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⻓难句
重点词汇
Text1
选项解析
1 ⽜市态势 2 以⼀种戏剧般的⽅式
The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note
Beautiful Inside My Head Forever, at
3 售卖
5 喊出报价
auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street,
6 申请
隐藏的逻辑关系(因果关系)
The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising
7 失去发展的势头 8 ⼀段时间 9 急剧增⻓
bewilderingly since 2003.At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65 billion, reckons
10 在其顶峰时期 11 认为
Clare McAndrew,founder ofArts Economics, a research firm – double the figure five
12 下降到
13 产⽣ 14 远远超过
enerates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth,
16 贪婪 17 争议 18 以…的⽅式
normous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other
ndustries.
In the weeks and months that followed Mr. Hirst’s sale, spending of any sort
19 变得⾮常不合时宜 20 远离 方向保持一致性
became deeplyunfashionable. In theartworld thatmeant collectorsstayed away from
21 美术馆 22 拍卖场 23 当代艺术 galleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds, and in the most
verheated sector, they were down by nearly 90% in the year to November 2008.
25 拍卖⾏
26 ⽀付 27 担保
hem.
28 当前艺术品市场的衰退 The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped
29 印象派
buying Impressionists at the end of 1989. This time experts reckon that prices are
30 波动的
about40% down ontheirpeak on average,though somehavebeen far morefluctuant.
But Edward Dolman, Christie’s chief executive, says: “I’m pretty confident we’re at
31 处于⾕底
hebottom.”
What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still
uyers in the market. Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report
said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of
good work to sell. The three Ds – death, debt and divorce – still deliver works of art
to the market. But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for
confidencetoreturn.
英语(二)试题 .3 .(共14页)
【微信公众号:陈叨叨杂货铺】免费分享
1⃣
引出主
with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst,
题:艺术品
Sotheby’s in London on September 15th 2008.All but two pieces sold, fetching more
市场牛市终
结,并暗示than £70m, a record for a sale by a single artist. It was a last victory. As the
4 拍卖师
其刺激性外
因,全球经LehmanBrothers,filedfor bankruptcy.
济走势衰
退。
2⃣
指出,艺
years earlier. Since then it may have come down to $50 billion. But the market
术品市场牛
g
市终结早有 15 ⾃负
e
前兆,市场
i
几年前便开
始走弱。
3⃣
指出,全
24 过热的
球经济衰退o
对艺术品市Within weeks the world’s two biggest auction houses, Sotheby’s and Christie’s, had
场的直接冲to pay out nearly $200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with
击,市场消t
费低迷。
4⃣ 5⃣
1
左
1
2
3
瓦 2
考研加油呀!
4
对艺术
t
品市场的现 32 暴跌,不景⽓
5
状作出说明
b
和评估。
33 缺乏
34 输送 死
35 远离
,
考研加油呀!
→D21. In the first paragraph, Damien Hirst’s sale was referred to as “a last victory”
because_____.
[A]theartmarkethadwitnessed asuccessionofvictories
[B]theauctioneerfinallygot thetwopiecesatthehighestbids
[C]BeautifulInsideMyHeadForeverwonoverallmasterpieces说法太绝对化
[D]itwassuccessfullymadejustbeforetheworldfinancialcrisis
与原文说法沾边
A
22.Bysaying“spendingofanysort becamedeeplyunfashionable”(Line 1-2,Para.3),
theauthorsuggeststhat_____.
[A]collectorswerenolongeractivelyinvolvedinart-marketauctions
[B]peoplestoppedeverykindofspendingandstayed awayfrom galleries
说法太绝对化
[C]artcollectionasafashionhadlostitsappealtoagreatextent
原文定位未提及
[D]worksofartingeneralhadgoneoutoffashion sotheywerenotworthbuying
原文定位未提及
B
23.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?
A C两个选项都讲的是艺术市场
[A]Salesofcontemporaryartfelldramaticallyfrom2007to2008.下降,如果A C都不正确的话,
那么该题会有两个选项,所以
[B]Theartmarketsurpassedmanyotherindustriesinmomentum.
AC一定是对的。同时B选项,讲
[C]Theartmarketgenerallywentdownwardinvariousways. 的是艺术市场正在超过其他行
业,说明他的势头是增长的,与
[D]Someartdealerswereawaitingbetterchancestocome.
