【微信公众号：陈叨叨杂货铺】免费分享
⻓难句
重点词汇
Text1
选项解析
Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during
1 不可阻挡的衰落
the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable
2 范围 declineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.
3 艺术报道 It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of
4 达到…的程度
forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most
big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of
5 在很⼤程度上
criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews.
6 感到惊奇 7 博学的
Toread such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contentswere once
8 认为 9 （报刊）的发⾏
deemedsuitablefor publicationingeneral-circulationdailies.
We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published
in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve ofWorldWar II, at a time
10 装饰，摆设
when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament
11 被视作理所当然
to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted
12 ⼗分详尽
that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events
they covered.Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their
learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to
13 从事于，忙于 14 天职，使命感人+说法+细节
know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were
proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or
15 在困难⾯前坚持下去
literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism, ” Newman wrote, “that I
防止并列
am tempted to define ‘journalism’as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are
16 不禁 17 轻蔑的称呼
notreadtowriterswhoare’.”
20 ⼏乎
Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for
the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now
21 板球运动
known solelyasa writer ofessays on thegame ofcricket. Duringhislifetime,though,
22 最好的，⼀流的 23 语⾔⻛格优美的⼈
he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely
24 ⾃传 25 封某⼈为爵⼠
admiredthathisAutobiography (1947) becameabest-seller.He wasknightedin 1967,
26 仍在印刷
the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and
27 ⼤量的 28 除了
hisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.
Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect
seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern
readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he
specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong
retreat.
英语（一）试题 .3. （共14页）
【微信公众号：陈叨叨杂货铺】免费分享
1⃣
提出全文
主旨：英文
报纸艺术报
道的范围和
严肃性已经
呈现不可控
制的衰落趋
势。
2⃣ 3⃣
以时
间为轴，
追溯报纸
艺术评论
曾经的辉
煌反向说
明如今的
衰落趋
势，并且
暗示其中
的原因。
4⃣ 5⃣
ttnsroo-tntssaeeeaotttee-ote-st.ly
ㄒ B
* 21
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
3
⽯
⽯
3
4 ㄒ 2 4
以古 .
典音乐评
论家为例
子，直接
说明报道
艺术评论
如今的衰
5 724
落趋势，
并且指出
根本原
因。
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
-nrseeoee-es.ee
【微信公众号：陈叨叨杂货铺】免费分享
满分技巧1: 时间对比文章，一定会有过去和现在。重点关注选项中关于“变化”或时间特征词。
B21.It isindicatedinParagraphs1and2that
[A]artscriticismhasdisappearedfrom big-citynewspapers.
原文说的是下降，而不是消失
[B]English-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews. 只有B选项出现时间特征词
[C]high-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders.
原文定位未提及
[D]young readersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticisqmondailie)s. 原文定位未提及
满分技巧2: 推断题，推多段看每段第一句。
A
22.NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarIIwerecharacterizedby
[A]freethemes. 原文说是是unfocused（不聚焦的）；
B选项的意思是随意的风格，随意的反义词是正式，和多元化没有
[B]18c a随su意a的lstyle.
关系，所以原文中的focused多元化更偏向于指的是自由的主题。
19 精⼼的布局、排版
[C]elaboratelayout. 而且B选项（随意的）感情色彩上有一点偏负面，故排除。
[D]radicalviewpoints. 与原文unfocused的意思偏差太大
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
S
D23.WhichofthefollowingwouldShawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon?
[A]It iswriters’dutytofulfilljournalisticgoals.
【复盘C选项的个人看法（考试不要纠结）：
[B]It iscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalists. 个人认为 “ These men believed in journalism
as a calling ”，可以认为是“to be
[C]Writersarelikelytobetemptedintojournalism.
tempted”。但原文指的是“ these men"，再
[D]Notallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting. 往前看一句，就会发现 these men指代的是
reviewers，而不是writers。故，排除C。
当然，精准定位的话很容易直接选出D选项。
A
24.WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?
[A]Hismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday. 时间对比性文章中，出现了
关于现在的时间特征词。
[B]Hisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.
[C]Hisstylecaterslargelytomodernspecialists. 原文的意思是这些批评家现在
已经被遗忘了，且复兴（被人
[D]Hiswritings failtofollowtheamateurtradition.
们想起来h的机会很渺茫。
B25.Whatwouldbethebesttitlefor thetext?
