文档内容
作业 11 科学发明与创新类说明文
A
(2022·全国乙)
Can a small group of drones(无人机) guarantee the safety and ①reliability of railways and，
at the same time，help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely
future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of
kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine ②high-tension electrical lines.They could do
precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as
the correct position of railway tracks and switching points.The more regularly they can be
inspected，the more railway safety，reliability and ③on-time performance will be improved.Costs
would be cut and operations would be more efficient across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway ④personnel
safety.It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on
maintenance，including sending maintenance staff，often at night，to inspect and repair the rail
infrastructure.That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’
efforts.
By using the latest technologies，drones could also start providing higher-value services for
railways，detecting faults in the rail or switches，before they can cause any safety problems.To
perform these tasks，drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead.Engineers are now working
on a new concept: the rail drones of the future.They will be moving on the track ahead of the
train，and programmed to run autonomously.Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and
travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot.With their ability to see ahead，they
could signal any problem，so that ⑤fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
1．What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible?
A．The use of drones in checking on power lines.
B．Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes.
C．The reduction of cost in designing drones.
D．Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas.
2.What does the underlined word “maintenance” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A．Personnel safety.
B．Assistance from drones.
C．Inspection and repair.
D．Construction of infrastructure.3．What function is expected of the rail drones?
A．To provide early warning.
B．To make trains run automatically.
C．To earn profits for the crews.
D．To accelerate transportation.
4．Which is the most suitable title for the text?
A．What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B．How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C．What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D．How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
语境猜词
①reliability(派)＝reliab(le)＋ility
②high-tension(合)＝high＋tension
③on-time(合)＝on＋time
④personnel(派)＝person＋n＋el
⑤fast-moving(合)＝fast＋moving
B
(2021·新课标Ⅱ)
An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing cattle ，a
development that could bring big changes to a profession that’s relied largely on a low-tech
approach for decades but is facing a labor shortage.
Salah Sukkarieh，a professor at the University of Sydney，sees robots as necessary given
how ①cattlemen are aging.He is building a four-wheeled robot that will run on solar and electric
power.It will use cameras and sensors to ②monitor the animals.A computer system will analyze the
video to determine whether a cow is sick.Radio tags( 标 签 ) on the animals will measure
temperature changes.The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape，color and
texture(质地) of grass.That way，cattlemen will know whether they need to move their cattle to
another field for nutrition purposes.
Machines have largely taken over planting，watering and harvesting crops such as corn and
wheat，but the monitoring of cattle has gone through fewer changes.
For Texas cattleman Pete Bonds，it’s increasingly difficult to find workers interested in
watching cattle.But Bonds doesn’t believe a robot is right for the job.Years of experience in the
industry—and failed attempts to use technology—have convinced him that the best way to check
cattle is with a man on a horse.Bonds，who bought his first cattle almost 50 years ago，still has
each of his cowboys inspect 300 or 400 cattle daily and look for signs that an animal is getting sick.
Other cattlemen see more promise in robots.Michael Kelsey，vice president of the Oklahoma
Cattlemen’s Association，said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns aboutcattle theft.Cattle tend to be kept in remote places and their value has risen ，making them
appealing targets.
5．What is a problem with the cattle-raising industry?
A．Soil pollution. B．Lack of workers.
C．Aging machines. D．Low ③profitability.
6．What will Sukkarieh’s robot be able to do?
A．Monitor the quality of grass. B．Cure the diseased cattle.
C．Move cattle to another field. D．Predict weather changes.
7．Why does Pete Bonds still hire cowboys to watch cattle?
A．He wants to help them earn a living.
B．He thinks men can do the job better.
C．He is inexperienced in using robots.
D．He enjoys the traditional way of life.
8．How may robots help with cattle watching according to Michael Kelsey?
A．Increase the value of cattle.
B．Bring down the cost of labor.
C．Make the job more appealing.
D．Keep cattle from being stolen.
语境猜词
①cattleman(合)＝cattle＋man
②monitor熟义：n.班长
生义(文义)：v.
③profitability(派)＝profit＋ab(le)＋ility
C
(2024·江西南昌一模)
Heman Bekele，a 14-year-old student from Annandale，Virginia，has created a bar soap to
treat melanoma，the most common kind of skin cancer，which earned him the title of America’s
Top Young Scientist and a $25,000 cash prize after his innovation won first place in the 3M Young
Scientist Challenge.
“I made this soap by mixing regular medicinal soap with different cancer fighting
chemicals.” Bekele said in an interview.Rather than a cure，Bekele’s soap aims to help the
patient’s immune cells stay active while fighting melanoma.
While similar methods are available for skin cancer treatments，his solution is a more
affordable alternative，especially for those in developing countries.Though the product is very
①promising on paper，studies would have to be carried out to test its efficiency in the real world.
For now，the young scientist said he has a five-year plan: At the end of it，he hopes to havecreated a nonprofit organization where he can provide fair and accessible skin cancer treatment to
as many people as possible.But to accomplish his goal，he would have to get his treatment through
clinical trials ， obtain a temporary patent and have it licensed by the Food and Drug
Administration，he said.
