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考点 11 情态动词和虚拟语气
情态动词和虚拟语气在历年高考中并非重点，但仍然是高中英语语法学习中的重难点。高考
中常常考查下列内容：考查情态动词的基本用法和推测用法；考查情态动词+have done的用
法；考查if虚拟条件下的虚拟语气(包括省略if的虚拟条件句)；考查含蓄虚拟条件下的虚拟
语气；考查特殊句式中的虚拟语气。
1.高考对情态动词的考查集中在情态动词的基本意义及“情态动词+ have done”结构语法上。
2.对虚拟语气而言，主要考查其在条件状语从句和名词性从句中的运用。
一、情态动词
【基础知识】
情态动词本身有词义，但是没有人称和数的变化。情态动词有时态的变化，但是不能独立作谓语。情态动
词可以表示：能力、义务、可能性和允许等等意义；情态动词还可以用来给人们：提出请求、建议、意见
以及提供帮助等等。
情态动词的基本意义
（1）、can, could
①、表示能力，意为“能，会”；could表示过去的能力，不表示是否做。·
●She can speak French fluently. 她能讲一口流利的法语。
●Our daughter could walk when she was nine old. 我们的女儿九个月大时就会走路了。
②、can可用于肯定句中,表示客观或理论上的可能性。
● He is confident a solution can be found. 他确信会找到解决办法。
●An experienced teacher can make mistakes. 一位有经验的老师也会犯错。③、表示请求或允许。在疑问句中, could可以代替can，语气更委婉，但回答时要用can。
●---Can/ Could I use your bike tomorrow morning?----Yes, you can.
---明天上午我可以用你的自行车吗?----是的，可以。
表示可能性,意为“可能”，can多用于否定句和疑问句中，could不受限。can比 could语气强。
●He can't be our manager. Our manager has gone to Beijing..他不可能是我们经理。我们经理已经去北京了。
⑤、表示惊异、怀疑、迷惑等态度，常用于否定句和疑问句中。
● How can you treat me like that? 你怎么能那样对我?
⑥、用于固定习语中:can't....too/ enough(无论…也不过分；越…越好)；can' but do sth..(不得不做某事，只好
做某事)；can' t help doing sth...(禁不住做某事)。
●I can' t thank you too much for all your help to my son while we were away from home.
我非常感谢你在我们不在家时帮助我的儿子。
● One cannot but admire her determination.人们不得不佩服她的决心。
（2）、may、might
①、表示请求或许可。在疑问句中, might可以代替may，语气更加委婉。
● ---Might I ask for a picture of your little daughter?---Yes, you may
---我可以要一张你小女儿的照片吗?----是的,可以
②、表示可能性，意为“或许，可能”，通常用于肯定句和否定句中，might比may语气弱。
●---I don' t really like James.Why did you invite him?
---Don't worry. He might not come. He said he wasn't certain what his plans were.
---我真的不喜欢詹姆斯。你为什么邀请他?---别担心,他或许不会来。他说他还不能确定他的计划。
③、may可表示祝愿，常用结构为“May+主语+动词原形!”
●May you be happy every day! 愿你快乐每一天!
③、用于固定短语中:may/ might as well+动词原形(不妨……,还是…为好)；may/ might well+动词原形(可
能…)
● You may/ might as well tell him the truth. 你不妨告诉他事实吧。● He may/ might well stay in Beijing now. 他现在可能待在北京。
（3）、must、have to
①、表示义务，意为“必须”。must强调说话人的主观看法，have to则强调客观需要；在回答带有must
的问句时，否定式常用 need not( needn't)或don' t have to,而不是用must not.
● We must act as quickly as possible now. Just tell us whether/ if you can undertake the task or not.
现在我们必须尽快采取行动。你就告诉我们你能否承担这项任务。
●I have to go now, because my mother is in hospital.我现在不得不走了，因为我母亲在住院。
②、must用来表示推测，意为“一定”，只能用在肯定句中。
● You must be hungry after a long walk.长途跋涉之后，你一定饿了。
● Someone must have used my umbrella yesterday. I found it wet. 昨天一定有用了我的雨伞，我发现它湿了。
③、must意为“偏要，非要……不可”。
● If you must have a cigarette, choose a seat in the first row of the smoking section.
如果你非要吸烟的话,去吸烟区的第一排找个座位。
④、mustn't表示禁止，意为“不得，不允许；一定不要”。
●You mustn't play with the knife, or you may hurt yourself. 你千万不要玩刀,否则会伤到自己的。
（4）、shall
①、用于第一、三人称的疑问句中，表示说话者征求对方的意见。·
●Shall we begin our new lesson today? 我们今天开始上新的一课好吗?
● Shall he come in now? 要不要让他现在进来?
②、用于第二、三人称的陈述句中，表示说话者的命令、警告、威胁、允诺、决心等。
● You shall be punished for what you have done. 你必须为你的所作所为受到惩罚。
③、用于条约、规定、法令、法律等，意为“必须”。
●One of our rules is that every student shall wear school uniform while at school.