时间对比性文章主旨一般在现在。
[A]NewspapersoftheGoodOldDays
题目中出现old（表示过去的时间特征词），因
[B]TheLost HorizoninNewspapers 为主旨不在过去，所以与主旨无关，故排除。
[C]MournfulDeclineofJournalism
谈过去不是主旨，谈现在才是主旨。
[D]ProminentCriticsinMemory
D选项是过去的主旨。
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
英语（一）试题 .4. （共14页）
ettrteoenenoesettutonteeb
【微信公众号：陈叨叨杂货铺】免费分享文章主旨：报纸艺术评论的衰落。
语篇分析：
1⃣
提出全文主旨：英文报纸艺术报道的范围和严肃性已经呈现不可控制
的衰落趋势。
2⃣ 3⃣
以时间为轴，追溯报纸艺术评论曾经的辉煌反向说明如今的衰落趋
势，并且暗示其中的原因。
2⃣
回顾25年前（二战后至80年代）报纸艺术评论的盛况。
3⃣
回顾20世纪初至二战前夕，报纸艺术评论的鼎盛时期，并暗示如今报
纸艺术评论衰落的原因。
4⃣ 5⃣
以古典音乐评论家为例子，直接说明报道艺术评论如今的衰落趋
势，并且指出根本原因。
4⃣
借“卡达斯生前广为人知和现在无人知晓”进行对比，揭示报纸艺术
评论的衰落之势。
5⃣
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
明确报纸艺术评论衰落的根本原因，再一次指出主题报纸艺术评论衰
落趋势已经不可阻挡。
长难句分析
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
[ ] q
It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age ofp forty to imagine a
主系表 介词短语作状语 后置定语
time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.
…
p 关系副词when引导定语从句1⃣
英⽂报纸过去25 年间发⽣的所有变化中，影响最为深远的或许就是其艺术报道范围和严肃性已呈不可
遏⽌的衰落之势。
2⃣
对于 40 岁以下的普通读者⽽⾔，他们难以，甚⾄根本⽆法想象⼀个能在⼤多数⼤都市报纸上读到⾼质
量艺术评论的时代。然⽽20世纪出版的相当多的最具重要影响的评论⽂集⼤部分由报纸评论组成。若今
⽇再来问读这些⽂集,会惊叹于这样⼀个事实：⾥⾯这些⼴博精深的内容曾被认为适合刊登在⾯向⼤众发⾏
的⽇报上。
3⃣
我们与20世纪初⾄⼆战前夕英国的杂感式报纸评论就更是⽆缘了，当时,新⽤⽤纸价廉如⼟,⻛格独特的
艺术评论被看作是对刊登它的出版物的⼀种装饰。在那个遥远的年代,各⼤报纸的评论家们会对所报道的事
件撰写详尽⼊微的评论，这被视作理所当然。他们从事的是严肃的⼯作，⼈们信任，即便是那些以轻松活
泼的⽅式展现⾃⼰学问的评论家，如萧伯纳和欧内斯特• 红曼,也都清楚⾃⼰在做什么。这些⼈相信新闻写
作是他们的天职，并为⾃⼰的⽂章能发表在⽇报上⽽感到⾃豪。“能够拥有⾜够的智慧或⽂学天赋能尽职尽
责做好新闻写作⼯作本分的作家是如此之少”,纽曼写道，“以⾄⼿我不禁想把‘新闻写作’，定义成为‘没读者
的作家对有读者作家的蔑称’”。
4⃣
遗憾的是,这些评论家⼏乎被完全遗忘了，内维尔•卡达斯从1917年到1975年去世前不久，⼀直在为《曼
彻斯特卫报》撰写评论⽂章，可现在仅以板球⽐赛短评撰写⼈为⼈所知。但是，在他的⼀⽣之中,他也是英
国最优秀的古典⾳乐评论家之⼀,他同时还是⼀位⽂体家,如此之⼴受赞誉，以致于其《⾃传》（1947 年出
版)成为⼀本畅销书。1967年,他受封为爵⼠，是第⼀位享有如此殊荣的⾳乐评论家。然⽽现如今，他的著
作中只有⼀本仍在印⾏,他⼤量的乐评作品除了专业⼈⼠之外,⽆⼈知晓。
5⃣
全文翻译
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
卡达斯的评论还有再度盛⾏的可能吗？前景似乎⾮常澎茫。早在他去世前的很⻓⼀段时间，新闻业的品
味就已经改变。后现代的读者们⼏乎不再喜欢他所专⻓的极其华丽的维多利亚⼀爱德华时期⻛格的散⽂。
更何况，⾳乐评论的业余传统已经迅速⾛向衰落。【微信公众号：陈叨叨杂货铺】免费分享
Text2
过去授予专利
1 专利
Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called
business methods. Amazon.com received one for its “one-click” online payment
2 分配
system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One
时间对比性文章，过去和现在主旨相反，
inventorpatentedatechniquefor liftingabox.
