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考向 44 概要写作之四步提炼主旨要义
概要写作精准提炼主旨四步走
第一步：读懂原文，明确篇章结构
写概要之前，一定要先通读原文， 确定文章的体裁和主题。在正确把握文章主旨和段落大意后，明确原文
的篇章结构。 根据意义划分文中的自然段，意义段的数量对应的就是要点的数量。
[提醒] 一个自然段不一定是一个要点，有时几个自然段说明一个要点，有时一个自然段包含数个要点。
第二步：去次留精，提炼关键信息
·明确全文的篇章结构后， 就要处理原文的内容，目的是保留主要内容，删除次要内容。
·先找出主题句，同时标注与主题相关的关键词，最后归纳的要点往往是这些词句的同义转述。
·原文描述性的语言、细节性的信息如列举数字和列举的事例等无须在概要中一一列出。
例如： — or the radi o. People who tend to about 70 ( 卡路里 ) per meal than those who
rush through their meals. ， and try to . And while you're at it, actually sit down to eat. If you
need some help slowing down, turn relaxing music. It makes you less likely to rush through a meal.
( 画线部分为主题句 )
本段落主要内容为吃饭慢减少对热量的摄入，因此要将用餐时间延长至至少三十分钟。
用自己的语言将画线部分重组后，关键信息如下：Record the time and set dinner time for half
an hour as eating slowly helps take in less calories.
第三步：归纳要点 合理转换表达
明确每个意义段的关键信息后，接下来应用自己的语言准确地表达各意义段的要点。 为避免和原文的句子
重复， 可利用同义转述和句式转换这两种形式归纳要点。各要点的词数应根据文中对应内容的篇幅来定，分清
主次。
转换表达注意遵循2个原则
①不增不减不曲：客观精准地表述原文要点，不增添不属于原材料的信息或删减原材料关键信息或改变原
材料所表达的意思。
②不繁：在正确理解原文的前提下，用简洁的语言表达与所给材料一致的信息。
例如：Your house may have an on your . Experts say the way you your could whether
you pack on the pounds or keep them off. You can make your environment work for you instead of
against you. Here are some to turn your into part of your plan .(画线句为主题句)
主题句关键词如画线所示：The_way you design your home may have an effect on
your figure. Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.
转换表达时可利用同义替换将ways改为tips; The way you design your home改为How to
have your home designed。主题句转换为How to have your home designed affects your figure.Below are tips to design your home to help diet.
第四步：句式多样 注意过渡衔接
在概要中合理使用非谓语、从句和特殊句式等使句式丰富多样，但句子结构不可过长，也不要用太复杂的
句子结构。同时选用适当的过渡衔接词衔接上下文，保证概要部分内容的连贯性。
【策略演示】
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
(2018年11月，浙江卷) It's a really to before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the
same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus (校园) like
visiting_and_seeing_for_yourself_the_dorms,_classrooms_and_athletic_equipment_and,_of_course,_the_students. It
seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if . But
keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to
make sure you are making the right one.
There's not to the in your local area. In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus,
and obviously, if you live across the country that won't be as much of a possibility, but if you live nearby, ！
If campus visits aren't going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should between applying and getting
your acceptance letters to the you'd like to attend. It_can_save_you_a_lot_of_heartache if you rule out now the things
that you don't like about certain campuses, things that you wouldn't know unless you actually visit.
Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then the at CollegeWeekLive . It's a chance to chat online
with admissions officers, students, and college counselors (顾问), and it won't cost you a penny! You can register for its
online college fair at collegeweeklive.com. While visiting an online college fair can't take the place of an actual campus
visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about
which colleges or universities you'd like to attend.
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【思路点拨】
第1步 读懂原文，明确篇章结构
原文是说明文，为确保精彩的大学生活，在申请大学前应抽时间提前了解大学。
第1段：提出观点——在你上大学之前，要亲眼看看想申请的大学。第2段：一定要去看看当地的大学。
第3段：如在申请之前没去过，在申请之后或得到录取通知书之前，一定要去大学看看。
第4段：如果无法亲自参观，登录网站了解相关信息。
分析各段主旨可判断，文章第1～2段是一个意义段，3～4段分别是2个意义段，故原文3个意义段可归纳
为3个要点。
第2步 去次留精，提炼关键信息
本文关键信息已在文中用画线和阴影形式体现， 其中画线词为与主题句相关的关键信息，其他则为次要信
息。
第3步 归纳要点，合理转换表达
采用同义转述、句式转换等方法灵活准确归纳要点，如：
①第一段主题句和第二段主题句可概括为要点1：该要点中的“good idea”可用wise choice转述；“in your
local area”可转换为 where you live。
②第三段主题句可概括为要点2: 该要点中的“visiting and seeing for yourself”可转换为pay a personal visit。
③第四段主题句可概括为要点3：该要点中的“time and money are making it impossible”可转换为all the
above is not affordable。
第4步 句式多样，注意过渡衔接
句式要多样，可利用非谓语动词和状语从句，丰富概要部分的句式。
【参考范文】
As a senior year student, it's a wise choice to visit wouldbe colleges near where you live before attending them for
seeing is believing. (要点 1) You should find a chance to pay a personal visit even at your waiting in case you feel
disappointed afterwards. (要点 2)If all the above is not affordable, you are advised to search the online college fair at
CollegeWeekLive where you can get the necessary information. (要点3)
【检测训练】
1. 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Choosing the right college can be a difficult task. There are thousands of colleges and universities for you to choose
from and many are worthy of being considered. For each potential college, find out the success rate of students' getting
their jobs, especially those related to your majors. Here are some strategies（策略）for you to make the right choice.
