往
往是一样的：灰熊。
句中that引导定语从句修饰先行词tourists，并在从句中作主语。what引导宾语从句，作ask的直
接宾语。（全国甲卷）
14. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted
to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted.
句意为：它们（灰熊的数量）的恢复是如此成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次尝试将
灰熊从濒危物种名录上除名，这将放松法律保护，允许人们猎杀。
句中so … that意为“如此……以至于”，引导结果状语从句。which引导非限制性定语从句，指
代逗号前面提到的内容，即 … the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist
grizzlies。（全国甲卷）
15. Although landscapes in the Midwest tend to be quite similar, either farm fields or highways,
sometimes I find distinctive character in the hills or lakes.句意为：尽管中西部地区的景观往往很相似，要么是农田，要么是公路，但我有时会在山丘或湖
泊中发现独特的风貌。
Although引导让步状语从句，either farm fields or highways作landscapes的同位语。（全国乙卷）
16. Still, looking back on the photos, they are some of my best shots though they could have been so
much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely.
句意为：尽管如此，回顾这些照片，它们仍是我拍的最好的一些照片，不过，如果我当时能准备
充分并明智地管理时间，它们本可以拍得好很多。
looking back on the photos 是现在分词短语作时间状语，though引导让步状语从句，从句中包含if
引导的虚拟条件句，表示对过去情况的虚拟。（全国乙卷）
17. Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top
class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the
best seller lists.
句意为：尽管英国的烹饪素以平庸著称，但它正在培养更多的顶级厨师，这些厨师经常出现在我
们的电视屏幕上，他们的烹饪书也经常高居畅销榜之首。
本句含有由 even though 引导的让步状语从句。主句中含有两个定语从句，第一个定语从句由关
系代词 who 引导，修饰先行词top class chefs；第二个定语从句由关系代词 whose 引导，意思相
当于 the chefs’。（全国乙卷）18. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African
people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past
achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them
back a voice.
句意为：在本书中出现的加勒比地区的泰诺人、澳大利亚土著、非洲贝宁人和印加人，现在都可
以通过他们制作的物品铿锵有力地向我们讲述他们过去的成就：通过实物讲述历史，让他们重获
发言权。
句子的主干是The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the
Incas can speak of their past achievements. 句中的all of whom appear in this book 是非限制性定语
从句，whom指代句子的主语The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of
Benin and the Incas。they made是定语从句，修饰先行词 objects。told through things 是过去分词
短语作后置定语修饰history。（全国乙卷）
19. As it turned out, Douglas did exactly what she needed to do to become Olympic champion when
she defeated two Russians.
句意为：后来，她击败了两名俄罗斯选手，这证明她之前所做的一切正是成为奥运冠军所要做的
事。
what在主句谓语动词 did 后引导宾语从句；when引导时间状语从句。（全国乙卷）
20. Not so long ago, Martha Karolyi, the coordinator of the women’s national team, did not think
Douglas had what it took to be an Olympian.
句意为：不久前，女子国家队的协调员玛莎·卡洛伊还觉得道格拉斯不具备成为奥运选手的资质。the coordinator of the women’s national team 在句中作主语 Martha Karolyi 的同位语；think后接
的是省略了 that的第一层宾语从句（作 think的宾语）；what引导第二层宾语从句（作 had的宾
语）。（全国乙卷）
04 书面表达中基本句型和句子成分易错点聚焦
1.句子不连贯
是指一个句子内部前言不搭后语，或是结构上不畅通。句子不连贯也是英语书面表达中比较常见的问题。
例：
The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth.
淡水是地球上最重要的东西。
解析：The fresh water与逗号后的it不连贯，it与things在语法上不一致。
改为：Fresh water is the most important thing in the world.
2句子结构混乱
主要是受汉语思维方式影响而导致的。同学们在日常学习中应多加练习，培养语感。
例1：
There are many students are playing basketball on the playground.
操场上有许多学生在打篮球。
解析：上面的句子中出现了两个谓语动词，不符合英语的语法习惯。
改为：Many students are playing basketball on the playground.
例2：
The girl is standing over there is from a big city.站在那边的女孩来自一个大城市。
解析：一个简单句中不能有两个谓语系动词，结构混乱。
改为：The girl standing over there is from a big city.