我们有一条规定,那就是每名学生在校期间都必须穿校服。
（5）、should、ought to①、should 表示责任、义务、劝告、建议等，意为“应该”。
● We should be strict with ourselves. 我们应该严格要求
②、should表示出乎意料的口气，意为“竟然，居然”
●Such a gentleman should do that..这样一位绅士竟然会做那种事。
③、ought to表示义务，意为“应该”，语气比 should略重。
● You ought not to be so selfish. 你不应该这么自私。
should和 ought to表示推测，指合乎理想的情况或结果，意为“按说应该”。
●Try phoning Robert-- --he should be home by now. 给罗伯特打个电话试试,他现在应该到家了
（6）、will 、would
①、与各种人称连用，用于陈述句中，表示主语的意志、意愿或决心。will指现在， would指过去。
● I will never talk to him again. 我再也不愿意和他说话了。
● Days later, my brother called to say he was all right, but wouldn't say where he was.
几天后，我的哥哥打电话说他一切都好，但是他不愿说他在哪儿。
②、表示征求意见或提出请求，多用于第二人称疑问句中。would比will语气委婉。
●Will/ Would you close the window? 请把窗户关上好吗?
③、表示习惯性动作、固有属性或必然趋势，意为“总是；习惯于”。will指现在， would指过去。·
●Fish will die without water. 没有水，鱼会死的。
●When we worked in the same firm several years ago, we would often go to the cinema together.
几年前我们在同一家公司工作时,我们常常一起去电影院看电影。
（7）、need 、dare
①、need既可作情态动词,也可作实义动词；作情态动词时，表示“需要”，常用于否定句和疑问句中。
needn't表示“不必”；对need引出的一般疑问句作肯定回答时用 must而不用need，作否定回答时用
needn't。
●I needn't use a clock to wake me up because at six o'clock each morning the train comes by my house.
我不必用闹钟来叫醒自己，因为每天早上六点都有火车从我家旁边经过。②、dare既可作情态动词，也可作实义动词；作情态动词时，表示“敢，胆敢”，后跟动词原形，常用于
疑问句、否定句和条件句中。
●I am so afraid that I dare not move. 我吓得一动也不敢动
情态动词+ have done"”的用法
①、must have done
表示对过去已发生动作的肯定推测，意为“想必/一定做了”，用于肯定句中，语气强。
●The children must have got lost in the woods; otherwise, they would have been at the lakeside camp as
scheduled.孩子们一定在森林里迷路了，否则，他们会按照计划出现在湖边营地。
②、can't have done
表示对过去情况把握较大的否定推测，意为“不可能做了”。
● I saw Mr.. Li just now. He can't have gone to Beijing. 我刚才看见李先生了。他不可能去了北京。
③、could have done
表示对过去情况的推测,意为“可能已经做了”
●Don't worry-- they could have just forgotten to call. 别担心,他们可能只是忘了打电话。
表示对过去的虚拟，意为“本来能做”，但实际上没做。
●You could have done better, but you were too careless. 你本来能做得更好些，但你当时太粗心了。
④、may have done
表示对过去情况的推测，意为“也许/或许已经做了”，用于肯定句中，一般不用于疑问句中，语气较
弱,其否定形式为 may not have done.
● She may have bought the dictionary,but I' m not sure..她也许已经买了那本词典，但我不太确信。
⑤、might have done
表示对过去情况的推测，意为“也许/或许已经做了”，用于肯定句中，一般不用于疑问句中，语气较may have done更弱，其否定形式为 might not have done。
●Smith might have gone to see the movie yesterday.史密斯也许昨天已经去看过这部电影了。
表示对过去的虚拟，意为“本来可以做”,但实际上没做。
● You might have given him more help, though you were busy. 你本可以给他更多帮助的,虽然你当时很忙。
⑥、should/ought to have done
表示对过去的虚拟。用于肯定句，意为“本该做”，而实际上未做；其否定式为 shouldn't / ought not
to have done，意为“本不该做”，而实际上做了，表示责备或惋惜之情。
●He is sad. You shouldn't have told him the bad news.他感到难过。你本不应该告诉他这个坏消息。
⑦、needn’t have done
表示对过去的虚拟，意为“本来不必做”，而实际上做了。
● We needn't have bought so much food now that Suzie won't be with us for dinner.
既然苏西不与我们一起吃晚饭，我们原本不必买那么多食物。
⑧、would rather have done
意为“宁愿当时做了”，其否定式为 would rather not have done。两者都含有后悔之意。
●I raised objections at the meeting, but now I would rather not have done that.
会上提出异议,但现在我宁愿自己没那么做。
⑨、would like/love to have done
表示过去本打算做，但实际上未做成。
●I would love to have attended the meeting last Sunday, but I had to finish my report.
上周日我本来很想去参加会议的,但我得完成报告。
●Was there anything you would like to have done during high school?
在高中时期，有没有什么事是你想做却没有做成的?
二、虚拟语气考向一、虚拟语气用于非真实条件句
虚拟语气 条件状语从句谓语动词 主句谓语动词
与现在事实相反的假设 过去式(be动词一般用were) would/should/could/might+动词原形
与过去事实相反的假设 had+过去分词 would/should/could/might+have+过去分词
与将来事实相反的假设 过去式或 were to / should+动 would/should/ could/ might+动词原形
词原形
●If I were you, I would read it again. 如果我是你的话，我会再读一遍。(与现在事实相反)
●We would have called a taxi yesterday if Harold hadn't offered us a ride home.
