⻓难句
重点词汇
选项解析 Text 1
1 赶上 2 范围，领域
While still catching up to men in some spheres of modem life, women appear to
ahead in at least one undesirable category. "Women are particularl
y y
5 患抑郁症和焦虑症
susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress
6 精神科医⽣
compared to men," according to Dr. Yehuda, chief ps chiatrist at New York's
y
Veteran's Administration Hospital.
7 荷尔蒙 Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow
8 压⼒反应 9 诱因
affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger
chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when
10 极度焦虑的
stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed,
11 化学反应
their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.
12 剂量
Adding to a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased
"opportunities" for stress. "It's not necessaril that women don't cope as well. It's
y
13 处理
just that the have so much more to cope with," sa s Dr. Ye huda. "Their capacity for
y y
14 承受压⼒ 15 说，评论
tolerating stress may even be greater than men's," she observes, "it's just that the 're
y
16 筋疲⼒尽
dealing with so man more things that they become worn out from it more visibl and
y y
sooner."
Dr. Ye huda notes another difference between the sexes. "I think that the kinds of
18 ⻓期的
exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature.
20 战⽃压⼒
to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of
21 身体暴⼒ 22 ⼈际暴⼒
random ph sical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are
y
23 家庭环境
exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other
24 ⼀次性事件 25 损耗，磨损
they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that
be quite devastating."
26 ⽣孩⼦ 27 决⼼做某事
Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to
28 尽⼒做某事
finish college. "I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much
29 暂时逃避现实
frustration that that was m escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better." Later,
y
her marriage ended and she became a single mother. "It's the hardest thing to take care
of a teenager, have a job, pa the rent, pa the car payment, and pa the debt. I lived
y y y
30 盼着下⼀张⼯资单过⽇⼦
from paycheck to paycheck."
31 ⻓期压⼒
Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes.
But most women toda are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and
y
32 因有压⼒⽽产⽣的焦虑或紧张
feeling the strain. Alvarez's experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways
33 缓解压⼒ 34 运转，⼯作
to diffuse stress before it threatens our health and our ability to function.
y y
英语试题 . 3 . (共 14 ⻚）
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1⃣
3 遥遥领先
女性比 be wa
男性更易4 易受…影响的
受到压力
对健康的
负面影
响。
2⃣
——
5⃣
1
7
21
2
3
亚
,
考研加油呀！
从生理角
4
度分析原 17 使暴露于险境 ㄒ
things that women are 23
因：雌性 19 参军 .
Men go
激素比雄
性激素更
易诱发不
famil members, and
y
良化学物
comes from these longer relationships can
质。
5
6
考研加油呀！
esesssensaresprsrns主旨：女人有压力。但是四个选项均涉及“women”和
“stress”，只能利用每个选项句意的主干意思来判断。
C主干句意为，女人更有经验，排除。
D为，女人有不同的倾向，排除。
A B中，“caused by men”相较于A 为多余信息，排除。
21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?
[A]Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.
[B]Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.
[C]Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.
[D]Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.
D
22. Dr. Yehuda's research suggests that women 细节支持主旨，主旨：女人有压力。
[A]need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress. 与主旨无关
[B]have limited capacity for tolerating stress. 与主旨相反
[C]are more capable of avoiding stress. 与主旨相反
[D]are exposed to more stress.
q
c23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confron)t tends to be
[A]domestic and temporary. 与主旨相反
[B]irregular and violent.
相反选项
考研加油呀！
[C]durable and frequent.
[D]trivial and random.
满分技巧1: 答案有可能会出现在句意相似或相反的两个选项中间。
B
24. The sentence "I lived from paycheck to paycheck." (Line 6, Para.5) shows that
[A]Alvarez cared about nothing but making money. 由选项的共性表明，该题主旨：女
[B]Alvarez's salary barely covered her household expenses. 人在经济上有压力。
A句意，女人只关心赚钱，排除。
[C]Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.
C，她打很多份工获得工资，排除。
[D]Alvarez paid practically everything by check. D，她用支票付款。
D
25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A]Strain of Stress: No Way Out?