A C的意思相反。由A C一定正
确知道,B一定错误。
24.ThethreeDsmentionedinthelastparagraphare______.
:
[A]auctionhouses’favorites 原文定位未提及
[B]contemporarytrends 原文定位未提及
[C]factorspromotingartworkcirculation
[D]stylesrepresentingImpressionists
原文定位未提及
25.Themostappropriatetitlefor thistextcouldbe______.
[A]FluctuationofArtPrices
[B]Up-to-dateArtAuctions
由23题知,文章主旨很大程度上谈论
[C]ArtMarketinDecline
“艺术市场正在衰退”,符合C选项。
[D]ShiftedInterestinArts
英语(二)试题 .4 .(共14页)
cetntnrssaoseettohtss
【微信公众号:陈叨叨杂货铺】免费分享文章主旨:艺术品市场的衰退。
语篇分析:
1⃣
引出主题:艺术品市场牛市终结,并暗示其刺激性外因,全球经济走
势衰退。
2⃣
指出,艺术品市场牛市终结早有前兆,市场几年前便开始走弱。
3⃣
指出,全球经济衰退对艺术品市场的直接冲击,市场消费低迷。
4⃣ 5⃣
对艺术品市场的现状作出说明和评估。
4⃣
介绍业内人士乐观看法:艺术品市场已经触底,暗示即将反弹
5⃣
考研加油呀!
指出业内人士持乐观看法的理由,并总结说明大部分人对艺术品市场
的态度:谨慎乐观。全文翻译
考研加油呀!
1⃣
2008年9⽉15⽇伦敦苏富⽐拍卖⾏举办的“在我脑海,美丽永恒”主题拍卖会上,随着达⽶恩•赫斯特的 56
件作品被售出,⼀个世纪以来艺术品市场最⻓的⽜市也戏剧性地落幕了。除两件作品以外,其余作品全部售
出,拍卖总额超过七千万英镑,创造了单个艺术家作品拍卖的最⾼记录。这是⼀场最后的胜利。拍卖师喊
出报价的同时,纽约华尔街上历史最悠久的银⾏之⼀雷曼兄弟也申请了破产。
2⃣
世界艺术品市场在经历了⾃2003年以来的急剧增⻓后,相当⻓⼀段时间以来都失去了其原有的发展势
头。据艺术经济学研究公司的创始⼈克菜尔 • ⻨克安德鲁估算,在2007 年的项峰时期,艺术品市场价值约
为650亿美元,是五年前的两倍。从那以后,该价值可能已降⾄500 亿美元。但这⼀市场产⽣的利益远远超
出它本身的规模,因为它将巨额财富、⾃负、贪婪激情和争议以⼀种其他⾏业⽆法⽐拟的⽅式汇集在了⼀
起。
3⃣
赫斯特作品拍卖之后的⼀段时间内,任何种类的消费都变得极其不合时宜。在艺术品领域,这意味着收藏
家远离了画廊和拍卖场。2008年当年截⾄11⽉,当代艺术品的销售额下降了2/3,⽽在其最热⻔的领域则下
降了近90%。⼏周之内全球最⼤的两家拍卖⾏,苏富⽐和佳⼠得,不得不向那些将艺术品交由它们售卖的
客户⽀付将近2亿美元的保证⾦。
4⃣
当前艺术品市场的下滑是⾃1989年底⽇本停⽌购买印象派作品以来最糟糕的⼀次。专家估计这次下滑使
艺术品价值较之其峰值平均下跌了约40%,不过有些艺术品价格的波动幅度更⼤。但是佳⼠得的⾸席执⾏官
Edward Dolman 说:“我⾮常肯定我们现在已处于⾕底。”
5⃣
他说,此次衰退不同于上次的地⽅在于现在市场上仍然有买家。⼏乎所有接受此次特别报道的受访者都
说,当前最⼤的问题不是缺少需求,⽽是缺少好的售卖作品。3D——死亡、债务和离婚——依然是将艺术品
推向市场的三⼤因素。但那些不是⾮卖不可的⼈都在远离市场,等待市场信⼼的回转。Text2
I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room – a
This man quickly nodded in agreement. He gestured toward his wife and said, “She’s
the talker in our family.” The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and
hurt. “It’s true,” he explained. “When I come home from work I have nothing to say.