那就代表着，现在不授予专利。
Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on
3 减少数量，缩⼩规模
business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first
细节句 5 ⾃从
authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz, the
6 批准 7 ⾏动 8 知识财产
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said it would use a particular case to
例子句
conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known,
9 ⾮常重要的事情
is “a very big deal,” says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of
Law.It “hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents.”
10 遏制 11 专利申请 12 戏剧性的 13 政策或意⻅的180度转变
Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it
was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in
14 集中⾦钱、资源
the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling
15 裁决、判决 16 激增
mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent
16 卷宗 17 宣布对…的独占权
filings, initiallyby emerging Internetcompaniestrying tostake out exclusive rightsto
18 地位稳固的 19 争相做
specific types of online transactions. Later, more established companies raced to add
20 针对…的防卫措施
such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat
21 先下⼿为强 22 发给、供给
them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more
than 300 business-method patents, despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis
for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves
with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases
23 常规、惯例
opposingthepractice.
24 （商业）以套期保值避免或减轻损失。
The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the
26 审理案件
energy market. The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case
25 能源市场
wouldbeheard by all12 ofthecourt’sjudges, rather than atypicalpanel ofthree, and
that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its State Street
Bankruling.
27 紧随其后
The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by
28 美国联邦最⾼法院 the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last
29 表示 30 维持原判 April, for example, the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for
“inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal Circuit are “reacting to the
31 律师 anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court,” says Harold C.Wegner, a patent attorney and
professoratGeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.
英语（一）试题 .5. （共14页）
【微信公众号：陈叨叨杂货铺】免费分享
1⃣ 2⃣
联邦
巡回法院
意欲缩减
商业方法
专利的数
量。
3⃣ 4⃣
评述
现象。
5⃣
teettreteeettnttss
⻓难句
重点词汇
选项解析
:
⼀
响
了 的
4
-
1 29
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
分析上 5 所
述现象发
生的原
因：顺应
最高法院
的反专利
趋势。
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
nestsnsesrsssssrtnoteotsestss.
【微信公众号：陈叨叨杂货铺】免费分享
=now 与现在主旨相关
c
26.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseof
[A]theirlimitedvaluetobusinesses.
[B]theirconnectionwithassetallocation.
[C]thepossiblerestrictionontheirgranting. 与现在主旨（不授予专利）相关
[D]thecontroversy overtheirauthorization. 10年前发生的事情
满分技巧1: 时间对比文章，一定会有过去和现在。重点关注选项中关于“变化”或时间特征词。
D27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?
10 顺从
事件过程 [A]Itsrulingcomplieswiththecourtdecisions.
由授权到不授权，这就是美
11 交易
事件过程 [B]It involvesaverybigbusinesstransaction. 国法律实践的变化。（专利
12 驳回 是由美国专利法庭授权的，
事件过程 [C]It hasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuit.
所以和法律实践相关。）
事件结果 [D]It maychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S.
满分技巧2:例子句看前面一句话，若前面一句话也描述的是细节，就直接看第一句段落主旨句。
c28.Theword “about-face”(Line1,Para.3)mostprobablymeans
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
[A]lossofgoodwill.
[B]increaseofhostility.
[前后句表达意思均为“引入专利”；
[C]changeofattitude. 但是前半句curbs表示限制，为了表达
主旨相关
引入的意思，只能选择C选项。]
[D]enhancementofdignity.
B
29.Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatents
[A]areimmunetolegalchallenges.
原文定位未提及
[B]areoftenunnecessarilyissued.
主旨相关 以前不限制，现在限制
[C]lowertheesteemfor patentholders.
[D]increasetheincidenceofrisks.
满分技巧3: 推断题，推多段看每段第一句。
A
30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?
32 潜在的，逼近的
[A]Aloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatents.
潜在的威胁
[B]Protectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders. C中的“a legal case”
相似选项
为细节信息，不能准确
（句意） [C]Alegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents.