“I applied for the 3M Young Scientist Challenge because I believe that young minds can
make a positive impact on the world，”Bekele said.“I have always been interested in biology
and technology，and this challenge gave me the perfect platform to ②showcase my ideas.The
opportunity to work with 3M mentors and show my project to judges was an exciting prospect.I am
③passionate about finding sustainable solutions to global problems，and I hope to inspire others to
do the same.”
9．Why does Bekele invent the bar soap?
A．To deal with a kind of skin cancer.
B．To reduce the cost of making soap.
C．To change people’s immune system.
D．To complete the task for 3M challenge.
10．What aspect of the soap does paragraph 3 mainly talk about?
A．Its making process. B．Its working method.
C．Its advantage. D．Its development.
11.What is Bekele’s next plan for his invention?
A．To create a company.
B．To get approval by the authority.
C．To promote the soap in the market.
D．To work with a nonprofit organization.
12．Which of the following can best describe Bekele?
A．Innovative and ambitious.
B．Inspiring and tolerant.
C．Honest and accessible.
D．Energetic and thoughtful.
语境猜词
①promising(派)＝promis(e)＋ing
②showcase(合)＝show＋case
③passionate(派)＝passion＋ate
语境猜词答案
A．①可靠性 ②高(电)压的 ③准时的 ④全体人员，职员 ⑤快速移动的
B．①牧畜者，养牛者 ②监视 ③盈利能力
C．①有希望的 ②展示 ③热诚的，狂热的答案精析
语篇解读 本文是说明文。应用今天的“空中之眼”技术，无人机能在保证铁路安全可靠的
同时又能帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元，无人机将改变铁路的未来。
1.A [细节理解题。根据第二段中“Drones are already being used...tracks and switching
points.”可知，使用无人机检查电路使得无人机在铁路线上的应用成为可能。]
2．C [词义猜测题。根据后文“It is calculated that European...the rail infrastructure.”可知，
maintenance指的是后文中的“inspect and repair the rail infrastructure”，故选C。]
3．A [细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Engineers are now working on...would be able to
react in time.”可知，铁路无人机有望提前发出警报，使高速列车可以及时采取措施应对危
险因素，避免事故发生。]
4．D [标题归纳题。根据第一段第一句“Can a small group of...save billions of euros each
year？”和下文对无人机在铁路领域的应用的介绍以及对未来无人机的发展展望可知，在未
来，无人机将会保证铁路的安全性和可靠性，或许会成为铁路安全的新未来。故 D项最适
合作为本文的标题。]
语篇解读 这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测
牧场牛的健康状况。
5．B [细节理解题。根据第一段中的“a profession that’s relied largely on a low-tech
approach for decades but is facing a labor shortage”可知，养牛产业面临劳动力短缺的问题。
故选B。]
6．A [细节理解题。根据第二段倒数第二句“The quality of grassland will be tracked by
monitoring the shape，color and texture(质地) of grass.”可知，Sukkarieh的机器人可以监测草
的质量。故选A。]
7．B [推理判断题。根据第四段第二、三句“But Bonds doesn’t believe a robot is right for
the job.Years of experience in the industry—and failed attempts to use technology—have
convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on a horse.”可知，Pete Bonds仍
然雇用牛仔看牛是因为他认为人能做得更好。故选B。]
8．D [推理判断题。根据最后一段第二句“Michael Kelsey Paris，vice president of theOklahoma Cattlemen’s Association，said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns
about cattle theft.”可知，用机器人帮助照看牛，可以防止牛被偷。故选D。]
9．A [细节理解题。根据第一段中“Heman Bekele...skin cancer.(来自弗吉尼亚州安纳代
尔的14岁学生赫曼·贝克勒发明了一种治疗黑色素瘤的肥皂，这是一种最常见的皮肤癌)”
可知，贝克勒发明条形肥皂是为了治疗一种皮肤癌症。故选A。]
10．C [段落大意题。根据第三段“虽然也有类似的方法可用于皮肤癌治疗，但他的解决方
案是一种费用更低的替代方案，特别是对发展中国家的人来说。虽然该产品在纸面上很有前
景，但还需要进行研究以测试其在现实世界中的效果”可知，第三段主要谈论肥皂的优势。
故选C。]
11．B [细节理解题。根据第四段中“But to accomplish his goal...Food and Drug
Administration，he said.(但他说，为了实现他的目标，他必须让他的治疗方法通过临床试验，
获得临时专利，并获得美国食品和药物管理局的许可)”可知，贝克勒的下一个计划是得到
当局的批准。故选B。]
12．A [推理判断题。根据首段和最后一段中“I have always...to do the same.(我一直对生
物和科技很感兴趣，这次挑战给了我一个展示我想法的完美平台。有机会与3M的导师一起
工作，并向评委展示我的项目，这是一个令人兴奋的前景。我热衷于为全球问题寻找可持续
的解决方案，我希望能激励其他人也这样做)”可知，贝克勒是一个勇于创新和雄心勃勃的
人。故选A。]