Ifshedidn’tkeeptheconversationgoing,we’dspendthewholeeveninginsilence.”
This episode crystallizes the irony that althoughAmerican men tend to talk more
han women in public situations, they often talk less at home. And this pattern is
wreakinghavocwithmarriage.
The pattern was observed by political scientistAndrew Hacker in the late 1970s.
ociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book Divorce Talk that
most of the women she interviewed – but only a few of the men – gave lack of
communication as the reason for their divorces. Given the current divorce rate of
nearly 50 percent, that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year –
avirtualepidemicoffailedconversation.
In my own research, complaints from women about their husbands most often
focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to
accompany a husband to his, or doing far more than their share of daily life-support
work like cleaning, cooking and social arrangements. Instead, they focused on
communication: “He doesn’t listen to me.” “He doesn’t talk to me.” I found, as
Hacker observed years before, that most wives want their husbands to be, first and
foremost, conversational partners, but few husbands share this expectation of their
wives.
In short, the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical
cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front
英语(二)试题 .5 .(共14页)
【微信公众号:陈叨叨杂货铺】免费分享
1⃣
women’s group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening, one man
作者的亲
身经历:男had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes, while his
女在不同场wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening, I
合的话语活commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don’t talk to them.
跃程度不
同。
2⃣
说明第一
段的具体场
t
社会现象,
并指出其对
S
婚姻危害巨
大。
3⃣ 4⃣ 5⃣
⻓难句
重点词汇
选项解析
1 在聚会上演讲 2 郊区的
1
3 健谈的 4 奇闻轶事
5 发表意⻅
6 点头表示同意 7 指着
8 爆笑如雷
9 使谈话继续
10 插曲 11 使具体化 12 具有讽刺意味的情况 13 倾向于
2
景是普遍的
14 给…带来浩劫
无法根据画线处的前一句判断,那就看后一句。
15 1970年代后期
3
16 社会学家 17 缺乏 䯺
18 把…作为原因
19 相当于
19 ⼏乎的 20 流⾏病
考研加油呀! 排除T28 B
4
具体 21 确凿的 22 不平等 23 放弃
说明上述现 24 陪伴 25 ⼀份
象以及影 26 集中于
响。
27 评论 28 ⾸先
29 谈话伙伴 30 期望
31 简⽽⾔之 32 代表 33 危机 34 典型的
5 百
35 场景 36 举起来挡着脸 。
37 怒⽬⽽视
ofhisface,whileawomanglaresatthebackofit,wantingtotalk.
英一作文必备句式!
考研加油呀!
hrrnessttttrhresttsA
26.Whatismostwives’mainexpectationoftheirhusbands?
[A]Talkingtothem.
主旨相关(A涉及“谈话”)
根据28、29题知,文章主旨为:
[B]Trustingthem.
女性比男性在家庭中更健谈。
[C]Supportingtheircareers.
[D]Sharinghousework.
C
27. Judging from the context, the phrase “wreaking havoc” (Line 3, Para. 2) most
probablymeans______.
由画线处最后一句话判断,这种模式和离婚相
这道题有bug!
[A]generatingmotivation 关,即这种模式正XXX婚姻。(对婚姻不好)
不用太在意这
BCD意思接近,但是C程度更深。
[B]exertinginfluence
道题的逻辑!
[C]causingdamage 选项的逻辑:CD相似选项,表达意思均为
婚姻中女性更健谈;AD为互补(相反)选
[D]creatingpressure
项,(婚姻中),男性在公共场合健谈,
女性在家中健谈。则ACD均为方向一致的
B 相似选项,若ACD错误,那该题会有三个
28.AllofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPT______.
答案,故ACD一定很正确。
[A]mentendtotalkmoreinpublicthanwomen
只有B错误。
[B]nearly50percentofrecentdivorcesarecausedbyfailedconversation
[C]womenattachmuchimportancetocommunicationbetweencouples
[D]afemaletendstobemoretalkativeathomethanherspouse 由选项的共性知道,这篇
文章主要内容肯定有关于
男女之间谈话(交流)。
D29.Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethemainideaofthistext?
主旨题
[A]Themoraldecayingdeservesmoreresearchbysociologists.
[B]Marriagebreak-upstemsfromsexinequalities.