表达主旨。
33 盛⾏的，普遍的
[D]Aprevailingtrendagainstbusiness相-m似et选ho项dpatents.
反对的风气
定量：普遍存在的反对风气能推出潜在的风
险，但是潜在的风险不一定代表着反对的风气
很盛行。即，D能推出A，A推不出来D，选A。
定性：两个相似选项，选程度较轻那一个。
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
英语（一）试题 .6. （共14页）
.【微信公众号：陈叨叨杂货铺】免费分享文章主旨：商业方法专利受到潜在法律威胁。
语篇分析：
1⃣ 2⃣
联邦巡回法院意欲缩减商业方法专利的数量。
1⃣
描述过去的情形，10年来不计其数的商业方法被授予专利。
2⃣
表明当前形势变化，最高专利法庭准备从“Bilski案”入手，以期控
制商业方法专利的授予。
3⃣ 4⃣
评述现象。
3⃣
通过“追溯商业方法专利的源起”评价现象，专利法庭新举措或表明
其在专利问题上态度彻底逆转。
4⃣
通过介绍“Bilski案”的特殊审理方式，说明联邦巡回法院当前对此
类专利的态度。
5⃣
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
分析上述现象发生的原因：顺应最高法院的反专利趋势。
长难句分析
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
[
Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal
vn
主系表 because引导原因状语从句
[
Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street
m
it was …that强调句式 介词短语作⽅式状语
Bank cas3e, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets ] .
现在分词短语作伴随状语
The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order[ stating h that the case would be heard by all 12 of the
主谓宾 that引导宾语从句1
现在分词作伴随状语/后置定语
court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issdue it wants to evaluat)e is
m -
定语从句
Ewhmether it should “reconsider” its State Street Bank ruling].
that引导宾语从句2
whether引导表语从句全文翻译
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
1⃣
过去⼗年间，成千上万项专利被授予给了所谓的“商业⽅法”。亚⻢逊公司因其“⼀键式”在线⽀付系统获
得了⼀项专利。美林集团因其某种资产配置策略获得了法律保护某发明者取得了⼀种提箱技术的专利。
2⃣
现在国家最⾼专利法庭似乎完全准备好缩减商业⽅法专利的数量，这类专利⾃⼗年前⾸次获批以来就⼀
直备
受争议。在⼀次令知识产权律师们议论纷纷的举措中,美国联邦巡回上诉法院宣称,它将利⽤⼀起特殊案件对
商业⽅法专利开展⼴泛复审。这个被熟知为⽐尔斯基案的案件“事关重⼤”,密苏⾥⼤学法学院的丹尼斯 •D•
克劳奇说,它“有撤销⼀整类专利的潜⼒”。
3⃣
对商业⽅法专利申请的限制也许是⼀次戏剧性的180度逆转，因为正是联邦巡回法院⾃⼰在1998年被称为
“道富银⾏案”的裁决中引⼊了此类专利,批准了⼀项共同基⾦资产筹集⽅法的专利。那项裁决导致了商业⽅
法专利申请卷宗的激增,起初是新兴⽹络公司试图对特定类型的在线交易占得专有权。后来,更多的⽼牌公司
竞相将此类专利归⼊其卷宗,哪怕只是作为⼀项防御性措施以防范可能先发制⼈的竞争对⼿。2005年,IBM 在
⼀份法院案卷中注意到⾃⼰被授予了 300多项商业⽅法专利,尽管它质疑接予这些专利的法律依据。⽆独有
偶，⼀些华尔街投资公司也都以⾦融产品专利来武装⾃⼰,即使它们在法庭案例中表示反对这⼀做法。
4⃣
⽐尔斯基案涉及⼀项规避能源市场⻛险⽅法的专利申请。联邦巡回法院发布了⼀项不同寻常的指令，宣
称此案将由该法院全体 12名法官听审，⽽不是典型的三⼈组听审，并且宣称法院想要评估⼀个问题,即，是
否需要“重新审议”对道富银⾏案的裁决。
5⃣
联邦巡回法院的(上述)⾏动紧随最⾼法院近期⼀连串缩⼩专利持有⼈受保护范国的决议之后。⽐如,去年4
⽉,法官们表示太多的专利授给了平淡⽆奇的“发明”。联邦巡回法院的法官们正在“对最⾼法院的反专利趋势
作出反应”，身兼专利律师和乔治华盛顿⼤学法学院教授的哈拉尔德C•⻙格纳说。【微信公众号：陈叨叨杂货铺】免费分享
⻓难句
重点词汇
选项解析 Text3
例子句 1 社会流⾏潮
In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that “social epidemics”
2 在很⼤程度上由…所驱动 3 极少数
are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often
4 有影响⼒的⼈ 5 ⻅多识⼴的
called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well connected. The
6 直觉上令⼈信服
ideaisintuitivelycompelling,butitdoesn’texplainhowideasactuallyspread.
