文档内容
绝密★启用前
2010 年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（二）
（科目代码：204）
☆考生注意事项☆
公众号@依欣学习（考研干货分享）
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必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
A, B, C or Don ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a
global epidemic on June 11, 2009. It is the first worldwide epidemic _1_ by the
World Health Organization in 41 years.
The heightened alert _2_ an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva
that assembled after a sharp rise in cases in Australia, and rising 3 in Britain,
Japan, Chile and elsewhere.
But the epidemic is "_4_" m severity, according to Margaret Chan, the
organization's director general, 5 the overwhelming majority of patients
experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in the _6_ of any
medical treatment.
The outbreak came to global _7_ in late April 2009, when Mexican authorities
noted an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths 8 healthy adults.
As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic, cases began to_9_ in
New York City, the southwestem United States and around the world.
In the United States, new cases seemed to fade 10 warmer weather
arrived. But in late September 2009, officials reported there was 11 flu
activity in almost every state and that virtually all the 12 tested are the new
swine flu, also known as (A) HlNl, not seasonal flu. In the U.S., it has 13 more
than one million people, and caused more than 600 deaths and more than 6,000
hospitalizations.
Federal health officials 14 Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile
and began 15 orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine. The new
vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is_�16�_ ahead of
expectations. More than three million doses were to be made available in early
October 2009, though most of those 17 doses were of the FluMist nasal spray
type, which is not 18 for pregnant women, people over 50 or those with
breathing difficulties, heart disease or several other 19 . But it was still
possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk groups: health care workers,
people 20 infants and healthy young people.
-1 -1. [A] criticized [B] appointed [C] commented [D] designated
2. [A] proceeded [B] activated [C] followed [D] prompted
3. [A] digits [B] numbers [C] amounts [D] sums
4. [A] moderate [B] normal [C] unusual [D] extreme
5. [A] with [B] in [C] from [D] by
6. [A] progress [B] absence [C] presence [D] favor
7. [A] reality [B] phenomenon [C] concept [D] notice
8. [A] over [B] for [C] among [D] to
9. [A] stay up [B] crop up [C] fill up [D] cover up
10. [A] as [B] if [C] unless [D] until
11. [A] excessive [B] enormous [C] significant [D] magnificent
12. [A] categories [B] examples [C] patterns [D] samples
13. [A] imparted [B] immersed [C] injected [D] infected
14. [A] released [B] relayed [C] relieved [D] remained
15. [A] placing [B] delivering [C] taking [D] giving
16. [A] feasible [B] available [C] reliable [D] applicable
17. [A] prevalent [B] principal [C] innovative [D] initial
18. [A] presented [B] restricted [C] recommended [D] introduced
19. [A] problems [B] issues [C] agonies [D] sufferings
20. [A] involved in [B] caring for [C] concerned with [D] warding off
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B,
C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)
-2 -Text 1
The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note
with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst, Beautiful Inside My Head Forever, at
Sotheby's in London on September 15th 2008. All but two pieces sold, fetching more
than £70m, a record for a sale by a single artist. It was a last victory. As the
auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street,
Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy.
The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising
bewilderingly since 2003. At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65 billion, reckons
Clare McAndrew, founder of Arts Economics, a research firm -double the figure five
years earlier. Since then it may have come down to $50 billion. But the market
generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth,
enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy m a way matched by few other
industries.
In the weeks and months that followed Mr. Hirst's sale, spending of any sort
became deeply unfashionable. In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from
galleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds, and in the most
overheated sector, they were down by nearly 90% in the year to November 2008.
Within weeks the world's two biggest auction houses, Sotheby's and Christie's, had
to pay out nearly $200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with
them.
The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped
buying Impressionists at the end of 1989. This time experts reckon that prices are
about 40% down on their peak on average, though some have been far more fluctuant.
But Edward Dolman, Christie's chief executive, says: "I'm pretty confident we're at
the bottom."
What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still
buyers in the market. Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report
said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of
good work to sell. The three Ds - death, debt and divorce - still deliver works of art
to the market. But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for
confidence to return.
