文档内容
高考英语语法词汇专项突破：01 解读限制性定语从句中的关系代词+巩固练习+答案
【高考试题展示】
【考例1】（2023▪全国乙卷）But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place_______ welcomes the
fast-paced development of modern life, with 21st-century architectural wonders standing side by side with
historical buildings of the past.
答案与解析：which/that。考查定语从句关系代词。这里为定语从句的关系代词，先行词为“a
place”，在定语从句中担当主语，所以用关系代词which或that引导，不要一看到是地点的名词就想用关系
副词where。故填which/that。句意：但是，除了古建筑，北京也是一个欢迎现代生活快节奏发展的地方，
21世纪的建筑奇迹与过去的历史建筑并存。
【考例2】（2022年浙江1月卷）Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta,
is one of a small but growing minority of academics are cutting back on their air travel because of climate
change.
答案与解析：that/who。考查定语从句关系代词作主语。名词academics后为定语从句且在从句中作主
语，应使用关系代词替代，故填that/who。句意：亚特兰大佐治亚科技研究院的教授Kim Cobb是一个少数
但是不断增加的少数学者中的一员，因为气候变化，他们正在削减他们的飞机旅行。
【考例3】（2023年全国乙卷 改错）The color she chose came in a box which had a picture of a woman
that hair color looked just perfect.
答案与解析：that改为whose。考查定语从句。此处是限定性定语从句，先行词是 woman，关系词在
从句中作hair的定语，应用关系代词whose引导。故that改为whose。句意：她选的颜色装在一个盒子里，
盒子里有一张女人的照片，她的头发颜色看起来非常完美。
【考例4】（2021浙江1月卷）BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool gives an
indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.
答案与解析：that/which。考查定语从句关系代词作主语。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导的是定语从
句，修饰先行词tool，且在从句中做主语，故填that/which。句意：BMI是一种国际公认的测量工具，它可
以显示一个人的体重是否健康。
【考例5】（2021新高考II卷）I decided that if I learned of a company used a lot of plastic, I'd
send it an email urging it to cut back.
答案与解析：which或that。考查定语从句关系代词作主语。分析句子结构， used a lot ofplastic是一个定语从句，修饰先行词a company，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，用which或that引导该从
句，所以填which或that。句意：我决定，如果我知道有哪家公司大量使用塑料，我就给它发邮件，敦促
它减少使用塑料。
【考例6】（2020·海南·高考真题）The Digital World is a set of volumes ______ aim to describe how
digital systems influence society and help readers understand the nature of digital systems and their many
interacting parts.
答案与解析：that/which。考查定语从句关系代词作主语。句中先行词为volumes，在定语从句中作主
语，所以用关系代词which或that引导。故填that/which。句意：《数字世界》是一套旨在描述数字系统如
何影响社会并帮助读者理解数字系统的本质及其众多交互部分的丛书。
【教材原句展示】
请同学们先看下面教材里的典型句子，认真体会斜体部分的用法：
1. A huge crack that was eight kilometres long and thirty metres wide cut across houses, roads and canals. (人
教课标版教材)
2. The story was about a god who wanted to burn down the town. (北师大版教材模块一Unit3 Lesson1 P36)
以上从课本中选取的句子中，斜体部分的 that和who是引导定语从句的关系代词，在所引导的定语从
句中作主语。引导定语从句的连词称之为关系词，它代表先行词，根据关系词在句子中所起的作用又分为
关系代词和关系副词。通常关系代词在所引导的定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分，常用的关
系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose等；关系副词在所引导的定语从句中作状语，常用的关系副词有
where, when, why。下面就从限制性定语从句解读引导定语从句的关系代词。
【定语从句基本概念】
1. 定语从句：在复合句中，修饰一个名词或代词的从句叫作定语从句，定语从句通常放在被修饰词
之后。
2. 先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。先行词总是出现在定语从句之前, 而不同于普
通形容词修饰名词时, 形容词位于名词之前。有时候定语从句可以修饰一个句子，此时的先行词就是句子
了，这种情况发生在非限制性定语从句中。如：
3. 关系词：引导定语从句的连词被称为关系词。关系词首先是连词，连词的作用就是连接句子，所
有的关系词在所引导的定语从句中都充当一定的成分。引导定语从句的连接代词叫作关系代词，常见的有
that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等；引导定语从句的连接副词叫作关系副词，常见的有where, when, why等，关系副词在定语从句中作状语。
4. 限制性定语从句：限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确。从形
式上看，限制性定语从句与其先行词紧紧相连，两者没有停顿；从意义上讲，限制性定语从句用来修饰先
行词，两者密不可分；从翻译上看：限制性定语从句多半译成汉语的前置定语，修饰其后的先行词。如：
This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性定语从句。名词
house是先行词，which是关系代词，引导的定语从句修饰名词house，其本身在从句中作及物动词bought
的宾语）
As we all know, the earth goes around the sun. 众所周知，地球绕着太阳转。（非限制性定语从句。as引导
非限制性定语从句，先行词是后面的句子。as在从句中作及物动词know的宾语。）
【关系代词用法解读】
一、that, which
（一）一般情况下，先行词指物时that/which都可以用。如：
Do you understand the sentence which / that I have just explained to you?
