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Text1
1 ⽿语
Come on – Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and
2 同辈压⼒
half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It
3 带不来什么好事
usually leads to no good – drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join
4 主张
the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force
5 社会治疗
through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the
6 群体互动
power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the
world.
7 接受者
Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of examples of the
8 进⾏中的 9 州政府资助的
social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program
10 开始做某事
called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an
11 预防艾滋病毒的倡议
HIV-prevention initiative known as loveLife recruits young people to promote safe
sexamongtheirpeers.
12 敏锐的 13 批评
The idea seems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique
of the 1 l 4 a m 不 e ⾜ n 之 es 处 s of many public-health campaigns is 1s5p o准t-确on的: they fail to m 16 o 调 bi 动 lize
peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed
17 敢于做某事
understanding of psychology. “Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one
billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers – teenagers, who
18 最渴望 19 融⼊
desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health
20 向某⼈学习
advocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.
21 整体效果
But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive.
Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of
the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most
glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well
22 明显的缺陷
for very long. RageAgainst the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that
23 持久的变化
theloveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.
There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert2e4n 对or某m事ou产s⽣in影fl响uence on our behavior.
25 积极的健康习惯
An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits – as well as negative
26 微妙的
ones – spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle
formofpeerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitatethebehavior weseeeveryday.
27 官员
Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select
28 引导 29 有道德的 our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher
30 拆开 31 后排 32 配对
whobreaksup thetroublemakers intheback rowbypairing themwith better-behaved
33 ⽅法
classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure
35 坚持做某事
34 策划
engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our
ownfriends.
英语（一）试题 .3. （共14页）
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1⃣ 2⃣
引出
罗森伯格
新作品的
观点。
3⃣ 4⃣ 5⃣ 6⃣
⻓难句
-英一
重点词汇
选项解析
2
3
Tzz
4
7
23
评价罗森
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
伯格的观 5
点。
724
6
7 25
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
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21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesas
[A]asupplementtothesocialcure.
[B]astimulustogroupdynamics.
贬义 [C]anobstacletosocialprogress.
[D]acauseofundesirablebehaviors. 精准定位
31 22.Rosenbergholdsthatpublic-healthadvocatesshould
原文定位到蓝色句子处，但是take a page from的
[A]recruitprofessionaladvertisers.
意思不知道，只能评估选项。
某人态度题 [B]learnfromadvertisers’experience. 句子提到advertisers，所以先把D选项排除。
A C选项分别都有职业的和商业的这两个多余信
[C]stayawayfrom commercialadvertisers.
息，出错概率比B更大，所以选B更不容易出错。
[D]recognize thelimitationsofadvertisements. 定位句后半段出现了skilled，但是娴熟的不代表
是专业的。（娴熟更偏向于技能非常娴熟，专业
偏向于专业知识很丰富）
A
23.In theauthor’sview,Rosenberg’sbookfailsto
36 探索
[A]adequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactors. 精准定位 莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
[B]effectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcure.
根据题目的信息，可以定位到文中的蓝
[C]illustratethefunctionsofstatefunding.
色句子处，同时句子中出现了并列连词
[D]producealong-lastingsocialeffect. and。题目问的是没能做到什么，所以可
以不用看前半句，只需要看后半句因为
后半句说的是not enough。
C24.Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors
[A]isharmful toournetworksoffriends.
原文定位未提及
[B]willmisleadbehavioralstudies. 原文定位未提及
[C]occurswithoutourrealizingit. 精准定位
[D]canproducenegativehealthhabits.
原文定位未提及
D25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraph thattheeffectofpeerpressureis
[A]harmful.
原文最后一段没有出现大些转折词语说明这一段的
[B]desirable. 方向没有改变，可以直接看第一句找出段落的主旨
的方向。
[C]profound.
第一句说，还远不能确定。说明答案的方向是偏负
[D]questionable.