[C]Husbandandwifehavedifferentexpectationsfromtheirmarriage.
[D]Conversationalpatternsbetweenmanandwife aredifferent. 主旨相关(D涉及“谈话”)
B30. In the following part immediately after this text, the author will most probably
focuson______.
[A]avividaccountofthenewbookDivorceTalk 原文定位未提及
[B]adetaileddescriptionofthestereotypicalcartoon
[C]otherpossiblereasonsfor ahighdivorcerateintheU.S. 原文定位未提及
[D]abriefintroductiontothepoliticalscientistAndrewHacker 原文定位未提及
英语(二)试题 .6 .(共14页)
n【微e信公r众r号t:o陈叨o叨杂h货铺t】t免s费分i享oe全文翻译
考研加油呀!
1⃣
在弗吉尼亚郊区⼀个个住所的客厅⾥,我正在⼀次⼩型⼥性聚会上发⾔——那是⼀个⼥性团体,但也
邀请了男性参加。整个晚上,有位男⼠表现得特别健谈,频繁地发表观点、讲述趣⽤轶事,⽽他的妻⼦则
静静地坐在他身旁的沙发上。聚会接近尾声时,我评论说,⼥⼈经常会抱怨丈夫不与⾃⼰交谈。这位男
⼠⽴即点头表示同意。他指了指妻⼦说:“她是我们家的话匣⼦。”满屋哄堂⼤笑;这位男⼠⼀脸茫然和
受伤。“这是真的,”他解释说。“我下班回家后总是⽆话可说。如果她不⼀直和我说话,我们整晚都会在
沉默中度过。
2⃣
这段情节证明了⼀种具有讽刺意味的现象确实存在:尽管美国男性在公共场合常常⽐⼥性更加建设,
在家⾥却⽐妻⼦话少。⽽正是这种模式正在严重破坏婚姻。
3⃣
20世纪70年代末,政治学家 AndrewHacker 就注意到了这种模式。社会学家Catherine Kohler
Riessman 在其新书《离婚谈》中提到•她所访问的绝⼤多数⼥性将其离婚归咎于“缺乏沟通”,但只有极
少数男性如此认为。鉴于美国⽬前接近 50%的离婚率,这(缺乏沟通)每年会导致美国⼏百万离婚案例
的产⽣——可谓是沟通不良引发的传染病。
4⃣
据我的个⼈研究,⼥性对丈夫的抱怨⼤多不是集中在⼀些看得⻅摸得着的不平等现象,例如为陪件丈
夫追随他的事业⽽放弃了发展⾃⼰事业的机会,或者她们所承担的⽇常⽣活琐事远远超过她们份内的部
分,如清洁、下厨和安排社交活动。相反,她们的抱怨总是集中在交流问题上,如“他不听我说话”,
“他不和我说话”。与Hacker ⼏年前发现的⼀样,我发现多数妻⼦都期望丈夫⾸先是⾃⼰的交谈伙件,
但是很少有丈夫对妻⼦抱有同样的期望。
5⃣
文章主旨:沟通不畅影响婚姻质量。
语篇分析:
简⾔之,最能形象表现⽬前这种危机的是这样⼀幅经典漫画场景:⼀个男⼈坐在早餐桌边,⼿中报纸
挡着他的脸,⼀个⼥⼈怒视着报纸背⾯,很想交谈。
1⃣
作者的亲身经历:男女在不同场合的话语活跃程度不同,男性在公共场
合健谈,女性在家中话多。
2⃣
说明第一段的具体场景是普遍的社会现象,并指出其对婚姻危害巨大。
3⃣ 4⃣ 5⃣
具体说明上述现象以及影响。
3⃣
引用他人研究及具体数据,说明男女交流模式差异的根深蒂固,以及这
个婚姻带来的巨大危害。
4⃣
作者以自己的研究发现,展现丈夫和妻子在期望对方做自己的谈话伴侣
上的不匹配,进一步凸显矛盾。
5⃣
考研加油呀!
借一副经典漫画结尾,展现夫妻沟通危机。⻓难句
重点词汇
选项解析 Text3
Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating
utomatic behaviors – habits – among consumers. These habits have helped
1 o⽆m意p识an⾏ie为searn billionsof dollars when customerseats 2 n ⼩ ac 吃 ks3o r擦wipe co4u n柜t台ersalmost
5 作为对…的回应 6 精⼼设计的 7 ⽇常暗示
withoutthinking, ofteninresponsetoacarefullydesignedsetofdailycues.
