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绝密★启用前
2010年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（二）
（科目代码:204）
☆考生注意事项承
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写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a
global epidemic on June 11, 2009. It is the first worldwide epidemic [ by the
World Health Organization in 41 years.
The heightened alert 2 an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva
that assembled after a sharp rise in cases in Australia, and rising 3 in Britain,
Japan, Chile and elsewhere.
But the epidemic is “ 4 '' in severity, according to Margaret Chan, the
organization's director general, 5 the overwhelming majority of patients
experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in the 6 of any
medical treatment.
The outbreak came to global 7 in late April 2009, when Mexican authorities
noted an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths 8 healthy adults.
As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic, cases began to 9 in
New York City, the southwestern United States and around the world.
In the United States, new cases seemed to fade 10 warmer weather
arrived. But in late September 2009, officials reported there was 11 flu
activity in almost every state and that virtually all the 12 tested are the new
swine flu, also known as (A) H1N1, not seasonal flu. In the U.S., it has 13 more
than one million people, and caused more than 600 deaths and more than 6,000
hospitalizations.
Federal health officials 14 Tamiflu for children from the national
stockpile and began 15 orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine.
The new vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is 16 ahead
of expectations. More than three million doses were to be made available in early
October 2009, though most of those 17 doses were of the FluMist nasal spray
type, which is not 18 for pregnant women, people over 50 or those with
breathing difficulties, heart disease or several other 19 ・ But it was still
possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk groups: health care workers,
people 20 infants and healthy young people.
英语（二）试题.1 .（共14页）1. [A] criticized [B] appointed [C] commented [D] designated
2. [A] proceeded [B] activated [C] followed [D] prompted
3. [A] digits [B] numbers [C] amounts [D] sums
4. [A] moderate [B] normal [C] unusual [D] extreme
5. [A] with [B] in [C] from [D] by
6. [A] progress [B] absence [C] presence [D] favor
7. [A] reality [B] phenomenon [C] concept [D] notice
& [A] over [B] for [C] among [D] to
9. [A] stay up [B] crop up [C] fill up [D] cover up
10. [A] as [B] if [C] unless [D] until
11. [A] excessive [B] enormous [C] significant [D] magnificent
12. [A] categories [B] examples [C] patterns [D] samples
13. [A] imparted [B] immersed [C] injected [D] infected
14. [A] released [B] relayed [C] relieved [D] remained
15. [A] placing [B] delivering [C] taking [叨 giving
16. [A] feasible [B] available [C] reliable [D] applicable
17. [A] prevalent [B] principal [C] innovative [D] initial
1& [A] presented [B] restricted [C] recommended [D] introduced
19. [A] problems [B] issues [C] agonies [D] sufferings
20. [A] involved in [B] caring for [C] concerned with [D] warding off
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,
B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
英语（二）试题.2 .（共14页）Text 1
The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note
with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst, Beautiful Inside My Head Forever, at
Sotheby's in London on September 15th 2008. All but two pieces sold, fetching more
than £70m, a record for a sale by a single artist. It was a last victory. As the
auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street
Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy.
The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising
bewilderingly since 2003. At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65 billion, reckons
Clare McAndrew, founder of Arts Economics, a research firm 一 double the figure five
years earlier. Since then it may have come down to $50 billion. But the market
generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth,
enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other
industries.
In the weeks and months that followed Mi*. Hirst's sale, spending of any sort
became deeply unfashionable. In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from
galleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds, and in the most
overheated sector, they were down by nearly 90% in the year to November 2008.
Within weeks the world's two biggest auction houses, Sotheby5s and Christie's, had
to pay out nearly $200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with
them.
The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped
buying Impressionists at the end of 1989. This time experts reckon that prices are
about 40% down on their peak on average, though some have been far more fluctuant.
But Edward Dolman, Christie's chief executive, says: 'Tm pretty confident we9re at
the bottom.^^
What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still
buyers in the market. Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report
said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of
good work to sell. The three Ds - death, debt and divorce - still deliver works of art
to the market. But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for
confidence to return.
英语（二）试题.3 .（共14页）21. In the first paragraph, Damien Hirsfs sale was referred to as "a last victory^^
because_____.
[A] the art market had witnessed a succession of victories
[B] the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bids
[C] Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpieces
[D] it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis
22. By saying "spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable" (Line 1-2, Para. 3),
the author suggests that_____.
[A] collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctions
[B] people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleries
[C] art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extent
[D] works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying
23. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
[A] Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007 to 2008.
[B] The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.
[C] The art market generally went downward in various ways.
[D] Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.
24. The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are______.
[A] auction houses' favorites
[B] contemporary trends
[C] factors promoting artwork circulation
[D] styles representing Impressionists
25. The most appropriate title for this text could be______.
[A] Fluctuation of Art Prices
[B] Up-to-date Art Auctions
[C] Art Market in Decline
[D] Shifted Interest in Arts
英语（二）试题.4 .（共14页）Text 2
I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room 一 a
women's group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening, one man
had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes, while his
wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening, I
commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don't talk to them.
This man quickly nodded in agreement. He gestured toward his wife and said, "She，s
the talker in our family.^^ The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and
hurt. uIfs true," he explained. "When I come home from work I have nothing to say.
If she didn't keep the conversation going, we'd spend the whole evening in silence.^^
This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more
than women in public situations, they often talk less at home. And this pattern is
wreaking havoc with marriage.
The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s.
Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book Divorce Talk that
most of the women she interviewed - but only a few of the men - gave lack of
communication as the reason for their divorces. Given the current divorce rate of
nearly 50 percent, that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year 一
a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.
In my own research, complaints from women about their husbands most often
focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to
accompany a husband to his, or doing far more than their share of daily life-support
work like cleaning, cooking and social arrangements. Instead, they focused on
communication: “He doesn't listen to me.^^ "He doesn't talk to me." I found, as
Hacker observed years before, that most wives want their husbands to be, first and
foremost, conversational partners, but few husbands share this expectation of their
wives.
In short, the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical
cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front
of his face, while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk.
英语（二）试题.5 •（共14页）26. What is most wives' main expectation of their husbands?
[A] Talking to them.
[B] Trusting them.
[C] Supporting their careers.
[D] Sharing housework.
27. Judging from the context, the phrase "wreaking havoc^^ (Line 3, Para. 2) most
probably means______.
[A] generating motivation
[B] exerting influence
[C] causing damage
[D] creating pressure
28. All of the following are true EXCEPT______.
[A] men tend to talk more in public than women
[B] nearly 50 percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversation
[C] women attach much importance to communication between couples
[D] a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse
29. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text?
[A] The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists.
[B] Marriage break-up stems from sex inequalities.
[C] Husband and wife have different expectations from their marriage.
[D] Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.
30. In the following part immediately after this text, the author will most probably
focus on______.
[A] a vivid account of the new book Divorce Talk
[B] a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoon
[C] other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S.
[D] a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew Hacker
英语（二）试题.6 .（共14页）Text 3
Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating
automatic behaviors 一 habits 一 among consumers. These habits have helped
companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks or wipe counters almost
without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.
"There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a
soap habit, that remain killers only because we can't figure out how to change
people's habits," said Dr. Curtis, the director of the Hygiene Center at the London
School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. 4tWe wanted to learn from private industry
how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.^^
The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to - Procter & Gamble, Colgate-
Palmolive and Unilever 一 had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the
subtle cues in consumers9 lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.
If you look hard enough, you'll find that many of the products we use every day
一 chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers,
health snacks, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins 一 are results of manufactured
habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day.
Today, because of shrewd advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans
habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with
Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.
A few decades ago, many people didn't drink water outside of a meal. Then
beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs, and now office
workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought
primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener
and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of
morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.
"Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns," said
Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble,
the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year.
"'Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers9 lives, and it's
essential to making new products commercially viable.^^
Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have
learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through ruthless
advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have empted
when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy
foods.
英语（二）试题.7 .（共14页）31. According to Di; Curtis, habits like hand washing with soap______.
[A] should be further cultivated
[B] should be changed gradually
[C] are deeply rooted in history
[D] are basically private concerns
32. Bottled water, chewing gum and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5
so as to_____.
[A] reveal their impact on people's habits
[B] show the urgent need of daily necessities
[C] indicate their effect on people's buying power
[D] manifest the significant role of good habits
33. Which of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people's
habits?
[A] Tide.
[B] Crest.
[C] Colgate.
[D] Unilever.
34. From the text we know that some of consumers9 habits are developed due to_____.
[A] perfected art of products
[B] automatic behavior creation
[C] commercial promotions
[D] scientific experiments
35. The author's attitude toward the influence of advertisement on people's habits is
[A] indifferent
[B] negative
[C] positive
[D] biased
英语（二）试题.8 .（共14页）Text 4
Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial
democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal
qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors
should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community;
that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race,
religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and
that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter
of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than
representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing
themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them.
But as recently as in 1968, jury selection procedures conflicted with these
democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of
supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although the
Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in
jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia, the practice of
selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this
and other antidiscrimination laws.
The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th
century. Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898, it was not until
the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even then
several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally
asked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice was justified by the
claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women
through the 1960s.
In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service
Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury. This law abolished
special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at
random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision
Taylor v. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be
representative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision
also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered
states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.
英语（二）试题.9 .（共14页）36. From the principles of the US jury system, we learn that_____.
[A] both literate and illiterate people can serve on juries
[B] defendants are immune from trial by their peers
[C] no age limit should be imposed for jury service
[D] judgment should consider the opinion of the public
37. The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed_____.
[A] the inadequacy of antidiscrimination laws
[B] the prevalent discrimination against certain races
[C] the conflicting ideals injury selection procedures
[D] the arrogance common among the Supreme Court judges
3 & Even in the 1960s, women were seldom on the jury list in some states because
[A] they were automatically banned by state laws
[B] they fell far short of the required qualifications
[C] they were supposed to perform domestic duties
[D] they tended to evade public engagement
39. After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed,_____.
[A] sex discrimination injury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished
[B] educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors
[C] jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community
[D] states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system
40. In discussing the US jury system, the text centers on_____.
[A] its nature and problems
[B] its characteristics and tradition
[C] its problems and their solutions
[D] its tradition and development
英语（二）试题.10 .（共14页）PartB
Directions:
Read the following text and decide whether each of the statements is true or false.
Choose T if the statement is true or F if the statement is not true. Mark your answers
on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
Copying Birds May Save Aircraft Fuel
Both Boeing and Airbus have trumpeted the efficiency of their newest aircraft,
the 787 and A350 respectively. Their clever designs and lightweight composites
certainly make a difference. But a group of researchers at Stanford University, led by
Ilan Kroo, has suggested that airlines could take a more naturalistic approach to
cutting jet-fuel use and it would not require them to buy new aircraft.
The answer, says Di\ Kroo, lies with birds. Since 1914, scientists have known
that birds flying in formation 一 a V-shape 一 expend less energy. The air flowing over a
bird's wings curls upwards behind the wingtips, a phenomenon known as upwash.
Other birds flying in the upwash experience reduced drag, and spend less energy
propelling themselves. Peter Lissaman, an aeronautics expert who was formerly at
Caltech and the University of Southern California, has suggested that a formation of
25 birds might enjoy a range increase of 71%.
When applied to aircraft, the principles are not substantially different. Dr. Kroo
and his team modeled what would happen if three passenger jets departing from Los
Angeles, San Francisco and Las Vegas were to assemble over Utah, assume an
inverted V-fbrmation, occasionally change places so all could have a turn in the most
favourable positions, and proceed to London. They found that the aircraft consumed
as much as 15% less fuel (coupled with a reduction in carbon-dioxide output).
Nitrogen-oxide emissions during the cruising portions of the flight fell by around a
quarte 匸
There are, of course, knots to be worked out. One consideration is safety, or at
least the perception of it. Would passengers feel comfortable travelling in companion?
Dr. Kroo points out that the aircraft could be separated by several nautical miles, and
would not be in the intimate groupings favoured by display teams like the Red
Arrows. A passenger peering out of the window might not even see the other planes.
Whether the separation distances involved would satisfy air-traflic-control regulations
is another matter, although a working group at the International Civil Aviation
Organisation has included the possibility of formation flying in a blueprint for new
operational guidelines.
英语（二）试题.11 .（共14页）It remains to be seen how weather conditions affect the air flows that make
formation, flight more efficient. In zones of increased turbulence, the planes' wakes
will decay more quickly and the effect will diminish. Di*. Kroo says this is one of the
areas his team will investigate further. It might also be hard for airlines to co-ordinate
the departure times and destinations of passenger aircraft in a way that would allow
them to gain from formation flight. Cargo aircraft, in contrast, might be easier to
reschedule, as might routine military flights.
As it happens, America's armed forces are on the case already. Earlier this year
the country's Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency announced plans to pay
Boeing to investigate formation flight, though the programme has yet to begin. There
are reports that some military aircraft flew in formation when they were low on fuel
during the Second World War, but Di*. Lissaman says they are unsubstantiated. t4My
father was an RAF pilot and my cousin the skipper of a Lancaster lost over Berlin,55
he adds. So he should know.
41. Findings of the Stanford University researchers will promote the sales of new
Boeing and Airbus aircraft.
42. The upwash experience may save propelling energy as well as reducing resistance.
43. Formation flight is more comfortable because passengers can not see the other
planes.
44. The role that weather plays in formation flight has not yet been clearly defined.
45. It has been documented that during World War II, America's armed forces once
tried formation flight to save fuel.
英语（二）试题• 12 .（共14页）Section III Translation
46. Directions:
In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation
on ANSWER SHEET 2.(15 points)
"Sustainability'' has become a popular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the
concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured a painful period of
unsustainability in his own life made it clear to him that sustainability-oriented values
must be expressed through everyday action and choice.
Ning recalls spending a confusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance. He'd
been through the dot-com boom and burst and, desperate for a job, signed on with a
Boulder agency.
It didn't go well. “It was a really bad move because thafs not my passion," says
Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales. "I was
miserable. I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and
stare at the ceiling. I had no money and needed the job. Everyone said, "Just wait,
you'll turn the comer, give it some time.999
Section IV Writing
Part A
47. Directions:
You have just come back from the U.S. as a member of a Sino-American cultural
exchange program. Write a letter to your American colleague to
1) express your thanks for his/her warm reception;
2) welcome him/her to visit China in due course.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the lette匚 Use "Zhang Wei" instead.
