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考点 08 谓语动词时态--完成体（核心考点精讲精
练）
1. 高考真题考点分布
考点
谓语动词时态、被动语态、主谓一致
题型
年份 试卷类型 考点 考向
2024·新课标I卷 ____60_ walks ___ (walk) 一般现在时与主谓一致
_ __38_ were _ (be);___41 一般过去时与主谓一
2024·新课标II卷
_ be built __ (build) 致； 被动语态
2024 2024·全国乙卷 __ 44 _ were __ (be) 一般过去时与主谓一致
2024·全国北京卷 ___13gives___ (give) 一般现在时与主谓一致
____42_ have
2024·年浙江1月 现在完成时与主谓一致
started ___ (start)
2023·新课标I卷 /
2023·新课标II卷 I ___65_ wished__ (wish) 一般过去时
一般过去时与主谓一
2023·全国乙卷 was amazed;means; 致，一般现在时与主谓
一致
2023
语法填空 2023·全国甲卷 /
11. would throw 一般将来时；
2023·年北京卷 13. had arrived 过去完成时；
has established 现在完成时与主谓一致
2023·年浙江1月 featured 一般过去时
一般过去时与主谓一
2022·新课标I卷 were; is designed 致；一般现在时表达语
态与主谓一致
42. was fixing
过去进行时与主谓一
2022·新课标II卷
2022 43. threw 致；一般过去时
2022·全国乙卷 addressed 一般过去时
2022·全国甲卷 has walked 现在完成时与主谓一致
2022·年北京卷 caught; 一般过去时；一般现在时与主谓一
has;
致； 现在完成时与主谓
一致
has increased
一般现在时被动语态与
is viewed 或 has been 主谓一致；
2022·年浙江1月 viewed 主谓一致；
are；have promised 现在完成时被动语态与
主谓一致
2. 命题规律及备考策略
【命题规律】
近3年新高考卷对于谓语动词时态-完成体的考查共计7次， 是考查的热点和重点，谓语动词时态主要考查
1． 现在完成时的意义和构成；
2. 过去完成时的意义和构成；
【备考策略】
1. 了解并能正确运用必考的这2种种时态（现在完成时、过去完成时）；
2. 熟练运用现在完成时、过去完成时、现在完成进行时等高考高频时态；
【命题预测】
预计2025年时态仍将是高考的重点难点和热点，时态的考查仍然以最基本的时态（一般现在时，一般过去
时、现在完成时）为主，但是也会兼顾其他语法内容的考查。
必备基础知识：
完成时是用来表示动作的完成与未完成的情况。完成时包括现在完成时、过去完成时和将来完成时。
现在完成时构成：动词have (has) + 过去分词
过去完成时构成：助动词had + 过去分词
将来完成时的构成：will/shall + have + 过去分词。
考点三 完成体
一、 现在完成时
1. 现在完成时结构：
主语 + 助动词have(has) + 动词过去分词否定句：have/has后加not, haven’t/hasn’t
一般疑问句：have/has提前
2. 现在完成时的用法：
（1）表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果，强调的是这个结果或影响，常与 yet，
already，just，before，lately等时间状语连用。
—Have you had your lunch yet? 你吃过午饭了吗？
—Yes, I have. I have just had it. 是的，我刚吃过。（现在我不饿了。）
I have already posted the photos. 我已经寄过这些照片了。（这些照片已不在我这里了。）
have(has) gone to，have(has) been to和have(has) been in的区别
1. have (has) gone to表示＂已经去某地了＂，不能与for+一段时间连用。
She has gone to Shanghai.（她可能已在去上海的路上，或已到上海，总之现在不在这里。）
2. have (has) been to表示＂曾经去过某地＂，不能与for+一段时间连用。
She has been to Shanghai three times.（她已经不在上海，只说明她曾经去过。）
3. have (has) been in/at表示＂一直待在某地＂，常与时间段搭配，指待了很久。
（2）过去发生的事情，一直持续到现在（其谓语动词多是延续性动词或表示状态的词）。
I haven’t seen her these days. 近来我一直没见过他。
I’ve known Li Lei for three years. 我认识李雷已经三年了。
They have lived here since 1996. 他们自从1996年就住在这儿。
She has taught us since I came to this school. 自从我来这所学校，她就教我。
3. 现在完成时多与下列时间状语连用：
（1）用于＂过去发生的事，对现在造成的影响或结果＂的时间状语有：
already 用于肯定句，可放在助动词之后、过去分词之前，也可放在句末。
yet 用在疑问句中意为＂已经＂，用在否定句中表示＂还＂，常放在句末。
ever 意为＂曾经＂，用于疑问句或否定句中，放在助动词与过去分词之间。
never 意为＂从来都没有＂，常和before连用，多放在助动词与过去分词之间。
before 意为＂以前＂，指过去不确定的某个时间，总是放在句末，不受句型的限制。
（2）用于＂过去发生的事，一直延续到现在＂的时间状语有：
for + 时间段 for two years
since + 时间点 since 2008since then
since he came here
so far 目前；迄今为止
up to now=till now=by now 到现在为止；直到现在
all the time 总是；一直
recently/lately 最近
these days 近几天
by the end of...到……末/结束 by the end of this month/year 到本月/年末
during /over the last (past) few years 在过去的几年中
in the last /past days/ months/ years 在过去的几个天/月/年中
（3）在条件、时间、让步状语从句中，表示将来某时以前已完成的动作。
I will not believe you unless I have seen it with my own eyes.
