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【第一段】
（1）Nearly 2,000years ago,as theRomans began to pullout of Scotland, theyleft behind acurious
treasure:10 tons ofnails, nearly amillion ofthe things.
(2) The nail hoard was discovered in1960ina four-metre-deep pit covered bytwo metres ofgravel.
【第二段】
（1）Whyhad theRomansburied amillion nails?The likely explanation is that thewithdrawal was
rushed, and theydidn't want thelocal Caledonians getting theirhands on10tons ofweapon-grade
iron.
（2）TheRomans buried the nails sodeep that they would not be discovered foralmost two millennia.
【第三段】
（1）Later civilizations would valuetheskilled blacksmith's labour in anail even morethan theraw
material
（2）As RomaAgrawal explainsin her new delightful bookNuts andBolts,early 17th-centuryVirginians would sometimes burndown theirhomes iftheywere planning to relocate.
（3）Thiswas an attempt to recover thevaluable nails, which could bereused after siftingtheashes.
（4）The ideathat one might burn down anentire housejustto reclaim thenails underlines howscarce,
costly andvaluable thesimple-seeming technology was.
【第四段】
（1）Theprice of nailsfell by90%between thelate 1700sand mid-1900s, as economist Daniel Sichel
pointsout in aresearch paper.
（2）According to Sichel, although thefalling priceof nails was driven partly bycheaper iron and
cheaper energy, most ofthecredit goes tonail manufacturers who simply found more efficient ways
toturn steel intonails.
【第五段】
（1）Nails themselves have changed over theyears, but Sichel studied them because theyhaven't
changedmuch（2）Roman lampsand Roman chariots are very different from LED strips and sports cars, but Roman
nails are stillclearly nails.
（3）It would beabsurd totry to track thechanging price of sportscars since1695,but to askthesame
question ofnails makes perfect sense.
【第六段】
（1）Imake noapology forbeing obsessed byaparticular feature of everyday objects: theirprice. I
am an economist, after all.
（2）After writing two books about thehistory ofinventions, onething I've learnt is that whileit isthe
enchantingly sophisticated technologies that get all thehype, it's thecheap technologies that change
theworld.
【第七段】
（1）TheGutenberg printing press transformed civilisation not bychanging the natureof writingbut
bychanging is cost—andit would have achieved little withoutaparallel collapse in theprice of
surfaces to write on,thanks to an often-overlooked technology called paper.（2）Solarpanels had afew niche uses untilthey became cheap; now they are transforming the
global energy system.
【题目】
21.TheRomans buried thenailsprobablyforthesakeof .
[A]saving them forfuture use
[B]keeping them from rusting
[C]letting them growin value
[D]hidingthem from the locals
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A
选项 B
分析 C
D
22.Theexampleofearly 17th-century Virginians isused to . .
[A]highlight thethriftiness ofearly American colonists
[B]illustrate thehigh status ofblacksmiths in that period
[C]contrast theattitudes ofdifferent civilisations toward nails
[D]showthepreciousness ofnail-making technology at that time
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
23.Whatplayedthemajor role inlowering the priceof nails after thelate 1700s?
[A]Increased productivity.
[B]Wideruseof newenergies.[C]Fiercer market competition.
[D]Reduced cost ofraw materials.
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A
选项 B
分析 C
D
24.Itcan belearned fromParagraph 5thatnails .
[A]haveundergone many technological improvements
[B]have remained basically the samesinceRoman times
[C]are less studied than other everyday products
[D]are oneoftheworld's mostsignificant inventions
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A
选项 B
分析 C
D
25.Whichof thefollowingonebest summaries thelasttwo paragraphs?
[A]Cheap technologies bringabout revolutionary change.
[B]Technological innovation is integral toeconomic success.
[C]Technology defines people's understanding oftheworld.
[D]Sophisticated technologies develop from smallinventions.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D2024 Text2
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【第一段】
(1)Parenting tipsobtained from hunter-gatherers inAfrica may bethekey tobringing upmore
contented children, researchers have suggested.
(2) Theidea isbased onstudies ofcommunities such as theKung ofBotswana, where each child is
cared for bymany adults.
(3)Kung children as young as four willhelp to lookafter younger ones and ‘baby-wearing", inwhich
infants are carried inslings, is considered the norm.
【第二段】
（1）According to DrNikhil Chaudhary, an evolutionary anthropologist at Cambridge
University,thesepractices, known as alloparenting, couldlead toless anxiety forchildren and parents.
【第三段】
（1）DrAnnie Swanepoel, a child psychiatrist,believes thatthere are ways to incorporate them into
western life.（2）In Germany，one scheme haspaired an old people's homewith anursery.