Do not write your address. (10 points)
英语（二）试题.13 .（共14页）Part B
48. Directions:
In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following chart. In
your writing, you should
1) interpret the chart and
2) give your comments.
You should write at least 150 words.
Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
Mobile-phone subscriptions
英语（二）试题.14 .（共14页）绝密★启用前
2011年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（二）
（科目代码:204）
☆考生注意事项少
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡
指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷
条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由
考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须
书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在
草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂
写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and
mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom
of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime
that has ] across the Web.
Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that
seems increasingly 3 ?
Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation's cyber-czar, offered the federal
government a 4 to make the Web a safer place 一 a "voluntary trusted
identity" system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a
fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a
smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer, and
would authenticate users at a range of online services.
The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. Users
could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities
have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts
with one that would require an Internet driver's license 10 by the government.
Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these "single
sign-on^^ systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use
many different services.
12 , the approach would create a "walled garden^^ in cyberspace, with
safe "neighborhoods" and bright "streetlights" to establish a sense of a 13
community.
Mr. Schmidt described it as a "voluntary ecosystem^^ in which "individuals
and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 , trusting the
identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the
transaction runs/5
Still, the administration's plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some
applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is
an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet "driver's
license" mentality.
The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security
experts, who worry that the "voluntary ecosystem^, envisioned by Mr. Schmidt
would still leave much of the Internet 19 . They argue that all Internet users
should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that
drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.
英语（二）试题 （共14页）1 ・[A] swept [B] skipped [C] walked [叨 ridden
2 ・[A] for [B] within [C] while [D]though
3 ・[A] careless [B] lawless [C] pointless [D] helpless
4. [A] reason [B] reminder [C] compromise [D] proposal
5・[A] information [B] interference [C] entertainment [D] equivalent
6. [A] by [B] into [C] from [D]over
7・[A] linked [B] directed [C] chained [D] compared
8. [A] dismiss [B] discover [C] create [D] improve
9 ・[A] recall [B] suggest [C] select [D] realize
10・[A] released [B] issued [C] distributed [D] delivered
11 ・[A] carry on [B] linger on [C] set in [D] log in
12 ・[A] In vain [B] In effect [C] In return [D] In contrast
13 ・[A] trusted [B] modernized [C] thriving [D] competing
14 ・[A] caution [B] delight [C] confidence [D] patience
15 ・[A] on [B] after [C] beyond [D] across
16 ・[A] divided [B] disappointed [C] protected [D] united
17・[A] frequently [B] incidentally [C] occasionally [D] eventually
18. [A] skepticism [B] tolerance [C] indifference [D] enthusiasm
19. [A] manageable [B] defendable [C] vulnerable [D] invisible
20. [A] invited [B] appointed [C] allowed [D] forced
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,
B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
英语（二）试题 .2 . （共14页）Text 1
Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs's board as an outside director in
January 2000; a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest
of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much criticism.
But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman's
compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts
pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The
position was just taking up too much time, she said.
Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers
on a firm9s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they
presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive's
proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be
able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.
The researchers from Ohio University used a database that covered more
than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and
2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement
to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the
researchers concentrated on those "surprise" disappearances by directors under the
age of 70. They found that after a surprise departure, the probability that the
company will subsequently have to restate earnings increases by nearly 20%. The
likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the
stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms.
Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at
the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off
a sinking ship. Often they "trade up/ leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and
more stable firms.
But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of
avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks,
even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any
wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through
tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow
the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.
英语（二）试题 .3 . （共14页）21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for_____.
[A] gaining excessive profits
[B] failing to fulfill her duty
[C] refusing to make compromises
[D] leaving the board in tough times
22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be_____.
[A] generous investors
[B] unbiased executives
[C] share price forecasters
[D] independent advisers
23. According to the researchers from Ohio University, after an outside director\
surprise departure, the firm is likely to_____・
[A] become more stable
[B] report increased earnings
[C] do less well in the stock market
[D] perform worse in lawsuits
24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors_____.
[A] may stay for the attractive offers from the firm
[B] have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm
[C] are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm
[D] will decline incentives from the firm
25. The author's attitude toward the role of outside directors is_____.
[A] permissive
[B] positive
[C] scornful
[D] critical
英语（二）试题 .4 . （共14页）Text 2
Whatever happened to the death of newspapers? A year ago the end seemed
nea匚 The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not
already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were
chronicling their own doom. America's Federal Trade Commission launched a
round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable
corporations? Should the state subsidize them? It will hold another meeting soon.
But the discussions now seem out of date.
In much of the world there is little sign of crisis. German and Brazilian
papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which
inhabit the most troubled corner of the global industry, have not only survived but
often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years
ago, but profit all the same.
It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists
overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom
jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some
papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these
desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists,
they can be pushed further.
Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of
revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly
unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from
advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation &
Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese
newspapers are much more stable.
The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much
of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspapers are least
distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general
business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are
less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper
business.
英语（二）试题 .5 . （共14页）26. By saying "Newspapers like ... their own doom,^ (Lines3-4, Para.l), the
author indicates that newspapers_____.
[A] neglected the sign of crisis
[B] failed to get state subsidies
[C] were not charitable corporations
[D] were in a desperate situation
27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because_____.
[A] readers threatened to pay less
[B] newspapers wanted to reduce costs
[C] journalists reported little about these areas
[D] subscribers complained about slimmer products
28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much
more stable because they_____.
[A] have more sources of revenue
[B] have more balanced newsrooms
[C] are less dependent on advertising
[D] are less affected by readership
29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper
business?
[A] Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.
[B] Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.
[C] Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.
[D] Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.
30. The most appropriate title for this text would be_____.
[A] American Newspapers: Stmggling for Survival
[B] American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind
[C] American Newspapers: A Thriving Business
[D] American Newspapers: A Hopeless Story
英语（二）试题 .6. （共14页）Text 3
We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a
time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going
off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.
But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief
that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had
learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar
confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.
Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living.
The phrase "less is more^^ was actually first popularized by a German, the
architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the
Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II
and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert
enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so
than Mies.
Mies's signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has
more impact than a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance.
Like other modem architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood 一
materials that we take for granted today but that in the 1940s symbolized the
future. Mies's sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he
designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.
The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago's Lake Shore
Drive, for example, were smaller - two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet -
than those in their older neighbors along the city's Gold Coast. But they were
popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance
of the buildings5 details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the
abstract art so popular at the time.
The trend toward "less" was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd
Wright started building more modest and efficient houses - usually around 1,200
square feet - than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and
the early 20th century.
The "Case Study Houses^^ commissioned from talented modem architects by
California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another
homegrown influence on the Tess is more^, trend. Aesthetic effect came from the
landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph
Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact
everyday life 一 few American families acquired helicopters, though most
eventually got clothes dryers 一 but his belief that self-sufficiency was both
desirable and inevitable was widely shared.
英语（二）试题 .7 . （共14页）31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans5_____.
[A] prosperity and growth
[B] efficiency and practicality
[C] restraint and confidence
[D] pride and faithfulness
32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about the Bauhaus?
[A] It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.
[B] Its designing concept was affected by World War II.
[C] Most American architects used to be associated with it.
[D] It had a great influence upon American architecture.
33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design_____.
[A] was related to large space
[B] was identified with emptiness
[C] was not reliant on abundant decoration
[D] was not associated with efficiency
34. What is true about the apartments Mies built on Chicago's Lake Shore Drive?
[A] They ignored details and proportions.
[B] They were built with materials popular at that time.
[C] They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.
[D] They shared some characteristics of abstract art.
35. What can we learn about the design of the "Case Study Houses"?
[A] Mechanical devices were widely used.
[B] Natural scenes were taken into consideration.
[C] Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.
[D] Eco-friendly materials were employed.
英语（二）试题 .8 . （共14页）Text 4
Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange
not long ago. Now even the projecfs greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent
facing a “Bermuda triangle^^ of debt, population decline and lower growth.
As well as those chronic problems, the EU faces an acute crisis in its
economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost
faith that the euro zone's economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge
thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive
members the quick fix of devaluation.
Yet the debate about how to save Europe's single currency from
disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone's dominant powers,
France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonisation within the euro
zone, but disagree about what to harmonise.
Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrowing,
spending and competitiveness, backed by quasi-automatic sanctions for
governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for
poorer regions and EU mega-projects, and even the suspension of a country's
voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination
should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small
majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone,
Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.
A "southern" camp headed by France wants something different: "European
economic government'' within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated,
that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of
redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for
governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally,
figures close to the Franch government have murmured, euro-zone members
should agree to some fiscal and social harmonisation: e.g., curbing competition in
corporate・tax rates or labour costs.
It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world's largest trading block.
At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single
market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to
goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious
attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalisation, and make capitalism benign.
英语（二）试题 .9 . （共14页）36. The EU is faced with so many problems that_____.
[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets
[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned
[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro
[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation
37. The debate over the EU's single currency is stuck because the dominant
powers_____.
[A] are competing for the leading position
[B] are busy handling their own crises
[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonisation
[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration
3& To solve the euro problem, Germany proposed that_____・
[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased
[B] stricter regulations be imposed
[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination
[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed
39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that_____.
[A] poor countries are more likely to get funds
[B] strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries
[C] loans will be readily available to rich countries
[D] rich countries will basically control Eurobonds
40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel_____.
[A] pessimistic
[B] desperate
[C] conceited
[D] hopeful
英语（二）试题 .10 . （共14页）PartB
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the
right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left
column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on
ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）
Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government9s role in
promoting public health by demanding that ministers impose "fat taxes" on
unhealthy food and introduce cigarette-style warnings to children about the
dangers of a poor diet.
The demands follow comments made last week by the health secretary,
Andrew Lansley, who insisted the government could not force people to make
healthy choices and promised to free businesses from public health regulations.
But senior medical figures want to stop fast-food outlets opening near
schools, restrict advertising of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit
sponsorship of sports events by fast-food producers such as McDonald's.
They argue that government action is necessary to curb Britain's addiction to
unhealthy food and help halt spiraling rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease.
Professor Terence Stephenson, president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and
Child Health, said that the consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be
just as damaging as somking or excessive drinking.
"Thirty years ago, it would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban
on smoking in the workplace or in pubs, and yet that is what we have now. Are we
willing to be just as courageous in respect of obesity? I would suggest that we
should be," said the leader of the UK's children's doctors.
Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry
rather than government to take the lead. He said that manufacturers of crisps and
candies could play a central role in the Change4Life campaign, the centrepiece of
government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness. He has also criticised the
celebrity chef Jamie Oliver's high-profile attempt to improve school lunches in
England as an example of how "lectuTing" people was not the best way to change
their behaviour.
Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV
advertisements for foods high in fat, salt or sugar before 9 pm and limiting them
on billboards or in cinemas. uIf we were really bold, we might even begin to think
of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes 一 by setting strict limits on
advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports events,he said.
英语（二）试题 .11 . （共14页）Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald's, which sponsors the
youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should
also stop offering "inducements" such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone
credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.
Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists,
said: “If children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and
that some things can harm, at least information is available up front.^^
He also urged councils to impose ufast-fbodzones99 around schools and
hospitals 一 areas within which takeaways cannot open.
A Department of Health spokesperson said: "We need to create a new vision
for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longe匸
This includes creating a new 'responsibility deal' with business, built on social
responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper
setting out exactly how we will achieve this.^^
The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical
moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been
deployed against smoking over the last decade.
[A] ufat taxes" should be imposed on fast-food
producers such as McDonald's.
41. Andrew Lansley held that [B] the government should ban fast-food outlets
in the neighborhood of schools.
42. Terence Stephenson agreed [C] "lecturing" was an effective way to improve
that school lunches in England.
43. Jamie Oliver seemed to [D] cigarette-style warnings should be
believe that introduced to children about the dangers of
a poor diet.
44. Dinesh Bhugra suggested [E] the producers of crisps and candies could
that contribute significantly to the Change4Life
campaign.
45. A Department of Health [F] parents should set good examples for their
spokesperson proposed that children by keeping a healthy diet at home.
[G] the government should strengthen the sense
of responsibility among businesses.
英语（二）试题 .12 . （共14页）Section III Translation
46. Directions:
In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese. Write your
translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the
same volume of greenhouse gases as the world5s airlines do 一 roughly 2 percent of
all CO2 emissions?
Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google
search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2, depending on how many
attempts are needed to get the ’Tight" answer. To deliver results to its users
quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres around the world, packed
with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these
computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned,
which uses even more energy.
However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency
closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to
reduction, but there is much more to be done, and not just by big companies.
Section IV Writing
Part A
47. Directions:
Suppose your cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a university. Write
him/her a letter to
1) congratulate him/her, and
2) give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Zhang Wei,? instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
英语（二）试题 .13 . （共14页）Part B
4& Directions:
Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should
1) interpret the chart and
2) give your comments.
You should write at least 150 words.
Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
□国产品牌 ■日系品牌 口美系品牌
2008、2009年国内轿车市场部分品牌市场份额示意图
英语（二）试题 .14 • （共14页）绝密★启用前
2012年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（二）
（科目代码:204）
☆考生注意事项承
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡
指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷
条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由
考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须
书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在
草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂
写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and
mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Millions of Americans and foreigners see G.I. Joe as a mindless war toy, the
symbol of American military adventurism, but thafs not how it used to be. To the
men and women who ] in World War H and the people they liberated, the
G.I. was the 2 man grown into hero, the poor farm kid tom away from his
home, the guy who 3 all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes,
who went without the 4 of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back
the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid,
5 an average guy, up 6 the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most
brutal enemies seen in centuries.
His name isn't much. G.I. is just a military abbreviation 7 Government
Issue, and it was on all of the articles 8 to soldiers. And Joe? A common
name for a guy who never 9 it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka, Joe
Magrac...a working class name. The United States has 10 had a president or
vice-president or secretary of state Joe.
G.I. Joe had a 11 career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops.
He appears as a character, or a 12 of American personalities, in the 1945
movie The Story of G.I. Joe. based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie
Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle 13 portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle
was famous for covering the 14 side of the war, writing about the
dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were 15 or what towns
were captured or liberated. His reports 16 the "Willie" cartoons of famed
Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men 17 the dirt and exhaustion
of war, the 18 of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the
civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. 19 Egypt, France, and a
dozen more countries, G.I. Joe was any American soldier, 20 the most
important person in their lives.