I will go with you as soon as I have finished my work.
（4）非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示一段时间的状语连用即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
I haven’t received his letter for almost a month.
（5）since与for用法比较
用法 例句
I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这
里。
since 用来说明动作起始时间
My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949. 我姑姑从 1949
年开始一直在一个小诊所工作。
用来说明动作延续时间长 I have lived here for more than twenty years. 我在这里住了
for
度 二十多年了。
3. 现在完成时的常用固定句型
（1）That/This/It is the first (second, third ... ) time... (that) ...句型中，从句要用现在完成时。
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次参观这座城市。
It is the third time that the boy has been late. 这是这个男生第三次迟到了。
（2）＂That/This/It is the + 形容词最高级 + 名词 + （that）从句＂中，that 从句要用现在完成时。
This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好看的电影。
（3）在＂It is/has been + 一段时间 + since ... ＂句型中，主句常用现在完成时或一般现在时，从句用一般
过去时。
It has been/ It’s 5 years since we last met. 自从上一次我们见面到现在已经是五年了。
It’s / It has been 3 months since the man died. 那人死去3个月了。
（4）一段时间+ 完成时结构+ since 引导的时间状语从句
Two years has passed since I came here. 我来这儿已经两年了。（1）并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years. （我现在已不在这里工作）
I have worked here for many years. （现在我仍在这里工作）
（2）短暂性动词和延续性动词用于完成时的区别：
延续性动词表示经验、经历； 短暂性动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。
He has completed the work. （表结果）
I’’ve known him since then.（表经历）
（3）短暂性动词和延续性动词用于till / until从句的差异
延续性动词用于肯定句，表示＂做……直到……＂；短暂性动词用于否定句，表示＂到……
才……＂
He didn’’t come back until ten o’’clock. 直到十点钟他才回来。
He slept until ten o’’clock. 他睡到十点钟。
【疑难辨析】
现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，所以
它不能与表示过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday, last night, three weeks ago, in 2004 等。
而一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态，和现在没有任何关系，它可以和表示过去的时间状
语连用。
I have seen the film. 我看过这部电影。（我了解这部电影的内容。）
I saw the film last week.我上星期看了这部电影.（只说明上星期看了这部电影，不涉及现在的
情况）
二、 过去完成时
1. 基本结构：
肯定句：主语 + had + 过去分词 + 其他.
否定句：主语 + had + not + 过去分词 + 其他.
一般疑问句：Had + 主语 + 过去分词 + 其他?