假如昨天哈罗德没有开车送我们回，我们就乘出租车回来了。(与过去事实相反)
●If it rained tomorrow, the sports meet would be put off. 要是明天下雨,运动会就会推迟。(与将来事实相反)
【特别注意】
(1)、在if引导的虚拟条件状语从句中，谓语动词含有had,were, should时，可以把if省略，将had, were,
should提到句首，变为倒装句。
●Had you (=If you had)come earlier, you would have caught the early bus. 如果你早点来,就能赶上早班车了。
●Were I you (= If I were you), I would not do it. 我要是你,就不会做这件事
●Should he come（= If he should come), tell him to ring me up. 他要是来了,让他给我打个电话。
(2)、当条件状语从句和主句表示的动作或行为所发生的时间不一致时，该条件句就被称为“错综时间条件
句”,动词的形要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整。
●If you had followed the doctor's advice, you would be better now.
如果你当时遵循医生的建议的话,你现在就好多了。
●If you had spoken to him yesterday, you would know what to do now.
如果你昨天跟他谈过了，你现在就知道该做什么了。
(3)、有时假设的条件不通过条件状语从句表达出来，而是隐含在某些词或短语中，或隐含在上下文中，这
叫含蓄条件句。常用的这类词或短语有:
without((要是)没有 in case万一，以防 but for要不是 for fear that唯恐 otherwise否则 or否则
●I couldn't have gone through that bitter period without your generous help.
如果没有你慷慨相助的话,我不可能熬过那段艰苦的日子。
●We would have put John's name on the race list yesterday but for his recent injury.
要不是约翰最近受伤了,我们昨天就把他的名字加到参赛名单上了。
●We lost our way in that small village, otherwise we would have visited more places of interest yesterday.
我们在那个小村庄迷路了，要不然昨天我们就能参观更多的名胜。
考向二、虚拟语气用于名词性从句
Point 1 虚拟语气在wish后的宾语从句中的用法
虚拟语气 从句谓语动词
与现在事实相反 过去式(be动词一般用were)
与过去事实相反 had+过去分词
对将来的愿望 would/ could+动词原形
●--Where are the children? The dinner's going to be complete ruined.
--I wish they weren't always late.
--孩子们在哪里?晚餐就要被(他们给)彻底破坏了。
一我希望他们不要总是迟到。
●I wish I had told him the way to the supermarket. 我真希望我已经告诉了他到超市的路线。
●I wish you would go with us tomorrow. 我希望明天你和我们一起去。
Point 2 在表示建议、提议、命令、要求等的动词后的宾语从句中，常用虚拟语气，即从句谓语动词用
“( should-+)动词原形”。常见的此类动词有
一坚持: insist
二命令: order, command
四建议: suggest, advise, propose, recommend
五要求: require, request, demand, desire ,urge
●The graduate insisted that he should go to work in the south.这位大学毕业生坚持要到南方工作。
●The leaders ordered that a fact-finding group should be formed. 领导们命令成立一个事实调查小组。
●Her mother suggested that she （should）go and see the doctor. 她妈妈建议她去看医生。
●The panel demanded that the report (should) be made public.专家小组要求公开这份报告。
【特别注意】
当 suggest意为“暗示，表明”,，insist意为“坚持认为，坚持说”时，后接的宾语从句应当用陈述语
气，不用虚拟语气。
●His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision. 他的沉默表明他同意我的决定。
●He insisted that he hadn't stolen the money. 他坚持说他没有偷过钱。
Point 3 在“It is/was+形容词/过去分词+that"句型中，that引导的主语从句使用虚拟语气，即从句
谓语动词用“( should-+)动词原形”或“ should have+过去分词”。常见的此类形容词和过去分词有
desirable值得拥有的;值得做的 advisable明智的 fitting合适的 essential极其重要的 important重要的
natural自然的;正常的 necessary必要的 proper合适的 strange奇怪的 urgent急迫的
suggested建议 requested要求 proposed建议 desired渴望 ordered命令 recommended建议
required要求 resolved决定
●It is necessary that we (should) put theories into practice. 我们有必要将理论付诸实践。
●It is strange that he should have gone away without telling us. 真奇怪,他竟然没有告知我们就走了。
Point 4 表示建议、提议、命令、要求等的名词后的表语从句或同位语从句中，谓语动词用“( should++)
动词形”。常见的这类名词有:
advice建议 demand要求 desire渴望 idea想法 motion动议,提议 order命令 plan计划
proposal提议 request要求 suggestion建议
●His demand is that the boy （should) go with them. 他的要求是这个男孩和他们一起去。(表语从句)
●We agreed to the order that the task should be completed before5o' clock.
我们都同意这个命令:在五点前完成这项任务。(同位语从句)
Point 5 在 would rather后的宾语从句中,从句如果表示对现在或将来的虚拟，从句用一般过去时(be动
词一般用were)；如果表示对过去的虚拟，从句用过去完成时。
●I would rather I left now. 我宁愿现在离开。
●I would rather you came next month. 我宁愿你下个月来。
●I would rather he had passed the exam 我宁愿他已经通过了考试。考向三、虚拟语气在其他句型中的应用
Point 1 虚拟语气用于as if/ as though引导的表语从句和方式状语从句
虚拟语气 从句谓语动词
与现在事实相反 过去式(be动词一般用were)
与过去事实相反 had+过去分词
与将来事实相反 would/ could/ might+动词原形
●You treat them as if they were your parents. 你对待他们如同他们是你的父母。(与现在事实相反)
●He acted as though nothing had happened. 他表现得若无其事。(与过去事实相反)
● They talked and talked as if they would never meet again.