英语（二）试题 .1.（共14页）1. [A] served [B] performed [C] rebelled [D] betrayed
2. [A] actual [B] common [C] special [D] normal
3. [A]loaded [B] eased [C] removed [D] bore
4. [A] necessities [B] facilities [C] commodities [D] properties
5. [A]and [B] nor [C] but [D] hence
6. [A] for [B] into [C] from [D] against
7. [A] implying [B] meaning [C] symbolizing [D] claiming
8. [A] handed out [B] turned over [C] brought back [D] passed down
9. [A] pushed [B] got [C] made [D] managed
10. [A] ever [B] never [C] either [D] neither
11. [A] disguised [B] disturbed [C] disputed [D] distinguished
12. [A] company [B] community [C] collection [D] colony
13. [A] employed [B] appointed [C] interviewed [D] questioned
14. [A] human [B] military [C] political [叨 ethical
15. [A] ruined [B] commuted [C] patrolled [D] gained
16. [A] paralleled [B] counteracted [C] duplicated [D] contradicted
17. [A] neglected [B] emphasized [C] avoided [D] admired
18. [A] stages [B] illusions [C] fragments [D] advances
19. [A] With [B]To [C] Among [D] Beyond
20. [A] on the contrary [B] by this means [C] from the outset [D] at that point
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,
B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
英语（二）试题 2 （共14页）Text 1
Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many
parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the
country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on this
educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy
which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework
may no longer count for more than 10% of a student's academic grade.
This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished
or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is
unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that
students cannot complete on their own or that they cannot do without expensive
equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do
their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to
the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.
District administrators say that homework will still be a part of schooling;
teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework
counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their
homework and see very little difference on their report cards. Some students
might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about
the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite
possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find
what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.
At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions
about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students'
academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not
make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework matters, it should
account for a significant portion of the grade. Meanwhile, this policy does nothing
to ensure that the homework students receive is meaningful or appropriate to their
age and the subject, or that teachers are not assigning more than they are willing
to review and correct.
The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is
responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts
public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.
英语（二）试题 .3.（共14页）21. It is implied in Paragraph 1 that nowadays homework_____.
[A] is receiving more criticism
[B] is gaining more preferences
[C] is no longer an educational ritual
[D] is not required for advanced courses
22. L.A. Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students
[A] tend to have moderate expectations for their education
[B] have asked for a different educational standard
[C] may have problems finishing their homework
[D] have voiced their complaints about homework
23. According to Paragraph 3, one problem with the policy is that it may_____.
[A] result in students? indifference to their report cards
[B] undermine the authority of state tests
[C] restrict teachers9 power in education
[D] discourage students from doing homework
24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework is
whether_____.
[A] it should be eliminated
[B] it counts much in schooling
[C] it places extra burdens on teachers
[D] it is important for grades
25. A suitable title for this text could be_____.
[A] A Faulty Approach to Homework
[B] A Welcomed Policy for Poor Students
[C] Thomy Questions about Homework
[D] Wrong Interpretations of an Educational Policy
英语（二）试题 4 （共14页）Text 2
Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the
colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls' lives. It is not that pink is
intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may
celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls' identity to
appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between
girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I
despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls9 lives and interests.
Girls5 attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their
DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it
is not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era
before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter,
since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What's more, both
boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses. When nursery
colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour,
a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its
intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity.
It was not until the mid・ 1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a
dominant children's marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it
began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female,
at least for the first few critical years.
I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of
what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological
development. Take the toddle匸 I assumed that phase was something experts
developed after years of research into children's behaviour: wrong. Turns out,
according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was
popularised as a marketing trick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s.
Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase
sales, they should create a "third stepping stone^^ between infant wear and older
kids9 clothes. It was only after "toddler" became a common shoppers9 term that it
evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults, into
ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the
easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences 一 or invent
them where they did not previously exist.
英语（二）试题 .5.（共14页）26. By saying uit is...the rainbow,^ (Line 3, Para. 1), the authormeans pink _ ___.
[A] cannot explain girls5 lack of imagination
[B] should not be associated with girls9 innocence
[C] should not be the sole representation of girlhood
[D] cannot influence girls9 lives and interests
27. According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours?
[A] Colours are encoded in girls5 DNA.
[B] Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girls.
[C] White is preferred by babies.
[D] Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolising genders.
28. The author suggests that our perception of children's psychological development
was much influenced by_____.
[A] the observation of children's nature
[B] the marketing of products for children
[C] researches into children's behaviour
[D] studies of childhood consumption
29. We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to
[A] classify consumers into smaller groups
[B] attach equal importance to different genders
[C] focus on infant wear and older kids9 clothes
[D] create some common shoppers9 terms
30. It can be concluded that girls9 attraction to pink seems to be____ .
[A] fully understood by clothing manufacturers
[B] clearly explained by their inborn tendency
[C] mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen
[D] well interpreted by psychological experts
英语（二）试题 .6.（共14页）Text 3
In 2010, a federal judge shook America^ biotech industry to its core.
Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades 一 by 2005 some 20% of
human genes were patented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were
unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry
Organisation (BIO), a trade group, assured members that this was just a
''preliminary step" in a longer battle.
On July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court
overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed hold
patents to two genes that help forecast a woman?s risk of breast cancer. The chief
executive of Myriad, a company in Utah, said the ruling was a blessing to firms
and patients alike.
But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine, the courts
will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over. Critics make
three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may
not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and
patents' monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad's. A growing
number seem to agree. Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents
related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the
Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule "is no less a product of
nature...than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds."
Despite the appeals courfs decision, big questions remain unanswered. For
example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the
patents of individual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.
As the industry advances, however, other suits may have an even greater
impact. Companies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA
molecules - most are already patented or in the public domain. Firms are now
studying how genes interact, looking for correlations that might be used to
determine the causes of disease or predict a drug's efficacy. Companies are eager
to win patents for "connecting the dots," explains Hans Sauer, a lawyer for the
BIO.
Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by
the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO
recently held a convention which included sessions to coach lawyers on the
shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.
英语（二）试题 .7.（共14页）31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that the biotech companies would like_____.
[A] genes to be patentable
[B] the BIO to issue a warning
[C] their executives to be active
[D] judges to rule out gene patenting
32. Those who are against gene patents believe that_____.
[A] genetic tests are not reliable
[B] only man-made products are patentable
[C] patents on genes depend much on innovation
[D] courts should restrict access to genetic tests
33. According to Hans Sauer, companies are eager to win patents for_____.
[A] discovering gene interactions
[B] establishing disease correlations
[C] drawing pictures of genes
[D] identifying human DNA
34. By saying "Each meeting was packed" (Line 4, Para. 6), the author means that
[A] the supreme court was authoritative
[B] the BIO was a powerful organisation
[C] gene patenting was a great concern
[D] lawyers were keen to attend conventions
35. Generally speaking, the author's attitude toward gene patenting is____
[A] critical
[B] supportive
[C] scornful
[D] objective
英语（二）试题 .& （共14页）Text 4
The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably
beginning. Before it ends, it will likely change the life course and character of a
generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics, our
culture, and the character of our society for years.
No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national
economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had
improved them in some ways: they had become less materialistic and more
financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited
respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it
has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses,
and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.
But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The
Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin
Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S., lengthy periods of
economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more
mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the
advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as
does conflict between races and classes.
Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in
this one. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides,
and decrease opportunities to cross them - especially for young people. The
research of Till Von Wachter, the economist at Columbia University, suggests that
not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those
with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they
otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses
beneath them that are left behind.
In the Internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has
always been hidden within American society. More difficult, in the moment, is
discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society's characte匚 In
many respects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this recession than at
any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then
have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard
times will reshape our social fabric. But they certainly will reshape it, and all the
more so the longer they extend.
英语（二）试题 .9.（共14页）36. By saying "to find silver linings" (Line 1, Para. 2) the author suggests that the
jobless try to_____.
[A] seek subsidies from the government
[B] make profits from the troubled economy
[C] explore reasons for the unemployment
[D] look on the bright side of the recession
37. According to Paragraph 2, the recession has made people_____・
[A] struggle against each other
[B] realize the national dream
[C] challenge their prudence
[D] reconsider their lifestyle
38. Benjamin Friedman believes that economic recessions may_____.
[A] impose a heavier burden on immigrants
[B] bring out more evils of human nature
[C] promote the advance of rights and freedoms
[D] ease conflicts between races and classes
39. The research of Till Von Wachter suggests that in the recession graduates from
elite universities tend to_____.
[A] lag behind the others due to decreased opportunities
[B] catch up quickly with experienced employees
[C] see their life chances as dimmed as the others9
[D] recover more quickly than the others
40. The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is_____.
[A] trivial
[B] positive
[C] certain
[D] destructive
英语（二）试题 .10.（共14页）PartB
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the
left column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the right
column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on
ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
"Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world,
is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,,^ wrote the
Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle. Well, not any more it is not.
Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favorite historical form.
This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader
truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from our
forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not
inspiration.
From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant
recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his
rambling writing De Viris Illustribus - On Famous Men. highlighting the virtus
(or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering
fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Niccold
Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, he championed cunning,
ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of
successful leaders.
Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated
the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the
artist's personal experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian
author Samuel Smiles wrote Self -Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of
engineers, industrialists and explorers. 64The valuable examples which they furnish
of the power of self-help, of patient purpose, resolute working, and steadfast
integrity, issuing in the formation of truly noble and manly character, exhibit,
wrote Smiles, "what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself." His
biographies of James Watt, Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held
up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life.
This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies
on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon
Bonaparte. These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be
acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals.
Not everyone was convinced by such bombast. “The history of all hitherto
existing society is the history of class struggles/9 wrote Marx and Engels in The
英语（二）试题 （共14页）Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense
wealth nor waged battles: "It is man, real, living man who does all that." And
history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle, As such, it
needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power
relations in which each epoch stood. For: "Men make their own history, but they
do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen
by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted
from the past."
This was the tradition which revolutionised our appreciation of the past. In
place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and
Eric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of great men.
Whole new realms of understanding - from gender to race to cultural studies 一
were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. And it
transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.
[A] emphasized the virtue of classical heroes.
41. Petrarch [B] highlighted the public glory of the leading
artists.
42. Niccold Machiavelli [C] focused on epochal figures whose lives were
hard to imitate.
43. Samuel Smiles [D] opened up new realms of understanding the
great men in history.
44. Thomas Carlyle [E] held that history should be the story of the
masses and their record of struggle.
45. Marx and Engels [F] dismissed virtue as unnecessary for successful
leaders.
[G] depicted the worthy lives of engineers,
industrialists and explorers.
英语（二）试题 .12.（共14页）Section III Translation
46. Directions:
Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on
ANSWER SHEET 2.(15 points)
When people in developing countries worry about migration, they are usually
concerned at the prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or
to hospitals and universities in the developed world. These are the kind of workers
that countries like Britain, Canada and Australia try to attract by using
immigration rules that privilege college graduates.
Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing
countries are particularly likely to emigrate. A big survey of Indian households in
2004 found that nearly 40% of emigrants had more than a high-school education,
compared with around 3.3% of all Indians over the age 25. This "brain drain"
has long bothered policymakers in poor countries. They fear that it hurts their
economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have
taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new
products for their factories to make.
Section IV Writing
Part A
47. Directions:
Suppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary that
you bought from an online store the other day. Write an email to the customer
service center to
1) make a complaint, and
2) demand a prompt solution.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei,? instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
英语（二）试题 .13.（共14页）Part B
4& Directions:
Write an essay based on the following table. In your writing, you should
1) describe the table, and
2) give your comments.
You should write at least 150 words.
Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
某公司员工工作满意度调查
满意度
满意 不清楚 不满意
年龄组
W40岁 16.7% 50.0% 33.3%
41-50 岁 0.0% 36.0% 64.0%
>50岁 40.0% 50.0% 10.0%
英语（二）试题 .14.（共14页）绝密★启用前
2013年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（二）
（科目代码:204）
☆考生注意事项承
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡
指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷
条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由
考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须
书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在
草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂
写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move
quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. 1 ,
a true cashless society is probably not around the comer. Indeed, predictions have
been 2 for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business
Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon "revolutionize
the very 3 of money itself,99 only to 4 itself several years later. Why has the
movement to a cashless society been so 5 in coming?
Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments
system based on paper, several factors work 6 the disappearance of the paper
system. First, it is very 7 to set up the computer, card reader, and
telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the 8 form of
payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they 9 receipts,
something that many consumers are unwilling to 10 . Third, the use of paper
checks gives consumers several days of "float" - it takes several days 11 a check
is cashed and funds are 12 from the issuer's account, which means that the
writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. 13 electronic
payments arc immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.
Fourth, electronic means of payment may 14 security and privacy concerns.
We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a
computer database and to alter information 15 there. The fact that this is not
an 16 occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank
accounts in electronic payments systems and 17 from someone else's accounts.
The 18 of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science
is developing to 19 security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic
means of payment leaves an electronic 20 that contains a large amount of
personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might
be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.
英语（二）试题 .1.（共14页）1. [A] Moreover [B] However [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise
2. [A] off [B] back [C] over [D] around
3. [A] power [B] concept [C] history [D] role
4. [A] reverse [B] resist [C] resume [D] reward
5. [A] silent [B] sudden [C] slow [D] steady
6. [A] for [B] against [C] with [D] on
7. [A] expensive [B] imaginative [C] sensitive [D] productive
8. [A] similar [B] original [C] temporary [D] dominant
9. [A] collect 回 copy [C] provide [D] print
10. [A] give up [B] take over [C] bring back [D] pass down
11. [A] before [B] after [C] since [叨 when
12. [A] kept [B] borrowed [C] withdrawn [D] released
13. [A] Unless [B] Because [C] Until [D] Though
14. [A] hide [B] express [C] ease [D] raise
15. [A] analyzed [B] shared [C] stored [D] displayed
16. [A] unsafe [B] unnatural [C] unclear [D] uncommon
17. [A] steal [B] choose [C] benefit [D] return
18. [A] consideration [B] prevention [C] manipulation [D] justification
19. [A] call for [B] fight against [C] adapt to [叨 cope with
20. [A]chunk [B] chip [C] trail [D] path
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B,
C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
英语（二）试题 .2.（共14页）Text 1
In an essay entitled "Making It in America,,5 the author Adam Davidson relates a
joke from cotton country about just how much a modem textile mill has been
automated: The average mill has only two employees today, “a man and a dog. The
man is there to feed the dog, and the dog is there to keep the man away from the
machines.^^
Davidson's article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared
making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and
declining middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand
because of the Great Recession, but it is also because of the advances in both
globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than
ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers.