面的，排除BC。
A选项程度太深了，排除。所以选择D。
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
英语（一）试题 .4. （共14页）
-【微信公众号：陈叨叨杂货铺】免费分享文章主旨：同辈压力的作用。
语篇分析：
1⃣ 2⃣
引出罗森伯格新作品的观点。
1⃣
同辈压力，借助社会治疗可以产生积极影响。
2⃣
指出，罗森伯格在书中列举大量社会治疗的事例。
3⃣ 4⃣ 5⃣ 6⃣
评价罗森伯格的观点。
3⃣
高度评价罗森伯格本人，反证其观点的看似可取。
4⃣
指出“社会治疗总体效果良好”证据不足。
5⃣
说明同辈压力的作用机制：时刻悄无声息地影响他人行为。
5⃣
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
指出社会治疗效果：靠外力对同辈压力施加正面引导，并没有真正奏
效。
长难句分析
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a
地点状语 主谓 that引导宾语从句
positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use
what引导宾语从句
in which引导⾮限制性定语从句
the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.
不定式作⽬的状语
译⽂：
但在她的新书《加⼊俱乐部》中，蒂娜·罗森伯格认为，同侪压⼒也可以通过她所谓的“社会治愈”成为
⼀种积极的⼒量，在这种⼒量中，组织和官员利⽤群体动⼒的⼒量来帮助个⼈改善⽣活，甚⾄可能改善
世界.全文翻译
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
1⃣
来吧——每个⼈都在这样做。当我们听到同伴压⼒这个词时，我们⼤多数⼈都会想到这种低语的信息，⼀
半是邀请，⼀半是强迫。它通常会导致不好的结果——饮酒、吸毒和随意的性⾏为。但在她的新书《加⼊俱
乐部》中，蒂娜·罗森伯格认为，同侪压⼒也可以通过她所谓的“社会治愈”成为⼀种积极的⼒量，在这种⼒
量中，组织和官员利⽤群体动⼒的⼒量来帮助个⼈改善⽣活，甚⾄可能改善世界.
2⃣
普利策奖获得者罗森伯格提供了许多社会治愈⾏动的例⼦：在南卡罗来纳州，⼀个名为“Rage Against
the Haze”的国家资助的反吸烟计划着⼿让⾹烟变得不酷。在南⾮，⼀项名为 loveLife 的艾滋病预防计划招
募年轻⼈在同龄⼈中宣传安全性⾏为。
3⃣
这个想法似乎很有希望，⽽且罗森伯格是⼀个敏锐的观察者。她对许多公共卫⽣运动跛⾜的批评是正确
的：它们未能动员同伴对健康习惯施加压⼒，⽽且它们表现出对⼼理学的严重错误理解。 “敢于与众不同，
请不要吸烟！”呼吁⼀项旨在减少⻘少年吸烟的⼴告牌运动——⻘少年，他们只想适应。罗森伯格令⼈信服地
认为，公共卫⽣倡导者应该从⼴告商那⾥学习，因为他们⾮常擅⻓施加同伴压⼒。
4⃣
但就社会治愈的总体效果⽽⾔，罗森伯格的说服⼒较差。加⼊俱乐部充满了太多⽆关紧要的细节，对使同
伴压⼒如此强⼤的社会和⽣物学因素的探索不够。此处介绍的社会治疗最明显的缺陷是它在很⻓⼀段时间内
都不能很好地发挥作⽤。⼀旦国家资⾦被削减，Rage Against the Haze 就失败了。 loveLife 计划产⽣持
久变化的证据有限且参差不⻬。
5⃣
毫⽆疑问，我们的同龄⼈群体对我们的⾏为产⽣了巨⼤的影响。⼀项新兴的研究表明，积极的健康习惯
——以及消极的习惯——通过社交传播通过朋友⽹络传播。这是同伴压⼒的⼀种微妙形式：我们⽆意识地模
仿我们每天看到的⾏为。
6⃣
然⽽，专家和官僚如何成功地选择我们的同侪群体并引导他们的活动朝着良性的⽅向发展，却远不那么确
定。就像⽼师通过将后排的麻烦制造者与表现更好的同学配对来打破他们⼀样。这种策略永远不会真正奏
效。这就是从外部设计的社会疗法的问题：在现实世界中，就像在学校⾥⼀样，我们坚持选择⾃⼰的朋友。【微信公众号：陈叨叨杂货铺】免费分享
Text2
1 包含
Adeal is a deal – except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. The company, a
2 能源供应商 3 义愤
major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last
week when it announced it was re4n 背eg信in弃g义on a long 5 s 对 ta … nd ⼀ in 项 g ⻓ c 期 om 承 m 诺 itment to a 6 b i 遵 d 守 e by
thestate’sstrictnuclearregulations.
Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not:
7 质疑…的合宪性 8 联邦法院
challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a
9 拼死努⼒
desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a
stunningmove.
10 显露
The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought
11 反应堆 12 作为…的条件
Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of
receiving state a13p p赞ro成val for the sale, the company agreed to see 1 k 4 p 获 e 取 rm … i 的 ss 许 io 可 n from
state regulators to op15e r⼯at作e past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring
16 许可证延期 17 服从
that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to the Vermont legislature’s
approval.Then,too,thecompanywentalong.
18 遵守
Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply
19 预⻅ 20 ⼀连串 21 部分的
didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial
22 倒塌
collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe system
23 泄露 24 引起对…的质疑
leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s
management – especially after the company made misleading statements about the
pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year
againstallowinganextension.
Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid
because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory
power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the
Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear
power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how
far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork
regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its
word,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint.
The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already
so damaged that it has nothing left to lose by going to war with the state. But there
should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust. Entergy
runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in
Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal
permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory
Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep in mind what
promisesfrom Entergyareworth.
英语（一）试题 .5. （共14页）
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1⃣ 2⃣
简述
Entergy公
司背信行
为
3⃣ 4⃣
交代
事件背景
5⃣ 6⃣
-
⻓难句
英一
重点词汇
选项解析
2
3
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
4
25 ⽆效的
5
26 管理的
27 费解的
28 开创先例的
29 补丁
30 遵守承诺
31 ⽆关紧要
排除D
6
说明
事件影
32 与…开战
响。
33 保证
排除C
34 重新考虑 35 牢记
排除B
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26.Thephrase“renegingon”(Line3,Para.1)isclosestinmeaningto
[A]condemning.
根据句意判断。
[B]reaffirming.
原文讲的是这家公司引起了愤怒，因为“xxx”长期承诺。
[C]dishonoring.
按照逻辑，只有没有遵守长期承诺，才会引起愤怒。
[D]securing.
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
D 27.Byenteringintothe2002agreement,Entergyintendedto
[A]obtainprotectionfromVermontregulators.
[B]seekfavor fromthefederallegislature.
[C]acquireanextensionofitsbusinesslicense.
[D]getpermissiontopurchaseapowerplant. 精准定位
A28.AccordingtoParagraph4,Entergyseemstohaveproblemswithits
[A]managerialpractices.
精准定位
[B]technicalinnovativeness.
[C]financialgoals.
[D]businessvision.
D29.In theauthor’sview,theVermontcasewilltest
[A]Entergy’scapacitytofulfillallitspromises.
[B]thenatureofstates’patchworkregulations.
[C]thefederalauthorityovernuclearissues.
相反选项
[D]thelimitsofstates’powerovernuclearissues. 精准定位
A
30.It canbeinferredfrom thelastparagraphthat
[A]Entergy’sbusinesselsewheremightbeaffected.
推断题 36 蔑视
[B]theauthorityoftheNRCwillbedefied.
推整段
37 撤回
[C]EntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthapplication.
[D]Vermont’sreputationmightbedamaged.