他们谈了又谈,好像永远不会再见面了。(与将来事实相反)
【特别注意】
当句子所叙述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时，从句要用陈述语气。
●It sounds as if it is raining. 听起来像是在下雨。
●.He talks as if he is drunk. 从他谈话的样子来看他像是醉了
Point 2 在It's(high/ about)time(that)...句型中，that引导的定语从句通常用虚拟语气，即从句谓语动词
用过去式(did)或“ should-+动词原形”( should不能省略),意为“该是…的时候了”
●Jack is a great talker. It's high time that he did/should do something instead of just talking.
杰克是一个夸夸其谈的是时候他应该去做点什么而不是仅仅空谈了。
●It is time that you went/should go to bed, Tom. 汤姆,你该去睡觉了。
Point 3 虚拟语气用于 if only引导的条件句或感叹句
虚拟语气 从句谓语动词
与现在事实相反 过去式或(be动词一般用were)
与过去事实相反 had+过去分词
与将来事实相反 would/ could/ might-+动词原形
●If only I were younger now! 要是现在我年轻一些该多好啊!(与现在事实相反)
●If only you had worked with greater care! 要是你更细心地工作该多好啊!(与过去事实相反)
●If only I could go to the moon one day! 要是我有一天能到月球上该多好啊!(与将来事实相反)
【特别注意】
only if：意为“只有…(才)’引导条件状语句，不用虚拟语气。●I told him he would succeed only if he tried hard. 我告诉他,只要他努力就会成功。
1．My key isn’t in my backpack. Where on earth________ I have put it?
A．can B．would C．should D．must
【答案】A
【解析】考查情态动词+have done用法。句意：我的钥匙不在我的背包里。我到底可能将它放在哪里了？
根据所给句子及选项可知，此处是“情态动词+have done”，can have done通常用于否定句及疑问句，用于
疑问句时，表示怀疑和推测；would have done表示对过去事情的假设，意思是“本来会做”；should have
done表示“过去应该做谋事却没有做”；must have done表示对过去的推测，意思是“一定已经，想必已
经，准是已经”,只用于肯定句中。根据语境可知，此处表示对过去行为的怀疑和推测，应用can have
done。故选A。
2．When he was at college, he _____ go to that coffee shop to do a part-time job every weekend.
A．must B．should C．might D．would
【答案】D
【解析】考查情态动词词义辨析。句意：他上大学的时候，每个周末都会去那家咖啡店做兼职。A. must必
须；B. should应该；C. might也许；D. would会。根据句意，此处表示他会去做某事，是一种意愿，D项
符合句意，故选D项。
3．— It’s really a pity that you didn’t go to see Frozen II last night.
— I ________, but I had to prepare for the coming exam.
A．would like to B．ought to C．would have D．should have
【答案】C
【解析】考查情态动词+have done的用法。句意：——很遗憾你昨晚没有去看冰雪奇缘2。——我本可以
去看的，但是我必须为即将来临的考试做准备。would have done表示本可以做但没做成，是虚拟语气的表
达，承前省略gone to see，由句意可知我本来可以去看冰雪奇缘2，但为了即将来临的考试就没有去。
would like to表示“想要做某事”；ought to表示“应当”；should have表示本应当做某事而实际上没做。
故选C。
4．We’ll make the final decision on our scheme. ______ you change your mind, please inform us as soon as
possible.A．Should B．Were C．Would D．Had
【答案】A
【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：我们将对我们的计划做最后决定。如果你改变主意，请尽快通知我们。根
据语境，此处用虚拟语气，表示与将来相反，从句用should+动词原形，省略if，should提前，陈述句是：
If you should change your mind……。故选A。
5．Why didn't you tell me there was no meeting today? I all the way here through the heavy snow.
A．needn't have driven B．couldn't have driven
C．should have driven D．must have driven
【答案】A
【解析】考查情态动词+have done。句意：你为什么不告诉我今天没有开会？我本不必在大雪中一路开车
来这里。A. needn't have driven不必开车（已完成）；B. couldn't have driven不可能开车（已完成）；C.
should have driven本该开车（却没有）；D. must have driven一定开车（已完成）。根据前文“Why didn't
you tell me there was no meeting today?”句意可知，needn't符合句意。故选A项。
6．Frankly speaking, I am not sure whether I ________ this in the old days with that kind of equipment, which
looks quite odd and ridiculous.
A．should have done B．need have done C．would have done D．must have done
【答案】C
【解析】考查情态动词+have done。句意：坦率地说，我不确定在过去我是否会用这种设备做这件事，这
看起来很奇怪和可笑。A. should have done表示本应该做某事，而实际上没有做某事；B. need have done表
示本来需要做某事而没有做；C. would have done虚拟语气，表示对过去事情的假设，意思是“本来会做”；
D. must have done表示对过去事情的肯定推测，译成“一定做过某事”。由“in the old days”可知，本句表
示对过去事情的假设。故选C项。
7. （2021年天津卷）---I honestly don't think I'm going to be admitted.
---Wel1, you never know! You________ a better impression than you think.
