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考点 13 非谓语动词（一）
近年来，高考对非谓语动词的可知主要集中在非谓语动词的句法功能（作宾语、主语、 补语，表语
和状语）；现在分词和过去分词用法的区别和辨析；现在分词和过去分词的时态和语态及其构成；现在分
词和过去分词在上下文中的联和状语系和纽带作用等。另外，对于动词不定式主要考查一些固定搭配、固
定句型和在句子中的句法功能。预测2023年高考非谓语动词仍将是考查的重点热点。非谓语动词在语法填
空、短文改错中必考点。
考查其句法功能；考查V-ing与V-ed的辨析仍然是重点。
1. 非谓语动词的基本用法和含义；
2. 非谓语动词的时态和语态；
3. 非谓语动词的句法功能；
4. 非谓语动词在不同的语境、语意下的运用。
非谓语动词基本概念
1）非谓语动词是具有动词的特征，因此它有时态的变化、语态的变化，各种形式具有自己的意义。
非谓语动词的各种形式
非谓语动词 主动语态 被动语态 意义
不定式的动作与句中谓
一般式 to do to be done 语动词的动作同时发生
或几乎同时fasheng
不定式 不定式的动作与句中谓
进行式 to be doing
语动词的动作同时发生
不定式的动作发生在句
完成式 to have done to have been done
中谓语动词的动作之前
其表示的动作与句中谓
一般式 doing being done 语动词的动作同时发
现在分词/动
生，或几乎上同时发生
名词
其表示的动作先于句中
完成式 having done having been done
谓语动词的动作发生与句中主语为逻辑上的
过去 被动关系；或者表动词
done
分词 在谓语动词发生之前已
经完成
2）非谓语动词的句法功能：
功能 主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 补语
形式
不定式 √ √ √ √ √ √
V-ing √ √ √ √ √ √
V-ed √ √ √ √
3）动词不定式的逻辑主语与V-ing形式的逻辑主语
动词不定式的逻辑主语
1.在动词不定式的复合结构，即“介词for+宾语代词或名词+十动词不定式”结构中，for后的代词或名词
的形式是不定式的逻辑主语。例如:
It's very important for us to study English w创于我们来说学好英语是很重要的。
2.在“It's +形容词(good, kind, nice, foolish, clever, polite, rude, stupid, wish..)
of结构+动词不定式”结构中，of 后的代词或名词在形式上是不定式的逻辑主语。例如:
It's very kind of you to tell m你来告诉我真的太好了。
V-ing形式的逻辑主语
1. 如果作主语的-ing形式需要自己的逻辑主语时，一般用物主代词或名词所有格(即名词后
加"s)。
His father's falling ill worried him greatly.他父亲生病使他很着急。( his father是falling ill 的逻辑主语)
Your coming to work with us will be a great encouragement.你来和我们]一道工作，对我们是很大的鼓舞。
(your 是coming to work with的逻辑主语)
2. -ing形式作宾语时，其逻辑主语常是句子中的主语。如要明确动作的执行者，也可以在 ing
形式前加上名词或代词表示逻辑主语。
I can't imagine John's giving a speech in front of so many我不能想像约翰会在这么多人前面发言。(John
是giving a speech的逻辑主语)
The boss understood him/his wanting to leave. 都板明白他为什么要离职。(“他”是wanting to leave逻
辑主语)考向一非谓语动词作状语
1． 不定式作状语
（1）作目的状语，常见固定结构： just to，only to（仅仅为了），in order to，so as to，so(such)... as
to...（如此……以便……）注意其他非谓语动词形式不能用作目的状语。
☞He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
(2)作结果状语，表示出乎意料的结果，经常与only连用。
☞We hurried to the station，only to be told that the train had left.
我们急匆匆赶到车站，结果被告知火车已开走了。
(3)作原因状语
①形容词或过去分词作表语时，后面可接不定式作原因状语。常见词有：happy，lucky，sorry，proud，
disappointed，surprised，ready，delighted，clever，foolish，pleased等。
☞We’re proud to be young people of China.
作为中国青年我们感到自豪。
②在“主语＋系动词＋表语(形容词)＋to do”结构中，不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。该结构中常用的形
容词有：easy，difficult，important，interesting，pleasant，comfortable，dangerous等。
☞The chair is very comfortable to sit on.