[B]Responses to Stress: Gender Difference
女性处于重压之下，而男性却没有，即
[C]Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say 暗示性别不平等。
而作者并非客观论述性别差异，而是发
[D]Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress
表对其性别所处劣势的同情与担忧。
考研加油呀！
英语试题 . 4 . (共 14 ⻚）
zr【n微te信s公n众s号s：so陈e叨n叨z杂n货z铺n】re免s费s分a享trr文章主旨：女性更易受到压力带来的负面影响。
语篇分析：
1⃣
女性比男性更易受到压力对健康的负面影响。
2⃣
——
5⃣
从生理角度分析原因：雌性激素比雄性激素更易诱发不良化学
物质。
3⃣ 4⃣ 5⃣
从社会角度分析原因：女性在生活中压力更多，且具有长期反复
性。
3⃣
从“压力数量”切入：压力（来源）过多，更易精疲力竭。
4⃣
从“压力性质”切入，长期反复，极具破坏性。
5⃣
以具体人物为例子，论证女性所受到的压力的长期性。
6⃣
考研加油呀！
总结现象（问题）并提出建议：学会释放压力。
长难句分析
考研加油呀！
[
Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress
主语谓语 that引导宾语从句
response], [causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males
现在分词结构作结果状语
under the same condition]s.
do males为省略倒装结构，完整形式为males（under the same conditions）produce trigger chemicals，
do代替于主句相同的谓语部分。
译⽂：
对动物和⼈的研究都表明性激素会以某种⽅式影响压⼒反应，导致处于压⼒下的雌性⽐处于同等条件下的雄
性分泌更多触发不良反应的化学物质。全文翻译
考研加油呀！
尽管⼥性在现代⽣活中的不少领域仍在努⼒追赶男性，但⾄少在⼀个不利的⽅⾯⼥性似乎遥遥领先。据
纽约退伍军⼈管理医院精神科主任医师耶胡达博⼠称，“相⽐男性，⼥性在应对压⼒时特别容易患抑郁症
和焦虑症”。
对动物和⼈的研究都表明性激素会以某种⽅式影响压⼒反应,导致处于压⼒下的雌性⽐处于同等条件下的
雄性分泌更多触发不良反应的化学物质。其中⼏项研究显示，如果将承受巨⼤压⼒的雌⿏的卵巢(雌性⽣
殖器官)切除•她们的化学反应变得和雄⿏相当。
加重⼥性更多压⼒化学物质剂量的，是她们增多的压⼒“机会”。耶胡达博⼠说，“未必是⼥性不能同样
地应付压⼒。只是她们不得不应付多得多的压⼒。”她说道，“⼥性忍受压⼒的能⼒甚⾄可能超过男性，
只是她们需要应付如此之多的事.以致她们精疲⼒竭得更明显且更快。”
耶胡达博⼠还提到两性问的另⼀种差别。“我认为⼥性⾯临的各种事情往往更具⻓期性或反复性。男性去
打仗，⾯临的是战⽃压⼒。他们⾯临更多的是偶尔的身体上的暴⼒⾏为。⼥性⾯临的各种⼈际间暴⼒往
往是在家庭环境中，不幸的是这种暴⼒来⾃于⽗⺟或其他家庭成员，⽽且往往不是⼀次了事。这些⻓久
关系带来的折磨可能是极具毁灭性的。
阿德琳•阿尔瓦雷兹⼗⼋岁结婚并⽣有⼀⼦,但她却坚决要完成⼤学学业。“为了拿到⼤学⽂凭我拼命努
⼒。我的⽣活极其不如意，以⾄于我只有通过上学、取得进步并做得更好以摆脱现实困境。”后来,她的
婚姻结束，她成了单身⺟亲。“照顾⼀个⼗来岁的孩⼦⼯作、交房租、付⻋款、还要偿还债务，这是最⾟
苦的事情。我过着勉强糊⼝的⽣活。
并不是每个⼈都承受着阿德琳•阿尔瓦雷兹描述的这种巨⼤的⻓期性压⼒。但如今⼤多数⼥性都担负着许
多责任，⼏乎没有放松的时侯,因此感到焦虑。阿尔瓦雷兹的经历说明在压⼒威胁到你的健康和身体机能
之前寻求途径疏解压⼒是相当重要的。Text2
1 简单的，易懂的
It used to be so strai htforward. A team of researchers workin to ether in the
g g g
2 （to）递交给
laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor
3 ⾪属关系
would then remove the authors' names and affiliations from the paper and send it to
4 同等的⼈；同龄⼈ 5 接收论⽂
their peers for review. Dependin on the comments received, the editor would accept
g
6 拒绝 7 版权 8 归于，属于
the paper for publication or decline it. Copyri ht rested with the journal publisher,
g
9 想要了解 10 订阅
and researchers seekin knowled e of the results would have to subscribe to the
g g
journal.