Colleges which offer practice in some of the fields are worthy of your attention. It can provide you with a large
amount of information on job hunting. Companies often prefer employees that perform well. Practice gives you the
valuable experience and necessary opportunities. Some practical skills that you learn will really prepare yourself for the
certain jobs. Besides, choosing a college that has teacher members with good reputations in their fields can also be very
useful since these teacher members can provide you with steps into the working world by practice.
School rankings and a national reputation of academic success are often the important factors（因素）for your
potential employers. This type of information can be found easily on the Internet and in magazines. To the employers,
graduates from high ranking colleges are often considered more reliable. They have a stronger ability to learn and aremore likely to create wealth for the company. Sometimes it can even be a more important factor in looking for a job than
the actual quality of education the college provides.
After narrowing down your choices to a few colleges, it's time to visit them. Taking a look at the campus（校园）
can change your attitude to a particular school. Plan your tour and then do some research on your own. It is also
important to talk to as many students as you can and find out if earning a degree from the school is helpful in getting a
job. Meanwhile, you can speak to the students in the majors you're considering to know what the courses are like, what
you'll learn, and what your expected outcome will be.
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2. 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
High school exit tests are tests that students must pass to graduate from high school. In the last few years, however,
a number of states in America have dropped them. Although some states still use them for diplomas, the number is down
from a high of 27 states during the testing craze promoted by No Child Left Behind (NCLB).
The appearance of this phenomenon is small wonder. Researches clearly show that exit tests have little positive
effects on students. A 2014 report found exit testing was associated with lower graduation rates, negatively affected labor
market outcomes, and, most alarmingly, produced a 12.5 percent increase in incarceration(监禁) rates. Exit exams, the
study concluded, had tended to add little value for most students.
Exit testing relies on the following assumptions. One is that standardized testing can serve as a kind of “quality
control” for high school graduates, guaranteeing that graduates are college ready. The other is that they have predicting
value for future success in academic situations.
But there is little evidence. The tests don’t exactly measure what they pretend to measure. For example, qualities
such as intelligence, academic ability, college readiness are not determined. Those that should be developed in all young
people, like responsibility, critical thinking, and empathy(移植), are not measured, either. Even supporters of exit tests
have acknowledged that they don’t offer reliable data.
Thus, more and more people are suggesting that exit test scores ought to be just one component of the high school
diploma. Schools should consider many other records including credits earned, courses taken, activities, service, projects
and other elements of academic accomplishment so that students can be evaluated flexibly. In other words, exit testscores should never be the only criterion for high school diplomas.
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3. 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
We already know that the underwater world is anything but silent. It is full of natural sounds produced by animals
and by the motion of the atmosphere and water. But today’s researchers are increasingly concerned about the man-made
noises under the water. They are confusing whales and other marine animals
Although hearing is important to all animals, the special qualities of the undersea world emphasize the use of sound.
Underwater sound allows marine animals to gather information and communicate at great distances and from all
directions. Loud underwater noises can cause damage to their hearing. And nowadays it's becoming too much for marine
wildlife. Evidence shows that whales will swim hundreds of miles, rapidly change their depth, and even beach
themselves to get away from the sounds of sonar.
You might think lower noises, typically caused by shipping or construction, do not pose a threat to marine animals.
In fact, while they may not kill the animals directly, they can disturb their ability to locate food, find mates and avoid
predators (掠食动物)).Scientists looked at the effects of noise from small motorboats on coral-reef fish at the Great
Barrier Reef in Australia. In the lab, the fish had been trained to recognize the smell of three common predators as a
threat. Some fish were trained in the presence of boat noise, while the others had training with the natural sounds of the
ocean. It turned out that the first group showed no fright reactions when exposed to the predator. However, the other
group was scared. And under the influence of underwater noise on this group, only 20 percent of fish survived, compared
to almost 70 percent of unexposed fish.