这把椅子坐上去很舒服。
2．分词作状语(表时间、原因、条件、结果、方式或伴随、让步等)
(1)作状语的分词要求其逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致。
☞Satisfied with what he did，the teacher praised him in class.
由于老师对他所做的事情很满意，于是在班上表扬了他。
(2)若现在分词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，则用现在分词的完成形式(having done)。
☞Having cleaned the desks，we began reading.
擦完桌子后，我们便开始看书。
(3)若与句中主语为逻辑上的动宾关系，且先于谓语动词动作发生，用现在分词完成式的被动形式(having
been done)。
☞Having been shown the classrooms，we were taken to see the library.
我们被领着看了教室后，又被带去看图书馆。
(4)如句子的主语是分词动作的承受者，则要用过去分词(done)。
☞Seen from the top of the mountain，the city is very beautiful.
从山顶上看，这座城市很漂亮。
(5)如句子的主语是分词动作的发出者，就用现在分词形式(doing)。
☞Seeing from the top of the hill，we find the park even more beautiful.从山顶上看，我们发现这个公园显得更加美丽。
【知识拓展】
1. 现在分词与过去分词作状语在＂逻辑＂方面的差异：
过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间通常构成逻辑上的动宾关系。
现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
☞Given more attention，the trees could have grown better.如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。
☞Not knowing what to do，he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。
2. 现在分词与过去分词作状语在＂时间＂方面的差异：
过去分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，或表示一种状态，与谓语动作同时发生或存在。现在分
词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生或在说话时正在进行；现在分词的完成式(having done)表示发
生在谓语动作之前的一个＂主动＂动作；现在分词的完成式的被动式(having been done)表示发生在谓语动
作之前的一个＂被动＂动作，常常和表示次数的短语以及时间段(for短语)连用，此时不能被过去分词所替
换。在其他情况下通常被过去分词所替换，从而使句式更简洁。
☞Written in a hurry，this article was not so good！因为写得匆忙，这篇文章不是很好！
☞Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before.他仔细读书时，发现了一些从前不知道的
东西。
☞Having been discussed several times，the decision was finally made.进行了几次讨论之后，终于作出了决定。
部分过去分词因来源于系表结构，作状语时不表示 ＂被动关系＂，其前不用 being。这样的过去分词及短
语常见的有：lost(陷入某种状态)；seated(坐)；hidden(躲)；stationed(驻扎)；lost/absorbed in (沉溺于)；
dressed in(穿着)；tired of(厌烦)等。
☞Lost/Absorbed in deep thought，he didn’t hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考之中，所以他没听到那个声音。
☞Faced with difficulties，we must try to overcome them.在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。
注意：
分词(短语) 作状语时，其逻辑上的主语要与句子的主语保持一致；否则分词(短语)就要有自己的逻辑主语
(用名词或代词的主格来表示)。这种结构称为独立主格结构。独立主格结构常放在句首。表示时间、条
件、原因时，其作用分别相当于一个时间、条件、原因状语从句。表示伴随方式时，相当于一个并列句。
☞The signal given，the bus started.信号一发出，汽车就开动了。
☞The football match(being) over，crowds of people poured out into the street.
足球赛一结束，人群便涌到大街上。1．Many e-commerce platforms play a great role in promoting employment, ________services from stock support
to interest-free loans
A．offering B．to offer C．offered D．having offered
2．Have you ever waited for your bus for a very long time, _____ by two or more buses arriving together?
A．only to greet B．only greeted C．only to be greeted D．only greeting
3．________ (real) that they had lagged behind, Tom and Harry started to quicken their pace.（所给词的正确形
式填空）
4．She wished that he was as easy ______ (please) as her mother, who was always delighted with perfume．（所
给词的正确形式填空）
5．He suddenly appeared in class one day, _____ (wear) sun glasses.（所给词的正确形式填空）
考向二非谓语动词作宾语
1）不定式作宾语
下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀
决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。
主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。
decide/determine，learn，want，expect/hope/wish; refuse，manage，care，pretend; offer，promise，choose，
plan; agree，ask/beg，help。
此外，afford，strive，happen，wait，threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。
☞She pretended not to see me when I passed by.