11 资助机构
No lon er. The Internet — and pressure from fundin a encies, who are g g g
commercial publishers are makin mone from overnment-funded
y g y g
access to it—is makin free access to scientific results a realit .
g g y
Or anization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just
g
issued a report describin the far-reachin consequences of this. The report, b John
g g y
14 数量⼤的
profits. But it
oes further than that. It signals a chan e in what has, until now, been a ke element
g g y
15 科学探索
endeavour.
The value of knowled e and the return on the public investment in research
g
16 部分地 17 易于得到的
depends, in part, upon wide distribution and read access. It is bi business. In
y g
18 估价
America, the core scientific publishin market is estimated at between $7 billion and
g
in
g
journals.
20 学术期刊
This is now chan in . According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarl
g g y
21 商业模式
models are emer in ; three main ones
g g
were identified b the report's authors. There is the so-called bi deal, where
y g
subscribers pa for access to a collection of online journal titles throu h
y g
open-access publishin , typicall supported b
g y y
anizations such as universities or international g
23 不同事物的混合物
laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are h brids of y
these three, such as dela ed open-access, where journals allow onl subscribers to y y
24 供…免费使⽤
read a paper for the first six months, before makin it freel available to everyone g y
who wishes to see it. All this could chan e the traditional form of the peer-review
g
process, at least for the publication of papers.
英语试题 . 5 . (共 14 ⻚）
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1⃣
介绍传
统科学期
刊出版的
流程。
2⃣
概括文 questionin wh
g
12 限制…权限
章讨论新 research b restrictin
y
对象—— The
13 发布报告
网络出
版；及其 Hou hton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD,
g
深远影响 makes heavy readin for publishers who have, so far, made handsome
g
——令出
版商心情 of scientific
沉重。
3⃣ 4⃣
⻓难句
重点词汇
选项解析
过去
1
现在 主旨
7
2 8 2
.
ㄒ
7 2
.
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
3
具体 $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical
19 专⻔从事
阐述“科 Publishers sa s that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializin
y
研成果自 these subjects. The publish more than 1.2 million articles each ear in some 16,000
y y
由获取新
4 趋势”即
将带来的 journals are now online. Entirel new business
y
两大影
22 机构订户
响：冲击 institutional
出版商传 site-licensin agreements. There is 729
g
统获利模 askin the author (or his emplo er) to pa for the paper to be published. Finall , there ,
g y y y
式和改变 are open-access archives, where or
传统同行
评审机
制。
考研加油呀！
s敢sthnsneerntasesssssoese满分技巧1: 时间对比文章，一定会有过去和现在。重点关注选项中关于“变化”或时间特征词。
谈论过去
D
26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses
[A]the background information of jo umal editing.
[B]the publication routine of laboratory reports.
[C]the relations of authors with journal publishers.
[D]the traditional process of journal publication.
C27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report? it does sth
[A]It criticizes government-funded research.
[B]It introduces an effective means of publication.
内容做题法
[C]It upsets profit-making journal publishers.
[D]It benefits scientific research considerably.
A
28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that 原因
[A]it provides an easier access to scientific results. 主旨选项（与主旨完美适配，Ｐ2，S2）
[B]it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.
[C]it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.
[D]it facilitates public investment in scientific research.
满分技巧2: 细节没有办法处理的题，用主旨做题。
A
29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to
[A]cover the cost of its publication.
[B]subscribe to the journal publishing it. 考研加油呀！
[C]allow other online journals to use it freely.
[D]complete the peer-review before submission.
B30. Which of the following best summarizes the text?
[A]The Internet is posing a threat to publishers. 具体信息，排除
主旨做题法
[B]A new mode of publication is emerging.
[C]Authors welcome the new channel for publication.
具体信息，排除
[D]Publication is rendered easier by online service.