8 基本的 9 公共健康问题
“There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a
11 弄明⽩
soap habit, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change
eople’s habits,” said Dr. Curtis, the director of the Hygiene Center at the London
12 卫⽣学 13 热带的 14 向…学习 chool of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. “We wanted to learn from private industry
owtocreatenewbehaviorsthathappenautomatically.”
The companies that Dr. Curtis 1t5u r求n助ed于to – Procter & Gamble, Colgate-
16 投⼊⼤量的⾦钱做某事
Palmolive and Unilever – had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the
17 微妙的 18 ⼤型公司 19 引⼊新惯例
subtlecuesinconsumers’livesthatcorporationscouldusetointroducenewroutines.
20 仔细观察
If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day
22 润肤膏 23 消毒的 24 净化器
chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers,
21 咀嚼 25 针织物 26 维他命
health snacks, teeth whiteners, fabricsofteners, vitamins– areresults of manufactured
27 多次的
abits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day.
oday, because of2s8h r精ew明d的advertising and public health 2 c 9 am 宣 p 传 ai 活 gn 动 s, many Americans
abitually give their pearly whites a cavi3t0y -⼝pr腔ev预e防nting 3 s 1 c 擦 ru 洗 b twice a day, often with
olgate,Crestoroneoftheotherbrands. 考研加油呀!
A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then
33 将泉⽔装进瓶⼦⾥
beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs, and now office
32 饮料 34 ⼩⼝地喝
workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought
36 ⻘春期的 37 以…为特⾊ 38 商业⼴告
primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener
nd teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers ar3e9a 被dv宣e传rti为sed as part of
40 仪式 41 将A悄悄放在B和C之间
orningbeautyrituals,slippedinbetweenhairbrushingandputtingonmakeup.
42 每天或每周的惯例
“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,” said
43 ⼼理学家 44 退休
arolBerning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble,
he company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year.
45 是…的重要部分 46 改善消费者的⽣活
Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’ lives, and it’s
47 是根本条件 48 可⾏的
essentialtomakingnewproductscommerciallyviable.”
Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have
50 争论爆发
dvertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted
51 策略 hen the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy
贬义
考研加油呀!
英语(二)试题 .7 .(共14页)
【微信公众号:陈叨叨杂货铺】免费分享
1⃣
公司过去
10年来,一
直致力于在
a
消费者中培
c
养新习惯。
2⃣
指出公共
卫生倡导者
10 ⽤⾹皂洗⼿的习惯
p
希望借鉴商
S
家经验,引
h
导人们生成
健康的卫生
习惯。
3⃣ 4⃣ 5⃣ 6⃣
具
–
体介绍商家
如何靠在消
h
费者中养成
T
新习惯打造 h
畅销产品。
C
6⃣
指出,生35 ⾸先地
成积极习惯
a
既对改善人
m
们生活非常
重要,又对
C
于商家推广
t
新产品非常
“
重要。
7⃣
1 万
2
2
百
1
3
4
万 3
5
6
万
3
7
指出,制 49 ⽆情的,残忍的
learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through ruthless
造习惯的另
a
万
一面:被用 w 5
于销售价值
foods.
尚不明确或
不利于健康
的产品。
ctntttnhsrteoonssd某人态度题
A
31.AccordingtoDr.Curtis,habitslikehandwashingwithsoap______.
[A]shouldbefurthercultivated
不确定性表达
原文说的是我们没有用肥皂洗手
[B]shouldbechangedgradually 的习惯,所以我们要慢慢培养。
B选项与原文意思相反,排除。
[C]aredeeplyrootedinhistory
确定性表达
[D]arebasicallyprivateconcerns
A32. Bottled water, chewing gum and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5
观点句和主旨具有一致性。本文主旨一定和habits有关
so asto_____.