满分技巧1:
【推段落】主旨主要出现在（重点看）：第1句、大写转折句和最后1句。优先看大写转折句和最后1句。
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
英语（一）试题 .6. （共14页）
【-微信公众号：陈叨叨杂货铺】免费分享文章主旨：佛蒙特杨基厂主必须履行承诺。
语篇分析：
1⃣ 2⃣
简述Entergy公司背信行为。
1⃣
Entergy公司宣称不再坚守承诺激起民愤。
2⃣
具体指出，Entergy公司在联邦法院质疑佛州核法规合宪性令人震惊。
3⃣ 4⃣
交代事件背景。
3⃣
追溯双方签署的两份约定。
4⃣
追诉事态发展：去年，佛州参议院否决了Entergy公司2012年后经营
权的延期申请。
5⃣ 6⃣
说明事件影响。
5⃣
影响一：将为检验州级核监管权限提供法律先例。
6⃣
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
影响二：Entergy公司其他地方业务受影响。
长难句分析
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not: challenge the
主谓 what既引导主句的宾语从句，⼜引导宾从的宾语从句
constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effor]t to keep
解释说明 ⽅式状语
its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running.
不定式作后置定语
A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery
主语 插⼊语
of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s
谓宾 介词短语作后置定语
safety and Entergy’s management – especially after the company made misleading statements
时间状语从句
about the pipe.全文翻译
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
1⃣
交易就是交易——显然，当涉及 Entergy 时除外。该公司是新英格兰的主要能源供应商，上周
在佛蒙特州引发了合理的愤怒，当时它宣布违背⻓期以来遵守该州严格核法规的承诺。
2⃣
相反，该公司确实做了它⻓期以来承诺不会做的事情：在联邦法院挑战佛蒙特州规则的合宪
性，作为维持其佛蒙特州洋基核电站运⾏的拼命努⼒的⼀部分。这是⼀个惊⼈的举动。
3⃣
⾃ 2002 年以来，冲突⼀直在浮出⽔⾯，当时该公司购买了佛蒙特州唯⼀的核电站，即弗农的
⼀座⽼化反应堆。作为获得州批准出售的条件，该公司同意寻求州监管机构的许可，以便在 2012
年之后运营。2006 年，州更进⼀步，要求⼯⼚许可证的任何延期都必须得到佛蒙特州⽴法机构的
批准.然后，公司也跟着去了。
4⃣
Entergy 要么从未真正打算按照这些承诺⽣活，要么根本没有预⻅到接下来会发⽣什么。⼀系
列事故，包括 2007 年冷却塔的部分倒塌和地下管道系统泄漏的发现，引发了对佛蒙特洋基队的安
全和 Entergy 管理的严重质疑——尤其是在该公司对管道做出误导性陈述之后。对 Entergy 的⾏
为感到愤怒，佛蒙特州参议院去年以 26 票对 4 票反对允许延期。
5⃣
现在，该公司突然声称，由于 2006 年的⽴法，2002 年的协议⽆效，并且只有联邦政府对核问
题拥有监管权。该案中的法律问题模糊不清：尽管最⾼法院裁定各州确实对核电拥有⼀定的监管权
⼒，但法律学者表示，佛蒙特州的案件将为这些权⼒的延伸范围提供⼀个先例测试。当然，如果每
个州都制定⾃⼰的规则，可能会导致拼凑规则，这是有道理的担忧。但是，如果 Entergy 信守诺
⾔，那么这场辩论就⽆关紧要了。
6⃣
该公司似乎已经得出结论，其在佛蒙特州的声誉已经受到严重损害，以⾄于与该州开战已经没
有什么可失去的了。但应该有后果。运⾏核电站的许可是⼀种公共信任。 Entergy 在美国运营着
其他 11 座反应堆，包括位于普利茅斯的 Pilgrim 核电站。该公司承诺安全运营 Pilgrim，已申请联
邦许可，将其再开放 20 年。但在核管理委员会 (NRC) 审查该公司的申请时，它应该牢记
Entergy 的承诺是值得的。【微信公众号：陈叨叨杂货铺】免费分享
Text3
1 理想⽅式
In the idealized version of howscience is done, facts about theworld are waiting
to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method
2 开展⼯作
to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently
follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot
escape the c3o 背nt景ext of our unique life experiences. Prio 4 r 先 k 验 no 知 w 识 ledge and interests
influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the
5 s u 随 b 后 se 的 quent actions we take. Opp 6 o … rt 的 un 可 it 能 ie 性 s for misin7 t误er解pretation, error, and
8 ⾃欺欺⼈
self-deceptionabound.