观点句
The s7u p所p谓os的ed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but
8 起源于 9 （借⼝或解释）有道理的
largely untested theory called the “two-step flow of communication”: Information
flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers
10 从媒体流向
have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and
11 乐意采纳建议 12 精选的
influence the influentials, those select people will do most of the work for them. The
theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks,
13 在诸多此类情形中 14 粗略调查
brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that
some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is
15 关注 16 轶事证据 17 与…⾼度契合
before anyone else paid attention.Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the
ideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrends.
18 找到答案
In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding
一分为二
that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed.
Infact,theydon’tseemtoberequiredatall.
19 基于 20 社交影响 The researchers’ argument stems from a simple observation about social
21 名⼈ 22 特⼤的
influence: With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey – whose outsize
23 存在感
presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence – even the most
24 互动
influential members of a population simply don’t interact with that many others. Yet
it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow
25 应当
theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics, by influencing their friends and
colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected
26 认识的⼈ 27 反过来
must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs,
and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to
do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from
28 瀑布
the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change won’t
29 传播
propagatevery faroraffectmanypeople.
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
Building on this basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied
the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of
populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to
influence others and their tendency to be influenced. They found that the principal
requirement for what is called “global cascades” – the widespread propagation of
influence through networks – is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a
criticalmassofeasilyinfluencedpeople.
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
英语（一）试题 .7. （共14页）
【微信公众号：陈叨叨杂货铺】免费分享
1⃣ 2⃣
Gladw
ell观点
“社会流
行潮主要
由有影响
力人士推
动”及理
论来源
“两级流
动传播理
论”。
3⃣ 4⃣ 5⃣
eeotntssothooteotes
1
后
1
2
7
32
3
4
通
过介绍研
究发现驳
斥Gladwell
观点及其
背后的两 万
4
极流动理
论，提出
作者相反
观点。
5
万
5eeoetdhtnetaat
【微信公众号：陈叨叨杂货铺】免费分享
莱布尼兹会上岸
B31.BycitingthebookTheTippingPoint,theauthorintendsto
[A]analyzetheconsequencesof socialepidemics. 原文定位未提及
[B]discussinfluentials’functioninspreadingideas.
原文沾边
[C]exemplify people’sintuitiveresponsetosocialepidemics.原文定位未提及
[D]describetheessentialcharacteristicsofinfluentials. 原文定位未提及
D32.Theauthorsuggeststhatthe“two-step-flowtheory”
[A]servesasasolutiontomarketingproblems.
原文定位未提及
[B]hashelpedexplaincertainprevalenttrends.
原文定位未提及
[C]haswonsupportfrominfluentials.
原文定位未提及
[D]requiressolidevidenceforitsvalidity.
原文沾边
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
A33.Whattheresearchershaveobservedrecentlyshowsthat
放到最后用主旨做题
[A]thepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocialinteractions.
主旨相关
[B]interpersonallinkscanbeenhancedthroughthemedia.
主旨做题法
[C]influentialshavemorechannelstoreachthepublic.
[D]mostcelebritiesenjoywidemediaattention.
莱布尼兹会上岸
34.Theunderlinedphrase“thesepeople”inParagraph4 referstotheoneswho
: [A]stayoutsidethenetworkofsocialinfluence.
These people指代前面提到的人，
[B]havelittlecontactwiththesourceofinfluence.
所以要看前一句。
[C]areinfluencedandtheninfluenceothers.
精准定位
[D]areinfluencedbytheinitialinfluential.
35.Whatistheessentialelementinthedynamicsofsocialinfluence?
[A]Theeagernesstobeaccepted.
[B]Theimpulsetoinfluenceothers.
[C]Thereadinesstobeinfluenced. 精准定位
[D]Theinclinationtorelyonothers.