In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job, could earn an
average lifestyle. But, today, average is officially over. Being average just won't earn
you what it used to. It can,t when so many more employers have so much more
access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap
software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their
extra 一 their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their
field of employment.
Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there?s
been an acceleration. As Davidson notes, "In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U.S.]
factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70
years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs - about 6 million in
total 一 disappeared.95
There will always be change - new jobs, new products, new services. But the one
thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I. T.
revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to
make themselves above average.
In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do
to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind
of G. I. Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to
post-high school education.
英语（二）试题 .3.（共14页）21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate_______.
[A] the impact of technological advances
[B] the alleviation of job pressure
[C] the shrinkage of textile mills
[D] the decline of middle-class incomes
22. According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to_______.
[A] work on cheap software
[B] ask for a moderate salary
[C] adopt an average lifestyle
[D] contribute something unique
23. The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that_______.
[A] gains of technology have been erased
[B] job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed
[C] factories are making much less money than before
[D] new jobs and services have been offered
24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is
[A] to accelerate the I. T. revolution
[B] to ensure more education for people
[C] to advance economic globalization
[D] to pass more bills in the 21st century
25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?
[A] New Law Takes Effect.
[B] Technology Goes Cheap.
[C] Average Is Over.
[D] Recession Is Bad.
英语（二）试题 4 （共14页）Text 2
A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic included settlers and
sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the
United States came those who had no intention to stay, and who would make some
money and then go home. Between 1908 and 1915, about 7 million people an'ived
while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for example,
eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname,
Uuccelli di passaggio,^^ birds of passage.
Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide newcomers into
two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the
making, or brand them as aliens to be kicked out. That framework has contributed
mightily to our broken immigration system and the long political paralysis over how
to fix it. We don't need more categories, but we need to change the way we think
about categories. We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal. To
start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thi'iving in the gray
areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.
Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home
health-care aides and physicists are among today's birds of passage. They are
energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and
ideas. They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them. They can manage to
have a job in one place and a family in another.
With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with
ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be
productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need
them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two
nations honorably.
Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes
on both sides of the immigration battle. Looking beyond the culture war logic of right
or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing
immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes, including some
that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.
英语（二）试题 .5.（共14页）26. "Birds of passage" refers to those who_______・
[A] stay in a foreign country temporarily
[B] leave their home countries for good
[C] immigrate across the Atlantic
[D] find permanent jobs overseas
27. It is implied in Paragraph 2 that the current immigration system in the US
[A] needs new immigrant categories
[B] has loosened control over immigrants
[C] should be adapted to meet challenges
[D] has been fixed via political means
28. According to the author, today9 s birds of passage want_______.
[A] financial incentives
[B] a global recognition
[C] the freedom to stay and leave
[D] opportunities to get regular jobs
29. The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated_______.
[A] as faithful partners
[B] with legal tolerance
[C] with economic favors
[D] as mighty rivals
30. The most appropriate title for this text would be_______.
[A] Come and Go: Big Mistake
[B] Living and Thriving: Great Risk
[C] With or Without: Great Risk
[叨 Legal or Illegal: Big Mistake
英语（二）试题 .6.（共14页）Text 3
Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take
a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate
the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.
Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether
someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly,
within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell
whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five.
It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open
-mindedness.
But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren't exclusive to the
interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a
fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even
though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with
speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we9re doing,
Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.
Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer
products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales
representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment
before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive
female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases 一 or hire outside
screeners.
John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly "thin slice^^
information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in "thick sliced^^
long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay
together, he invites them to his island retreat for a much longer evaluation: two days,
not two seconds.
Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us
from animals: dogs can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes.
But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer
term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn't changed our
nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the
high-speed trend.
英语（二）试题 .7.（共14页）31. The time needed in making decisions may_______.
[A] predetermine the accuracy of our judgment
[B] prove the complexity of our brain reaction
[C] depend on the importance of the assessment
[D] vary according to the urgency of the situation
32. Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snap decisions____
[A] can be associative
[B] are not unconscious
[C] can be dangerous
[D] are not impulsive
33. To reverse the negative influences of snap decisions, we should
[A] trust our first impression
[B] think before we act
[C] do as people usually do
[D] ask for expert advice
34. John Gottman says that reliable snap reactions are based on___
[A] critical assessment
[B] "thin sliced" study
[C] adequate information
[D] sensible explanation
35. The author's attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is _
[A] tolerant
[B] optimistic
[C] uncertain
[D] doubtful
英语（二）试题 .8.（共14页）Text 4
Europe is not a gender-equality heaven. In particular, the corporate workplace
will never be completely family-friendly until women are part of senior management
decisions, and Europe's top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly
male. Indeed, women hold only 14 per cent of positions on European corporate
boards.
The European Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards
to maintain a certain proportion of women 一 up to 60 per cent. This proposed mandate
was bom of frustration. Last year, European Commission Vice President Viviane
Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for
gender balance goals of 40 per cent female board membership. But her appeal was
considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.
Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate
ladder fairly as they balance work and family?
"Personally, I don't like quotas,9, Reding said recently. uBut I like what the
quotas do.^^ Quotas get action: they "open the way to equality and they break through
the glass ceiling,according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries
with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.
I understand Reding's reluctance 一 and her frustration. I don't like quotas either;
they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, governance by the capable. But, when
one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a
fairer world must be temporarily ordered.
After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as
well as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top
positions 一 no matter how much "soft pressure^^ is put upon them. When women do
break through to the summit of corporate power 一 as, for example, Sheryl Sandberg
recently did at Facebook - they attract massive attention precisely because they
remain the exception to the rule.
If appropriate public policies were in place to help all women — whether CEOs
or their children's caregivers - and all families, Sandberg would be no more
newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.
英语（二）试题 .9.（共14页）36. In the European corporate workplace, generally_______.
[A] women take the lead
[B] men have the final say
[C] corporate governance is overwhelmed
[D] senior management is family-friendly
37. The European Union5s intended legislation is_______.
[A] a reflection of gender balance
[B] a response to Reding's call
[C] a reluctant choice
[D] a voluntary action
3 & According to Reding, quotas may help women_______・
[A] get top business positions
[B] see through the glass ceiling
[C] balance work and family
[D] anticipate legal results
39. The author's attitude toward Reding9s appeal is one of_______.
[A] skepticism
[B] objectiveness
[C] indifference
[D] approval
40. Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of
[A] more social justice
[B] massive media attention
[C] suitable public policies
[D] greater "soft pTessure"
英语（二）试题 .10.（共14页）PartB
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable
subtitle from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph (41 -45). There are two
extra subtitles which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER
SHEET. (10 points)
[A] Live like a peasant
[B] Balance your diet
[C] Shopkeepers are your friends
[D] Remember to treat yourself
[E] Stick to what you need
[F] Planning is everything
[G] Waste not, want not
The hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love
of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has £ 60 a week to spend, £ 40
of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning £ 130,000 a year working in
corporate communications and eating at London's best restaurants at least twice a
week. Then his marriage failed, his career burned out and his drinking became serious.
"The community mental health team saved my life. And I felt like that again, to a
certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gave me the validation
and confidence that I'd lost. But it5s still a day-by-day thing." Now he5s living in a
council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. He's feeling positive, but he, 11
carry on blogging 一 not about eating as cheaply as you can 一 "there are so many
people in a much worse state, with barely any money to spend on food^^ 一 but eating
well on a budget. Here's his advice for economical foodies.
41._________________________ _____
Impulsive spending isn't an option, so plan your week's menu in advance,
making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel
template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: ifs not just cost
effective but helps you balance your diet. It's also a good idea to shop daily instead of
英语（二）试题 .11.（共14页）weekly, because, being human, you'll sometimes change your mind about what you
fancy.
42. ______________________________
This is where supermarkets and their anonymity come in handy. With them,
there's not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer.
And if you plan properly, you'll know that you only need, say, 350g of shin of beef
and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre-packed in the supermarket
chiller.
43. ______________________________
You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer 一 that9s not good
enough. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planning ahead
should eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables you911 do a vegetable
soup, and all fruits threatening to "go off' will be cooked or juiced.
44. ______________________________
Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers,
delis and fish-sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soon
you5ll feel comfortable asking if they've any knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or
beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which, more often than not,
they911 let you have for free.
45. ______________________________
You won't be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every few months
treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant-£ 1.75 a week for three months gives
you £ 21 - more than enough for a three-course lunch at Michelin-starred Arbutus. It's
£ 16.95 there - or £ 12.99 for a large pizza from Domino's: I know which I'd rather
eat.
英语（二）试题 .12.（共14页）Section III Translation
46. Directions:
Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER
SHEET. (15 points)
I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was, what
happened in the news and even the day of the week. Fve been able to do this since I
was four.
I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs. My
mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away neatly. When I think
of a sad memory, I do what everybody does - try to put it to one side. I don't think ifs
harder for me just because my memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn't make my
emotions any more acute or vivid. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the
sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day before. I also remember that the
musical play Hair opened on Broadway on the same day 一 they both just pop into my
mind in the same way.
Section IV Writing
Part A
47. Directions:
Suppose your class is to hold a charity sale for kids in need of help. Write your
classmates an email to
1) inform them about the details, and
2) encourage them to participate.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming?, instead.
Do not write your address. (10 points)
英语（二）试题 .13.（共14页）Part B
48. Directions:
Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should
1) interpret the chart, and
2) give your comments.
You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
人
数
百
分
比
某高校学生兼职情况
英语（二）试题 ,14.（共14页）绝密★启用前
2014年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（二）
（科目代码：204）
☆考生注意事项承
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡
指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷
条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由
考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须
书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在
草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂
写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and
mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Thinner isn't always better. A number of studies have ] that
normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to
those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being
overweight is actually 2 . For example, heavier women are less likely to
develop calcium deficiency than thin women. 3 among the elderly, being
somewhat overweight is often an 4 of good health.
Of even greater 5 is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to
define. It is often defined 6 body mass index, or BMI. BMI 7 body
mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often
considered to be normal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is
considered obese. Obesity, _8_, can be divided into moderately obese, severely
obese, and very severely obese.
While such numerical standards seem 9 they are not. Obesity is
probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are
in fact extremely fit, 10 others with a low BMI may be in poor 11 For
example, many collegiate and professional football players 12 as obese,
though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame
may have high body fat but a 13 BMI.
Today we have a(n) 14 to label obesity as a disgrace. The overweight
are sometimes 15 in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes 16
with obesity include laziness, lack of will power, and lower prospects for success.
Teachers, employers, and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases
against the obese. 17 very young children tend to look down on the
overweight, and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.
Negative attitudes toward obesity, 18 in health concerns, have
stimulated a number of anti-obesity 19 . My own hospital system has banned
sugary drinks from its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and
fitness initiatives. Michelle Obama has launched a high・visibility campaign 20
childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security
threat.
英语（二）试题 .1.（共14页）1. [A] denied [B] concluded [C] doubted [D] ensured
2. [A] protective [B] dangerous [C] sufficient [D] troublesome
3. [A] Instead [B] However [C] Likewise [D] Therefore
4. [A] indicator [B] objective [C] origin [D] example
5. [A] impact [B] relevance [C] assistance [D] concern
6. [A] in terms of [B] in case of [C] in favor of [D] in respects of
7. [A] measures [B] determines [C] equals [D] modifies
8. [A] in essence [B] in contrast [C] in turn [D] in part
9. [A] complicated [B] conservative [C] variable [D] straightforward
10. [A] so [B] while [C] since [D] unless
11. [A]shape [B] spirit [C] balance [D] taste
12. [A] start [B] qualify [C] retire [D] stay
13. [A] strange [B] changeable [C] normal [D] constant
14. [A] option [B] reason [C] opportunity [D] tendency
15. [A] employed [B] pictured [C] imitated [D] monitored
16. [A] compared [B] combined [C] settled [D] associated
17. [A] Even [B] Still [C] Yet [D] Only
18. [A] despised [B] corrected [C] ignored [D] grounded
19. [A] discussions [B] businesses [C] policies [D] studies
20. [A] for [B] against [C] with [D] without
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,
B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
英语（二）试题 2 （共14页）Text 1
What would you do with $590m? This is now a question for Gloria
MacKenzie, an 84-year-old widow who recently emerged from her small,
tin-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in
history. If she hopes her new-found fortune will yield lasting feelings of ftilfilment,
she could do worse than read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dunn and Michael
Norton.
These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the
most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of great
wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction
with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly. What was once exciting
and new becomes old-hat; regret creeps in. It is far better to spend money on
experiences, say Ms Dunn and Mr Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or
even going to the cinema. These purchases often become more valuable with time
一 as stories or memories - particularly if they involve feeling more connected to
others.
This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery
winners get the most "happiness bang for your buck.^^ It seems most people would
be better off* if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with
friends and family and less of it watching television (something the average
American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it).
Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things
for oneself, and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly.
This is apparently the reason McDonald's restricts the availability of its popular
McRib 一 a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of
obsession.
Readers of Happy Money are clearly a privileged lot, anxious about fulfilment,
not hunger. Money may not quite buy happiness, but people in wealthier countries
are generally happier than those in poor ones. Yet the link between feeling good
and spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around the
world, and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people. Not
everyone will agree with the authors9 policy ideas, which range from mandating
more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers. But most
people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent.
英语（二）试题 .3.（共14页）21. According to Dunn and Norton, which of the following is the most rewarding
purchase?
[A] A big house.
[B] A special tour.
[C] A stylish car.
[D] A rich meal.