9 源科学
Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to
newly 10 s t 公 ak 开 ed 声 m 明 i 对 n … in 拥 g 有 cl 所 ai 有 m 权 s, they are ful 1 l 1 o 充 f 满 p 潜 ot 能 ential. But it takes collective s1c2r u仔ti细ny检查
13 将…转变为
and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the
14 可信 credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes
thecommunity’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge isthegoal, not the
startingpoint.
16 智⼒的
Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual
17 掌控
credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens
next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers
18 担任…⻆⾊
make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the
publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes;
and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and
19 排除困难朝特定⽅向前进 possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works its way through the
20 相互作⽤
community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs
about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery
claimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.
Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work
tends to focu2s1 悖on论some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is 2 v 2 i e 被 w 视 e 为 d as incomplete
23 重复
or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is
24 毫不奇怪地
already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly,
25 貌似
newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be
26 ⾯对挑战 27 修改
important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification
28 辩驳 29 新奇的事物
or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes
30 ⽣理学家
disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Szent-Györgyi once described
discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has
thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they
have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly
noveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.
In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim – a process that
corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the
mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning
andeachother’sconceptionsofreason.”
英语（一）试题 .7. （共14页）
【微信公众号：陈叨叨杂货铺】免费分享
1⃣
说明科
学发现过
程的特
点：诸多
难以避免
的主观性
因素贯穿
始终。
2⃣ 3⃣ 4⃣ 5⃣
-⻓难句
英一
重点词汇
选项解析
ㄒ
31
2
万
2
3
具体阐述 万
3
“科学发
现如何一
步一步获 莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
4
取可信
度。”。
ㄒ
34
31 突然降临到身上
5
32 相当于
33 修正
34 理解
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
-【微信公众号：陈叨叨杂货铺】免费分享
-
31.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits
[A]uncertaintyandcomplexity.
[B]misconceptionanddeceptiveness.
[C]logicalityandobjectivity.
[D]systematicnessandregularity.
31 32.It canbeinferredfrom Paragraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires
15 审查
[A]strictinspection.
推断题
[B]sharedefforts.
相反选项
[C]individualwisdom.
[D]persistentinnovation.
B33.Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafterit
[A]hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic.
A选项的公众不能认为是集
[B]hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity.
体，因为科学研究还是得专
[C]hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers. 业的人来做，即科学界。
[D]hasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists.
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
D34.AlbertSzent-Györgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat
[A]scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges.
某人态度题
原文“见他人所见”和“想他人未想”
[B]discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch.
是并列关系，和B选项的“激励”没有
[C]effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified. 关系，排除。
[D]scientificworkcallsfor acriticalmind.
c35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetext?
[A]NoveltyasanEngineof ScientificDevelopment.
选项之间的逻辑。
[B]CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery. 有33题知道，这篇文章谈论到科学发现取
信的过程，只有C D两个选项谈论到。
[C]EvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScience.