原文说的是change，并未说easier，B出错概率更小
满分技巧1: 时间对比文章，一定会有过去和现在。重点关注选项中关于“变化”或时间特征词。
满分技巧2: 细节没有办法处理的题，用主旨做题。
考研加油呀！
英语试题 . 6 . (共 14 ⻚）
ppsrrtsbstomtaeses
【微信公众号：陈叨叨杂货铺】免费分享文章主旨：在线出版是科学出版的新方式。
语篇分析：
1⃣
介绍传统科学期刊出版的流程。
2⃣
概括文章讨论新对象——网络出版；及其深远影响——令出版商心情
沉重。
3⃣ 4⃣
具体阐述“科研成果自由获取新趋势”即将带来的两大影响：冲击
出版商传统获利模式和改变传统同行评审机制。
3⃣
当今科学出版市场规模巨大，出版商利润丰厚。
4⃣
考研加油呀！
指出在线出版新模式，正面展现其双重影响：打击出版商；冲击传统
同行评审。
长难句分析
考研加油呀！
o
Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals
主语谓语 that引导定语从句
allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to
where关系副词，引导⾮限制性定语从句 时间状语
o
everyone who wishes to see i,t.
who引导定语从句
注释：
that引导的定语从句与先⾏词被谓语分隔开来，因为定语从句较⻓，谓语较短。为使句⼦平衡，故将定
语从句移到谓语之后。
译⽂：
现有的其他模式是这三种的混合，如延期开放存取；即，期刊在（论⽂发表后的）前六个⽉内只允许付
费订阅者阅读论⽂，之后免费提供给所有想阅读的⼈。全文翻译
考研加油呀！
1⃣
它曾是如此直接。在实验室通⼒合作的⼀组研究⼈员将他们的研究成果呈递给⼀份期刊。之后该期刊的
某位编辑会隐去论⽂上作者的名宇和所属机构，并送交同⾏专家评审。该编辑会根据收到的(专家)意⻅来
决定是否同意发表该论⽂。论⽂的版权归属于期刊出版商,想要查询该研究成果相关信息的研究者不得不订
阅该期刊。
2⃣
(情形)不再如此。因特⽹——以及来⾃资助机构的压⼒,这些机构质问,商业出版商为什么通过限制科研
成果的获取从政府资助的研究项⽬中获利正在使⾃由获取科研成果成为现实。经济合作与发展组织
（OECD)刚刚发布了⼀份报告闸述了这⼀变化的深远影响。这篇由澳⼤利亚维多利亚⼤学的约翰•霍顿和
OECD 的格莱汉姆•维克利共同撰写的报告，让那些迄今为⽌赚取了丰厚利润的出版商读起来⼼情沉重。
但其意义不⽌于此,它还标志着科学探索⽬前为⽌的⼀个关键要素发⽣的⼀种变化。
3⃣
知识的价值以及科研公共投资的回报某种程度上取决于其⼴泛的传播和容易的获取。这是⻔⼤⽣意。在
美国，核⼼科学出版市场的估值在70亿到 110亿美元之间。国际科学、技术和医学出版商协会称,全球有超
过2000家出版公司专⻔从事这些学科(科学、技术和医学）的出版，它们每年在近16,000 种期刊中刊登超
过 120 万篇论⽂。
4⃣
这⼀情形如今正在政变根据OECD的这份报告，⽬前已有约75%的学术期刊上线。全新的商业模式正在
涌现。报告作者明确指出了三种主要的模式。第⼀种是所谓的“⼤订单”模式，机构订户通过⽹站许可协议
付费获取⼀⼤批⽹络期刊的(阅读)权限。第⼆种是开放存取出版,通常依靠作者(或其所属机构)⽀付论⽂出
版费⽤。第三种是开放存取知识库，由⼤学或国际实验室这样的组织资助(建⽴)机构储存库。现有的其他
模式是这三种的混合，如延期开放存取，即，期刊在(论⽂发表后的)前六介⽉只允许付费订阅者阅读论⽂,
之后免费提供给所有想阅读的⼈。所有这⼀切可能会改变传统的同⾏评议程序，⾄少对于论⽂出版是如
此。⻓难句
重点词汇
选项解析
Text3
过去
In the earl 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of the onl three pla ers in the
y y y
National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had pla ed last
y
season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playin major
g
professional sports have chan ed dramaticall over the ears, and mana ers have
g y y g
more than willin to adjust team uniforms to fit the growin numbers of bi er,
g g gg
frames.