当我经过时，她假装没看见我。
2）V-ing作宾语
一些动词后只能跟动名词作宾语。【巧学妙记】巧记跟动名词的动词：
考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想；
避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏；
禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡
consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon,
admit, delay/put off, fancy;
avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice,
deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate;
forbid, imagine, risk,
can’t help, mind, allow/permit, escape.
☞I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon. 今天下午如果你能给我回电话，我将非常感激。
☛Mary is considering changing her job. 玛丽正在考虑换工作。
3）一些动词既能跟不定式又能跟V-ing作宾语
1. (1) forget to do sth.忘记去做某事（未做）
forget doing sth.忘记做过某事（已做）
(2) remember to do sth.记着去做某事
remember doing sth. 记得做过某事
(3) stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事
stop doing sth. 停止做某事
(4) regret to do sth. 对尚未做的或正在做的事情表示遗憾;
regret doing sth对已做的事情表示后悔
(5) mean to do sth. 打算、意欲做某事
mean doing sth.意味着做某事
(6) can’t help to do(不能帮忙做…)
can’t help doing (禁不住做…)
can't help but do sth忍不住做某事，不禁做某事，不得不干…
☛I forgot to close the door before I left the room.在我离开房间前，忘记关门。
☛I forgot having closed the door. 我忘记关门。
☞I didn’t mean to hurt you.我本无意伤害你。
☞Doing morning exercises means getting up early. 做早操意味着早起床。
4) 动词作介词的宾语时，要用动名词形式，不能用动词不定式。常见的含有介词的动词短语：be/get usedto(习惯于), feel like(想要), insist on(坚持), get down to(开始认真做某事), devote...to...(致力于……),
object to(反对), stick to(坚持), give up(放弃)等。此外，介词后跟动名词的结构：have difficulty/trouble
(in) doing sth.；have fun (in) doing sth.
It’s quite hot today. Do you feel like going for a swim? 今天很热。你想去游泳吗？
I had as much fun sailing the seas as I now do working with students.
我现在与学生们打交道和我过去航海一样开心。
(1)当非谓语动词位于介词but, except后时，习惯上要用不定式。并且，当其前有实义动词do及相关
形式时，则不定式要省略to；若其前没有动词do，则不定式通常带to。
We had no choice but to wait.
我们除了等待之外别无选择。
I could do nothing except agree.
我除了同意，什么都做不了。
(2)but后总跟省略不定式符号to的短语：do nothing but...只能……； cannot help but...禁不住……；
cannot but...不得不……；cannot choose but...只得……
(1)当非谓语动词位于介词but, except后时，习惯上要用不定式。并且，当其前有实义动词do及相关形式
时，则不定式要省略to；若其前没有动词do，则不定式通常带to。
We had no choice but to wait.
我们除了等待之外别无选择。
I could do nothing except agree.
我除了同意，什么都做不了。
(2)but后总跟省略不定式符号 to的短语：do nothing but...只能……； cannot help but...禁不住……；
cannot but...不得不……；cannot choose but...只得……
1．________her mother after being separated for 20 years, she couldn't help, even though she tried not to,
_______.
A．Seen; crying B．To see; cry C．Seeing; crying D．Having seen; cry
2．The girl devoted all her spare time she had ______ others.A．to help B．helped C．to helping D．help
3．The salesgirl pretended not to hear me and went on _______(闲谈) with a lady in blue．（根据汉语意思填
空）
考向三 独立主格结构
一、独立主格结构的形式
独立结构可分为两部分，一部分事名词或代词（主格），起着逻辑主语的作用；另一部分由形容词、
副词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等构成，表示前面名词或代词的状态或动作。
1. 名词/代词+形容词
☞I heard that she got injured in the accident , my heart full of worry. 我听说她在这次事故中受了伤，内心
充满担忧。
☞He stood silent in the moon-light, his door open .月光下，门开着，他默默地站在那。
2. 名词/代词+现在分词
☞Winter coming ，it gets colder and colder. 冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。
☞The rain having stopped ,he went out for a walk. 雨停了，他出去散散步。
3. 名词/代词+过去分词
☞More time given ,we should have done it much better. 如果给我们更多时间，我们会做的更好。
☞The boy stood there , his right hand raised. 那个男生站在那里，右手高举。
4. 名词/代词（主格）+不定式
☞Here are the first two volumes , the third one to come out next month.