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
英语（一）试题 .8. （共14页）
【⼀微信公众号：陈叨叨杂货铺】免费分享文章主旨：社会流行潮的传播
语篇分析：
1⃣ 2⃣
Gladwell观点“社会流行潮k主要由有影响力人士推动”及理论来
源“两级流动传播理论”。
1⃣
介绍Gladwell观点，并做出否定评判：违背事实。
2⃣
介绍Gladwell观点根据理论：两级流动传播。
3⃣ 4⃣ 5⃣
通过介绍研究发现驳斥Gladwell观点及其背后的两极流动理论，
提出作者相反观点。
3⃣
概述研究结论，初步予以反驳，有影响力人士在社会流行潮形成中作
用很小，甚至于无。
4⃣
介绍研究发现，进一步驳斥“两级流动理论”：流行潮的形成必须靠
“多级传播”。
5⃣
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
以计算机模拟结果展现全球流行潮形成的关键：不是极少数有影响力
人士，而是大量易受影响人士。1⃣
⻢尔科姆•格拉德威尔在其《引爆点》⼀书中提出，“社会流⾏潮”在很⼤程度上由极少数与众不同
的个⼈的⾏为所推动，这些⼈通常被称为“有影响⼒⼈⼠”,他们或⻅识⾮常⼴博、或很有说服⼒,或⼈
脉极⼴。这⼀观点虽直觉上令⼈信服，但未能解释观念实际上如何传播。
2⃣
有影响⼒⼈⼠的所谓重要性源于⼀个貌似合理、但很⼤程度上未经证实的被称作“两级流动传播”
的理论:信息从媒体流向有影响⼒⼈⼠,再从他们流向其他所有⼈。营销⼈员已经欣然接受这种两级流
动,因为该理论认为,他们只要能够找到有影响⼒⼈⼠并对其施加影响，这些精挑细选出来的⼈们就可
以为他们完成⼤部分⼯作。该理论似乎也解释了某些时式、品牌或地段突然出⼈意料地⼤受欢迎的原
因。在诺多此类情形中.粗略调查其原因会发现，的确有⼀⼩部分⼈在其他所有⼈留意之前,就率先穿
戴、推⼴或开发各类东⻄。这种联事证据与“只有某些特别的⼈才能推动潮流”的观点⾼度契合。
3⃣
然⽽，⼀些研究⼈员在近期研究中得出结论：有影响⼒⼈⼠对社会流⾏潮的影响远此⼈们通常认为
的要⼩得多。事实上•他们似乎根本不是(社会流⾏潮)所必需的。
4⃣
研究⼈员的观点基于对社会影响的⼀项简单观察：除了像奥普拉•溫弗瑞这样的个别名⼈，她的⾮
凡影响⼒主要是媒体影响⽽⾮⼈际彩响的作⽤即使是⼀个群体中最具影响⼒的⼈也根本不会与那么多
的⼈交往。⽽根据两级流动理论，恰恰是这些⾮名⼈有影响⼒⼈⼠通过直接影响他们的朋友和同事,推
动了社会流⾏潮。但是,⼀种社会流⾏潮要形成，每个这样受到有影响⼒⼈⼠影响的⼈都必须接着影响
⾃⼰的熟⼈，这些熟⼈⼜必须同样地影响他们的熟⼈，并依次影响下去：这些⼈中的每个⼈能得到多
少⼈关注与最初的有影响⼒⼈⼠并⽆多⼤关系。例如,假若此“⼈际影响⽹络”中与最初有影响⼒⼈上
仅相隔两个层级的⼈们表现出（对这种影响的〉⽆动于衷，那么变化的“瀑布流”就不会传播得太远,
或者影响很多⼈。
5⃣
全文翻译
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
以这个关于⼈际影响的基本事实为基础，研究⼈员通过对⼈群进⾏⽆数次的计箅机模拟、对与⼈们
澎响他⼈的能⼒以及被他⼈影响的倾向相关的若⼲变量进⾏操纵分析,研究社会影响的动态。他们发
现，所谓的“全球瀑布流”种影响经由“社交⽹络”的⼴泛传播形成的⾸要条件并不是少数⼏个有影响
⼒⼈⼠的存在，⽽是⼤量必不可少的易受影响⼈⼠的参与。【微信公众号：陈叨叨杂货铺】免费分享
Text4
1 因为某事⽽责备某⼈ 2 背地⾥
Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the
3 抨击 scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters.
4 抱怨
Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s just
notfair.Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,
5 监管者 6 售得，卖得
notthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch.