你们懂不懂我刚才给你们讲的那个句子?
She takes a look at the dog that can talk, then walks into the bedroom.
她看了看那条会说话的狗，然后走进卧室。
Where can I buy the book that/which you are talking about?
我在哪里能买到你说的那本书?
【考例】（2020年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷（山东卷）） The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for
example, formed the core collection of the British Museum . opened in 1759.
答案与解析：which/that。考查定语从句关系代词。根据句意，结合句子的结构看出此处是限定性定语
从句，先行词是the British Museum，关系词在从句中作主语，使用关系代词which或that引导。故填
which/that。句意：例如，汉斯•斯隆爵士的8万件藏品构成了1759年开馆的大英博物馆的核心藏品。
【考例】(XXXX山东卷) Finally he reached a lonely island _______ was completely cut off from the outside
world.
A. when B. where C. which D. whom 【答案：C】
（二）但是下列情况情况下用that。
1. 先行词被形容词最高级、被序数词the last/ the first/ the second等、被形容词the only(唯一的)/ the
very(正是)、被all/ no/ few/ little/ any等修饰时，用that；在从句中作表语时用that。如：He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。
This is the cleanest park that I have ever seen. 这是我见过最整洁的公园。
The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.我上的第一节课将永远不会忘记。
This is the very book that I lost yesterday.这就是我昨天弄丢的那本书。
This is the very thing that I’m after. 这正是我找的东西。
This is the only example that I know. 我知道的例子只有这一个。
Be very careful about any offers that involve your coming to a meeting or having someone visit your house.
如果有人以赠送礼物为由要求你前去赴会，或提出登门拜访时，应当高度警惕。
【考例】（XXXX全国卷Ⅱ）I refuse to accept the blame for something ________was someone else’s fault.
A. who B. that C. as D. what
答案与解析： B。从句缺少主语，所以用关系代词引导定语从句，what不引导定语从句，先行词是指
物的不定代词something，所以排除A，一般不定代词something后的关系代词用that。故选B。
【典题】China is no longer the country ______ she used to be.
【答案与解析】that。根据be动词看出关系代词that在所引导的定语从句中作表语，用that。句意：中
国不再是过去那样的国家了。
2.当先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, any, the one, something, anything , everything , nothing等或
者先行词被all, little, much, no, any所修饰。其中something也可以用which，不过以that最常见。如：
He will grasp at anything that might help him achieve fame. 他会抢着做任何有助于他成名的事情。
His article contains much that is useful. 他的文章里有很多有用的东西。
All that glitters is not gold. 闪闪发光者并非都是金子。
Everything that happens has a cause and an effect.一切事情的发生均有其因果。
【考例】（2014年陕西卷）Please send us all the information _________ you have about the candidate for
the position.