A. may have made
B. should have made
C. couldn’t have made
D. needn't have made
【答案】A
【解析】考查情态动词用法。句意：—老实说，我觉得我不会被录取。—唉，谁知道呢!你给人的印象可能
比你想象的要好。A.may have made 可能；B.should have made本应该做；C.couldnt have made不可能做；D.needn't have made本不必做。根据句意可知，此处表示的是有可能，故选A。
I. 单句语法填空
1. How I wish every family ________ (have) a large house with a beautiful garden. (2020.3 北京四中调研)
2. They would ________ (kill) him if he had not defended himself. (2020.3 大庆铁人中学模拟)
3. They set off for the destination too late; otherwise they wouldn’t ________ (stick) in the storm. (2020 河北
邢台一中一模)
4. Tom recommended me that I ________ (accept) the invitation. (2020.5 衡水二中模拟)
5. The old man treated the boy as if he ________ his own son. (2020.6 合肥一中集训)
6. The manager required that the work ________ (finish) before Friday. (2020.4 哈三中模拟)
7. Only when the results came out did he realize that he should ________ (devote) himself to his studies, but
it was too late. (2020.5 石家庄二中模拟)
8. If it were not for the fact that you ________ (be) ill, I would ask you to do this right now. (2020.6 沈阳集
训)
9. Without your timely help, I couldn’t ________ (finish) the task ahead of time. (2020.6 天津南开中学押题
卷)
10. The woman stood by the river still as if she ________ (turn) into a stone. (2020.6 秦皇岛一中考前押题卷)
11. I ________ (abandon) my dream of becoming a pianist, but for the encouragement from that music teacher.
(2020 江苏扬州高三期中调研)
12. Eye doctors recommend that a child’s first eye exam ________ (is) at the age of six months. (2020 黑龙江
大庆铁人中学期中)
13. —How impressive China’s 70th anniversary of National Day parade is!
—Definitely. If only I ________ (be) on the scene! (2020 江苏无锡期中)
14. According to the school rules, no child ________ be allowed out of school, unless accompanied by his or her
own parents. (2019 江苏南通中学高三模考)
15. You ________ (do) something great, otherwise you wouldn’t have got the promotion. (2019 北京中央民
族大学附属中学高三检测)
16. If you leave within 15 minutes, you ________ park your car at the roadside temporarily. (2019 江苏扬州
高三期中联考)
17. —Did you go to the party last night?
—Yes, but I’d rather I ________ (go) there. It was so boring. (2019 江苏天一中学高三调研)
18. Kelly failed Mr. Brown’s literature course. She ________ have handed in the report earlier. (2019 北京海
淀区高三期中)
19. —Here you are. This is the hotel!
—It’s so close to the station. We ________ have taken the taxi at all! (2019 天津滨海高三期中)
20. Why did you throw the bottle out of the window? Somebody ________ (hurt). (2019 江苏苏州期中调研)
21. I can’t speak for everyone, but I ________ speak for myself.22. Suddenly it occurred to me that I ________ have left my suitcase in the taxi. But I was not sure.
23. I ________ (be) in the shade like all the other tourists, then I wouldn’t have got burned.
24. —Your brother has been admitted to Nanjing University?
—Yes, he deserves it. If I had worked as wisely, that ________ (be) my destiny.
25. If you ________ have a cigarette, choose a seat in the first row of the smoking section.
26. —Did Justine realize his fault and do something to make up?
—I wish that I could ________ (have) that happen, but actually he still went his own way.
27. They ________ (reach) the agreement so easily without that common ground.
28. Had the governments and scientists not worked together, AIDS-related deaths ________ have fallen since
their highest in 2005.
29. ________ I known about his financial situation, I would have helped him out.
30. If you want to pry into other people’s business, you ________ not do it here, young man.
1. had 句意：多么希望每个家庭都有一栋有美丽花园的大房子。根据句意和句式结构可知，此处是wish
接宾语从句的虚拟语气，且是对现在虚拟，因此谓语动词要用一般过去式。故填had。
2. have killed 句意：如果他不为自己辩护，他们就会杀了他。由if he had not defended himself可知，本
句是 if 条件句的虚拟语气，与过去事实相反，主句的谓语动词需用 would have done，故填 have
killed。
3. have been stuck 这是一个含蓄条件句，谓语动词用虚拟语气，根据上文They set off for the destination
too late可知，与过去事实相反，谓语动词用 would have done，主语they和谓语动词stick之间是被动