7 游说
Unfortunately, banks’ lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be
8 对…来说⾄关重要
unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper
9 资本市场 10 使陷⼊危险 11 将有毒资产以某种价格出售
functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic
assetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,reviving thebankingsystemwillbedifficult.
12 与…发⽣激烈冲突
After a bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Accounting
13 匆匆通过
Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom
14 ⾮流动资产
to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on
15 损益表
long-term assets in their income statements. Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman, cried
16 强烈反对
out against those who “question our motives.” Yet bank shares rose and the changes
17 游说团体 18 管理部⻔
enhancewhatonelobbyinggrouppolitelycalls“theuseofjudgmentbymanagement.”
European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting
19 采取同样的做法
Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without
20 总体规划
overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes its reconstruction of rules
later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the
IASBthatitdid“notlivein apoliticalvacuum”but“in therealworld”andthatEurope
couldyetdevelopdifferentrules.
It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued
assets.Todaythey argue thatmarketpricesoverstatelosses, becausethey largelyreflect
23 坏账
the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will
24 帐⾯价值
not beknown for years.Butbanks’sharestradebelowtheirbook value,suggesting that
25 瘫痪
investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which
26 害怕
willnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglosses, yetarereluctanttobuyallthosesupposed
27 便宜货
bargains.
28 处理
To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with.
29 全部买进
America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to
levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even
30 清理，整顿
combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up
31 愤怒反对
rulesonstockoptionsandpensions,forexample,againsthostilityfromspecialinterests.
32 屈服，让步 33 招致（尤指坏事） 34 作出让步
Butbygivingintocriticsnowtheyareinvitingpressuretomakemoreconcessions.
英语（一）试题 .9. （共14页）
【微信公众号：陈叨叨杂货铺】免费分享
1⃣ 2⃣
提出
问题，银
行将自身
困境迁怒
于会计准
则制定
者 ，准则
制定者独
立性受到
威胁。
3⃣ 4⃣
因银
行游说奏
效，FASB
或IASB已
经或即将
被迫修改
准则，两
者独立性
受损。
5⃣ 6⃣
etesssrhussottteeeoo
⻓难句
重点词汇
选项解析 Tenttstootthheostttteos.org
文中分为两大立场，银行和标准制定者立场对立。
1
死
2
了
后
7
4
万
8
5 所
,
解决
问题：银
行应承担 莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
6
自身责
任，准则
制定者应
永远保持
独立。
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
ereesssssnshbtersseeottttssstts【微信公众号：陈叨叨杂货铺】免费分享
文中分为两大立场，银行和标准制定者立场对立。
36.Bankerscomplainedthattheywereforcedto do sth
[A]followunfavorableassetevaluationrules.
贬义
[B]collectpaymentsfromthirdparties.
原文定位未tn提o及o[sC]ocooopsetrahteewiothsthaeptrtichedmatnsagBersA. DCDB中的D重.新e批s评估是错误信息。原文说的是
银行对现有的评估规则感到不公平，并没
[D]reevaluatesomeoftheirassets.
有提到他们被强迫重新评估资产。
37.Accordingtotheauthor,therulechangesoftheFASBmayresultin
[A]thediminishingroleofmanagement. 原文定位第三段第二句，提到“规则变化给予银行系统
更多的自由和资产评估更多的灵活性”，由此排除B C。
[B]therevivalofthebankingsystem.
第三段最后一句，提到“规则变化增强了管理部门的职
[C]thebanks’long-termassetlosses. 责”，由此排除A。
[D]theweakeningofitsindependence. 第三段第二句提到规则变化给银行带来了自由和灵活性。通
过文章主旨了解到，银行和FASB是对立关系，既然银行获
利，那FASB一定是处在不利的局面，只有D与主旨相关。
38.AccordingtoParagraph4,McCreevy objectstotheIASB’sattemptto 原因
[A]keepawayfrompoliticalinfluences.
21 躲避
[B]evadethepressurefromtheirpeers.
精准定位
22 ⾃作主张
[C]actontheirowninrule-setting.
[D]takegradualmeasuresinreform.
39.Theauthorthinksthebankswere“onthewrong planet”inthatthey
[A]misinterpretedmarketpriceindicators.
原文定位未提及
[B]exaggeratedtherealvalueoftheirassets.
[C]neglectedthelikelyexistenceofbaddebts. 精准定位
原文定位未提及
[D]deniedbookinglossesintheirsaleofassets.