A. that B. which C. as D. what
答案与解析：A。考查只用that不用which引导的定语从句。题干中的先行词为all the information，能
够引导定语从句的选项为A、B、C。as引导限制性定语从句，先行词一般有such，as，the same等词修饰；
先行词被all，the only，next，only，形容词最高级等修饰时，定语从句用that引导，故选A。
典题】There's nothing _______ stops you from going to bed if you want to.
【答案与解析】that。定语从句的先行词是指物不定代词nothing，用that。句意：如果你想去睡觉，
没有什么事能阻止你去睡（或你尽管睡去）。
3. 先行词是指人和指物的两个名词或代词时。如：My father often tells me the things and persons that he met in the past.
父亲常常跟我讲起他过去所经历的人和事。
The writer and his novel that you have just talked about are really well known.
你刚才谈起的那位作家以及他的小说确实很著名。
【典题】During the adventure, he met a series of things and persons ____ surprised him.
【答案与解析】that。先行词things and persons指物和人，关系代词who和which只能指代其一，用
that既可以指物，也可以指人。句意：在冒险期间，他遇到了一系列让他吃惊的人和事。
4.当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时,为了避免重复用 that引导定语从句，不用which 或
who。如：
Who is the girl that is wearing a red coat? 穿着红色外套的女孩子是谁？
Which is the course that we are to take? 我们选哪门课程?
5 .主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which。如：
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
6. 当在从句中作表语时。如：
Shanghai isn't the city that it used to be 100 years ago. 上海再也不是100年以前的上海了。
二、who, whom
（一）who在所引导的定语从句中作主语，在非正式文体中可以代替作宾语的关系代词 whom。whom
在所引导的定语从句中作宾语，如果是“介词+关系代词”结构则只可以用whom，不可以用 who。
Those boys who are playing tennis are my friends. 那些正在打网球的男孩是我的朋友。
She is the girl whom/who I have come to know at the club. 她是我在俱乐部认识的女孩。
She is the girl whom/who/that I have come to know at the club.她是我在俱乐部认识的女孩。(关系代词
whom作定语从句的谓语动词know的宾语，口语中可以用who或that，也可以省掉)
The girl who has been wanted for several years by the police was a nurse.
警方追辑了几年的女子原来是个护士。(who在所引导的定语从句中作主语，既不可以省略，也不可以
用whom代替)
He was suddenly grateful for someone to whom he could talk about it.对能叫他说说这件事的人，他突然感
到非常感激。（在“介词+关系代词”结构中，关系代词不可以用who或that）
【典题】In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person to____ she could turn for help.
【答案与解析】whom。题中包含短语“turn to sb. for help”，意思是“向某人求助”。本句可以转换
成：In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person （whom/ who/ that） she could turn to for help. 属于“介词+关系代词”结构。句意是：在漆黑的大街上，连一个她可以求助的人都没有。
（二） 在下列情况下用who而不用whom：
（1）先行词是one/ ones/ those/ anyone等人称不定代词时；
（2）当先行词是I/ you/he/they等，主要用于谚语中；
（3）there be结构中。如：
God helps those who help themselves.自助者天助。
He who laughs best laughs last.谁笑在最后，谁笑得最好（别高兴得太早）
They who live in glass houses should not throw stones.自己有缺点，就别说别人的坏话。
【考例】（2019年北京卷）The students benefiting most from college are those ______ are totally
engaged (参与) in academic life. taking full advantage of the college’s chances and resources(资源).
答案与解析：考查定语从句。句意：从大学中获益最多的学生是那些完全投入学术生活的学生。______
are totally engaged(参与) in academic life是定语从句，修饰先行词those，空格处在句中作主语，代指人，
故填who或that。
【考例】(XXXX 湖南卷）Happiness and success often come to those ________ are good at recognizing
their own strengths.
A. whom B. who C. what D. which 【答案：B】
三、who, that
（一）that与who均可指人，在定语从句中可以作主语、宾语和表语，作主语相当于相当于who，作
宾语相当于相当于 whom。要注意在隔离定语从句中，为了避免产生歧义，改用 who的以后一般不用
that。如：
All that/who heard him were delighted. 所有听了他讲话的人都很高兴。
Have you met anybody that /who has been to Paris? 你遇见过到过巴黎的人吗?