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组 + 一般疑问句（Had + 主语 + 过去分词 + 其他）？
2. 基本用法
（1）表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即＂过去的过
去＂。可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句(在复合句中，由时间连接词引导的状语从句
叫做时间状语从句)来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。
By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. 到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。
（2）表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和 for，since构成的时间状
语连用。
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 当车来的时候，我在车站已经等
了20分钟。
He said he had worked in that factory since 1949. 他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。
（3）叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用
过去完成时。
Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine. 史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的
好朋友。
I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson. 我对动词一无所知，因为我没
有好好学习功课。
（4）在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。
I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我已归还了我借的书。
She found the key that she had lost. 她丢失的钥匙找到了。
（5）过去完成时常常用在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词后的宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时
从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。
He said that he had known her well. 他说他很熟悉她。
I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。
（6）状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。
如when，before，after，as soon as，till/until引导的从句。
When I woke up, it had already stopped raining. 我醒来时雨已停了。
She didn’t go to bed until she had finished her work. 她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。
注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含 before和after的复合句中，
因为这时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完
成时。
After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English. 马克思到达英格兰之后，努力
提高他的英语水平。
（7）动词think，want，hope，mean，plan，intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打
算或意图等。
They had wanted to help but could not get there in time. 他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you. 我们本来希望能来看看你。
（8）过去完成时还可用在hardly...when...，no sooner... than...，It was the first (second, etc) time (that)...等
固定句型中。
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他刚到就又走了。
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year. 这是他那一年第三次失业了。3. 过去完成时的语法判定
（1）由时间状语来判定
一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：
①by + 过去的时间点
I had finished reading the novel by nine o’clock last night.
②by the end of + 过去的时间点
We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
③before + 过去的时间点
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
（2）由＂过去的过去＂来判定
过去完成时表示＂过去的过去＂，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，
动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：
①宾语从句中
当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。如 told，
said，knew，heard，thought等动词后的宾语从句。
She said that she had seen the film before.
②状语从句中
在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去
完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。
After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
注意：before，after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若
主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。
After he closed the door, he left the classroom.
③表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示＂原
本……，未能……＂。
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t.
（3）根据上、下文来判定
I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn’t seen each other since he went to Beijing.
过去完成时记忆口诀
Had 加上＂过去分＂，构成过去完成时。
过去完成的意义，也表＂完成＂或＂延续＂。若有主、从两个句，先后动作分别叙。
哪个在先哪＂完成＂，哪个在后哪＂过去＂。
三、将来完成时
1. 将来完成时的构成：＂will/shall + have + 过去分词＂。
Hopefully after three years at university I will have matured. 希望3年大学生活之后我能变成熟。
Only five short years later, your money will have grown by $94,000. 仅短短 5 年时间后，你的钱就
会增多 94,000 美元。
He will have been heartened by the telephone opinion poll published yesterday. 他会为昨天公布的电话
民意调查结果感到鼓舞。
2. 将来完成的用法
（1）表示＂将来完成＂：即表示到将来某个时间为止势必会完成或预计要完成的动作。
When we get there, she’ll have gone to work. 我们到那里时她会已经上班去了。
I expect you will have changed your mind by tomorrow. 我预料到明天你就会改变主意了。
（2）表示＂持续＂：即表示某种状况将一直持续到说话人所提及的某一将来时间。
We will have been married a year on June 25th. 到6月25日我们俩就结婚满1年了。
By this time next week, I will have been working for this company for 24 years. 到下星期此刻，我
就已经为该公司工作24年了。
（3）表示＂推测：即表示根据某情况作出的推测。
That will have been Roland. He said he’d be back at 7. 准是罗兰。他说他7点钟回来。
There will have been a definite result before Friday. 星期五以前肯定会有结果。
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（最新模拟试题演练）1.【2024届河南省濮阳市高三下学期二模】“The promotion of hanfu 39 (become) easier in recent
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18.（2023·浙江省七彩阳光新高考研究联盟联考）Even the Changjiang-1000A engine, a domestic alternative,
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【2024·河北·三模】阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Is it a train? Or is it a bus? Neither, it’s a Ferrobus— 31 unique form of transport found across
mountainous regions of South America.
Combining old road bus bodies with rail wheels, these strange-looking machines are a lifeline 32 a lot of
remote mountain villages 33 (lack) official road access. Using otherwise 34 (abandon) rail
lines—often built in the 19thand early 20th century—Ferrobus routes can 35 (find) in Chile, Bolivia and
Colombia, climbing high into the Andes. There are two different Ferrobuses 36 leave on different days.
Ferrobus trips are increasingly popular with tourists wanting to avoid uncomfortable and often 37
(danger) road journeys. Chile’s Gondola Carril from Los Andes to Rio Blanco, north of Santiago, operates 38
(pure) for tourists, but others provide regular, if somewhat unpredictable, transport for 39 (local) and
tourists alike.
Bolivia is arguably the center of the Ferrobus world, with at least three routes, although there’s a constant risk
of disruption (中断) from floods, rock falls and extreme weather.
Riding a Ferrobus 40 (require) patience and nerve, but you are guaranteed to return with some
hair-raising stories to tell your friends.