关系，空格前有wouldn’t，故填have been stuck。
4. (should) accept 句意：汤姆建议我接受邀请。这里考查recommend意为“建议”时在宾语从句中的虚
拟语气，recommend sb. that sb. (should) do sth.意为“建议某人做某事”。故填(should) accept。
5. were 根据The old man与the boy之间的关系，可知说话人认为句子所述的是不真实的，as if要用虚拟
语气，且从句与现在事实相反，从句的谓语动词要用过去式，是连系动词be时，要用were。故填
were。
6. should be finished/be finished 在表示建议、命令、要求、忠告等动词的后面，其宾语从句的谓语用
“should+动词原形”表示虚拟语气。本句的谓语动词 required 表示要求，其宾语从句的谓语用
“should+动词原形”；而且从句中的谓语动词 finish和主语the work是被动关系，故填should be
finished/be finished。
7. have devoted 句意：只有当结果出来时，他才意识到他应该全身心地投入到学习中去，但是已经太晚
了。Only when引导的从句中用了倒装，句中表示“本应该做某事却没做”，用should have done的形
式。故填have devoted。
8. are 句意：如果不是因为你病了，我想请你现在就做。fact后的同位语从句表示的是事实，要用一般现
在时，不用虚拟语气；you后面系动词用are，故填are。
9. have finished 句意：没有你的及时帮助，我本不可能提前完成任务。根据句意此处需表示对过去发生事情的假设。could (not) have done本来能够（不可能）做某事。故填have finished。
10. had turned 句意：那个女人一动不动地站在河边，好像变成了一块石头。as if从句表示所述的是不真
实的或极少有可能发生或存在的情况时，应用虚拟语气；此处是表示与过去事实相反的事实，应用过
去完成时。故填had turned。
11. might have abandoned 句意：要不是来自那位音乐老师的鼓励，我可能就放弃成为钢琴家的梦想了。
此处表达的是与过去事实相反的假设，所以应用“might have+过去分词”。
12. (should) be 句意：眼科医生建议孩子应在六个月大时进行第一次眼睛检查。recommend表示“建议”
时，其后的宾语从句的谓语要用“(should+)动词原形”，故填(should) be。
13. had been 句意：——国庆70周年阅兵式真是令人印象深刻！——当然，要是我在现场就好了！根据
句意可知，此处表达的是与过去事实相反的假设，故填had been。
14. shall 句意：根据学校规定，除非有自己的父母陪同，否则任何儿童不得离开学校。根据语境可知，此
处表示学校的规定，含有命令的意味，因此从语气上分析可知，应该用shall。
15. must have done 句意：你一定做了了不起的事，否则你是得不到晋升的。根据句意可知，此处表示对
过去事情有把握的肯定推测，应用must have done。
16. can/may 句意：如果你在15分钟内离开，你可以暂时把车停在路边。根据语境可知，此处是真实条件
句，表示许可，故用can/may。
17. had not gone/hadn’t gone 句意：——昨晚你去参加聚会了吗？——是的，但我宁愿我没有去那里，太
无聊了。would rather后的宾语从句用虚拟语气；根据句意可知，此处表示与过去事实相反的假设，因
此从句的谓语应用“had done”形式。
18. should 句意：Kelly没有通过布朗先生的文学课，她本应该早点提交报告的。should have done sth.“本
应该做某事（而实际上未做）”符合语境。
19. needn’t 根据“It’s so close to the station.”可知，旅馆离车站很近，因此根本没必要乘出租车。needn’t
have done“本不必做某事（而实际上做了）”符合语境。
20. could/might have been hurt 根据语境及第一句的时态可知，第二句表示对过去情况的推测，应用
could/might have done表示“可能已经做了某事”；且Somebody与hurt (弄伤)之间为动宾关系，应用
被动语态，故填could/might have been hurt。
21. can 句意：我不能代替每个人说话，但我可以代表我自己。一般现在时态中，表示有能力做某事，用
can。
22. might 句意：我突然想起来我可能把手提箱落在出租车上了，但是我不太确定。该句是肯定句，应用
might have done表示对过去发生的事情不太确定的推测。故填might。
23. should have been 句意：我本应该像所有其他游客一样待在阴凉处，那样我就不会被晒伤了。此处表
示过去本应该做某事，但实际上没有做，应用“should have done”。故填should have been。
24. could/might/would have been 根据题干中的“If I had worked as wisely”可知，从句是对过去事实的虚
拟，故主句谓语应用“could/might/would+have done”形式。故填could/might/would have been。
25. must 句意：如果你一定要吸烟，那你就选吸烟区第一排的座位。must意为“非要，一定”。if you
must do sth.表示虽不赞同，但可允许，意为“如果你一定要做某事”。故填must。
26. have had 句意：——Justine意识到自己的错误并采取措施弥补了吗？——我希望我能让他这么做，但
事实上，他依然我行我素。根据主句中的“I wish”以及下文“but actually he still went his own way”
可知，空格处是对过去发生的事实的虚拟，应用“could/would/might have done”的形式。故填havehad。
27. wouldn’t have reached 句意：没有共同立场，他们是不会那么容易达成协议的。根据句意可知，协议
应是在过去的某一时间达成的，表示对过去情况的虚拟，谓语动词应用wouldn’t have done。故填
wouldn’t have reached。
28. should/would/might/could not 句意：如果没有政府和科学家的共同努力，与艾滋病相关的死亡率就不
会从2005年的最高点下降。此处使用了虚拟语气，虚拟条件句省略了 if，将had提前。根据句意和从
句中的“Had”和“worked”可知，此处表示对过去情况的虚拟，主句应用“主语＋should/would/
might/could+have done”形式。故填should/would/might/could not。
29. Had 句意：我要是知道他的经济状况，就帮助他了。由主句的谓语“would have helped”可知，该句
是对过去事实的虚拟，从句谓语要用过去完成时；从句省略了if，应把had提前。故填Had。
30. shall 句意：年轻人，如果你想打听别人的私事，那么你来错地方了。shall用于第二、第三人称作主
语的陈述句中，表示决心、命令或指示等。故填shall。
1. 单项选择。
1. (2021•天津) It used to be that you ___________drive for miles here without seeing another person, but now
there are houses and people everywhere.
A. need B. should C. could D. must
2.(2020•天津卷) Jim says we ___________ stay in his house as long as we leave it clean and tidy .
A. must B. can C. need D. should
3. (2020•江苏) If I hadn't been faced with so many barriers, I ___________ where I am.
A. won't be B. wouldn't have been C. wouldn't be D. shouldn't have been
4.(2019•天津)The professor warned the students that on no account ___________ use mobile phones in his class.