22. The author's attitude toward Americans9 watching TV is________.
[A] critical
[B] supportive
[C] sympathetic
[D] ambiguous
23. McRib is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to show that_______.
[A] consumers are sometimes iiTational
[B] popularity usually comes after quality
[C] marketing tricks are often effective
[D] rarity generally increases pleasure
24. According to the last paragraph, Happy Money_______.
[A] has left much room for readers5 criticism
[B] may prove to be a worthwhile purchase
[C] has predicted a wider income gap in the US
[D] may give its readers a sense of achievement
25. This text mainly discusses how to______.
[A] balance feeling good and spending money
[B] spend large sums of money won in lotteries
[C] obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent
[D] become more reasonable in spending on luxuries
英语（二）试题 4 （共14页）Text 2
An article in Scientific American has pointed out that empirical research says
that, actually, you think you're more beautiful than you are. We have a
deep-seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number
of self-enhancing strategies to achieve this. Social psychologists have amassed
oceans of research into what they call the "above average effect", or “illusory
superiority", and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above
average in leadership, 93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with others 一 all
obviously statistical impossibilities.
We rose-tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations.
We become defensive when criticised, and apply negative stereotypes to others to
boost our own esteem. We stalk around thinking we^e hot stuff.
Psychologist and behavioural scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key study
into self-enhancement and attractiveness. Rather than have people simply rate
their beauty compared with others, he asked them to identify an original
photograph of themselves from a lineup including versions that had been altered
to appear more and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study, is “an
automatic psychological process, occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no
apparent conscious deliberation^,. If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering
image 一 which most did 一 they genuinely believed it was really how they looked.
Epley found no significant gender difference in responses. Nor was there any
evidence that those who self-enhanced the most (that is, the participants who
thought the most positively doctored pictures were real) were doing so to make up
for profound insecurities. In fact, those who thought that the images higher up the
attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other
markers for having higher self-esteem. 6UI don't think the findings that we have are
any evidence of personal delusion,says Epley. "It's a reflection simply of people
generally thinking well of themselves.If you are depressed, you won't be
self-enhancing.
Knowing the results of Epley's study, it makes sense that many people hate
photographs of themselves viscerally - on one level, they don't even recognise the
person in the picture as themselves. Facebook, therefore, is a self-enhancer^
paradise, where people can share only the most flattering photos, the cream of
their wit, style, beauty, intellect and lifestyles. Ifs not that people's profiles are
dishonest, says Catalina Toma of Wisconsin-Madison University, "but they
portray an idealised version of themselves.
英语（二）试题 .5.（共14页）26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologists have found that______.
[A] our self-ratings are unrealistically high
[B] illusory superiority is a baseless effect
[C] our need for leadership is unnatural
[D] self enhancing strategies are ineffective
27. Visual recognition is believed to be people's______.
[A] rapid matching
[B] conscious choice
[C] intuitive response
[D] automatic self-defence
2& Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tended to______.
[A] underestimate their insecurities
[B] believe in their attractiveness
[C] cover up their depressions
[D] oversimplify their illusions
29. The word "viscerally" (Line 2, Para.5) is closest in meaning to_____・
[A] instinctively
[B] occasionally
[C] particularly
[D] aggressively
30. It can be inferred that Facebook is a self^enhancer^ paradise because people
can_____.
[A] present their dishonest profiles
[B] define their traditional lifestyles
[C] share their intellectual pursuits
[D] withhold their unflattering sides
英语（二）试题 6 （共14页）Text 3
The concept of man versus machine is at least as old as the industrial
revolution, but this phenomenon tends to be most acutely felt during economic
downturns and fragile recoveries. And yet, it would be a mistake to think we are
right now simply experiencing the painful side of a boom and bust cycle. Certain
jobs have gone away for good, outmoded by machines. Since technology has such
an insatiable appetite for eating up human jobs, this phenomenon will continue to
restructure our economy in ways we cannot immediately foresee.
When there is rapid improvement in the price and performance of technology,
jobs that were once thought to be immune from automation suddenly become
threatened. This argument has attracted a lot of attention, via the success of the
book Race Against the Machine, by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, who
both hail from MIT's Center for Digital Business.
This is a powerful argument, and a scary one. And yet, John Hagel, author of
The Power of Pull and other books, says Brynjolfsson and McAfee miss the
reason why these jobs are so vulnerable to technology in the first place.
Hagel says we have designed jobs in the U.S. that tend to be "tightly scripted^^
and “highly standardized,^ ones that leave no room for "individual initiative or
creativity". In short, these are the types of jobs that machines can perform much
better at than human beings. That is how we have put a giant target sign on the
backs of American workers, Hagel says.
It's time to reinvent the formula for how work is conducted, since we are still
relying on a very 20th century notion of work, Hagel says. In our rapidly changing
economy, we more than ever need people in the workplace who can take initiative
and exercise their imagination "to respond to unexpected events^^. That is not
something machines are good at. They are designed to perform very predictable
activities.
As Hagel notes, Brynjolfsson and McAfee indeed touched on this point in
their book. We need to reframe race against the machine as race with the machine.
In other words, we need to look at the ways in which machines can augment
human labor rather than replace it. So then the problem is not really about
technology, but rather, "how do we innovate our institutions and our work
practices?59
英语（二）试题 .7.（共14页）31. According to the first paragraph, economic downturns would ______.
[A] ease the competition of man vs. machine
[B] highlight machines9 threat to human jobs
[C] provoke a painful technological revolution
[D] outmode our current economic structure
32. The authors of Race Against the Machine argue that ______.
[A] technology is diminishing man's job opportunities
[B] automation is accelerating technological development
[C] certain jobs will remain intact after automation
[D] man will finally win the race against machine
33. Hagel argues that jobs in the U.S. are often ______.
[A] performed by innovative minds
[B] scripted with an individual style
[C] standardized without a clear target
[D] designed against human creativity
34. According to the last paragraph, Brynjolfsson and McAfee discussed _
[A] the predictability of machine behavior in practice
[B] the formula for how work is conducted efficiently
[C] the ways machines replace human labor in modem times
[D] the necessity of human involvement in the workplace
35. Which of the following could be the most appropriate title for the text?
[A] How to Innovate Our Work Practices?
[B] Machines Will Replace Human Labor
[C] Can We Win the Race Against Machines?
[D] Economic Downturns Stimulate Innovations
英语（二）试题 8 （共14页）Text 4
When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy
the focus is usually on roads, railways, broadband and energy. Housing is seldom
mentioned.
Why is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. We
have not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to
economic growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard
to shove for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure projects, so it is
inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere. But perhaps the most significant
reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged.
Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists
increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.
The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government
to help rectify this. It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some
steps to address our urgent housing need.
There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. The
communities minister, Don Foster, has hinted that George Osborne, Chancellor of
the Exchequer, may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount
that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt. Evidence shows
that 60,000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap
were lifted, increasing GDP by 0.6%.
Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental
environment, which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered
providers to fund new developments from revenues.
But it is not just down to the government. While these measures would be
welcome in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the existing £ 4.5bn
programme of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in 2015, is
unlikely to be extended beyond then. The Labour party has recently announced
that it will retain a large part of the coalition's spending plans if it returns to
power. The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return
to the era of large-scale public grants. We need to adjust to this changing climate.
While the government's commitment to long-term funding may have changed,
the very pressing need for more affordable housing is real and is not going away.
英语（二）试题 .9.（共14页）36. The author believes that the housing sector ______.
[A] has attracted much attention
[B] involves certain political factors
[C] shoulders too much responsibility
[D] has lost its real value in economy
37. It can be learned that affordable housing has ______.
[A] increased its home supply
[B] offered spending opportunities
[C] suffered government biases
[D] disappointed the government
3& According to Paragraph 5, George Osborne may ______.
[A] allow greater government debt for housing
[B] stop local authorities from building homes
[C] prepare to reduce housing stock debt
[D] release a lifted GDP growth forecast
39. It can be inferred that a stable rental environment would
[A] lower the costs of registered providers
[B] lessen the impact of government interference
[C] contribute to funding new developments
[D] relieve the ministers of responsibilities
40. The author believes that after 2015, the government may
[A] implement more policies to support housing
[B] review the need for large-scale public grants
[C] renew the affordable housing grants programme
[D] stop generous funding to the housing sector
英语（二）试题 .10.（共14页）PartB
Directions:
Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column
to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices
in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEERT. (10 points)
Emerging in the late Sixties and reaching a peak in the Seventies, Land Art
was one of a range of new forms, including Body Art, Performance Art, Action
Art and Installation Art, which pushed art beyond the traditional confines of the
studio and gallery. Rather than portraying landscape, land artists used the physical
substance of the land itself as their medium.
The British land art, typified by Richard Long's piece, was not only more
domestically scaled, but a lot quirkier than its American counterpart. Indeed,
while you might assume that an exhibition of Land Art would consist only of
records of works rather than the works themselves, Long's photograph of his work
is the work. Since his "action" is in the past, the photograph is its sole
embodiment.
That might seem rather an obscure point, but it sets the tone for an exhibition
that contains a lot of black-and-white photographs and relatively few natural
objects.
Long is Britain's best-known Land Artist and his Stone Circle, a perfect ring
of purplish rocks from Portishead beach laid out on the galleiy floor, represents
the elegant, rarefied side of the form. The Boyle Family, on the other hand, stand
for its dirty, urban aspect. Comprising artists Mark Boyle and Joan Hills and their
children, they recreated random sections of the British landscape on gallery walls.
Their Olaf Street Study, a square of brick-strewn waste ground, is one of the few
works here to embrace the commonplaceness that characterises most of our
experience of the landscape most of the time.
Parks feature, particularly in the earlier works, such as John Hilliard's very
funny Across the Park, in which a long-haired stroller is variously smiled at by a
pretty girl and unwittingly assaulted in a sequence of images that turn out to be
different parts of the same photograph.
Generally however British land artists preferred to get away fi'om towns,
gravitating towards landscapes that are traditionally considered beautifi.il such as
the Lake District or the Wiltshire Downs. While it probably wasn't apparent at the
time, much of this work is permeated by a spirit of romantic escapism that the
likes of Wordsworth would have readily understood. Derek Jairnan's yellow-tinted
film Towards Avebury, a collection of long, mostly still shots of the Wiltshire
landscape, evokes a tradition of English landscape painting stretching from
英语（二）试题 （共14页）Samuel Palmer to Paul Nash.
In the case of Hamish Fulton, you can't help feeling that the Scottish artist
has simply found a way of making his love of walking pay. A typical work, such
as Seven Days, consists of a single beautiful black-and-white photograph taken on
an epic walk, with the mileage and number of days taken listed beneath. British
Land Art as shown in this well selected, but relatively modestly scaled exhibition
wasn't about imposing on the landscape, more a kind of landscape-orientated light
conceptual art created passing through. It had its origins in the great outdoors, but
the results were as gallery-bound as the paintings of Turner and Constable.
[A] originates from a long walk that the artist
took.
41. Stone Circle [B] illustrates a kind of landscape-orientated
light conceptual art.
42. Olaf Street Study [C] reminds people of the English landscape
painting tradition.
43. Across the Park [D] represents the elegance of the British land
art.
44. To wards Avebury [E] depicts the ordinary side of the British
land art.
45. Seven Days [F] embodies a romantic escape into the
Scottish outdoors.
[G] contains images from different parts of the
same photograph.
英语（二）试题 .12.（共14页）Section III Translation
46. Directions:
Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER
SHEET.(15 points)
Most people would define optimism as being endlessly happy, with a glass
thafs perpetually half full. But that's exactly the kind of false cheerfulness that
positive psychologists wouldn't recommend. "Healthy optimism means being in
touch with reality,9, says Tai Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professo匚 According to
Ben-Shahar, realistic optimists are those who make the best of things that happen,
but not those who believe everything happens for the best.
Ben・Shahar uses three optimistic exercises. When he feels down - say, after
giving a bad lecture 一 he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds
himself that not every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective
than others. Next is reconstruction. He analyzes the weak lecture, learning lessons
for the future about what works and what doesn't. Finally, there is perspective,
which involves acknowledging that in the grand scheme of life, one lecture really
doesn't matte匚
Section IV Writing
Part A
47. Directions:
Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John, a
local student. Write him an email to
1) tell him about your living habits, and
2) ask for advice about living there.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming,9 instead.
Do not write your address. (10 points)
英语（二）试题 .13.（共14页）Part B
48. Directions:
Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should
1) interpret the chart, and
2) give your comments.
You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
用城镇人口 □乡村人口
20年间中国城镇人口与乡村人口变化图
英语（二）试题 .14.（共14页）绝密★启用前
2015年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（二）
（科目代码：204）
☆考生注意事项承
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡
指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷
条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由
考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须
书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在
草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂
写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
In our contemporary culture, the prospect of communicating with - or even
looking at - a stranger is virtually unbearable. Everyone around us seems to agree
by the way they cling to their phones, even without a ] on a subway.
It's a sad reality 一 our desire to avoid interacting with other human beings 一
because there's 2 to be gained from talking to the stranger standing by you. But
you wouldn't know it, 3 into your phone. This universal protection sends the
4 : "Please don't approach me.^^
What is it that makes us feel we need to hide 5 our screens?
One answer is fear, according to Jon Wortmann, an executive mental coach. We
fear rejection, or that our innocent social advances will be 6 as "weird." We fear
we'll be 7 . We fear we'll be disruptive.
Strangers are inherently 8 to us, so we are more likely to feel 9
when communicating with them compared with our friends and acquaintances. To
avoid this uneasiness, we 10 to our phones. "Phones become our security
blanket,Wortmann says. "They are our happy glasses that protect us from what we
perceive is going to be more 11 ・"
But once we rip off the band-aid, tuck our smartphones in our pockets and look
up, it doesn,t 12 so bad. In one 2011 experiment, behavioral scientists Nicholas
Epley and Juliana Schroeder asked commuters to do the unthinkable: Start a 13 .
They had Chicago train commuters talk to their fellow 14 . "When Dr. Epley and
Ms. Schroeder asked other people in the same train station to 15 how they
would feel after talking to a stranger, the commuters thought their 16 would be
more pleasant if they sat on their own,^, The New York Times summarizes. Though the
participants didn't expect a positive experience, after they 17 with the
experiment, “not a single person reported having been embarrassed.^^
18 , these commutes were reportedly more enjoyable compared with those
without communication, which makes absolute sense, 19 human beings thrive
off of social connections. Ifs that 20 : Talking to strangers can make you feel
connected.