He is the only one among us that/who knows Russian. 他是我们中间惟一懂俄语的人。
Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是想见你的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
（二）在下列情况，通常要用 that：
1. 当先行词是who时(为避免重复)；
2.当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时(可省略)；
3.当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时。注意：但是在分割性定语从句中，由于先行词后面有较长的修饰语或其他成分隔开，当先行词指人
时，为了避免歧义用who。如：
Who that has sympathy can laugh on that occasion?
有同情心的人谁会在那个时候发笑呢?
Tom is not the boy (that) he was. 汤姆这孩子已不是以前那个样子了。
I made a speech on the men and things that I had seen abroad.
我就我在国外所见到的人和事作了报告。
I was the only person in my office who was invited to the palace ball.
我是我们办公室里唯一一个被邀请参加宫廷舞会的人。（定语从句的先行词是 person，who引导的定
语从句被in my office隔开，如果用that则可能会误以为office是先行词）
【考例】（XXXX湖南卷） I've become good friends with several of the students in my school I
met in the English speech contest last year.
A. who B. where C. when D. which
答案与解析：A。根据句意看出是定语从句，先行词是指人的名词several of the students，不要误以为
my school是先行词，这样的定语从句是分割性定语从句，一定要找准先行词。从句的谓语动词met是及物
动词，但是它没有宾语，所以用关系代词。根据题意看出遇见的不是学校，而应该是学生，因此 students
是先行词，关系代词which的先行词指物，所以用指人的关系代词who，who在所引导的定语从句中作met
的宾语。故选A。句意是：在去年英语演讲比赛中我遇见的我们学校的同学, 有不少跟我成了好朋友。
四、whose
whose除了表示“……人的”，还可以表示“……物的”，即whose引导定语从句的先行词可以指人
或物指物。不管先行词是“人”还是“物”，都可以用关系代词 whose作定语修饰后面的名词，指代
“……人的”或“……物的”，其本身在定语从句中作定语。相当于“介词+关系代词”中的of whom或
of which。如：
She is the student whose acting is the best among the girls.
她就是女生中表演得最好的那个学生。
This book is for the students whose native language is not English.
这本书是为那些母语不是英语的学生编写的。（whose native language=the native language of whom）
Do you know who is living in that house whose windows face south?
你知道那栋窗户朝南的房子里住的是谁吗？（whose windows=the window of which）
Living in a house whose walls were made of glass would be horrible.住在玻璃做墙的房子里很可怕。（whose在从句中作定语，修饰指物的先行词house）
【考例】（XXXX陕西卷）The old temple _______ roof was damaged in storm is now under repair.
A.where B. which C. its D. whose
答案与解析：D。先行词是the old temple，关系词在从句中做 roof的定语，用关系代词 whose，选
D。句意是：在暴风雨中房顶受损的那座古庙正在维修。
【考例】（XXXX北京卷）Children who are not active or diet is high in fat will gain weight
quickly.
A. what B. whose C. which D. that
答案与解析：B。定语从句为主系表结构，根据句意diet指的是孩子的diet，所以用作定语的关系代
词，whose意思是“……人的”，符合题意。故选B。句意是：不爱运动或者饮食热量偏高的孩子们会很
快发胖。
【考例】（XXXX山东卷）That’s the new machine ______ parts are too small to be seen.