主旨
The trend in sports, thou h, ma be obscurin
g y g
have enerall stopped growin . Thou h typicall about two inches taller
g y g g y 现在
a o, today's people especiall those born to families who have
g y
enerations apparentl reached their limit in the earl
y g y y
likel to et an taller. "In the eneral population today, at
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envirornnental level, we've pretty much one as far as we can o," sa s
g g y
ist William Cameron Chumlea of Wri ht State University. In the case of
g g
NBA pla ers, their increase in hei ht appears to result from the increasin l common
y g gy
practice of recruitin pla ers from all over the world.
g y
Growth, rarel continues be ond the a e of 20, demands calories and
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protein to feed expandin tissues. At the start of the 20th century,
g
ot in the wa . But as diet and health
g y
i roved, children and adolescents have, on in hei ht b about an
mp g y
inch and a half every 20 ears, a pattern known as the secular trend in hei ht. Yet
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accordin to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, avera e hei ht 5'9" for
g g g
men, 5'4" for women hasn't reall chan ed since 1960. y g
Geneticall speakin , there are advanta es to avoidin substantial hei ht. Durin
y g g g g g
canal.
ht for millions of ears, our feet and
g y
to stru with bipedal posture and cannot withstand repeated
y
b oversize limbs. "There are some real constraints that are set b the y y
chan e, but don't expect this to happen soon. Claire C.
g
ist at the Arm Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures
g y
that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She
sa s that, unlike those for basketball, the len th of military uniforms has not chan ed
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for some time. And if ou need to predict human hei ht in the near future to design a
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piece of equipment, Gordon sa s that b and lar e, " ou could use toda 's data and y y g y y
feel fairl confident."
y
英语试题 . 7 . (共 14 ⻚）
【微信公众号：陈叨叨杂货铺】免费分享
1⃣ 2⃣ 3⃣
明事实真
Americans
相：美国
now than 140 ears
y
人身高于
lived in the U.S. for man
初已停止 this enetic,
g
增长。
4⃣ 5⃣
⾃
1 极其，⼗分
been
3 体格，⻣架 2 调整…以适应
lon er
说 g 4 遮掩 5 未被注意到的
an unrecognized reality:
7
35
.
1960年代 6 不⼤有可能
1960s. And the aren't
y
7 ⼈类学家 8 ⾄于 anthropolo
9 招募
ㄒ
11 养分， 10 很少，难得
which 32
营养物质
13 蛋⽩质
nutrients notabl ,
y
12 尤其，特别 14 阻碍
under-nutrition and childhood infections
15 ⻘少年
avera e, increased
g
16 ⻓期趋势
考研加油呀！
17 管，道
分析 childbirth, lar er babies have more difficulty passin throu h the birth
g g g
真相背后 Moreover, even thou h humans have been upri
g
18 两⾜动物的
的根本原 back continue le easil
gg
19 施加压⼒ 20 肢体 21 设限，造成约束
因：美国 strain imposed
enetic architecture of the individual or anism," sa s anthropolo ist William Leonard
人身高已 g g y g
ofNorthwestem Universit .
达基因结 y
Genetic maximums can
构设定的
Gordon, senior anthropolo
极限。
22 在不远的将来
万
4
23 总的来说，⼤体上 .
考研加油呀！
ssrstseA
31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to
[A]illustrate the change of height of NBA players. 主旨相关
[B]show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S ..
[C]compare different generations of NBA players.
[D]assess the achievements of famous NBA players.
满分技巧2: 开篇例的观点句在例子结束的后面一句话。
32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?
:
[A] Genetic modification.
[B]Natural environment.
[C]Living standards.
[D]Daily exercise.
考研加油呀！
33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?
[A]Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.
主旨：美国人身高以前增长，
[B]Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.
现在不增长了。
[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.
[D]Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.
满分技巧3: 没有办法定位的题，用主旨做题。
D
34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future
[A]the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.
[B]the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.
[C]genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.
[D]the existing data of human height will still be applicable.
c
35. The text intends to tell us that 主旨题
[A]the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.
[B] human height is becoming even more predictable.
[C]Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.
[D]the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.