☞这是前俩卷，第三卷将于下雨问世。
☞The two boy said good-bye to each other ,one to go home ,the other to go to his friend\s
俩个男孩彼此道了别，一个回了家，另一个去了他朋友家。
5. 名词/代词+介词短语
☞The huntsman entered the forest ,gun in hand. 那个猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。
注意：这里 gun in hand 还可以说成 with a gun in hand。 但不可以说 a gun in hand 或 gun in his hand。
6. 名词/代词+副词
☞Nobody in ,the thief took a lot of things away. 由于没有人，小偷拿走了许多东西。
☞Lunch over ,he left the house .But he was thinking.午饭结束，他离开了路。但他还在考虑。7. 名词/代词+名词
☞He fought the wolf ,a stick his only weapon. 他和狼搏斗着，唯一的为武器是一根棍棒。
8. with 复合结构
它的构成是：“with+宾语+宾语补足语”。宾语由代词、名词、名词词组充当，宾语由分词、不定式、形
容词、副词、介词短语、名词等充当。
☞Holms and Watson sat with the light on for half an hour.
福尔摩斯和沃森坐着，让灯亮了半个小时。（介词短语）
☞He used to sleep with the door open . 他过去常开着门睡觉 （形容词）
☞With a boy leading the way ,they started towards the village.
由一个小男孩领着路，他们朝那个村子去了。（现在分词）
☞With the work done ,he went home. 工作做完后，他回了家。（过去分词）
☞With you to help us, we will finish the task in time
有你来帮忙，我们将会及时完成任务。（不定式）
☞Hong Kong looks more beautiful with thou-sands of lights on night .
夜里，香港万盏灯火，分外美丽。（副词）
从以上例句可以看出：在with 复合结构中，宾语和宾补之间形成逻辑上的主谓关系。当这种主谓关系表
现为主动语态是，用现代分词：当这种主谓关系表现为被动语态是，用过去分词：当这种主谓关系表示将
来意义是，用不定时：当这种主谓关系辨识伴随意义时，用现在分词或副词。
二、独立主格结构的用法
它表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
1. 作时间状语
☞The work done(=After the work had been done) , we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。
2. 作条件状语
☞Weather permitting(＝If weather permits) , they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.
如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
3. 作原因状语
☞An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow) , the professor has
to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
4. 作伴随状语
☞He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head) .
他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。5. 表补充说明
☞A hunter came in, his face red with cold(=and his face was red with cold) .
一个猎人走了进来，他的脸冻得通红。
注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在
句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。
1. The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly, her long hair _________.
A. flowed in the breeze B. was flowing in the breeze
C. were flowing in the breeze D. flowing in the breeze
2. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _________ for the day.
A. finishing B. finished
C. had finished D. were finished
3. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _________ parents seated together joking.
A. their B. whose
C. which D. that
4. The Smiths are rich and they have three cars, one a Toyota, ________ Land Rover of the latest.
A. another B. other
C. the other D. the others
【2022年】
1. （2022新高考I卷）__________ (cover)an area about three times the size of Yellowstone National Park, the
GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country.
2.（2022 新高考 I 卷）The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that were previously
unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority ___________
(increase)effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.
3.（2022全国甲卷）A visually-challenged man from Beijing recently hiked (徒步) 40 days to Xi’an, as a first
step ___________ (journey) the Belt and Road route (路线) by foot.4.（2022全国甲卷）Inspired by the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation ___________ (hold) in
Beijing, Cao decided to cover the route by hiking as a tribute (致敬) to the ancient Silk Road.
5.（2022全国甲卷）He flew 4, 700 kilometers from Xi’an to Kashgar on Sept. 20, __________ (plan) to hike
back to Xi’an in five months.
6.（2022全国乙卷）__________ (strengthen)the connection with young people, the event included a number of
public promotional activities on social media, __________ (invite) twenty-nine tea professionals from around the
world to have thirty-six hours of uninterrupted live broadcasts.
7.（2022 年浙江卷 1 月）That approach brought Cobb's air travel last year down by 75%, and she plans
____________（continue） the practice. "It has been fairly rewarding. ", she says, "a really positive change."
【2021年】
1.（2021.6新高考1卷 语法填空）
Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain, still it highlights the whole adventure and
offers a place where you can sit down to rest your 8 (ache) legs.
2.（2021.6全国甲卷 语法填空）
It is possible 3 (walk) or bike the entire 14 kilometers.