例子题
好习惯的作用一定能够推出习惯的影响,
[A]revealtheirimpactonpeople’shabits
但是习惯的影响不一定能够推出好习惯的
[B]showtheurgentneedofdailynecessities 作用,因为习惯还包括坏习惯。
因此这道题D能推出A,这道题选A。
[C]indicatetheireffectonpeople’sbuying power
定位到文中第一段第一句得到文章,主旨:
[D]manifestthesignificantroleofgoodhabits
一些公司为了赚钱,帮助人们养成一些习惯,
满分技巧1: 一整段都是例子的话,观点和主旨保持一致。定位句中,并没有提到好习惯,排除D。
D 33. Which of the following does NOT belong to1-products that help create people’s
habits?
[A]Tide.
d
[B]Crest.
产品
考研加油呀!
[C]Colgate.
[D]Unilever.公司
34.Fromthetextweknowthatsomeofconsumers’habitsaredevelopeddueto_____.
[A]perfectedartofproducts
由33题和35题知道,产品可以帮助培养
[B]automaticbehaviorcreation 人们的习惯,人们的习惯也会受到广告
的影响,所以可以先把B D选项排除。
[C]commercialpromotions
A选项中的perfected为多余信息出错概
[D]scientificexperiments 率比C更大,所以这题选C。
B
35.Theauthor’sattitudetowardtheinfluenceofadvertisementonpeople’shabitsis
_____.
[A]indifferent
[B]negative
贬义
相反选项
[C]positive
[D]biased
考研加油呀!
英语(二)试题 .8 .(共14页)
-【微信公众号:陈叨叨杂货铺】免费分享文章主旨:习惯的商业价值
语篇分析:
1⃣
公司过去10年来,一直致力于在消费者中培养新习惯,目前此项技艺
越来越成熟,并且公司因此获利颇丰。
2⃣
指出公共卫生倡导者希望借鉴商家经验,引导人们生成健康的卫生习
惯,从而进一步凸显上述现象,并引出下文探讨问题。
3⃣ 5⃣ 6⃣
具体介绍商家如何靠在消费者中养成新习惯打造畅销产品。
3⃣
说明商家运作模式。
4⃣
举例说明商家所塑造的一个生活习惯。
5⃣
举例说明商家所塑造的三个生活习惯。
6⃣
指出,生成积极习惯既对改善人们生活非常重要,又对于商家推广新
产品非常重要。
7⃣ 4⃣
考研加油呀!
指出,制造习惯的另一面:被用于销售价值尚不明确或不利于健康的
产品。全文翻译
考研加油呀!
1⃣
过去⼗年来,许多公司已经把“在消货者中⽣成⾃动⾏为——习惯”这⼀艺术发展到了完美的地步。当
消费者响应系列精⼼设计的⽇常暗示、⼏乎不假思索地吃零⻝或擦柜台之时,这些习惯已经帮助公司赚
取了数⼗亿美元。
2⃣
伦敦卫⽣和热带医药学院卫⽣中⼼主任柯提斯博⼠称,“⼀些基本的公共卫⽣问题,⽐如说,⼿脏了
却没有养成⽤肥皂清洗的习惯,只因为我们⽆法弄清如何改变⼈们的习惯,这些问题在继续夺取⼈们的
⽣命。我们想要向私营企业学习如何塑造新的⾃动⾏为。
3⃣
柯提斯博⼠求助的公司有宝洁、⾼露洁和联合利华,这些公司曾投资⼏亿美元⽤于发掘消费者⽣活中
的微妙暗示,并利⽤它们引⼊新惯例。
4⃣
如果你观察得⾜够仔细,就会发现我们每天都在使⽤的许多产品⼝⾹糖、润肤乳、消毒剂中、空⽓清
新剂、净⽔器、健康⼩吃、⽛⻮美⽩剂、⾐物柔顺剂、维⽣素等,都是“制造习惯”的产物。⼀个世纪
以前,很少有⼈习惯性地⼀天刷⽛多⽕⽽今天,受精明的⼴告活动和公共卫⽣运动的影响,许多美国⼈会
习惯性地每天给他们那如珍珠般洁⽩的⽛⻮做两次龋⻮预防刷洗,他们使⽤的,往往就是⾼露洁佳洁⼠
或者其他某种品牌。
5⃣
⼏⼗年之前,许多⼈不会在⾮就餐时间喝⽔。后来,饮料公司开始将遥远地带的泉⽔装⼊瓶中,现在办公
室职员整天都在不假思索地喝着瓶装⽔。⼝⾹糖从前主要是处于⻘春期的男孩⼉购买,⽽现在
的商业⼴告中,⼝⾹糖被定位为饭后使⽤的⼝⽓清新剂和⽛⻮清洁剂。润肤乳被⼴告宣传成早晨美容程
序的⼀部分,不知不觉插⼊梳头和化妆之间。
6⃣
最近从宝洁退休的消费⼼理学家卡罗尔• 伯宁说:“如果能成为每天或每周的惯例,那我们的产品就
成功了”。宝洁公司去年卖出了760亿美元的汰渍、佳洁⼠和其他产品。“⽣成积极可惯是改善消费者⽣
活的重要部分,它也对使新产品具有商业可⾏性⾄关重要。
7⃣
通过实验和观察,伯宁博⼠等社会科学家已了解到,通过⼤量⽆休⽌的⼴告将“某些⾏为”与“习惯暗
示”联系起来的做法是有效的。随着这⻔新兴可惯科学的兴起,这些策略被⽤于销售价值尚属疑问的美
容⾹或者不健康的⻝品 •从⽽引发了激烈辦论。Text4
1 陪审团制度 2 具体的 Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial
3 ⺠主的
4 最低限度的
5 限定性条件 6 ⽂化程度 7 能胜任的
qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors
8 随机地 should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community;
hat no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race,
9 被告 10 享有…权利 11 审判 religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and
12 裁定 13 良⼼ 14 法律条款的字⾯意思
hat verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter
f the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than
15 代议制⺠主 16 直接⺠主
representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing
themselves,ratherthanelectingrepresentativestogovernfor them.
17 陪审团遴选程序 18 与…相冲突
But as recently as in 1968, jury selection procedures conflicted with these
democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of
supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although the
19 禁⽌ 20 蓄意种族歧视
Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in
jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia, the practice of
21 精英 22 有⼀定名誉地位的⼈
selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this
23 反歧视法案
andotherantidiscriminationlaws.
24 没能做
The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th
century.Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898, it was not until
25 有资格的
the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even then
26 使免除、使免疫
several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally
27 在陪审团名单之中 28 证明…有道理
asked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice was justified by the
29 不能代表的
claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women
throughthe1960s.
In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service
30 废除
special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at
31 随机地 32 ⾥程碑
random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision
Taylor v. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be
33 代表
epresentative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision
34 宣布 35 性别歧视 36 不符合宪法的
lso declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered
tatestousethesameproceduresforselectingmaleandfemalejurors.
英语(二)试题 .9 .(共14页)
【微信公众号:陈叨叨杂货铺】免费分享
1⃣
指出,
陪审团制 democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal
度是美国
重要民主
价值观的 t
具体体
现,是直
t
接民主的
o
最佳典
范。
2⃣ 3⃣
揭示
历史实践
中陪审团
制度与民
主原则相
悖的问
题。
4⃣
⻓难句
重点词汇
选项解析
1
排除AC
ㄒ 6 3
排除B
D
2
万
7
考研加油呀!
3
万
8
针对上 4
述问题着 Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury. This law abolished
重介绍两 所
项改革,
说明陪审
团制度在
r
20世纪中
a
叶走向完
s
善。
考研加油呀!
ne-s.ee/sests.teodsonsrso-D36.FromtheprinciplesoftheUSjurysystem,welearnthat_____.
[A]bothliterateandilliteratepeoplecanserve onjuries
不确定性表达
[B]defendantsareimmunefromtrialbytheirpeers
[C]noagelimitshouldbeimposedfor juryservice
确定性表达
[D]judgmentshouldconsidertheopinionofthepublic
A37.Thepracticeofselectingso-calledelitejurorspriorto1968showed_____.
[A]theinadequacyofantidiscriminationlaws
[B]theprevalentdiscriminationagainstcertai\nraces 原文定位未提及
[C]theconflictingidealsinjuryselectionprocedures
原文定位未提及
[D]thearrogancecommonamongtheSupremeCourtjudges 原文定位未提及
C38.Eveninthe1960s, womenwereseldomonthejurylistinsomestatesbecause
_____.
[A]theywereautomaticallybannedbystatelaws
[B]theyfellfarshortoftherequiredqualifications
[C]theyweresupposedtoperformdomesticduties 精准定位
[D]theytendedtoevadepublicengagement
考研加油呀!