（3）Theresidents helpto lookafter thechildren, an arrangement akin to alloparenting.
（4）Anothermeasure couldbeencouraging friendships between children in different school years to
mirrortheunsupervised mixed-age playgroups inhunter-gatherercommunities.
【第四段】
（1）In apaper published in theJournal of ChildPsychology andPsychiatry,researchers said that the
western nuclear family was arecent invention which broke with evolutionary history.
（2）Thisabrupt shift to an"intensive mothering narrative", which suggests that mothers should
manage childcare alone,was likely to havebeen harmful. "
（3）"Such narratives can lead tomaternal exhaustionand have dangerous consequences," they wrote.
【第五段】
（1）By contrast, inhunter-gatherer societies adults otherthan theparents can provide almosthalf ofachild's care.
（2）Oneprevious studylooked at theEfe peopleofthe DemocraticRepublicofCongo.
（3）It found that infants had an average of14alloparents aday bythetimethey were 18weeks old
and were passed between caregivers eight times an hour.
【第六段】
（1）Chaudhary said that parents nowhad less childcaresupport from family and social networks
than during mostof humans’evolutionary history, but introducing additional caregivers could reduce
stress and maternal depression ,which could have a“knock-on" benefit to child's wellbeing.
（2）An infant born toa hunter- gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers—thiscontrasts
starkly to nursery settingin theUK where regulation call fora ratio ofone carerto four children aged
two tothree.【第七段】
（1）Whilehunter-gathererchildren learn from observation andimitationin mixed-age playgroups,
researchers saidthat western "instructive teaching", where pupils are asked to sit still,may contribute
toconditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
（2）Chaud hary said that Britain should explorethepossibility that oldersiblings helpingtheir
parents “might also enhance theirown social development."
【题目】
26.Accordingto the firsttwo paragraph, alloparenting refers to thepractice of . .
[A]sharing childcare among communitymembers
[B]assigning babies to specific adult caregivers
[C]teaching parenting skills toolder children
[D]carrying infants around bytheirparents
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
27.Theschemein Gemany is mentioned to illustrate .
[A]anattempt to facilitateintergenerational communication
[B]an approach to integrating alloparentinginto western society
[C]theconventional parenting stylein western culture
[D]thedifferences betweenwestern andAfrican ways ofliving题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题
分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
28.Accordingto Paragraph 4,the"intensivemothering narrative” .
[A]alleviateparenting pressure
[B]consideratefamily relationships
[C]results in thechild-centered family
[D]departs from thecourse ofevolution
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
29.whatcan welearn aboutnursery in theUK?
[A]They tend to fall short ofofficial requirements.
[B]They havedifficulty findingenough caregivers.
[C]They ought to improvetheir carer-to-child ratio.
[D]They should try to prevent parental depression.
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A
选项 B
分析 C
D30.Whichof thefollowingwouldbethe besttitleforthe text?
[A]Instructiveteaching: adilemmafor anxious parents
[B]For ahappier family, learn from thehunter-gatherers
[C]Mix-aged playgroup, a betterchoice for lonely children
[D]Tracing thehistory ofparenting: from Africa to Europe
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
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【第一段】
（1）APolishdigital artist who uses classical paintingstyles to createdreamy fantasy landscapes.
（2）Greg Rutkowski has made illustrations forgames such as Dungeons & Dragons, and Magic: The
Gathering. And he's become asudden hitin thenew world oftext-to-image AI generation.
【第二段】
（1）His distinctivestyle is nowoneof themostcommonly usedprompts in thenew open-source AI
art generator StableDiffusion, which was launched latelast month.（2）Thetool, alongwith otherpopular image-generation AI models, allows anyonetocreate
impressiveimages based ontextprompts.
（3）For example,type in“Wizard with sword and a glowing orbofmagic fire fights a fierce dragon
Greg Rutkowski," andthesystem will produce somethingthat looks not amillion miles away from
works in Rutkowski's style.
【第三段】
（1）But these open-source programs are built byscraping images from theinternet, often without
permission andproper attribution toartists.
（2）As aresult, they are raising tricky questions about ethics and copyright. And artists like
Rutkowskihave had enough.
【第四段】
（1）According tothewebsite Lexica, which tracks over10million images and prompts generated by
StableDifusion, Rutkowski's name has been used as a prompt around 93,000times.（2）Someofthe world's most famous artists，suchas Michelangelo,Pablo Picasso,andLeonardo da
Vinci,brought uparound 2,000promptseach orless.