然后科学发现取信的过程与挑战无关，所
[D]ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience. 以排除D，选择C。
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
英语（一）试题 .8. （共14页）
-【微信公众号：陈叨叨杂货铺】免费分享文章主旨：科学发现声明的取信过程。
语篇分析：
1⃣
说明科学发现过程的特点：诸多难以避免的主观性因素贯穿始终。
2⃣ 3⃣ 4⃣ 5⃣
具体阐述“科学发现如何一步一步获取可信度。”。
2⃣
引出全文主题“取信过程”。
3⃣
详细阐述取信过程。
4⃣
补充取信过程中两个矛盾表明该过程的漫长和曲折。
5⃣
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
取信过程就是思想交汇的过程。
长难句分析
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
[ As a discovery claim works its wayI through the communit〗y, the interaction and confrontation
时间状语从句 地点状语 主语
between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms
后置定语 后置定语 谓语
an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.
宾补
宾语
译⽂：
当发现声明在科学界中传播时，关于所涉及的科学和技术的共享和竞争信念之间的互动和对抗就会将个⼈
的发现声明转化为社区的可信发现。全文翻译
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
1⃣
在科学是如何完成的理想化版本中，关于世界的事实正等待着客观的研究⼈员观察和收集，他们使
⽤科学的⽅法来开展他们的⼯作。但在科学的⽇常实践中，发现往往遵循⼀条模糊⽽复杂的路线。我们
的⽬标是客观，但我们⽆法摆脱我们独特的⽣活经历的背景。先前的知识和兴趣会影响我们的经历、我
们认为我们的经历意味着什么以及我们采取的后续⾏动。误解、错误和⾃欺的机会⽐⽐皆是。
2⃣
因此，发现主张应被视为原始科学。与新质押的采矿权类似，它们充满潜⼒。但是，将发现声明转
变为成熟的发现需要集体审查和接受。这是可信的过程，通过这个过程，个⼈研究员的我，在这⾥，现
在成为社区的任何⼈，任何时间，任何时间。客观知识是⽬标，⽽不是起点。
3⃣
⼀旦发现声明公开，发现者就会获得知识信⽤。但是，与采矿索赔不同，社区控制着接下来发⽣的
事情。在科学界复杂的社会结构中，研究⼈员不断发现；编辑和审稿⼈通过控制出版过程充当看⻔⼈；
其他科学家利⽤这⼀新发现来满⾜⾃⼰的⽬的；最后，公众（包括其他科学家）会收到新发现和可能伴
随的技术。当发现声明在社区中传播时，关于所涉及的科学和技术的共享和竞争信念之间的互动和对抗
将个⼈的发现声明转化为社区的可信发现。
4⃣
在整个可信过程中存在两个悖论。⾸先，科学⼯作倾向于关注被认为不完整或不正确的流⾏知识的
某些⽅⾯。很少的回报伴随着对已知和相信的事情的重复和确认。⽬标是新搜索，⽽不是重新搜索。毫
不奇怪，新发表的发现主张和看似重要且令⼈信服的可信发现将始终受到未来研究⼈员的挑战和潜在的
修改或反驳。其次，新奇事物本身经常引起怀疑。诺⻉尔奖获得者和⽣理学家 Albert Szent-Györgyi
曾将发现描述为“看到每个⼈都看到的东⻄，并思考没有⼈想到的东⻄”。但是思考别⼈没有想到的东⻄
并告诉别⼈他们错过了什么可能不会改变他们的观点。有时，真正新颖的发现声称要被接受和欣赏需要
数年时间。
5⃣
最后，可信度“发⽣”于发现主张——这⼀过程与哲学家安妮特·拜尔所描述的“⼼灵的公地”相对
应。 “我们⼀起推理、挑战、修正和完善彼此的推理和彼此的理性概念。”【微信公众号：陈叨叨杂货铺】免费分享
⻓难句
英一
重点词汇
选项解析 Text4
1 代表 If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent
2 公务员 3 正值鼎盛时期
civil servants. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten
American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the
4 公共部⻔
number of unionists inAmerica’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in
5 私有部⻔
the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about
6 加⼊到⼯会的
15%ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized.
There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’thriving. First, they can shut
things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are
7 聪明的
mostly bright and well-educated.Aquarter ofAmerica’s public-sector workers have a
8 ⽀配 9 中左政治
university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties
10 由来已久 11 ⼯党 12 顾名思义
go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been
associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to
votesfrompublic-sectorunions.