原文定位未提及
40.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsstandard-settersisoneof
[A]satisfaction. 和FASB 和IASB方向一致
[B]skepticism.
[C]objectiveness.
[D]sympathy.
满分技巧1: 在两者关系的文章中，作者通常都是同情弱者。
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
英语（一）试题 .10. （共14页）
【微信公众号：陈叨叨杂货铺】免费分享文章主旨：会计准则制定者被迁怒。
语篇分析：
1⃣ 2⃣
提出问题，银行将自身困境迁怒于会计准则制定者，准则制定者独
立性受到威胁。
1⃣
陈述银行对其资产评估方法（会计准则）的不满态度。
2⃣
明确问题：银行游说（调整准则）奏效，准则制定者独立性受威胁。
3⃣ 4⃣
因银行游说奏效，FASB或IASB已经或即将被迫修改准则，两者独
立性受损。
3⃣
以“美国FASB匆忙修改准则例证”说明。
4⃣
以“欧洲各国部长强烈要求IASB效仿FASB修改准则”例证说明。
5⃣ 6⃣
解决问题：银行应承担自身责任，准则制定者应永远保持独立。
5⃣
表达作者立场：错误方在银行。
6⃣
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
向银行和准则制定者分别提出建议。全文翻译
莱布尼兹会上岸 整理
1⃣
在公开场合,银⾏家们⼀直把遇到的麻烦归咎于⾃身。背地⾥,他们却⼀直将⽭头对准他⼈：会计准则制
定者。各家银⾏抱怨说，他们所制定的规则迫使⾃⼰报告巨额损失,这实在不公平。这些规则称,银⾏必须
根据第三⽅意愿买⼊的价格⽽不是管理者和监管机构期望它们售得的价格来评估部分资产。
2⃣
不幸的是,银⾏的游说现在似乎开始奏效了。细节或许⽆从知晓,但是对资本市场正常运作⾄关重要的准
则制定者的独⽴性正在遭受侵害。⽽且,除⾮银⾏以能够吸引买家的价格出售有毒资产,否则，复苏银⾏系
统将会⼗分困难。
3⃣
在与国会的两场激烈交锋之后,美国财务会计准则委员会(FASB) 匆匆修政了准则。这些修改赋予银⾏
在使⽤模型评估⾮流动资产时更多⾃由，在认定损益表上⻓期资产损失时更多灵活性。FASB 主席鲍伯•
赫茨强烈反对那些“质疑我们动机”的⼈然⽽，银⾏股票上涨了，⽽且这些修改增强了某游说团体容⽓谓
之的“管理层判断⼒的运⽤”。
4⃣
欧洲各国部⻓⽴刻强烈要求国际会计标准理事会(IASB)采取同样的做法。IASB表示不愿意在没有总体
規划的情况下就贸然⾏动,但当其今年晚些时侯完成准则重建时,将会⾯临巨⼤的屈服压⼒。欧盟委员会
成员查理•迈克⾥维警告 IASB 说，它“并⾮⽣活在政治真空中”,⽽是“处在现实世界”，⽽且欧洲迟早会
制定不同的规则。
5⃣
是银⾏的想法不切实际，它们的账⽬严重⾼估了资产。如今,银⾏辩称，市场价格夸⼤了损失，因为这
些价格⼤多反映的是市场暂时的流动性不⾜,⽽不是坏账可能达到的分量。真相在多年后⽅可得知。但是,
银⾏股票的交易价格低于其账⾯价值，这表明投资者持怀疑态度。另外,市场的萧条也在⼀定程度上反映
出银⾏的瘫痪。银⾏因害怕将损失计⼊账⽬⽽不愿出售资产,⽽同时⼜不愿意收购那些所谓的廉价资产。
6⃣
要想使银⾏体系重新运转，必须承认损失并对其做出处理。除⾮银⾏将有毒资产价格确定在买家觉得
有吸引⼒的⽔平上,否则美国全⾯收购有毒资产的新计划就不会起作⽤。健康的市场需耍独⽴甚⾄好战的
准则制定者FASB 和 IASB过去⼀直正是如此，例如，（他们）不顾特殊利益集团的强烈反对,对有关股票
期权和养⽼基⾦⽅⾯的(会计)准则进⾏了整顿。但是他们现在对批评者妥协，将由此招致做出更多让步的
压⼒。公众号/⼩红书：莱布尼兹会上岸 获取更多考研资料
祝⼤家顺利上岸～