-3 -21. In the first paragraph, Damien Hirst's sale was referred to as "a last victory"
because
---
[A] the art market had witnessed a succession of victories
[B] the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bids
[C] Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpieces
[D] it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis
22. By saying "spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable" (Line 1-2, Para. 3),
the author suggests that_ __
[A] collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctions
[B] people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleries
[C] art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extent
[D] works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying
23. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
[A] Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007 to 2008.
[B] The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.
[C] The art market generally went downward in various ways.
[D] Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.
24. The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are_ __
[A] auction houses' favorites
[B] contemporary trends
[C] factors promoting artwork circulation
[D] styles representing Impressionists
25. The most appropriate title for this text could be_ __
[A] Fluctuation of Art Prices
[B] Up-to-date Art Auctions
[C] Art Market in Decline
[D] Shifted Interest in Arts
-4 -Text2
I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room - a
women's group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening, one man
had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes, while his
wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening, I
commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don't talk to them.
This man quickly nodded in agreement. He gestured toward his wife and said, "She's
the talker in our family." The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and
hurt. "It's true," he explained. "When I come home from work I have nothing to say.
If she didn't keep the conversation going, we'd spend the whole evening in silence."
This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more
than women in public situations, they often talk less at home. And this pattern is
wreaking havoc with marriage.
The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s.
Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book Divorce Talk that
most of the women she interviewed - but only a few of the men - gave lack of
communication as the reason for their divorces. Given the current divorce rate of
nearly 50 percent, that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year
a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.
In my own research, complaints from women about their husbands most often
focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to
accompany a husband to his, or doing far more than their share of daily life-support
work like cleaning, cooking and social arrangements. Instead, they focused on
communication: "He doesn't listen to me." "He doesn't talk to me." I found, as
Hacker observed years before, that most wives want their husbands to be, first and
foremost, conversational partners, but few husbands share this expectation of their
wives.
In short, the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical
cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front
of his face, while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk.
-5 -26. What is most wives' main expectation of their husbands?
[A] Talking to them.
[B] Trusting them.
[C] Supporting their careers.
[D] Sharing housework.
27. Judging from the context, the phrase "wreaking havoc" (Line 3, Para. 2) most
probably means _ __
[A] generating motivation
[B] exerting influence
[C] causing damage
[D] creating pressure
28. All of the following are true EXCEPT _ __
[A] men tend to talk more in public than women
[B] nearly 50 percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversation
[C] women attach much importance to communication between couples
[D] a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse
29. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text?
[A] The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists.
[B] Marriage break-up stems from sex inequalities.
[C] Husband and wife have different expectations from their marriage.
[D] Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.
30. In the following part immediately after this text, the author will most probably
focus on_ __
[A] a vivid account of the new book Divorce Talk
[B] a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoon
[C] other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S.
[D] a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew Hacker
-6 -Text3
Over the past decade, many compames had perfected the art of creating
automatic behaviors - habits - among consumers. These habits have helped
companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks or wipe counters almost
without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.
"There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a
soap habit, that remain killers only because we can't figure out how to change
people's habits," said Dr. Curtis, the director of the Hygiene Center at the London
School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. "We wanted to learn from private industry
how to create new behaviors that happen automatically."
The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to -Procter & Gamble, Colgate- Palmolive
and Unilever - had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in
consumers' lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.
If you look hard enough, you'll find that many of the products we use every day
- chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers,
health snacks, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins - are results of manufactured
habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day.
Today, because of shrewd advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans
habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with
Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.
A few decades ago, many people didn't drink water outside of a meal. Then
beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs, and now office
workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought
primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener
and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of
morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.
"Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns," said
Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble,
the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year.
"Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers' lives, and it's
essential to making new products commercially viable."
Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have
learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through ruthless
advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted
when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.
-7 -31. According to Dr. Curtis, habits like hand washing with soap_ __
[A] should be further cultivated
[B] should be changed gradually
[C] are deeply rooted in history
[D] are basically private concerns
32. Bottled water, chewing gum and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5
so as to
---
[A] reveal their impact on people's habits
[B] show the urgent need of daily necessities
[C] indicate their effect on people's buying power
[D] manifest the significant role of good habits
33. Which of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people's
habits?
[A] Tide.
[B] Crest.
[C] Colgate.
[D] Unilever.