满分技巧1: 时间对比文章，一定会有过去和现在。重点关注选项中关于“变化”或时间特征词。
文章主旨一定在现在部分。
考研加油呀！
英语试题 . 8 . (共 14 ⻚）
-
【微信公众号：陈叨叨杂货铺】免费分享文章主旨：美国人身高已经达到基因的极限。
语篇分析：
1⃣ 2⃣ 3⃣
说明事实真相：美国人身高于1960年代初已停止增长。
1⃣
以具体实例引出局部现象：美国职业运动员身高不断增长。
2⃣
反向切入主题，揭示全局真相：1960年代初，美国人身高总体上已停
止增长。
3⃣
以科学理论和具体数据强调事实真相：1960年代后，美国人平均身高
不再随生活条件的改善而增加。
4⃣ 5⃣
分析真相背后的根本原因：美国人身高已达基因结构设定的极限。
4⃣
直接指出美国人身高已达基因设定的极限。
5⃣
考研加油呀！
重申美国人身高基因极限短期内不可能改变。全文翻译
考研加油呀！
1⃣
20世纪60年代初，威尔特• 张伯伦是被列⼊全国篮球协会(NBA)超过七英尺的仅有三名球员之⼀。然
⽽，假若上个賽季他还在打球的话,他就会是42名这样的球员中的⼀员了。多年以来, 从事主要职业远动的
运动员身材发⽣了显著变化，经理们⼀直在欣然调整队服，以适合越来越多更⼤更⾼的身躯。
2⃣
然⽽，体育界的这种趋势可能正在掩盖⼀个未被注意到的事实：美国⼈的身⾼总体上已停⽌增⻓。尽管
⽐140 年前普遍⾼约两英⼨,但现在的美国⼈——尤其是那些出⽣于已在美国⽣活好⼏代的家庭中的美国⼈
——在20世纪 60 年代初就明显已达身⾼极限。他们不⼤可能再有任何身⾼增⻓了。莱特州⽴⼤学的⼈类
学家威康• 卡梅隆 •查姆利称：“就当今总⼈群⽽⾔，在现有的基因和环境⽔平下，我们的身⾼⼏乎已达极
限。”⾄于 NBA 球员,他们身⾼的增⻓似乎是“从世界各地招募球员”这种⽇益普遍做法的结果。
3⃣
身⾼增⻓需要热量和营养——尤其是蛋⽩质——以满⾜组织扩展的需求。⼈在20岁以后很少会继续⻓
⾼了。20世纪之初，营养不⾜和⼉童传染病阻碍了身⾼的增⻓。然⽽，随着饮⻝和健康状況的改善，⼉童
和⻘少年的身⾼每20年平均增⻓约1.5 英⼨,这种模式被称为身⾼(增⻓）的⻓期趋势。然⽽根据疾病控制与
预防中⼼的数据，平均身⾼——男性5英尺9英⼨, ⼥性5英尺4英⼨——⾃1960 年以来并未真正改变过。
4⃣
从基因⻆度来讲，避免身材过⾼是有好处的。分娩过程中，较⼤的婴⼉更难通过产道。此外, 尽管⼈类
已经直⽴⾏⾛了⼏百万年,但两⾜和背部仍继续同两⾜⾏⾛的姿势相抗衡,因⽽难以轻易承受过⼤过⻓的肢
体反复施加的压⼒。⻄北⼤学⼈类学家威廉•伦纳德称：“对身⾼的⼀些真正限制是由个体有机体的基因结
构所设定的”。
5⃣
基因最⼤值可能会改变，但别期望它很快就会发⽣。⻢萨诸塞州内蒂克陆军研究中⼼的资深⼈类学家克
菜尔•⼽登保证，90%的制服和⼯作合适合新兵，⽆需改动。她说，和篮球运动员的队服不同，军服尺⼨
⼀段时问以来从未改动。她还说，如果你需要预测在不久的将来⼈类的身⾼以设计⼀件装备，那基本上
“你可以⾮常有把握地使⽤当前数据”。Text4
少数人知道
In 1784, five ears before he became resident of the United States, George
y p
1 移植
Washington, 52, was nearl toothless. So he hired a dentist to trans lant nine teeth
y p
2 下巴，颌 3 从…取出，拔出 二分法
into his jaw having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves. 大多数人知道
思维
That's a far different image from the cherry-tree-cho ing George most eo le
pp p p
remember from their history books. But recentl , man historians have begun to focus
y y
4 历史学家
on the role slavery la ed in the lives of the founding generation. The have been
p y y
s urred in art b DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainl
p p y y
roved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sall Hemings.