A. should they B. they should C. dare they D. they dare
5. (2019•江苏) What a pity! You missed the sightseeing, or we ___________a good time together.
A. had B. will have C. would have had D. had had
6. (2019•天津卷)The workers were not better organized, otherwise they ____________ the task in half the time.
A. accomplished B. had accomplished C. would accomplish D. would have accomplished
7. (2018•天津) I can't find my purse. I___________ it in the supermarket yesterday, but I'm not sure.
A. should leave B. must have left C. might leave D. could have left8.(江苏•2018) It’s strange that he ___________ have taken the books without the owner’s permission.
A. would B. should C. could D. might
9. (江苏2018) There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I ___________ a second chance to become more
involved.
A. had B. will have C. would have had D. have had
10. (2018•北京卷) In today’s information age, the loss of data _________ cause serious problems for a company.
A. need B. should C. can D. must
11.(2018•江苏) Thank you for all your hard work last week. I don’t think we ______ it without you.
A. can manage B. could have managed C. could manage D. can have managed
12. (2017•北京卷) Samuel, the tallest boy in our class, ___________ easily reach the books on the top shelf.
A. must B. should C. can D. need
13. (2017•天津)My room is a mess, but I __________clean it before I go out tonight. I can do it in the morning.
A. daren’t B. shouldn’t C. needn’t D. mustn’t
14. (2017•天津) —Do you have Betty’s phone number?
—Yes. Otherwise, I ___________able to reach her yesterday.
A. hadn’t been B. wouldn’t have been C. weren’t D. wouldn’t be
15. (2016•天津) It was really annoying; I ___________ get access to the data bank you had recommended.
A. wouldn’t B. couldn’t C. shouldn’t D. needn’t
16. (2016•浙江)Had the governments and scientists not worked together , AIDS-related deaths _______ since their
highest in 2005.
A. had not fallen B. would not fall C. did not fall D. would not have fallen
17. (2016•浙江)George _________ too far. His coffee is still warm.
A. must have gone B. might have gone C. can't have gone D. needn't have gone
18. (2016•北京)I love the weekend, because I___________ get up early on Saturdays and Sundays.
A. needn’t B. mustn’t C. wouldn’t D. shouldn’t
19.(2015•天津) I ___________ have worried before I came to the new school, for my classmates here are very
friendly to me.
A. mightn’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. couldn’t
20. (2015•四川)You ___________be careful with the camera. It costs!A. must B. may C. can D. will
21. (2015•福建)—Sorry, Mum! I failed the job interview again.
—Oh, it's too bad. You ___________ have made full preparations.
A. must B. can C. would D. should
22. (2015•陕西)You ___________ feel all the training a waste of time, but I’m a hundred percent sure later you’ll
be grateful you did it.
A. should B. need C. shall D. may
23. (2015•重庆)You ___________ be Carol. You haven’t changed a bit after all these years.
A. must B. can C. will D. shall
24. (2015•浙江)It was so noisy that we ___________ hear ourselves speak.
A. couldn’t B. shouldn’t C. mustn’t D needn’t
25.—Can’t you stay a little longer?
—It’s getting late. I really ___________go now. My daughter is home alone.
A .may B .can C. must D .dare
1-5 CBCAC 6-10 DBBAC 11-15 BCCBB 16-20 DCACA 21-25 DDAAC
1. C。句意：以前你可能在这里开了几英里，都没见过别人，但现在到处都是房子和人。根据前半句意思
可知，could表示的是对过去客观可能性的推测。
2. B。句意:吉姆说我们可以住在他的房子里，只要我们保持它干净整洁。根据后面的“as long as we leave
it clean and tidy”可知，我们”能，可以”待在他的房子里。
3. C。句意：如果我没有面对那么多的障碍，我现在就不会在这里。分析句子成分可知，此处是错综时间
虚拟语气，根据空后where I am可知，此处是与现在事实相反的假设，主句谓语动词应使用would do。
4. A。句意：这位教授警告学生们，在他的课堂上，决不应该使用手机。on no account决不，否定词放在
句首，句子使用部分倒装，应该做should do，敢于做dare do，根据句意表示”应该“，故选A。5. C。句意：真遗憾！你错过了这次观光，否则，我们本应该在一起度过一段愉快时光的。根据上文，可
知是对过去事情的虚拟，与过去事实相反的假设。
6. D。句意：工人们没有被更好的组织起来，否则他们用一半的时间就能完成任务。根据上句the workers