34. From the text we know that some of consumers' habits are developed due to_ __
[A] perfected art of products
[B] automatic behavior creation
[C] commercial promotions
[D] scientific experiments
35. The author's attitude toward the influence of advertisement on people's habits is
[A] indifferent
[B] negative
[C] positive
[D] biased
-8 -Text4
Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete express10n of crucial
democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal
qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors
should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community;
that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race,
religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and
that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter
of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than
representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing
themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them.
But as recently as in 1968, jury selection procedures conflicted with these
democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of
supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although the
Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in
jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia, the practice of
selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this
and other antidiscrimination laws.
The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th
century. Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898, it was not until
the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even then
several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally
asked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice was justified by the
claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women
through the 1960s.
In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service
Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury. This law abolished
special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at
random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision
T lor v. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be
ay
representative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision
also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered
states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.
-9 -36. From the principles of the US jury system, we learn that ___
[A] both literate and illiterate people can serve onjuries
[B] defendants are immune from trial by their peers
[C] no age limit should be imposed for jury service
[D] judgment should consider the opinion of the public
37. The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed ___
[A] the inadequacy of anti discrimination laws
[B] the prevalent discrimination against certain races
[C] the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures
[D] the arrogance common among the Supreme Court judges
38. Even in the 1960s, women were seldom on the jury list in some states because
[A] they were automatically banned by state laws
[B] they fell far short of the required qualifications
[C] they were supposed to perform domestic duties
[D] they tended to evade public engagement
39. After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed,_, __
[A] sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished
[B] educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federaljurors
[C] jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community
[D] states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system
40. In discussing the US jury system, the text centers on ___
[A] its nature and problems
[B] its characteristics and tradition
[C] its problems and their solutions
[D] its tradition and development
-10 -PartB
Directions:
Read the following text and decide whether each of the statements is true or false.
Choose T if the statement is true or F if the statement is not true. Mark your answers
on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Copying Birds May Save Aircraft Fuel
Both Boeing and Airbus have trumpeted the efficiency of their newest aircraft,
the 787 and A350 respectively. Their clever designs and lightweight composites
certainly make a difference. But a group of researchers at Stanford University, led by
Ilan Kroo, has suggested that airlines could take a more naturalistic approach to
cutting jet-fuel use and it would not require them to buy new aircraft.
The answer, says Dr. Kroo, lies with birds. Since 1914, scientists have known
that birds flying in formation - a V-shape - expend less energy. The air flowing over a
bird's wings curls upwards behind the wingtips, a phenomenon known as upwash.
Other birds flying in the upwash experience reduced drag, and spend less energy
propelling themselves. Peter Lissaman, an aeronautics expert who was formerly at
Caltech and the University of Southern California, has suggested that a formation of
25 birds might enjoy a range increase of71 %.
When applied to aircraft, the principles are not substantially different. Dr. Kroo
and his team modeled what would happen if three passenger jets departing from Los
Angeles, San Francisco and Las Vegas were to assemble over Utah, assume an
inverted V-formation, occasionally change places so all could have a tum in the most
favourable positions, and proceed to London. They found that the aircraft consumed
as much as 15% less fuel (coupled with a reduction in carbon-dioxide output).
Nitrogen-oxide emissions during the cruising portions of the flight fell by around a
quarter.
There are, of course, knots to be worked out. One consideration is safety, or at
least the perception of it. Would passengers feel comfortable travelling in companion?
Dr. Kroo points out that the aircraft could be separated by several nautical miles, and
would not be in the intimate groupings favoured by display teams like the Red Arrows.
A passenger peering out of the window might not even see the other planes. Whether
the separation distances involved would satisfy air-traffic-control regulations is
another matter, although a working group at the International Civil Aviation
Organisation has included the possibility of formation flying in a blueprint for new
operational guidelines.
-11 -It remains to be seen how weather conditions affect the air flows that make
formation flight more efficient. In zones of increased turbulence, the planes' wakes
will decay more quickly and the effect will diminish. Dr. Kroo says this is one of the
areas his team will investigate further. It might also be hard for airlines to co-ordinate
the departure times and destinations of passenger aircraft in a way that would allow
them to gain from formation flight. Cargo aircraft, in contrast, might be easier to
reschedule, as might routine military flights.