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scholars examined history from the bottom u .
p 6 做出妥协
of several historians reveal the moral com romises made b the nation's earl
p y y
leaders and the fragile nature of the country's infanc . More si ificantl , the argue
y gn y y
wrong and et most did little
y
to fight it.
7 最重要的是 8 妨碍，束缚
More than anything, the historians say, the founders were ham ered b the
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9 不喜欢，厌恶
culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson rivatel ex ressed distaste for
p y p
slavery, the also understood that it was art of the olitical and economic bedrock of
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the country the hel ed to create. 10 基⽯，牢固基础
y p 考研加油呀！
For one thing, the South could not afford to art with its slaves. Owning slaves
p
Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states
not have si ed the Constitution without rotections for the " eculiar
gn p p
12 法律⽂件中的条款 13 把奴⾪看作
institution," including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for
urposes of congressional re resentation.
p p
And the statesmen's olitical lives de ended on slavery. The three-fifths formula
p p
handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the residential election of 1800 b inflating
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14 勉强的，刚好的 15 使膨胀，使暴涨
the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson
16 ⽠分
extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into
13 states, including three slave states.
Still, Jefferson freed Hemings's children though not Hemings herself or his
roximatel 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men
pp y
observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the
Revolutionary War, overcame the strong o osition of his relatives to grant his slaves
pp
17 给予奴⾪们⾃由
their freedom in his will. Onl a decade earlier, such an act would have required
y
legislative a roval in Virginia.
pp
18 ⽴法机构的批准
考研加油呀！
英语试题 . 9 . (共 14 ⻚）
【微信公众号：陈叨叨杂货铺】免费分享
1⃣
介绍华
盛顿的一
则轶事。
2⃣
提出文
5 鞭策，激励
章主旨：
美国开国 p
And onl over the ast 30 ears have
元勋们对 y p y
Works
奴隶制态
度复杂矛
that man of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was
盾。 y
3⃣ 4⃣ 5⃣
分
was "like having a large bank account," sa s Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God:
析开国元 y
George
勋对奴隶
11 就不会
would
制持矛盾
且复杂态
度的原
因。
6⃣
⻓难句
重点词汇
选项解析
1
2
7
36
,
有
3
万
8
4
5 万
,
指出开
6
国元勋们
a
在废除奴 批
were created equal after
隶制方面 ,
作出的积
极努力。
s
nnhnesteesgetsetesrshssD36. George Washington's dental surgery is mentioned to
[A]show the primitive medical practice in the past. 具体信息，排除
[B]demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days. 具体信息，排除
[C]stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history. 具体信息，排除
[D]reveal some unknown aspect of his life.
满分技巧1: 哲理性选项（没有具体信息、很虚的选项）比具体事情选项出错概率小。
B
37 . We may infer from the second paragraph that
[A]DNA technology has been widely applied to historyresearch. 具体信息，排除
[B]in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.
[C]historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson's life. 具体信息，排除
满分技巧2: [D]political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history. 具体信息，排除
【推段落】主旨主要出现在（重点看）：第1句、大写转折句和最后1句。优先看大写转折句和最后1句。
C38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?
第二段最后一句。说的
[A]His political view changed his attitude towards slavery. 是在美国历史的早期，
而不是D选项中的贯穿
[B]His status as a father made him free the child slaves.
整个美国历史。
[C]His attitude towards slavery was complex.
[D]His affair with a slave stained his prestige. 原文说，虽然他们对奴隶制很厌恶，
但是也知道在他们所创立的这个国
家，奴隶制是政治和经济上重要的基
A
39. Which of the following is true according to the text? 石。所以A中他的政治观点（His
political view）是多余信息，出错概
[A]Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.
率比C更大；排除。
[B]Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.
[C]Slaves owners usually had large savings accounts.
[D]Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.
满分技巧3: 推断题，推多段看每段第一句。
B
40. Washington's decision to free slaves originated from his
[A]moral considerat10ns.
[B]military experience.