A. that B. which C. whose D. what
答案与解析C。从句不缺主语，因为是被动语态，所以不需要宾语，但是根据句子的意思看出缺少定
语。关系代词whose引导定语从句的意思是“……的”，先行词可以指人，也可以指物。故选B。句意
是：那就是零件小的都几乎看不见的那台新机器。
五、as
as是一个比较特殊的关系代词，既指人或物，常在限制性定语从句中充当主、宾、表语。as引导的定
语从句的先行词前面常有as／such／so/ the same等修饰词, 有“如，似，正像”的含义。
The boy has as much progress as we had expected.正像我们所预料的那样，这个男孩取得了大的进步。
（关系代词as作及物动词expect的宾语。）
Such girls as he knows are good at English .他所认识的女孩都擅长英语。
There is so warm a house as we want to live in. 这里有如此暖和的房子，我们都想住在里面。（比较：
There is so warm a house as we want to live in it. 此句so…that…引导的结果状语从句，从句中介词in后有宾
语it，所以that不作成分，而引导定语从句的as在从句中作主语、宾语等成分）
It's the same person as we wanted to find yesterday. 我们昨天要找的是同一个人。
如果把关系代词改成that则指的就是那个，就会失去“如，似，正像”的含义。是比较：
This is the same book that I lost yesterday. 这就是我昨天丢失的那本书。（表明这本就是我的书）
This is the same book that as lost yesterday. 这本书跟我昨天丢失的那本书一样。（未必就是我的书。）六、but
but能引导定语从句，但应特别注意but虽然形式上是肯定的，意义上却是否定的。这正是but和其它
关系代词(who, that , which等)不同之处。既可以代表人又能代表物，代表人时，but=who/that…not；代表物
时，but=that/who…not，but的先行词要为否定意义的先行词或主句为疑问句。例如：
There is no old habit but may be cured by a strong will-power.通过强大的意志力没有改不了的旧习惯。
（= There is no old habit that may not be cured by a strong will-power.）
There is no rule in English but has exceptions.英语中没有无例外的规则。（=There is no rule in English
that has no exceptions/ that has not any exceptions.）
七、限制性定语从句中不用关系词省略
限制性定语从句中不用关系词省略要看具体情况。通常关系代词that, which, whom, who在所引导的限
制性定语从句中作宾语的时候可以省掉关系代词。如果 that, which, who在从句中作主语，则不可以省掉。
如：
This is the girl (whom, who, that) I mentioned a moment ago. （关系代词作宾语, 可以省掉）
Can you pass me the book that /which is on the desk over there? （关系代词作主语，不可以省掉）
要注意的是，在“介词+关系代词”结构中，作宾语的关系代词which和whom不可以省掉，如果介
词在后面，则可以省掉作介词宾语的关系代词。如：
This is the room in which he used to live. = This is the room (which/that) he used to live in.
这是他过去居住过的房间。（前一句的which在介词in后，不可以省；后一句可以省。）
【巩固练习】根据汉语提示用适当的关系代词完成下列句子，每空一词。
1. 他像我们所尊敬的那种诚实的人。
He is such _____ _____ _____ ____ we respect．
2. 有什么可以为你做的吗？
Is there anything ______ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____?
3. 那是这家书店出售的最有趣的书之一。
That is one of the most interesting books ______ _____ ______ in the bookshop .
4. 你有我们喜欢那种书吗？
Do you have such books ______ ______ ______?
5. 她将嫁给她能找到的任何一个有钱人。
She will marry as healthy ______ ______ _____ ______ ______ ______.6. 这些是我在桂林拍的照片。
These are the pictures _____ (_____) ______ ______ in Guilin.
7. 刚才你与他握手的那个人是谁?
Who's the man _____ (____)_____ ______ ____ ______ ______ ?
8. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
They rushed over to help the man ______ ______ _____ _____ _____.
9. 刘先生就是在公交车上和你聊天的那个人。
1) Mr. Liu is the person _____ (______ / ______) ______ _____ _____ on the bus.
2) Mr. Liu is the person with ______ _____ ____ on the bus.
10. 他谈起他所访问过的老师和学校。
He talked about the teachers and schools _____ ______ _____ _____.
11. 由于引进了电子计算机，没有在几小时内解决不了的复杂问题。
With the introduction of the electronic computer, there is no complicated problem ______ ______ ______ _______
in a few hours.
Suggested Keys:
1. an honest man as 2. that I can do for you
3. that are sold 4. as we like
5. a man as she can find 6. that /which I took
7. that /whom you just shook hands with 8. whose car had broken down
9. 1) whom/who/that you talked with 2) whom you talked
10. that he had visited 11. but can be solved