As it happens, America's armed forces are on the case already. Earlier this year
the country's Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency announced plans to pay
Boeing to investigate formation flight, though the programme has yet to begin. There
are reports that some military aircraft flew in formation when they were low on fuel
during the Second World War, but Dr. Lissaman says they are unsubstantiated. "My
father was an RAF pilot and my cousin the skipper of a Lancaster lost over Berlin,"
he adds. So he should know.
41. Findings of the Stanford University researchers will promote the sales of new
Boeing and Airbus aircraft.
42. The upwash experience may save propelling energy as wellas reducing resistance.
43. Formation flight is more comfortable because passengers can not see the other
planes.
44. The role that weather plays in formation flight has not yet been clearly defined.
45. It has been documented that during World War II, America's armed forces once
tried formation flight to save fuel.
-12 -Section III Translation
46. Directions:
In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation
on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
"Sustainability" has become a popular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the
concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured a painful period of
unsustainability in his own life made it clear to him that sustainability-oriented values
must be expressed through everyday action and choice.
Ning recalls spending a confusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance. He'd
been through the dot-corn boom and burst and, desperate for a job, signed on with a
Boulder agency.
It didn't go well. "It was a really bad move because that's not my passion," says
Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales. "I was
miserable. I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and
stare at the ceiling. I had no money and needed the job. Everyone said, 'Just wait,
you'll turn the comer, give it some time."'
-13 -Section IV Writing
Part A
47. Directions:
You have just come back from the U.S. as a member of a Sino-American cultural
exchange program. Write a letter to your American colleague to
1) express your thanks for his/her warm reception;
2) welcome him/her to visit China in due course.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not si your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Zhang Wei" instead.
gn
Do not write your address. (10 points)+
PartB
48. Directions:
In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following chart. In
your writing, you should
1) interpret the chart and
2) give your comments.
You should write at least 150 words.
Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
Mobile-phone subscriptions
(2000-2008) subscription number
-----------------.-- 4 billion
CJ Developing countries
Developed-countries
3 billion
2 billion
I billion
-o
...,..___.-P........ ..........l..f ...._......,.L......l"-fi'&--f-1-�p;il-........
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 (year)
-14 -绝密★启用前
2011 年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（二）
（科目代码：204）
☆考生注意事项☆
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位
置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码
粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在
答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题
册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分
必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the followin text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,
g
B, C or Don ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The Internet affords anon mity to its users, a blessin to privac and freedom
y g y
of speech. But that very anonymit is also behind the explosion of c ber-crime
y y
that has 1 across the Web.
Can privac be preserved 2 brin in safet and securit to a world that
y g g y y
seems increasin l 3 ?
g y
Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation's c ber-czar, offered the federal
y
overnment a 4 to make the Web a safer place - a "voluntary trusted
g
identit " s stem that would be the hi h-tech 5 of a ph sical ke , a
y y g y y
fin erprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The s stem mi ht use a
g y g
smart identity card, or a di ital credential 7 to a specific computer, and
g
would authenticate users at a ran e of online services.
g
The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity s stems. Users
y
could 9 which s stem to join, and onl re istered users whose identities have been
y y g
authenticated could navi ate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that
g
would require an Internet driver's license 10 b the overnment.
y g
Goo le and Microsoft are amon companies that alread have these "sin le si n
g g y g g
on" s stems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use man
y y
different services.
12 , the approach would create a "walled arden" in c berspace, with
g y
safe "nei hborhoods" and bri ht "streetli hts" to establish a sense of a 13
g g g
communit .
y
Mr. Schmidt described it as a "voluntary ecosystem" in which "individuals
and or amzat10ns can complete onlme transact10ns with 14 , trustm the
g g
identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the
transaction runs."
Still, th e adm1mstratlon's plan has 16 pnvacy ri hts activists. Some
g
applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an
initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet "driver's
license" mentality.
The plan has also been reeted with 18 by some computer securit
g y
experts, who worry that the "voluntary ecos stem" envisioned by Mr. Schmidt
y
would still leave much of the Internet 19 . They argue that all Internet users
should be 20 to re ister and identif themselves, in the same way that
g y
drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.