（3）Rutkowski's name also features as a prompt thousands oftimes inthe Discord ofanother
text-to-imagegenerator, Midjourney.Rutkowski was initiallysurprised butthought it might bea good
way to reach newaudiences.
（4）Then he tried searching forhis name to seeifa piece hehad worked onhad been published.
（5）Theonlinesearch brought back work that had his name attached to itbut wasn't his.
【第五段】
（1）“It's been just amonth. Whatabout ina year? Iprobably won't beable to find mywork out there
becausetheinternet will beflooded with AIart,"Rutkowski says. "That's concerning."
【第六段】
（1）Otherartists besides Rutkowskihave been surprised bytheapparent popularity oftheirwork in
text-to-imagegenerators—and someare now fighting back.【第七段】
（1）Karla Ortiz,an illustratorbased in San Francisco who found her work in StableDiffusion's data
set, has been raising awareness about theissues around AIart and copyright.
（2）Artists say they risk losingincome as people start using AI-generated images based on
copyrighted material for commercial purposes.
（3）But it's also alot morepersonal, Ortizsays, arguing that because art is soclosely linked to a
person, it could raise data protection and privacy problems.
【第八段】
(1)“There is acoalition growing within artist industriesto figure out howto tackle ormitigate this,"
says Ortiz.
（2）Thegroup isinitsearly days ofmobilization, which couldinvolvepushingfor new policies or
regulation.
（3）Onesuggestion is that AImodels could be trained onimages in thepublicdomain, and AI
companies could forgepartnerships with museums and artists, Ortiz says.【题目】
31.Whatcan belearned aboutRutkowski fromthe first twoparagraphs?
[A]Heis enthusiasticabout usingAImodels..
[B]He ispopular with theusers of an AIart generator.
[C]He attracts admiration from other illustrators.
[D]Hespecializes in classical paintingdigitalization.
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
32.Theproblemwith open-sourceAl art generators is thatthey .
[A]lack flexibility inresponding to prompts
[B]produce artworks inunpredictable styles
[C]make unauthorized useofonlineimages
[D]collect user information without consent
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A
选项 B
分析 C
D
33.Aftersearchingonline, Rutkowskifound .
[A]auniqueway to reach audiences
[B]anew method to identify AIimages
[C]AI-generated work bearing hisname
[D]heated disputesregarding his copyright
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
选项 A分析 B
C
D
34.Accordingto Ortiz, AI companies are advisedto .
[A]campaign for newpolicies orregulations
[B]offer their services to publicinstitutions
[C]strengthen theirrelationships with AIusers
[D]adopt adifferent strategy forAI model training
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分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为：
A
选项 B
分析 C
D
35.Whatisthe text mainly about?
[A]Artists'responses to AIart generation.
[B]AI’s expanded role inartisticcreation.
[C]Privacy issuesin theapplication ofAI.
[D]Opposingviews onAIdevelopment.
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A
选项 B
分析 C
D2024 Text4
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【第一段】
（1）Themiracle oftheChesapeake Bay lies not in itsdepths, but in thecomplexity ofits natural
construction, theinteraction offresh and salinewaters, and themix oflandand water.
（2）Theshallows provide homes forhundreds ofspecies whilestoring floodwaters, filtering
pollutantsfrom water, and protecting nearby communities from potentiallydestructive storm surges.
【第二段】
（1）Allthis was put at great risk late lastmonth, when theU.S.SupremeCourt issued aruling in an
Idaho case that provides theU.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) far less authority to
regulate wetlands and waterways.
（2）Specifically, a5-4 majority decided that wetlands protected bytheEPAunder it Clean WaterAct
authority musthave a"continuous surface connection"to bodies ofwater.（3）Thisnarrowing oftheregulatory scopewas avictory forbuilders, mining operators and other
commercial interests often at odds withenvironmental rules.
（3）And itcarries "significant repercussions for water qualityand flood control throughout the
United States," as JusticeBrett Kavanaugh observed.
【第三段】
（1）In Maryland, thegood news isthat there are many state laws in placethat provide wetlands
protections.
（2）But that's avery shortsighted view, particularly when it comes totheChesapeakeBay.
（3）Thereality isthat water,and thepollutantsthat so often comewith it, don't respect state
boundaries.
（4）TheChesapeake draws from a64000-square-mile watershed that extends to
Virginia,Pennsylvania，New York,West Virginia,the District ofColumbiaand Delaware.（5）Willthose jurisdictionsextend thesameprotections nowdenied under Sackett v.EPA? Perhaps
some, but all?Thatseems unlikely.