3句型单调，句子与句子之间缺乏过渡
一篇文章如果简单句过多，句型单调，即使语法错误较少，思路较清晰，看后也会使人感到乏味。同学们
应学会单句、复句交替使用，经常变换句型，尝试使用一些较复杂的语法结构及句型，适当运用过渡词，
使文章更加连贯。
例：They sleep fewer than eight hours every day. It has great influence on their health.
他们每天的睡眠时间不到8小时，这对他们的健康有很大的影响。
解析：这段话中使用的是简单句，句型比较单调，可以改为定语从句或加入插入语。
改为：Actually, they sleep fewer than eight hours every day, which will, no doubt, have great influence on
their health.
（2024·山东·模拟预测）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Over 400 pieces or sets of Dehua white porcelain (德化白瓷) are on display in the National Museum of China
in Beijing, with the exhibition 31 (run) from Aug 26 for three months.
Dehua white porcelain is famous for its pure white color. According to Chen Chao, 32 artist
dedicated to porcelain research, Dehua porcelain is 33 (extraordinary) pure and white because the kaolin
(高岭土) in Dehua county in Fujian has a low percentage of iron, 34 (make) the porcelain stainless (无
瑕的) like white jade.
Sitting in Quanzhou city, 35 the ancient Maritime Silk Road started, Dehua white porcelain 36
(sell) well at home and abroad since the Song Dynasty (960-1279). In 2006, Dehua white porcelain was listed as a
national intangible cultural heritage.
37 the past glories, Dehua craftsmen (工匠) never stop refining (精进) their skills. One 38
(impress) skill is “the eggshell technique” (薄胎技艺). Chen said that it is just one of the 39 (achievement)
that Chinese porcelain craftsmen have made on the long path of innovation.
“Combining traditional Chinese artistic skills with modern disciplines (学科), we will create even more
outstanding works 40 (increase) the cultural confidence of the Chinese people.” said Chen.
【答案】31．running 32．an 33．extraordinarily 34．making 35．where 36．has sold
37．Despite 38．impressive 39．achievements 40．to increase/increasing
【导语】这是一篇说明文，本文介绍了中国非物质文化遗产德化白瓷。
31．考查非谓语动词。句意：北京中国国家博物馆展出了400多件或套德化白瓷，展览从8月26日开始，
为期三个月。此处是with的复合结构“with+宾语+宾补”，动词run和宾语the exhibition之间是主谓关系，
应用现在分词作宾补，故填running。
32．考查冠词。句意：据从事瓷器研究的艺术家陈超介绍，由于福建德化县的高岭土中铁的含量很低，使
得德化瓷异常纯净洁白，像白玉一样洁白无瑕。artist是可数名词，此处表示泛指，应用不定冠词，且artist
是以元音音素开头，故填an。
33．考查副词。句意：同上。空处修饰形容词pure，应用副词形式，故填extraordinarily。
34．考查非谓语动词。句意：同上。make的逻辑主语是前面的句子，两者之间是主谓关系，应用现在分词
作状语，故填making。
35．考查定语从句。句意：坐落在古代海上丝绸之路起源地泉州的德化白瓷，自宋朝（960-1279）起就畅
销国内外。空处引导定语从句，先行词是Quanzhou city，关系词在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词
where引导，故填where。
36．考查时态和主谓一致。句意：同上。根据时间状语“since the Song Dynasty (960-1279)”可知，句子使
用现在完成时，主语Dehua white porcelain表示单数意义，故填has sold。
37．考查介词。句意：尽管有过去的辉煌，但德化工匠从未停止磨练他们的技能。结合句意可知，此处表
示让步，使用介词despite“尽管”，首字母应大写，故填Despite。
38．考查形容词。句意：一项令人印象深刻的技能是“薄胎技艺”。空处应填形容词作定语，修饰名词
skill，故填impressive。
39．考查名词复数。句意：陈说，这只是中国陶瓷工匠在漫长的创新道路上取得的成就之一。one of后接
可数名词复数，表示“……之一”，故填achievements。40．考查非谓语动词。句意：“将中国传统艺术技巧与现代学科相结合，我们将创造出更多优秀的作品，
以增强中国人的文化自信/我们将创造出更多增强中国人文化自信的优秀作品。”陈说。此处表示目的，应
用动词不定式作目的状语；空处也可理解为后置定语，increase和works之间是主谓关系，使用现在分词作
后置定语，故填to increase/increasing。