-1 -1. [A] swept [B] skipped [C] walked [D] ridden
2. [A] for [B] within [C] while [D] though
3 . [A] careless [B] lawless [C] pointless [D] helpless
4. [A] reason [B] reminder [C ] compromise [D] proposal
5. [A] information [B] interference [C] entertamment [D] equivalent
6. [A] by [B] into [C] from [D] over
7. [A] linked [B] directed [C] chained [D] compared
8. [A] dismiss [B] discover [C] create [D] improve
9. [A] recall [B] suggest [C] select [D] realize
10. [A] released [B] issued [C] distributed [D] delivered
11. [A] carry on [B] linger on [C] set in [D] log in
12. [A] In vain [B] In effect [C] In return [D] In contrast
13 . [A] trusted [B] modernized [C] thriving [D] competing
14. [A] caution [B] delight [C] confidence [D] patience
15. [A] on [B] after [C] beyond [D] across
16. [A] divided [B] disappointed [C ] protected [D] united
17. [A] frequently [B] incidentally [C] occasionally [D] eventually
18. [A] skepticism [B] tolerance [C ] indifference [D] enthusiasm
19. [A] manageable [B] defendable [C] vulnerable [D] invisible
20. [A] invited [B] appointed [C] allowed [D] forced
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,
B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
-2 -Text 1
Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs's board as an outside director in
January 2000; a ear later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of
y
the decade she apparentl managed both roles without attracting much criticism. But
y
b the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman's
y
compensation con皿ittee; how could she have let those enormous bonus pa
y
outs
pass unremarked? B February the next ear Ms. Simmons had left the board. The
y y
position was just taking up too much time, she said.
Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, et less biased, advisers on
y
a 伍m's board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, the
y
presumabl have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive's
y
proposals. If the sk , and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able
y
to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.
The researchers from Ohio Universit used a database that covered more
y
than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and
2004. Then the simpl checked which directors sta ed from one prox statement to
y y y y
the next. The most likel reason for departing a board was age, so the
y
researchers concentrated on those "surprise" disappearances b directors under
y
the age of 70. The found that after a surprise departure, the probability that the
y
compan will subsequentl have to restate earnings increases b nearl 20%. The
y y y y
likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the
stock is likel to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms.
y
Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at
the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are alwa s jumping off a
y
sinking ship. Often the "trade up," leaving riskier, smaller 伍ms for larger and more
y
stable firms.
But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of
avoiding a blow to their reputations if the leave a firm before bad news breaks,
y
even if a review of histor shows the were on the board at the time an
y y y
wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through
tough times ma have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will
y
follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again ver popular on campus.
y
-3 -21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .
[A] gaining excessive profits
[B] failing to fulfill her duty
[C] refusing to make compromises
[D] leaving the board in tough times
22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .
[A] generous investors
[B] unbiased executives
[C] share price forecasters
[D] independent advisers
23. According to the researchers from Ohio University, after an outside director's
surprise departure, the firm is likely to .
[A] become more stable
[B] report increased earnings
[C] do less well in the stock market
[D] perform worse in lawsuits
24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .
[A] may stay for the attractive offers from the firm
[B] have often had records of wrongdoings in the伍m
[C] are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm
[D] will decline incentives from the firm
25. The author's attitude toward the role of outside directors is
[A] perm1ss1ve
[B] positive
[C] scornful
[D] critical
-4 -Text2
Whatever happened to the death of newspapers? A ear a o the end seemed near.
y g
The recession threatened to remove the advertisin and readers that had not alread
g y
fled to the internet. News a ers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chroniclin
their own doom. America's Federal Trade Commission launched a round of talks
about how to save newspapers. Should the become charitable corporations? Should
y
the state subsidize them? It will hold another meetin soon. But the discussions now
g
seem out of date.
In much of the world there is little sign of crisis. German and Brazilian
papers have shru ed off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit
gg
the most troubled corner of the lobal industry, have not onl survived but often
g y
returned to profit. Not the 20% profit mar ins that were routine a few ears a o, but
g y g
profit all the same.
It has not been much fun. Man papers sta ed afloat b pushin journalists
y y y g
overboard. The American Societ of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom
y
jobs have one since 2007. Readers are pa in more for slimmer products. Some
g y g
papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate
measures have proved the ri ht ones and, sadl for man journalists, the can be
g y y y
pushed further.