【第四段】
（1）It istoo easy, and misleading, to see such court rulings as merely standing upfor therights of
land owners when the consequences can beso dire fortheir neighbors.
（2）And it's areminder that they EPA's involvementin theChesapeake Bay Program has long been
crucial as themeans totranscend theinfluence ofdeep-pocketed special interests inneighboring
states.
（3）Pennsylvaniafarmers，to use onetelling example, aren't thinkingabout nextyear 's blue crab
harvest inMaryland when they decide whether to spread animal wasteontheir fields,yet therunoff
intonearby creeks can haveenormous impacts downstream.
【第五段】
（1）And sowewould call onstate lawmakers from Richmond to Albany to consider reviewing
theirown wetlands protections and see forthemselves theenormous stakes involved.（2）Wecan offer them avisit toBlackwater National WildlifeRefuge in Dorchester County
where baldeagles fly over tidalmarshes so shallowyou could not paddlea boat across them but
teeming withaquatic life.It's worth thescenic drive.
【题目】
36.TheChesapeakeBay is described inParagraph 1as .
[A]avalue natural environment
[B]acontroversial conservation area
[C]aplace with commercial potential
[D]aheadache for nearby communities
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A
选项 B
分析 C
D
37.TheU.S.Supreme Court's rulingin theIdahocase .
[A]reinforces water pollution control
[B]weakens the EPA's regulatory power
[C]will endconflicts among local residents
[D]may face opposition from miningoperators
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A
选项 B
分析 C
D
38.Howdoes theauthorfeel aboutthe futureofthe ChesapeakeBay?
[A]Worried.[B]Puzzled.
[C]Relieved.
[D]Encouraged.
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A
选项 B
分析 C
D
39.Whatcan beinferred abouttheEPA 's involvementin theChesapeakeBay Program?
[A]It has restored thebalance among neighboring jurisdictions.
[B]It has triggered a radical reform in commercial fisheries.
[C]It has set afineexampleofrespecting state authorities.
[D]It has ensured thecoordination ofprotection efforts.
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A
选项 B
分析 C
D
40.Theauthorholdsthatthe state lawmakers should .
[A]becautious about theinfluence of landowners
[B]attach dueimportance to wetlands protections
[C]recognize theneed to expand wildliferefuges
[D]improvethewellbeing of endangered species
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A
选项 B
分析 C
D2024年英译汉试题（英语一）
【第一段】
（1）“Elephants never forget”—orso they say—and that piece offolklore seems to have some
foundation.
【第二段】
（1）TheAfrican savannaelephant, also known as theAfrican bush elephant, is distributedacross 37
African countries.
（2）They movebetween a variety of habitats, including forests, grasslands, woodlands, wetlands
and agricultural land.
（3）（46）They sometimes travel morethansixty miles tofind food orwater ,and are very good at
working out where other elephants are—even when theyare out ofsight.
（4）Using tracking devices,researchers have shown that theyhave“remarkablespatial acuity."
（5）When findingtheir way to waterholes, they headed offinexactly theright direction, onone
occasion from adistance ofroughly thirty miles. Whatis more, they almostalways seem tochoose the
nearest waterhole.（6）(47)The researchers are convinced that theelephants always knowprecisely where they are in
relation toall theresources they need, andcan thereforetake shortcuts, as well as following familiar
routes.
【第三段】
（1）Although the cues used byAfrican elephants forlong-distance navigation are not yet
understood, smell maywell play a part.
【第四段】
（1）Elephants are very choosy eaters, but until recentlylittle was known about howthey selected
theirfood.
（2）(48)One possibility was that they merely usedtheir eyes and tried out theplants they found, but
that would probably result in a lotofwasted timeandenergy, not least because theireyesight is
actually not very good.【第五段】
（1）（49）Thevolatilechemicals produced byplants can becarried along way, and they are very
characteristic:Each plant or treehas itsownparticular odorsignature.
（2）Whatis more, they can bedetected even when they are notactually visible.
（3）New research suggests that smell is acrucial factorin guiding elephants-and probably other
herbivores—to thebest food resources.
【第六段】
（1）Theresearchers first established what kindsof plant theelephants preferred eitherto eat or
avoid when foraging freely.
（2） They then set upa “food station”experiment, in which they gave theelephants aseries of
choices based only onsmell.（3）(50)The experiment showed that elephants may well usesmell to identify patches oftrees that
are good to eat, and secondly to assess thequality of thetrees within each patch.
（4）Free-ranging elephants presumably also usethisinformation to locate theirpreferred food.
【第七段】
（1）Theirwell-developed hippocampal structures may enable elephants ,likerats and people, to
construct cognitivemaps.