英语（二）试题 .1.（共14页）1. [A] signal [B] permit [C] ticket [D] record
2. [A] nothing [B] little [C] another [D] much
3. [A] beaten [B] plugged [C] guided [D] brought
4. [A] message [B] code [C] notice [D] sign
5. [A] under [B] beyond [C] behind [D] from
6. [A] misapplied [B] misinterpreted [C] misadjusted [D] mismatched
7. [A] judged [B] fired [C] replaced [叨 delayed
8. [A] unreasonable [B] ungrateful [C] unconventional [D] unfamiliar
9. [A] comfortable [B] confident [C] anxious [叨 angry
10. [A] attend [B]turn [C]take [D] point
11. [A] dangerous [B] mysterious [C] violent [D] boring
12. [A] bend [B] resist [C] hurt [D] decay
13. [A] lecture [B] debate [C] conversation [D] negotiation
14. [A] trainees [B] employees [C] researchers [D] passengers
15. [A] reveal [B] choose [C] predict [D] design
16. [A] voyage [B] flight [C] walk [D] ride
17. [A] went through [B] did away [C] caught up [D] put up
18. [A] In turn [B] In fact [C] In particular [D] In consequence
19. [A] unless [B] whereas [C] if [D] since
20. [A] funny [B] simple [C] logical [D] rare
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B,
C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
英语（二）试题 .2.（共14页）Text 1
A new study suggests that contrary to most surveys, people are actually more
stressed at home than at work. Researchers measured people's cortisol, which is a
stress marker, while they were at work and while they were at home and found it
higher at what is supposed to be a place of refuge.
"Further contradicting conventional wisdom, we found that women as well as
men have lower levels of stress at work than at home,^^ writes one of the researchers,
Sarah Damaske. In fact women even say they feel better at work, she notes. 44It is men,
not women, who report being happier at home than at work." Another surprise is that
the findings hold true for both those with children and without, but more so for
nonparents. This is why people who work outside the home have better health.
What the study doesn't measure is whether people are still doing work when
they're at home, whether it is household work or work brought home from the office.
For many men, the end of the workday is a time to kick back. For women who stay
home, they never get to leave the office. And for women who work outside the home,
they often are playing catch-up-with-household tasks. With the blurring of roles, and
the fact that the home front lags well behind the workplace in making adjustments for
working women, ifs not surprising that women are more stressed at home.
But it's not just a gender thing. At work, people pretty much know what they're
supposed to be doing: working, making money, doing the tasks they have to do in
order to draw an income. The bargain is very pure: Employee puts in hours of
physical or mental labor and employee draws out life-sustaining moola.
On the home front, however, people have no such clarity. Rare is the household
in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out. There are a
lot of tasks to be done, there are inadequate rewards for most of them. Your home
colleagues 一 your family 一 have no clear rewards for their labor; they need to be
talked into it, or if they're teenagers, threatened with complete removal of all
electronic devices. Plus, they9re your family. You cannot fire your family. You never
really get to go home from home.
So it's not surprising that people are more stressed at home. Not only are the
tasks apparently infinite, the co-workers are much harder to motivate.
英语（二）试题 3 （共14页）21. According to Paragraph 1, most previous surveys found that home
[A] offered greater relaxation than the workplace
[B] was an ideal place for stress measurement
[C] generated more stress than the workplace
[D] was an unrealistic place for relaxation
22. According to Damaske, who are likely to be the happiest at home?
[A] Working mothers.
[B] Childless husbands.
[C] Working fathers.
[D] Childless wives.
23. The blurring of working women's roles refers to the fact that_____
[A] their home is also a place for kicking back
[B] they are both bread winners and housewives
[C] there is often much housework left behind
[D] it is difficult for them to leave their office
24. The word “moola" (Line 4, Para. 4) most probably means_____.
[A] skills
[B] energy
[C] earnings
[D] nutrition
25. The home front differs from the workplace in that_____.
[A] family labor is often adequately rewarded
[B] home is hardly a cozier working environment
[C] household tasks are generally more motivating
[D] division of labor at home is seldom clear-cut
英语（二）试题 .4.（共14页）Text 2
For years, studies have found that first-generation college students - those who
do not have a parent with a college degree - lag other students on a range of
education achievement factors. Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are
higher. But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they
succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to
recruit more of them. This has created “a paradox" in that recruiting first-generation
students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has
''continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close^^ an achievement gap based on
social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the
journal Psychological Science.
But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to
this problem, suggesting that an approach (which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost
program) can close 63 percent of the achievement gap (measured by such factors as
grades) between first-generation and other students.
The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findings are
based on a study involving 147 students (who completed the project) at an unnamed
private university. First generation was defined as not having a parent with a
four-year college degree. Most of the first-generation students (59.1 percent) were
recipients of Pell Grants, a federal grant for undergraduates with financial need, while
this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students with at least one parent with a
four-year degree.
Their thesis - that a relatively modest intervention could have a big impact 一
was based on the view that first-generation students may be most lacking not in
potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most
college students. They cite past research by several authors to show that this is the
gap that must be narrowed to close the achievement gap.
Many first-generation students "struggle to navigate the middle-class cultlire of
higher education, learn the 'rules of the game,5 and take advantage of college
resources,they write. And this becomes more of a problem when colleges don't talk
about the class advantages and disadvantages of different groups of students.
"Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can
affect students' educational experiences, many first-generation students lack insight
about why they are struggling and do not understand how students "like them9 can
improve.,9
英语（二）试题 .5.（共14页）26. Recru让ing more first-generation students has_____.
[A] reduced their dropout rates
[B] narrowed the achievement gap
[C] missed its original purpose
[D] depressed college students
27. The authors of the research article are optimistic because_____
[A] their findings appeal to students
[B] the recruiting rate has increased
[C] the problem is solvable
[D] their approach is costless
28. The study suggests that most first-generation students_____.
[A] are from single-parent families
[B] study at private universities
[C] are in need of financial support
[D] have failed their college
29. The authors of the paper believe that first-generation students _
[A] may lack opportunities to apply for research projects
[B] are inexperienced in handling their issues at college
[C] can have a potential influence on other students
[D] are actually indifferent to the achievement gap
30. We may infer from the last paragraph that_____.
[A] universities often reject the culture of the middle-class
[B] students are usually to blame for their lack of resources
[C] social class greatly helps enrich educational experiences
[D] colleges are partly responsible for the problem in question
英语（二）试题 .6.（共14页）Text 3
Even in traditional offices, "the lingua franca of corporate America has gotten
much more emotional and much more right-brained than it was 20 years ago," said
Harvard Business School professor Nancy Koehn. She started spinning off examples.
“If you and I parachuted back to Fortune 500 companies in 1990, we would see much
less frequent use of terms like journey, mission, passion. There were goals, there were
strategies, there were objectives, but we didn't talk about energy', we didn5t talk about
passion y
Koehn pointed out that this new era of corporate vocabulary is very
uteam5,-oriented 一 and not by coincidence. “Let's not forget sports 一 in
male-dominated corporate America, ifs still a big deal. It's not explicitly conscious;
it's the idea that Fm a coach, and you're my team, and we9re in this together. There
are lots and lots of CEOs in very diflferent companies, but most think of themselves as
coaches and this is their team and they want to win."
These terms are also intended to infuse work with meaning 一 and, as Rakesh
Khurana, another professor, points out, increase allegiance to the firm. utYou have the
importation of terminology that historically used to be associated with non-profit
organizations and religious organizations: terms like vision, values, passion, and
purpose^ said Khurana.
This new focus on personal fulfillment can help keep employees motivated amid
increasingly loud debates over work-life balance. The ''mommy wars" of the 1990s
are still going on today, prompting arguments about why women still can't have it all
and books like Sheryl Sandberg's Lean In, whose title has become a buzzword in its
own right. Terms like unplug, offline, life-hack, bandwidth, and capacity are all about
setting boundaries between the office and the home. But if your work is your
"passion," you911 be more likely to devote yourself to it, even if that means going
home for dinner and then working long after the kids are in bed.
But this seems to be the irony of office speak: Everyone makes fun of it, but
managers love it, companies depend on it, and regular people willingly absorb it. As a
linguist once said, "You can get people to think it's nonsense at the same time that
you buy into it." In a workplace that's fundamentally indifferent to your life and its
meaning, office speak can help you figure out how you relate to your work 一 and
how your work defines who you are.
英语（二）试题 .7.（共14页）31. According to Nancy Koehn, office language has become_____
[A] less strategic
[B] less energetic
[C] more objective
[D] more emotional
32. "Team^-oriented corporate vocabulary is closely related to___
[A] sports culture
[B] gender difference
[C] historical incidents
[D] athletic executives
33. Khurana believes that the importation of terminology aims to _
[A] revive historical terms
[B] promote company image
[C] foster corporate cooperation
[D] strengthen employee loyalty
34. It can be inferred that Lean In____ .
[A] voices for working women
[B] appeals to passionate workaholics
[C] triggers debates among mommies
[D] praises motivated employees
35. Which of the following statements is true about office speak?
[A] Linguists believe it to be nonsense.
[B] Regular people mock it but accept it.
[C] Companies find it to be fundamental.
[D] Managers admire it but avoid it.
英语（二）试题 8 （共14页）Text 4
Many people talked of the 288,000 new jobs the Labor Department reported for
June, along with the drop in the unemployment rate to 6.1 percent, as good news. And
they were right. For now it appears the economy is creating jobs at a decent pace. We
still have a long way to go to get back to full employment, but at least we are now
finally moving forward at a faster pace.
However, there is another important part of the jobs picture that was largely
overlooked. There was a big jump in the number of people who report voluntarily
working part-time. This figure is now 830,000 (4.4 percent) above its year ago level.
Before explaining the connection to the Obamacare, it is worth making an
important distinction. Many people who work part-time jobs actually want full-time
jobs. They take part・time work because this is all they can get. An increase in
involuntary part-time work is evidence of weakness in the labor market and it means
that many people will be having a very hard time making ends meet.
There was an increase in involuntaiy part-time in June, but the general direction
has been down. Involuntary part-time employment is still far higher than before the
recession, but it is down by 640,000 (7.9 percent) from its year ago level.
We know the difference between voluntary and involuntary part-time
employment because people tell us. The survey used by the Labor Department asks
people if they worked less than 35 hours in the reference week. If the answer is "yes,"
they are classified as working part-time. The survey then asks whether they worked
less than 35 hours in that week because they wanted to work less than full time or
because they had no choice. They are only classified as voluntary part-time workers if
they tell the survey taker they chose to work less than 35 hours a week.
The issue of voluntary part-time relates to Obamacare because one of the main
purposes was to allow people to get insurance outside of employment. For many
people, especially those with serious health conditions or family members with
serious health conditions, before Obamacare the only way to get insurance was
through a job that provided health insurance.
However, Obamacare has allowed more than 12 million people to either get
insurance through Medicaid or the exchanges. These are people who may previously
have felt the need to get a time job that provided insurance in order to cover
themselves and their families. With Obamacare there is no longer a link between
employment and insurance.
英语（二）试题 .9.（共14页）36. Which part of the jobs picture was neglected?
[A] The prospect of a thriving job market.
[B] The increase of voluntary part-time jobs.
[C] The possibility of full employment.
[D] The acceleration of job creation.
37. Many people work part-time because they_____.
[A] prefer part・time jobs to full-time jobs
[B] feel that is enough to make ends meet
[C] cannot get their hands on full-time jobs
[D] haven91 seen the weakness of the market
38. Involuntary part-time employment in the US_____.
[A] shows a general tendency of decline
[B] is harder to acquire than one year ago
[C] satisfies the real need of the jobless
[D] is lower than before the recession
39. It can be learned that with Obamacare,_____.
[A] it is no longer easy for part-timers to get insurance
[B] full-time employment is still essential for insurance
[C] it is still challenging to get insurance for family members
[D] employment is no longer a precondition to get insurance
40. The text mainly discusses_____・
[A] employment in the US
[B] part-timer classification
[C] insurance through Medicaid
[D] Obamacare's trouble
英语（二）试题 .10. （共14页）Part B
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable
subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are
two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the
ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
[A] You are not alone
[B] Experience helps you grow
[C] Pave your own unique path
[D] Most of your fears are unreal
[E] Think about the present moment
[F] Don't fear responsibility for your life
[G] There are many things to be grateful for
Some Old Truths to Help You Overcome Tough Times
Unfortunately, life is not a bed of roses. We are going through life facing sad
experiences. Moreover, we are grieving various kinds of loss: a friendship, a romantic
relationship or a house. Hard times may hold you down at what usually seems like the
most inopportune time, but you should remember that they won't last fbreve匚
When our time of mourning is over, we press forward, stronger with a greater
understanding and respect for life. Furthermore, these losses make us mature and
eventually move us toward future opportunities for growth and happiness. I want to
share these old truths Fve learned along the way.
41. __________________________
Fear is both useful and harmful. This normal human reaction is used to protect us
by signaling danger and preparing us to deal with it. Unfortunately, people create
inner barriers with a help of exaggerating fears. My favorite actor Will Smith once
said, "Fear is not real. It is a product of thoughts you create. Do not misunderstand
me. Danger is very real. But fear is a choice." I do completely agree that fears are just
the product of our luxuriant imagination.
42. __________________________
英语（二）试题 .11.（共14页）If you are surrounded by problems and cannot stop thinking about the past, try to
focus on the present moment. Many of us are weighed down by the past or anxious
about the future. You may feel guilt over your past, but you are poisoning the present
with the things and circumstances you cannot change. Value the present moment and
remember how fortunate you are to be alive. Enjoy the beauty of the world around
and keep the eyes open to see the possibilities before you. Happiness is not a point of
future and not a moment from the past, but a mindset that can be designed into the
present.
43. __________________________
Sometimes it is easy to feel bad because you are going through tough times. You
can be easily caught up by life problems that you forget to pause and appreciate the
things you have. Only strong people prefer to smile and value their life instead of
crying and complaining about something.
44. __________________________
No matter how isolated you might feel and how serious the situation is, you
should always remember that you are not alone. Try to keep in mind that almost
everyone respects and wants to help you if you are trying to make a good change in
your life, especially your dearest and nearest people. You may have a circle of friends
who provide constant good humor, help and companionship. If you have no friends or
relatives, try to participate in several online communities, full of people who are
always willing to share advice and encouragement.
45. __________________________
Today many people find it difficult to trust their own opinion and seek balance
by gaining objectivity from external sources. This way you devalue your opinion and
show that you are incapable of managing your own life. When you are struggling to
achieve something important you should believe in yourself and be sure that your
decision is the best. You live in your skin, think your own thoughts, have your own
values and make your own choices.