B
39.AftertheJurySelectionandServiceActwaspassed,_____.
原文定位未提及[A]sexdiscriminationinjuryselectionwasunconstitutionalandhadtobeabolished
[B]educationalrequirementsbecamelessrigidintheselectionoffederaljurors
[C]jurorsatthestatelevelought toberepresentative oftheentirecommunity
原文定位未提及 [D]statesoughttoconformtothefederalcourtinreformingthejurysystem
原文说的是挑选陪审团标准比之前降低了,并没有提到代表,C中有多余信息,排除。
D40.In discussingtheUSjurysystem,thetextcenterson_____.
[A]itsnatureandproblems
原文定位未提及
[B]itscharacteristicsandtradition
原文定位未提及
[C]itsproblemsandtheirsolutions
解决了问题,代表着进步(即发展),但是发展不一定需
[D]itstraditionanddevelopment
要解决问题。即C推出D,D推不出C,选D。
定性:选程度较轻的。
考研加油呀!
英语(二)试题 .10 .(共14页)
neooternoeotnteese.cat
【微信公众号:陈叨叨杂货铺】免费分享文章主旨:美国陪审团遴选程序的发展。
语篇分析:
1⃣
指出,陪审团制度是美国重要民主价值观的具体体现,是直接民主的
最佳典范。
2⃣ 3⃣
揭示历史实践中陪审团制度与民主原则相悖的问题。
2⃣
揭示问题之一(1968年前)规避了反歧视法案。
3⃣
揭示问题之二(20世纪中期以前):很少有女性陪审员,性别歧视。
4⃣
考研加油呀!
针对上述问题着重介绍两项改革,说明陪审团制度在20世纪中叶走向
完善。
1⃣
许多美国⼈把陪审团制度看作是关键⺠主价值观的具体表现,该制度包括以下原则:所有满⾜最低年龄和⽂化
要求的公⺠都具备同等资格担任陪审员;陪审员应从社会各部⻔的典型代表中随机挑选;任何公⺠不得由于种
族、宗教、性别和⺠族出身被剥夺担任陪审员的权利;被告⼈有权利接受由同等地位的⼈进⾏的审判;审判结果应
该代表社会良知,⽽不仅仅是法律条⽂的宇⾯意义。陪审团还被看作是体现直接⺠主⽽⾮代议制⺠主的最佳现
存典范。在直接⺠主政体中,公⺠轮流进⾏⾃治⽽不是选举代表来替⾃⼰治理。
2⃣
但是近⾄ 1968 年,陪审团避选程序仍然是和这些⺠主理想相冲突的。例如,在有些州,陪审团职责仅限于由那
些⼀般看来智商、学历和道德品格⾼⼈⼀等的⼈来承担。尽管美国最⾼法院早在1880 年的斯特劳德诉⻄弗吉尼
亚州⼀案中就已经禁⽌了陪审团避选中的蓄意种族歧视,但挑选所谓的精英陪审员或者蓝带陪审员的做法,却为
绕开这⼀反歧视及其它反歧视法案提供了⼀条捷径。
3⃣
同时,直到 20世纪中叶,陪审团制度才开始常规地将⼥性纳⼊其中。虽然早在1898年,⼥性就⾸次担任过犹
他州的陪审员,但直到 20世纪40年代,⼤多数州才赋予⼥性承担陪审员职责的资格。⽽且即便是那时,有些州
仍然⾃动将⼥性排除在陪审员职责之外,除⾮她们⾃⼰要求将名字纳⼊陪审团名单。这种做法以家⾥需要⼥性的
论断为解释依据,致使整个20世纪60年代的陪审团中都鲜有⼥性。
4⃣
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考研加油呀!
1968年,美国国会通过了《陪审团遴选与服务法案》,从此开创了⼀个陪审团⺠主政⾰的新时代。这⼀法案废
除了对联邦陪审员的特殊教育要求,并要求从社会各阶层⺠众中随机挑选陪审员。在1975年泰勒诉路易斯安那州
⼀案⾥程碑式的裁定中,最⾼法院将陪审团成员需代表社会各阶层这⼀要求延伸⾄州级层⾯。泰勒案的栽决同时
将陪审团遴选中的性别歧视宣布为违宪,并命令各州采取相同程序来遴选男⼥陪审员。