were not better organized可知，这是对过去事情的虚拟。Otherwise表示“否则，要不的话”与过去事实相
反的假设应用过去完成时。
7. B。句意：我不能找到我的钱包了，昨天我有可能把它落到超市了，但我不确定。根据句中时间状语
yesterday可知，是对过去事情的推测，故用情态动词+ have done，再根据后句but I’m not sure.可知，此推
测为不能肯定的推测，故用情态动词could，表示“可能”。
8. B。句意：真奇怪，他竟然没有主人的允许就拿走了这些书。在句型”It is
important/necessary/strange/impossible/natural that...”中，其中由that引导的主语从句通常用“should+动词原
形”这样的虚拟语气，其中的should可以省略。
9. A。句意：在这个村里有很好的社交生活，并且我希望我再有机会去更多的参与。本题考查wish引导的
宾语从句，表示与现在事实相反的愿望，所以从句用一般过去时。
10. C。句意：在今天的信息时代，数据的丢失有时会对一个公司造成严重的问题。数据丢失造成严重问题
是客观上会发生的情况，即“客观可能性”，故该空应用情态动词can。
11. B。句意：没有你我想我是不可能完成下来的。I don’t think…是否定前移。couldn’t have done表示
“不可能做了某事”。
12. C。句意：Samuel，我们班最高的男生，能很轻松地够着书架顶上的书。此处需要一个表示能力的词，
故用can，答案为C。
13. C。句意：我的房间很乱，但是在今晚我出去之前不需要打扫，我可以明天早晨再打扫。
14. B。句意：——你有贝蒂的电话号码吗？——有。否则我昨天就联系不到她了。此处otherwise(否则)相
当于一个if引导的条件状语从句，由yesterday可知本句对过去进行虚拟，由此可以判断出主句用wouldn’t
have done，故选B。
15. B。句意：真的令人生气。我不能找到你推荐给我的数据库。couldn’t表示当时的情况。
16. D。句意：要不是政府和科学家们齐心协作，2005年以来最高点的艾滋病有关的死亡率就不会下降。
本句考查if虚拟条件句，主句与过去事实相反，应用would have done。
17. C。句意：乔治不可能走太远。他的咖啡还是热的呢。can’t have done表示完全否定，“不可能做了某
事”。
18. A。句意：我喜欢周末，因为我周六或周日早上不必早起。needn’t do不必要做某事。19. C。句意：我来新学校之前本来不必担心的，因为这里的同学们对我很友善。needn’t have done表示
“本不必要做某事但已经做了”。
20. A。句意：相机你可一定要当心了。贵着呢！must语气强烈，“必须，一定”。
21. D。句意：哦，太糟糕了。你本应该做好充分准备。should have done表示委婉的责备，意为“本应该
做某事但没有做”。
22. D。句意：你可能感觉所有的培训是浪费时间，但是我百分之百相信以后你会感谢你做了这件事。
23. A。句意：你一定是卡罗吧。过了这么多年你一点没变。
24. A。句意：真吵闹，我不能听到我们自己说话的声音。
25. C。句意：天色晚了。我真的必须走了。女儿一个人在家。
2.下列各句均有一处错误，请指出并纠正。
41.(2020全国I) I like eating frying tomatoes with eggs, and I thought it must to be easy to cook.
42.(2018全国II) As a kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to watch them, my
parents would not to let me.
43.(2015﹒天津)I wish I have been at my sister’s wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York
then.
44.(2015﹒安徽)It is lucky we booked a room, or we would have had nowhere to stay now.
45. Must I have a word with you? It won't take long.
46.—I've prepared all kinds of food for the picnic.
—Do you mean we mustn’t bring anything with us?
47. It was sad to me that they, so poor themselves, would bring me food.
48. I still remember my happy childhood when my mother will take me to Disneyland at weekends.
49. They were abroad during the months when we were carrying out the investigation, or they would come to our
help.
50. My mom suggested that we will eat out for a change this weekend.
51. If he had spent more time practicing English before, he wouldn’t have be able to speak it much better now
52. Eye doctors recommend that a child’s first eye exam is at the age of six months old.
53. The children must have lost in the woods; otherwise they would have been at the lakeside camp as scheduled.
54. Since nobody gave him any help, he should have done the research on his own.
55. Don’t handle the vase as if it is made of steel.【答案与解析】
41. 去掉to。情态动词can , may, must, would, should等后接动词原形。
42. 去掉第二个to。情态动词can , may, must, would, should等后接动词原形。
43. have改为had。I wish that…从句与过去事实相反，从句应用过去完成时。
44. 去掉had。or引导含蓄条件句，后面表示与现在事实相反，故应用would do。
45. Must改为May。May I…?引导一般疑问句，语气比较委婉。
46. mustn’t改为needn’t。结合语境应用needn’t。
47. would改为should。句意：他们这么穷竟然还带食物给我，这使我很难过。should表示“竟然”，符合
语境。
48. will改为would。此处would表示过去习惯性的动作，意为“过去常常”。句意：我仍旧记得我快乐的
童年，那时我的母亲常在周末带我去迪士尼乐园。
49. would后加have。句意：当我们在做调查的那几个月里，他们一直在国外，否则的话他们早就来帮我
们了。从句中的关键题眼or可以知道，此处是虚拟语气，同时根据前面的they were abroad可以知道，此
处是对过去状况的虚拟，根据语法规则知，句中谓语动词用“would＋have done”结构。
50. 去掉will或 will改为should。本句是一个复合句，主句谓语动词suggests,后跟宾语从句，谓语动词要
用（should）do sth。
51. 去掉have。本句是一个错综时间虚拟句。从句是对过去事实的虚拟，谓语用had done，而主句则是对
现在（now）事实的一种假设，所以用would do。
52. is改为be。根据句中谓语动词 recommend 判断出后面的宾语从句应该用(should) do sth。
53. have后加been。从句子的后半部分看，谓语动词用了would have been，说明是与过去事实相反的，故
前半句应该是对过去事实的推测，应该用情态动词+have done。be lost in…表示“迷失在”。
54. should改为must。由“没有人帮过”可以推断出“一定是他自己做的”，而must have done的意思就是
“一定做过某事”，表示对过去发生的事情的推测。
55. is改为were。I wish….从句表示与现在事实相反，应用一般过去时，be动词应用were。