13 在…层⾯ 14 可怕的
At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of
15 州政府预算
the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is
16 巡逻 17 密切留意
patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on
prisonsandavarietyoflaborgroupsonhealthcare.
In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the
18 ⼯作体制
private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have
19 回程装载 20 ⼯资协定 21 些许的
repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest
22 ⼤量的
butaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.
25 反对 26 声名狼藉地
Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most notoriously in education,
27 特许学校 28 学院 29 绩效⼯资
where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even
though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most
30 变量 31 摆脱
important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and
promotinggoodones.
32 镇压
As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp
33 召集成千上百的⽀持者反对
down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott
34 强硬的
Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer
underthecurrentsystem,too.
35 ⽂化标准
John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture
inWestern3c6iv ⾏il政se部rv⻔ices suit those who want to3s7ta 保y持pu不t变but is bad for 3 h 8 i g 成 h 功 ac ⼈ h ⼠ ievers.
The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are
39 丰厚⼯资
university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay
40 饱受指摘
packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward
highachieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemforAmerica.
英语（一）试题 .9. （共14页）
【微信公众号：陈叨叨杂货铺】免费分享
1⃣ 2⃣ 3⃣
说
明现象，
公共部门
工会势力
过于强
大。
4⃣ 5⃣ 6⃣
分
析现象影
响：滋生
不合理的
公共部门
薪酬制
度，阻碍
公共部门
制度改
革。
7⃣
-
1
7
36
2 7
37
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
3
4
万
8
5
万
9
6
由现象
7
强调问题
所在：公
共部门制
度弊端重
7
重。 40
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
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-
36.It canbelearnedfromthefirst paragraphthat
[A]Teamstersstillhavealargebodyofmembers. 如果第一段都是细节，那么第
推断题 二段第一句就是段落主旨。
[B]JimmyHoffausedtoworkasacivilservant.
推段落
[C]unionshaveenlargedtheirpublic-sectormembership.
[D]thegovernmenthasimproveditsrelationshipwithunionists.
满分技巧1:
【推段落】主旨主要出现在（重点看）：第1句、大写转折句和最后1句。优先看大写转折句和最后1句。
D37.WhichofthefollowingistrueofParagraph2?
[A]Public-sectorunionsareprudentintakingactions.
推断题
[B]Educationisrequiredfor public-sectorunionmembership. 具体信息，排除
推段落
[C]LaborPartyhaslongbeenfightingagainstpublic-sectorunions.具体信息，排除
[D]Public-sectorunionsseldomgetintroublefor theiractions. 主旨做题法
满分技巧2: 哲理性选项（没有具体信息、很虚的选项）比具体事情选项出错概率小。
B
38.It canbelearnedfromParagraph4thattheincomeinthestatesectoris
23 获得
[A]illegallysecured.
24 增加
[B]indirectlyaugmented. 精准定位
相似选项
[C]excessivelyincreased.
[D]fairlyadjusted.
c39.TheexampleoftheunionsinWisconsinshowsthatunions 莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
[A]oftenrunagainstthecurrentpoliticalsystem.
例子题 原文定位到第六段第一句，如果
[B]canchangepeople’spoliticalattitudes.
段中例 “clamp down”意思不知道，可以
[C]maybeabarriertopublic-sectorreforms. 判断出是不好的方向。
主旨相关
前半句“the cost”肯定上一段有
[D]aredominantinthegovernment.
出现，所以可以看上一段第一句。
A40.JohnDonahue’sattitudetowardsthepublic-sectorsystemisoneof
[A]disapproval.
贬义
褒义 [B]appreciation.
[C]tolerance.
[D]indifference.