3.（2021.6全国甲卷 语法填空）
After 4 (spend) some time looking at all the defensive equipment at the wall, we decided it was time for some
action and what better than to ride on a piece of history!
4.（2021.6全国乙卷 语法填空）
Minimize the impact of 7 (visit) the place.
5.（2021.6全国乙卷 语法填空）
Activitithere range from whale watching to hiking （远足） and accommodations aim 10 (have) a low
impact on the natural environment.
6.（2021.6 浙江卷 语法填空）
Mary's sister, Frances Todd Wallace, often came over 8 (plant) flowers in the front yard.
7.（2021.1 浙江卷 语法填空）
In 1985, urban men and women in more than three quarters of the countries 7 (study) had higher BMIs than
men and women in rural areas.
8.（2021.1 浙江卷 语法填空）
This may be due to some disadvantages for people 9 (live) in the countryside, including lower levels of income
and education, higher costs of healthy foods, and fewer sports facilities.9.（2021.3 天津卷 单选）
China's National Highway 318, over 5, 000 kilometers from Shanghai to Zhangmu, Tibet, is known as
the "heavenly road" for its amazing views.
A. to extend B. extended C. extending D. being extended
【2020年】
1.（2020·新课标I卷语法填空）Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Chang’e-4 66 ． (find)
and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin.
2. （2020·新课标III卷语法填空）The next morning he hired a boat and set out 67 ． (find) the well-known
painter.
3. (2020·浙江卷语法填空) Agriculture gave people their first experience of the power of technology 60 ．
(change)lives.
4.（2020·新课标I卷短文改错）My mom told me how to preparing it
5. (2020·浙江卷语法填空)Later，they learned to work with the seasons (season)，planting at the right time
and，in dry areas， 63 ． (make)use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉)their fields.
6. （2020·江苏卷）Technological innovations, ____ good marketing, will promote the sales of these products.
A. combined with B. combining with C. having combined with D. to be combined with
7. （2020·（天津卷)英语笔试（第一次)）___________in 1931, the Empire State Building, the highest
skyscraper until 1954, inspired the imagination of the world.
A．Having completed B．Being completed
C．Completed D．Completing
8.（（2020·新课标I卷短文改错））I like eating frying tomatoes with eggs, and I thought it must to be easy to
cook.
9. （2020·新课标II卷语法填空）They represent the earth 63 ． (come) back to life and best wishes for new
beginnings.
【2019年】
1. 【2019·新课标I卷·语法填空】Modem methods ___of__ tracking polar bear populations have been
employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive ___64___ (perform) consistently over a large area.
2. 【2019·新课标II卷·短文改错】All the football players on the playground cheered loudly, say that I had a
talent for football.
3. 【2019·北京卷·语法填空】Nervously ___2___ (face) challenges, I know I will whisper to _myself_(I) the
two simple words “Be yourself”.4. 【2019·江苏卷·单项填空】 30.__________ the convenience of digital payment, many senior citizens started
to use smart phones.
A. To enjoy B. Enjoying C. To have enjoyed D. Enjoy
5. .【2019·新课标II卷·语法填空】A 90-year-old has been awarded“Woman Of The Year”for ___61___
(be)Britain's oldest full-time employee-still working 40 hours a week.
6. 【2019·新课标II卷·语法填空】When we got a call ___68___ (say)she was short-listed，we thought it was
___a__ joke.
7. 【2019·浙江卷·语法填空】But some students didn't want ___63___ (wear) the uniform.
8. 【2018·北京】3. _________ along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience
A. Travel B. Traveling C. Having traveled D. Traveled
9.【2019·新课标II卷·语法填空】Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award，proud Irene
___declared__(declare) she had no plans ___65___ (retire) from her 36-year-old business.
10. 【2019·新课标II卷·语法填空】When we got a call ___68___ (say)she was short-listed，we thought it was
___a__ joke.
11.【2019·北京卷·语法填空】Earth Day，___4___(mark)on 22 April，is an annual event aiming to raise public
awareness about environmental protection.
the future.
12.【2019·新课标III卷·语法填空】On our way to the house，it was raining ___so__ hard that we couldn't help
wondering how long it would take ___62___ (get)there.
13.【2018·北京】3. _________ along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience
A. Travel B. Traveling C. Having traveled D. Traveled