[C]financial conditions.
[D]political stand.
满分技巧1: 哲理性选项（没有具体信息、很虚的选项）比具体事情选项出错概率小。
满分技巧2:
【推段落】主旨主要出现在（重点看）：第1句、大写转折句和最后1句。优先看大写转折句和最后1句。
满分技巧3: 推断题，推多段看每段第一句。
考研加油呀！
英语试题 . 10 . (共 14 ⻚）
-_-
【微信公众号：陈叨叨杂货铺】免费分享文章主旨：美国开国元勋们对奴隶制的复杂态度。
语篇分析：
1⃣
介绍华盛顿的一则轶事——令人从奴隶口中拔牙，移植到自己的嘴巴
中。
2⃣
提出文章主旨：美国开国元勋们对奴隶制态度复杂矛盾。
3⃣ 5⃣
分析开国元勋对奴隶制持矛盾且复杂态度的原因。
3⃣
概述原因：受当时文化（奴隶制是国家政治与经济基石的一部分）所
束缚。
4⃣
第三段的分论点一：南方各州非常依赖奴隶制，极其反对废除奴隶
制，因此关于奴隶制做出妥协具有重要的建国意义。
5⃣ 4⃣
第三段的分论点二：政治家个人的政治生涯依赖于奴隶制。
6⃣
考研加油呀！
指出开国元勋们在废除奴隶制方面作出的积极努力。
全文翻译
考研加油呀！
1⃣
1784年,也就是在其成为美国总统的五前,52
岁的乔治• 华盛频⽛⻮⼏乎掉光了。于是他雇⽤
⼀名⽛医移植了九颗⽛⻮到⾃⼰颌中这些⽛⻮是
从他的奴⾪们⼝中拔出来的。
2⃣
这⼀形象与⼤多数⼈所记得的历史书中“砍樱
桃树的乔治”⼤为不同。但最近，许多历史学家
开始关注奴⾪制在开国元勋们⽣活中所扮演的⻆
⾊。他们在某种程度上是受到了 1998 年获得的
DNA 证据的⿎舞,该证据⼏乎可以确证托⻢斯•
杰斐逊曾与其奴⾪萨利• 赫明斯育有⾄少⼀个孩
⼦。只在最近三⼗年间学者们才开始全⽅位、彻
底地研究历史。数位历史学家的著作揭示了美国
早期领袖所做的道德妥协以及建国初期的脆弱
性。更为重要的是，他们指出,许多开国元勋明
知奴⾪制是错误的——然⽽⼤部分⼈却极少有⾏
动去抗争它。
3⃣
杰斐逊私下表达过对奴⾪制的反感,但他们也明⽩奴⾪制
是他们帮助创建的这个国家的政治与经济基⽯的⼀部分。
最为重要的是，历史学家表示，开国元勋们
受到了他们那个时代⽂化的束缚。尽管华盛顿和
4⃣
⼀⽅⾯,南⽅承担不起放弃奴⾪的后果。拥有奴⾪就
“如同拥有⼤额银⾏存款”，《不完美的偶像：乔治•华盛
顿，他的奴⾪和美利坚的创⽴》⼀书的作者温瑟柯说道。
如果没有对这种“特别制度”的保护条款，其中包括⼀项
出于国会代表权的⽬的⽽将⼀名奴⾪视为3/5 个⼈的条款
南⽅各州当时便不会签署宪法。
5⃣
并且这此政治家的政治⽣涯也取決于奴⾪制。五分之
三⽅案使选举⼈团中南⽅各州的选票数得以激增，使杰斐
逊在1800年总统⼤选中得以险胜。杰斐逊⼀就职，便通
过 1803年的“路易斯安那购地紫”扩⼤了奴夷制的范围，
这⽚新⼟地被划分成13个州,包括三个蓄奴州。
6⃣
即便如此，杰斐逊还是解放了赫明斯的孩⼦们——虽
然没有解放她本⼈和其他约150名奴⾪。在⽬睹了独⽴战
争中⿊⼈⼠兵的勇敢后,华盛顿开始相信⼈⼈⽣⽽平等,从
⽽克服亲属的强烈反对• 在遗嘱中给⼦了他的奴⾪⾃由。
⼗年前,这种⾏为在弗吉尼亚还要得到⽴法机构的批准。