墓碑选项
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
英语（一）试题 .10. （共14页）
-【微信公众号：陈叨叨杂货铺】免费分享文章主旨：公共部门改革最大的障碍是工会。
语篇分析：
1⃣ 2⃣ 3⃣
说明现象，公共部门工会势力过于强大。
1⃣
指出现象：英美等国公共部门工会迅猛发展，工会已经成为公务员代
言人。
2⃣
分析现象产生的三大原因。
3⃣
进一步呈现现象，美国公共部门工会势力在州级层面更为可怕。
4⃣ 5⃣ 6⃣
分析现象影响：滋生不合理的公共部门薪酬制度，阻碍公共部门
制度改革。
4⃣
影响一：公共部门薪酬福利待遇被反复变相拉高。
5⃣
影响二：公共部门制度改革一直遭到工会极力阻挠。
6⃣
分析影响二，近期政治家们改革公共部门的决心遭到工会强力反抗。
7⃣
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
由现象强调问题所在：公共部门制度弊端重重。
长难句分析
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
Even though there is plenty of evidence( that the quality of the teachers is the most important
even though引导状语从句 that引导同位语从句
variabl〗e, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.
主谓宾全文翻译
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
1⃣
⼯会成员吉⽶霍法今天还活着，他可能会代表公务员。 1960 年，当霍法的卡⻋司机处于鼎盛时期时，只
有⼗分之⼀的美国政府⼯作⼈员属于⼯会。现在有 36% 的⼈这样做。 2009 年，美国公共部⻔的⼯会会员
⼈数超过了私营部⻔的⼯会成员。在英国，超过⼀半的公共部⻔⼯⼈加⼊⼯会，但只有约 15% 的私营部⻔
⼯⼈加⼊了⼯会。
2⃣
公共部⻔⼯会蓬勃发展的三个原因。⾸先，他们可以在不承担太多后果的情况下关闭事物。其次，他们⼤
多聪明且受过良好教育。美国四分之⼀的公共部⻔⼯作⼈员拥有⼤学学位。第三，他们现在主导着中左翼政
治。他们的⼀些关系可以追溯到很久以前。英国⼯党，顾名思义，⻓期以来⼀直与⼯会主义联系在⼀起。其
现任领导⼈埃德⽶利班德的职位归功于公共部⻔⼯会的投票。
3⃣
在州⼀级，他们的影响可能更加可怕。加州公共政策研究所的 Mark Baldassare 指出，该州的⼤部分预
算都由⼯会负责。教师⼯会关注学校，CCPOA 关注监狱，以及各种劳⼯团体关注医疗保健。
4⃣
在许多富裕国家，国有部⻔的平均⼯资⾼于私营部⻔。但真正的收益来⾃福利和⼯作实践。政客们⼀再
“推迟”公共部⻔的薪酬协议，保持加薪幅度不⼤，但增加了假期，尤其是已经慷慨的养⽼⾦。
5⃣
改⾰遭到了强烈反对，也许是最臭名昭著的教育领域，特许学校、学院和绩效⼯资都⾯临着旷⽇持久的⽃
争。尽管有⼤量证据表明教师的素质是最重要的变量，但教师⼯会⼀直在反对淘汰坏⼈，促进好⼈。
6⃣
随着其他⼈的成本变得更加清晰，政客们已经开始压制。在威斯康星州，⼯会召集了数千名⽀持者反对强
硬的共和党州⻓斯科特·沃克。但公共部⻔中的许多⼈也受到现⾏制度的影响。
7⃣
哈佛⼤学肯尼迪学院的约翰·多纳休（John Donahue）指出，⻄⽅公务员的⽂化规范适合那些想留在原
地但不利于⾼成就者的⼈。年收⼊远⾼于 250,000 美元的美国公共部⻔⼯作⼈员只有⼤学体育教练和美国
总统。银⾏家的⾼额薪酬招来了很多批评，但不奖励⾼成就者的公共部⻔制度对美国来说可能是⼀个更⼤的
问题。公众号/⼩红书：莱布尼兹会上岸 获取更多考研资料
祝⼤家顺利上岸～