Humans rely on the ocean for its natural resources and biodiversity. The ocean also plays an important role in
regulating( 调节)temperatures, As Cousteau said, "For most of history, man has had to fight nature to survive; in this
century he is beginning to realize that, in order to survive, he must protect it.
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4. 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
There are some important regulations parents can take to make sure their kids use cell phones in a safe and
responsible way. When kids know what the consequences are when rules aren’t followed, that makes life more
predictable for them.
Most kids are not paying for their cell phones or their cell phone plans, so if you pay for it, you own it, which means
you have the right to take it away anytime if they disobey the rules you set up earlier.
After a kid has a cell phone, suddenly parents discover data runs out half way through the month. This can get
expensive and your kids need to know how to monitor their use. Also, teen cell phone addiction should be limited.
Generally, it’s a good idea to have no cell phone policy while they are doing homework and at bedtime. Come to
agreement in advance about what they are and aren’t allowed to download on their cell phone. There are some really bad
apps for kids that you don’t want on their phones.
Make sure your kids understand how to set up their privacy. Talk with them about why guarding their privacy is so
important. Many teens truly have no concept about everything that a cell phone can share about them including personal
information and their location.
You want to cover what is and isn’t appropriate to share via a cell phone. This definitely means photos and language
used in emails and on social media. But don’t forget simpler things like providing their address, their age or what school
they go to online.
Lastly, there are times and places when using one’s cell phone is not appropriate. In movie theaters or during class
time at school the phone should be on silent and put away. Additionally, when someone is having a face to face
conversation with them, they need to be looking at the person, not their phone.
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5. 阅读下面短文，根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Until 2017, the Emperor penguin was listed as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of
Nature, but as of 2018, they are listed as Near-Threatened because they are predicted to suffer a moderately rapidpopulation decline over the next three generations owing to the effects of climate change. The number one threat to their
survival is global warming. Here’s how it has affected Emperor penguins and what we should do.
A decrease in the amount of sea ice formation, which is caused by climate change, impacts the future of the
Emperor penguin. Many Emperor penguins breed on ice shelves that only form during the Antarctic winter. There have
been times in recent years when the ice shelves have melted back faster or sooner than usual. Many of the chicks haven’t
completely fledged (长出飞羽) into their waterproof feathers by the time the ice melts back to their habitats, and they are
forced into the cold ocean waters, where they die of cold exposure or drowning.
One thing that less sea ice definitely affects is food for the penguins. One of their food sources is krill (磷虾), and
the sea-ice shelves serve as a nursery for the krill. The newly-born krill feed on the algae (水藻) that grow on the
underside of the sea ice. When there is less sea ice, there is less algae for the krill to feed on, and consequently less krill
is produced.
Measures should be taken to protect these animals. People can donate to organizations that are working to protect
Emperor penguins and other penguin species, and our oceans in general. Reducing your impact on the environment, in
particular, is something you can do—you can make these tiny changes to lower your carbon footprint every day. You can
also be mindful about reducing seafood consumption and eating sustainably caught seafood, as overfishing is the second
greatest threat to nearly every penguin species today. Also, avoid using supplements and other products that contain krill
or krill oil.
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6. 阅读下面短文，根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Australia’s greatest engineering accomplishment to date is the Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Scheme. It took 25
years to build and was completed in 1974 at a cost of $820 million. The aims of the scheme were to produce lots of
electricity, and to supply water to households and for farming irrigation. The scheme works by collecting rain and
melting snow from the Snowy Mountains and storing it in dams. This is then diverted (转移) through tunnels (隧道) and
pipelines to power stations that produce electricity. The water used to produce the electricity then flows into the Murray
and Murrumbidgee Rivers.
The Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Scheme is made up of sixteen large dams; seven major power stations; apumping station; and 225 kilometres of tunnels and pipelines. It covers over 5,000 square kilometres of southern New
South Wales (NSW). Seven regional townships and more than 100 temporary camps were established for the people who
worked on the scheme.
When the scheme began in 1949, Australia did not yet have a workforce with the required scientific and engineering
skills needed to complete the project. Many migrants with experience in skills like surveying, tunnelling and geology
were employed from overseas. Homeless persons from Europe also worked on the scheme on two-year contracts as part
of their required work assignments. The largest group of workers were unassisted migrants who were drawn to the
project by the high wages.
More than 100,000 people worked on the project in total. Seventy percent of those were migrants. Workers came
from more than 30 countries, including Germany, Italy, Austria and Poland. Most migrants were from Europe because
the White Australia Policy discouraged the immigration of people of non-white or non-European origin. Tunnelling in
the Snowy Mountains was dangerous and dirty work. Even though the workers came from very different ethnic (种族的)
backgrounds that may have fought against each other in World War I and World War II, living and working in these
difficult conditions brought them together. This was considered the beginning of Australia’s multiculturalism.
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