英语（二）试题」2.（共14页）Section III Translation
46. Directions:
Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER
SHEET. (15 points)
Think about driving a route that's very familiar. It could be your commute to
work, a trip into town or the way home. Whichever it is, you know every twist and
turn like the back of your hand. On these sorts of trips it's easy to lose concentration
on the driving and pay little attention to the passing scenery. The consequence is that
you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has.
This is the well-travelled road effect: People tend to underestimate the time it
takes to travel a familiar route.
The effect is caused by the way we allocate our attention. When we travel down
a well-known route, because we don't have to concentrate much, time seems to flow
more quickly. And afterwards, when we come to think back on it, we can't remember
the journey well because we didn't pay much attention to it. So we assume it was
shorter.
Section IV Writing
Part A
47. Directions:
Suppose your university is going to host a summer camp for high school students.
Write a notice to
1) briefly introduce the camp activities, and
2) call for volunteers.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your name or the name of your university.
Do not write your address. (10 points)
英语（二）试题 .13. （共14页）Part B
4& Directions:
Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should
1) interpret the chart, and
2) give your comments.
You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
聚会吃饭 其他
20% 新年礼物
40%
我国某由居民春节假期花销比例
英语（二）试题 .14.（共14页）绝密★启用前
2016年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（二）
（科目代码:204）
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（以下信息考生必须认真填写）Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and
mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Happy people work differently. They're more productive, more creative, and
willing to take greater risks. And new research suggests that happiness might
influence ] firms work, too.
Companies located in places with happier people invest more, according to a
recent research pape匚 2 firms in happy places spend more on R&D
(research and development). That's because happiness is linked to the kind of
longer-term thinking 3 for making investments for the future.
The researchers wanted to know if the 4 and inclination for risk-taking
that come with happiness would 5 the way companies invested. So they
compared U.S. cities' average happiness 6 by Gallup polling with the
investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas.
7 enough, firms9 investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the
happiness of the area in which they were 8 . But is it really happiness thafs
linked to investment, or could something else about happier cities 9 why
firms there spend more on R&D? To find out, the researchers controlled for
various 10 that might make firms more likely to invest 一 like size, industry,
and sales 一 and for indicators that a place was 11 to live in, like growth in
wages or population. The link between happiness and investment generally 12
even after accounting for these things.
The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for
younger firms, which the authors 13 to “less codified decision making process"
and the possible presence of "younger and less 14 managers who are more likely
to be influenced by sentiment.^^ The relationship was 15 stronger in places
where happiness was spread more 16 . Firms seem to invest more in places
where most people are relatively happy, rather than in places with happiness inequality.
17 this doesn't prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to
take a longer-term view, the authors believe it at least 18 at that possibility.
Ifs not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help 19 how
executives think about the future. uIt surely seems plausible that happy people
would be more forward-thinking and creative and 20 R&D more than the
average/ said one researche匚
英语（二）试题.1.（共14页）1. [A] why [B] how [C] where [叨 when
2. [A] In return [B] In particular [C] In contrast [D] In conclusion
3. [A] necessary [B] famous [C] perfect [叨 su伍cient
4. [A] individualism [B] realism [C] optimism [D] modernism
5. [A] miss [B] echo [C] spoil [D]change
6. [A] imagined [B] measured [C] assumed [叨 invented
7. [A] Sure [B] Odd [C] Unfortunate [D] Often
8. [A] divided [B] advertised [C] overtaxed [D] headquartered
9. [A] summarize [B] overstate [C] explain [D] emphasize
10. [A] factors [B] stages [C] levels [D] methods
11. [A] desirable [B] sociable [C] reliable [D] reputable
12. [A] resumed [B] emerged [C] held [D] broke
13. [A] assign [B] attribute [C] transfer [D] compare
14. [A] serious [B] civilized [C] ambitious [D] experienced
15. [A] instead [B]thus [C] also [D] never
16. [A] rapidly [B] directly [C] regularly [D] equally
17. [A] While [B] Until [C] After [D] Since
18. [A] arrives [B] jumps [C] hints [D] strikes
19. [A] share [B] rediscover [C] simplify [D]shape
20. [A] pray for [B] lean towards [C] send out [D] give away
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,
B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
英语（二）试题.2.（共14页）Text 1
Ifs true that high-school coding classes aren,t essential for learning computer
science in college. Students without experience can catch up after a few
introductory courses, said Tom Cortina, the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellon's
School of Computer Science.
However, Cortina said, early exposure is beneficial. When younger kids learn
computer science, they learn that it's not just a confusing, endless string of letters
and numbers 一 but a tool to build apps, or create artwork, or test hypotheses. It's
not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students.
Breaking down problems into bite-sized chunks and using code to solve them
becomes normal. Giving more children this training could increase the number of
people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap, Cortina said.
Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to
college, where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim,
which can drive the less-experienced or ・determined students away.
The Flatiron School, where people pay to learn programming, started as one
of the many coding bootcamps that's become popular for adults looking for a
career change. The high-schoolers get the same curriculum, but "we try to gear
lessons toward things they5re interested in," said Victoria Friedman, an instructo匸
For instance, one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies based
on your mood.
The students in the Flatiron class probably won't drop out of high school and
build the next Facebook. Programming languages have a quick turnover, so the
"Ruby on Rails" language they learned may not even be relevant by the time they
enter the job market. But the skills they learn 一 how to think logically through a
problem and organize the results 一 apply to any coding language, said Deborah
Seehom, an education consultant for the state of North Carolina.
Indeed, the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all. But creating a future
army of coders is not the sole purpose of the classes. These kids are going to be
surrounded by computers 一 in their pockets, in their offices, in their homes - for
the rest of their lives・ The younger they learn how computers think, how to coax
the machine into producing what they want 一 the earlier they learn that they have
the power to do that - the better.
英语（二）试题.3.（共14页）21. Cortina holds that early exposure to computer science makes it easier to
[A] complete future job training
[B] remodel the way of thinking
[C] formulate logical hypotheses
[D] perfect artwork production
22. In delivering lessons for high-schoolers, Flatiron has considered their _
[A] experience
[B] interest
[C] career prospects
[D] academic backgrounds
23. Deborah Seehom believes that the skills learned at Flatiron will_____・
[A] help students learn other computer languages
[B] have to be upgraded when new technologies come
[C] need improving when students look for jobs
[D] enable students to make big quick money
24. According to the last paragraph, Flatiron students are expected to_____
[A] bring forth innovative computer technologies
[B] stay longer in the information technology industry
[C] become better prepared for the digitalized world
[D] compete with a future army of programmers
25. The word tccoax^^ (Line 4, Para. 6) is closest in meaning to_____.
[A] persuade
[B] frighten
[C] misguide
Q] challenge
英语（二）试题4 （共14页）Text 2
Biologists estimate that as many as 2 million lesser prairie chickens 一 a kind
of bird living on stretching grasslands 一 once lent red to the often grey landscape
of the midwestem and southwestern United States. But just some 22,000 birds
remain today, occupying about 16% of the species' historic range.
The crash was a major reason the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)
decided to formally list the bird as threatened. uThe lesser prairie chicken is in a
desperate situation,said USFWS Director Daniel Ashe. Some environmentalists,
however, were disappointed. They had pushed the agency to designate the bird as
''endangered/ a status that gives federal officials greater regulatory power to
crack down on threats. But Ashe and others argued that the "threatened" tag gave
the federal government flexibility to try out new, potentially less confrontational
conservation approaches. In particular, they called for forging closer
collaborations with western state governments, which are often uneasy with
federal action, and with the private landowners who control an estimated 95% of
the prairie chicken's habitat.
Under the plan, for example, the agency said it would not prosecute
landowners or businesses that unintentionally kill, harm, or disturb the bird, as
long as they had signed a range-wide management plan to restore prairie chicken
habitat. Negotiated by USFWS and the states, the plan requires individuals and
businesses that damage habitat as part of their operations to pay into a fund to
replace every acre destroyed with 2 new acres of suitable habitat. The fund will
also be used to compensate landowners who set aside habitat. USFWS also set an
interim goal of restoring prairie chicken populations to an annual average of
67,000 birds over the next 10 years. And it gives the Western Association of Fish
and Wildlife Agencies (WAFWA), a coalition of state agencies, the job of
monitoring progress. Overall, the idea is to let “states remain in the driver's seat
for managing the species," Ashe said.
Not everyone buys the win-win rhetoric. Some Congress members are trying
to block the plan, and at least a dozen industry groups, four states, and three
environmental groups are challenging it in federal court. Not surprisingly,
industry groups and states generally argue it goes too far; environmentalists say it
doesn't go far enough. "The federal government is giving responsibility for
managing the bird to the same industries that are pushing it to extinction,says
biologist Jay Lininge匸
英语（二）试题.5.（共14页）26. The major reason for listing the lesser prairie chicken as threatened is_____・
[A] its drastically decreased population
[B] the underestimate of the grassland acreage
[C] a desperate appeal from some biologists
[D] the insistence of private landowners
27. The "threatened" tag disappointed some environmentalists in that it_____.
[A] was a give-in to governmental pressure
[B] would involve fewer agencies in action
[C] granted less federal regulatory power
[D] went against conservation policies
28. It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that unintentional harm-doers will not be
prosecuted if they_____.
[A] agree to pay a sum for compensation
[B] volunteer to set up an equally big habitat
[C] offer to support the WAFWA monitoring job
[D] promise to raise funds for USFWS operations
29. According to Ashe, the leading role in managing the species is____・
[A] the federal government
[B] the wildlife agencies
[C] the landowners
[D] the states
30. Jay Lininger would most likely support_____.
[A] industry groups
[B] the win-win rhetoric
[C] environmental groups
[D] the plan under challenge
英语（二）试题.6.（共14页）Text 3
That everyone's too busy these days is a cliche. But one specific complaint is
made especially mournfully: There?s never any time to read.
What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management
techniques don5t seem sufficient. The web's full of articles offering tips on making
time to read: "Give up TV" or "Carry a book with you at all times.But in my
experience, using such methods to free up the odd 30 minutes doesn't work. Sit
down to read and the flywheel of work-related thoughts keeps spinning 一 or else
you're so exhausted that a challenging book's the last thing you need. The modem
mind, Tim Parks, a novelist and critic, writes, "is overwhelmingly inclined toward
communication... It is not simply that one is interrupted; it is that one is actually
inclined to interruption." Deep reading requires not just time, but a special kind of
time which can't be obtained merely by becoming more efficient.
In fact, "becoming more efficient" is part of the problem. Thinking of time as
a resource to be maximised means you approach it instrumentally, judging any
given moment as well spent only in so far as it advances progress toward some
goal. Immersive reading, by contrast, depends on being willing to risk inefficiency,
goallessness, even time-wasting. Try to slot it in as a to・do list item and you'll
manage only goal-focused reading - useful, sometimes, but not the most fulfilling
kind. "The future comes at us like empty bottles along an unstoppable and nearly
infinite conveyor belt," writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time, and "we feel
a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles (days, hours, minutes) as they pass,
for if they get by without being filled, we will have wasted them.^^ No mind-set
could be worse for losing yourself in a book.
So what does work? Perhaps surprisingly, scheduling regular times for
reading. You'd think this might fuel the efficiency mind-set, but in fact, Eberle
notes, such ritualistic behaviour helps us "step outside time's flow^^ into "soul
You could limit distractions by reading only physical books, or on
single-purpose e-readers. "Carry a book with you at all times" can actually work,
too 一 providing you dip in often enough, so that reading becomes the default state
from which you temporarily surface to take care of business, before dropping
back down. On a really good day, it no longer feels as if you're “making time to
read," but just reading, and making time for everything else.
英语（二）试题.7.（共14页）31. The usual time-management techniques don't work because_____.
[A] what they can offer does not ease the modem mind
[B] what challenging books demand is repetitive reading
[C] what people often forget is carrying a book with them
[D] what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed
32. The "empty bottles" metaphor illustrates that people feel a pressure to _
[A] update their to-do lists
[B] make passing time fulfilling
[C] carry their plans through
[D] pursue carefree reading
33. Eberle would agree that scheduling regular times for reading helps_____
[A] encourage the efficiency mind-set
[B] develop online reading habits
[C] promote ritualistic reading
[D] achieve immersive reading
34. "Carry a book with you at all times^^ can work if_____.
[A] reading becomes your primary business of the day
[B] all the daily business has been promptly dealt with
[C] you are able to drop back to business after reading
[D] time can be evenly split for reading and business
35. The best title for this text could be_____.
[A] How to Enjoy Easy Reading
[B] How to Find Time to Read
[C] How to Set Reading Goals
[D] How to Read Extensively
英语（二）试题.8.（共14页）Text 4
Against a backdrop of drastic changes in economy and population structure,
younger Americans are drawing a new 21st-century road map to success, a latest
poll has found.
Across generational lines, Americans continue to prize many of the same
traditional milestones of a successful life, including getting married, having
children, owning a home, and retiring in their sixties. But while young and old
mostly agree on what constitutes the finish line of a fulfilling life, they offer
strikingly different paths for reaching it.
Young people who are still getting started in life were more likely than older
adults to prioritize personal fulfillment in their work, to believe they will advance
their careers most by regularly changing jobs, to favor communities with more
public services and a faster pace of life, to agree that couples should be financially
secure before getting married or having children, and to maintain that children are
best served by two parents working outside the home, the survey found.
From career to community and family, these contrasts suggest that in the
aftermath of the searing Great Recession, those just starting out in life are defining
priorities and expectations that will increasingly spread through virtually all
aspects of American life, from consumer preferences to housing patterns to
politics.
Young and old converge on one key point: Overwhelming majorities of both
groups said they believe it is harder for young people today to get started in life
than it was for earlier generations. While younger people are somewhat more
optimistic than their elders about the prospects for those starting out today, big
majorities in both groups believe those “just getting started in face a tougher
climb than earlier generations in reaching such signpost achievements as securing
a good-paying job, starting a family, managing debt, and finding affordable
housing.
Pete Schneider considers the climb tougher today. Schneider, a 27-year-old
auto technician from the Chicago suburbs, says he struggled to find a job after
graduating from college. Even now that he is working steadily, he said, "I can't
afford to pay my monthly mortgage payments on my own, so I have to rent rooms
out to people to make that happen.Looking back, he is struck that his parents
could provide a comfortable life for their children even though neither had
completed college when he was young. “I still grew up in an upper middle-class
home with parents who didn't have college degrees,Schneider said. “I don't
think people are capable of that anymore.
英语（二）试题.9.（共14页）36. One cross-generation mark of a successful life is_____.
[A] trying out different lifestyles
[B] having a family with children
[C] working beyond retirement age
.[D] setting up a profitable business
37. It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that young people tend to _
[A] favor a slower life pace
[B] hold an occupation longer
[C] attach importance to pre-marital finance
[D] give priority to childcare outside the home
3& The priorities and expectations defined by the young will____
[A] become increasingly clear
[B] focus on materialistic issues
[C] depend largely on political preferences
[D] reach almost all aspects of American life
39. Both young and old agree that_____.
[A] good-paying jobs are less available
[B] the old made more life achievements
[C] housing loans today are easy to obtain
[D] getting established is harder for the young
40. Which of the following is true about Schneider?
[A] He found a dream job after graduating from college.
[B] His parents believe working steadily is a must for success.
[C] His parents5 good life has little to do with a college degree.
[D] He thinks his job as a technician quite challenging.
英语（二）试题」0.（共14页）Part B
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable
subheading from the list A~G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There
are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on
the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
[A] Be silly
[B] Have fun
[C] Ask for help
[D] Express your emotions
[E] Don't overthink it
[F] Be easily pleased
[G] Notice things
Act Your Shoe Size, Not Your Age
As adults, it seems that we are constantly pursuing happiness, often with
mixed results. Yet children appear to have it down to an art 一 and for the most part
they don't need self-help books or therapy. Instead, they look after their wellbeing
instinctively, and usually more effectively than we do as grownups. Perhaps ifs
time to learn a few lessons from them.
41. ________________________________
What does a child do when he's sad? He cries. When he's angry? He shouts.
Scared? Probably a bit of both. As we grow up, we learn to control our emotions
so they are manageable and don't dictate our behaviours, which is in many ways a
good thing. But too often we take this process too far and end up suppressing
emotions, especially negative ones. Thafs about as effective as brushing dirt
under a carpet and can even make us ill. What we need to do is find a way to
acknowledge and express what we feel appropriately, and then 一 again, like
children 一 move on.
42. ________________________________
A couple of Christmases ago, my youngest stepdaughter, who was nine years
old at the time, got a Superman T-shirt for Christmas. It cost less than a fiver but
she was overjoyed, and couldn't stop talking about it. Too often we believe that a
new job, bigger house or better car will be the magic silver bullet that will allow
us to finally be content, but the reality is these things have very little lasting
impact on our happiness levels. Instead, being grateful for small things every day
英语（二）试题（共14页）is a much better way to improve wellbeing.
43. ________________________________
Have you ever noticed how much children laugh? If we adults could indulge
in a bit of silliness and giggling, we would reduce the stress hormones in our
bodies, increase good hormones like endorphins, improve blood flow to our hearts
and even have a greater chance of fighting off infection. All of which would, of
course, have a positive effect on our happiness levels.
44. ________________________________
The problem with being a grownup is that there's an awful lot of serious stuff
to deal with 一 work, mortgage payments, figuring out what to cook for dinne匸 But
as adults we also have the luxury of being able to control our own diaries and ifs
important that we schedule in time to enjoy the things we love. Those things
might be social, sporting, creative or completely random (dancing around the
living room, anyone?) 一 it doesn't matter, so long as they're enjoyable, and not
likely to have negative side effects, such as drinking too much alcohol or going on
a wild spending spree if you're on a tight budget.
45. _________________________________
Having said all of the above, it's important to add that we shouldn,t try too
hard to be happy. Scientists tell us this can backfire and actually have a negative
impact on our wellbeing. As the Chinese philosopher Chuang Tzu is reported to
have said: ''Happiness is the absence of striving for happiness.5, And in that, once
more, we need to look to the example of our children, to whom happiness is not a
goal but a natural byproduct of the way they live.
英语（二）试题.12.（共14页）Section III Translation
46. Directions
Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER
SHEET. (15 points)
The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as
possible within its doors. The reason for this is simple: The longer you stay in the
store, the more stuff you'll see, and the more stuff you see, the more you911 buy.
And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff. The average supermarket, according to
the Food Marketing Institute, carries some 44,000 different items, and many carry
tens of thousands more. The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send
shoppers into a state of information overload. According to brain-scan
experiments, the demands of so much decisiomaking quickly become too much
for us. After about 40 minutes of shopping, most people stop struggling to be
rationally selective, and instead begin shopping emotionally - which is the point
at which we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended
buying.
Section IV Writing
Part A
47. Directions:
Suppose you won a translation contest and your friend, Jack, wrote an email
to congratulate you and ask for advice on translation. Write him a reply to
1) thank him, and
2) give your advice.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name. Use “Li Ming,? instead.
Do not write your address. (10 points)
英语（二）试题.13.（共14页）Part B
4& Directions:
Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should
1) interpret the chart, and
2) give your comments.
You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
某高校学生旅游目的调查
英语（二）试题.14.（共14页）2010年全真试题答案
Section I Use of English
1.D 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. A 6.Bi 7. D & C 9. B 10. A
11. C 12. D 13. D 14. A 15. C 16. B 17. D 18. C 19. A 20. B
Section H Reading comprehension
Part A
Text 1 21. D 22. A 23. B 24. C 25. C
Text 2 26. A 27. C 2&B 29. D 30. B
Text 3 31. A 32. A 33. D 34. C 35. B
Text 4 36. D 37. A 3& C 39. B 40. D
Part B
41. F 42. T 43. F' 44. T 45. F
Section JI Translation
46.最近，“承受力”成了一个流行词汇，但对泰德•宁来说，他对这个词的涵义有自己的切身体会。
在经历了一段难以承受的痛苦生活后，他清楚地认识到，以承受力为导向的价值观必须透过日常行动
和抉择才能得以体现。
宁回忆起20世纪90年代后期他卖保险时那困窘的一年。在经历了互联网泡沫的繁荣与破灭后，
他急需找到一份工作，因此就与一家博尔德代理公司签了约。
但情况并不顺利。“那真是糟糕的一步，因为它根本激不起我的工作热情，”宁说。不出所料，工作
上的进退维谷造成他销售业绩不佳。“我很痛苦，异常焦虑，以至于经常半夜醒来盯着天花板发呆。我
没有钱，需要这份工作。大家都说，'等等看，情况会有好转的，给它点时间。'”
Section N WritingC 略）
12011年全真试题答案
Section I Use of English
I. A 2.C 3.B 4.D 5.D 6.B 7. A & C 9. C 10. B
II. D 12. B 13. A 14. C 15. A 16. A 17. D l&A 19. C 20. D
Section H Reading comprehension
Part A
Text 1 21. B 22. D 23. C 24. A 25. B
Text 2 26. D 27. B 2&C 29. A 30. A
Text 3 31.C 32. D 33. C 34. D 35. B
Text 4 36. B 37. C 3&B 39. A 40. D
Part B
41. E 42. D 43. C 44. B 45. G
Section JI Translation
46.谁能想到，信息技术行业产生的温室气体总量会与航空业不相上下，约占全球二氧化碳排放量
的2%?
许多日常工作都会给环境造成意想不到的危害。一次谷歌搜索就可以释放0. 2到7. 0克的二氧化
碳，释放量的多少取决于使用者需要搜索多少次才能找到"正确”答案。为了将搜索结果快速传递给用
户，谷歌不得不在全世界建设巨型数据中心，并配备大功率计算机。除了排放大量的二氧化碳，这些计算
机还释放大量热量，因此这些数据中心需要良好的空调环境，而这又会消耗更多的能量。
但是，谷歌和其他大型技术供应商密切监控着自己的能效，并作出改进。监控只是通往减排之路
的第一步，需要做的还有很多，并且不单单是大公司的事情。
Section IV WritingC 略）
22012年全真试题答案
Section I Use of Eninglish
1. A 2. B 3. D 4. A 5. C 6. E) 7. B & A 9. C 10. B
11. D 12. C 13. C 14. A 15. D 16. A 17. B 1& C 19. B 20. D
Section H Resdiong Comprehension
Part A
Text 1 21. A 22. C 23. D 24. B 25. A
Text 2 26. C 27. B 2&E 29. A 30. C
Text 3 31. A 32. B 33. A 34. C 35. D
Text 4 36. D 37. D 3& B 39. D 40. C
Part B
41. A 42. F 43. G 44. C 45. E
Section H Translation
46.当发展中国家的人们担心移民问题时，他们通常忧虑的是自己国家最优秀、最聪明的人才可能
移民到硅谷或发达国家的医院和大学这样的地方工作。这类工作者正是英国、加拿大和澳大利亚这样
的国家试图吸引的人才，这些国家通过对大学生的优惠移民政策来吸引人才。
大量研究发现发展中国家受过良好教育的人更可能移民。2004年针对印度家庭的大调查发现，将
近40%的移民接受过高中以上的教育，相比之下，全印度25岁以上的人中受过高中以上教育的只有3.
3%。这种“人才流失”长期以来困扰着贫困国家的政策制定者。他们担心，这会损害本国经济发展，致
使他们损失大量急需技术人才，而这些人才本可以在自己国内的大学任教，在国内的医院工作，或研发
出灵巧的新产品供本国工厂生产。
Section F Writing（略）
32013年全真试题答案
Section I use of English
1.B 2.D 3. B 4. A 5. C 6.B 7. A & D 9.C 10. A
11. A 12. C 13. B 14. D 15. C 16. D 17. A 1& B 19. D 20. C
Section H Reading comprehension
Part A
Text 1 21. A 22. D 23. B 24.B 25. C
Text 2 26. A 27. C 2&C 29. B 30. D
Text 3 31.D 32. A 33. B 34. C 35. B
Text 4 36. B 37. C 3& A 39. D 40. C
Part B
41. F 42. E 43. G 44. C 45. D
Section IK Translation
46.我可以从过去的53年里任选一天，并立马回想起当时我身在何处，有什么新闻，甚至那天星期
几——自从四岁起，我就能这么做了。
我从未因大脑掌握的信息量庞大而被压垮。我的大脑似乎可以应付自如，并且将这些信息存储得
有条有理。当我回想起一件悲伤的事情时，我也像大家一样——尽量把它搁置一旁。我并不觉得就因
自己的记忆更清晰，我就比别人更难做到这一点。强大的记忆力并没有使得我的情感更为强烈或更为
鲜明。我记得祖父去世的那一天及前一天我们去医院时自己所感受到的伤悲。我同样记得，那天百老
汇正上演音乐剧《毛发》——这两件事闪现在我脑海里的方式没什么两样。
Section IV Writing （略）
42014年全真试题答案
Section I Use of English
1. B 2. A 3.C 4. A 5. D 6. A 7. C & C 9. D 10. B
ll.A 12. B 13. C 14. D 15. B 16. D 17. A 1& D 19. C 20. B
Section H Reading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1 21. B 22. A 23. D 24. B 25. C
Text 2 26. A 27. C 2&B 29. A 30. D
Text 3 31.B 32. A 33. D 34. D 35. C
Text 4 36. B 37. C 3& A 39. C 40. D
Part B
41. D 42. E 43. G 44. C 45. A
Section U Translation
46.大多数人把乐观定义为永远感到快乐，知足于总是半满的水杯。但这恰恰是一种积极心理学
家所不推崇的错误快乐。哈佛教授泰勒•本•沙哈尔说，“健康的乐观是与现实相联的”。在本•沙哈
尔看来，务实的乐观主义者会尽全力解决眼前的事，而不会笃信事事都会顺利。
本•沙哈尔采用三步乐观训练法。情绪低落时——比如结束一场糟糕的讲座之后——他容许自
己犯下常人都会犯的错。他提醒自己：不是每场讲座都能达到诺贝尔奖演说水平，有些讲座的效果会
稍逊。下一步是“重建”。他对这场影响力欠缺的讲座进行分析，汲取教训，了解可取与不可取之处，从
而为将来做好准备。最后是“思维方式”，包括认为在一生的宏图中，一次讲座真的没什么大不了。
Section N WritingC 略）
52015年全真试题答案
Section I Use of English
1. A 2. D 3. B 4. A 5. C 6. B 7. A & D 9. C 10. B
11. A 12. C 13. C 14. D 15. C 16. D 17. A l&E 19. D 20. B
Section H Reading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1 21. A 22. B 23. B 24. C 25. D
Text 2 26. C 27. C 2&C 29. B 30. D
Text 3 31. D 32. A 33. D 34. A 35. B
Text 4 36. B 37. C 3& A 39. D 40. A
Part B
41. D 42. E 43. G 44. A 45. C
Section ]I Translation
46.试想开车走一条非常熟悉的路。可以是上下班、进城或是回家的路。不管是哪条路，你对每一
处曲曲弯弯都了如指掌。在这种路上，很容易不专注于驾驶，很少注意到沿途的景色。结果你就觉得
旅途所花的时间比实际要短。
这就是熟路效应：人们走熟路时往往会低估所需的时间。
这种效应是由我们分配注意力的方式造成的。我们走很熟的路时，由于不必非常专注，时间似乎
就过得快些。之后，我们回想起这段旅程时，由于当时没怎么注意，所以记得不很清楚。这样，我们就
觉得时间短了。
Section N WritingC 略）
62016年全真试题答案
Section I Use of English
1. B 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. D 6. B 7. A & D 9. C 10. A
11. A 12. C 13. B 14. D 15. C 16. D 17. A 1& C 19. D 20. B
Section H Reading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1 21. B 22. B 23. A 24. C 25. A
Text 2 26. A 27. C 2& A 29. D 30. C
Text 3 31. D 32. B 33. D 34. A 35. B
Text 4 36. B 37. C 3& D 39. D 40. C
Part B
41. D 42. F 43. A 44. B 45. E
Section ]E Translation
46.超市的设计就是要诱使顾客尽可能久地待在店内。其理由很简单：你在店里逗留越久，看到的
东西就越多，看到的东西越多，买的就越多。而超市里的东西多得很。按食品营销研究院所说，普通超
市售卖约44,000种各式货品，而且许多超市的货品还要多出成千上万种。单是可供选择的货品数量就
足以让购物者陷入信息超负荷的状态。根据大脑扫描实验，如此之大的决策量带来的负担会很快令我
们无法承受。购物约40分钟后，大多数人就不再费心去理性选购，而是开始冲动购物了——就是从这
一刻起，我们把本来根本没打算买的那一半东西堆进了购物车。
Section N WritingC 略）
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