Newspapers are becomin more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of
g
revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have lon been hi hl
g g y
unusual in their reliance on ads. Full 87% of their revenues came from
y
advertisin in 2008, accordin to the Or anization for Economic Cooperation &
g g g
Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisin l , Japanese
gy
newspapers are much more stable.
The whirlwind that swept throu h newsrooms harmed everybod , but much
g y
of the dama e has been concentrated in areas where newspapers are least
g
distinctive. Car and film reviewers have one. So have science and eneral
g g
business reporters. Forei n bureaus have been sava el cut off. Newspapers are
g g y
less complete as a result. But completeness is no lon er a virtue in the newspaper
g
business.
-5 -26. By saying "Newspapers like…their own doom" (Lines3-4, Para.1), the author
indicates that newspapers
[A] neglected the sign of crisis
[B] failed to get state subsidies
[C] were not charitable corporations
[D] were in a desperate situation
27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .
[A] readers threatened to pay less
[B] newspapers wanted to reduce costs
[C]journalists reported little about these areas
[D] subscribers complained about slimmer products
28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much
more stable because they .
[A] have more sources of revenue
[B] have more balanced newsrooms
[C] are less dependent on advertising
[D] are less affected by readership
29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper
business?
[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.
[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.
[C] Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.
[D] Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.
30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .
[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival
[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind
[C]American Newspapers: A ThrivingBusiness
[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless Story
-6 -Text3
We tend to think of the decades immediatel followin World War II as a
y g
time of prosperit and rowth, with soldiers returnin home b the millions,
y g g y
oin off to colle e on the G. I. Bill and linin up at the marria e bureaus.
g g g g g
But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief
that less could trul be more. Durin the Depression and the war, Americans had
y g
learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar
confidence in the future, made small, efficient housin positivel stylish.
g y
Economic condition was onl a stimulus for the trend toward efficient livin .
y g
The phrase "less is more" was actuall first popularized b a German, the
y y
architect Ludwi Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the
g
Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II
and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert
enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so
than Mies.
Mies's si nature phrase means that less decoration, properl or anized, has
g y g
more impact than a lot. Ele ance, he believed, did not derive from abundance.
g
Like other modern architects, he emplo ed metal, lass and laminated wood —
y g
materials that we take for ranted toda but that in the 1940s s mbolized the
g y y
future. Mies's sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he
designed were small and efficient, rather than bi and often empty.
g
The apartments in the ele ant towers Mies built on Chica o's Lake Shore
g g
Drive, for example, were smaller — two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet —
than those in their older nei hbors alon the city's Gold Coast. But the were
g g y
popular because of their airy lass walls, the views the afforded and the ele ance
g y g
of the buildin s' details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the
g
abstract art so popular at the time.
The trend toward "less" was not entirel forei n. In the 1930s Frank Llo d
y g y
Wri ht started buildin more modest and efficient houses — usuall around 1,200
g g y
square feet—than the spreadin two-story ones he had desi ned in the 1890s and the
g g
earl 20th century.
y
The "Case Stud Houses" commissioned from talented modern architects b
y y
California Arts & Architecture ma azine between 1945 and 1962 were et another
g y
homegrown influence on the "less is more" trend. Aesthetic effect came from the
landscape, new materials and forthri ht detailin . In his Case Stud House, Ralph
g g y
Rapson ma have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact
y
everyda life — few American families acquired helicopters, thou h most eventuall
y g y
ot clothes dryers — but his belief that self-sufficienc was both desirable and
g y
inevitable was widel shared.
y
- 7 -31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans' .
[A] prosperity and growth
[B] efficiency and practicality
[C] restraint and confidence
[D] pride and faithfulness
32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about the Bauhaus?
[A] It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.
[B] Its designing concept was affected by World War II.
[C] Most American architects used to be associated with it.
[D] It had a great influence upon American architecture.
33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .
[A] was related to large space
[B] was identified with emptiness
[C] was not reliant on abundant decorat10n
[D] was not associated with efficiency
34. What is true about the apartments Mies built on Chicago's Lake Shore Drive?
[A] They ignored details and proportions.
[B] They were built with materials popular at that time.
[C] They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.
[D] They shared some characteristics of abstract art.
35. What can we learn about the design of the "Case Study Houses"?
[A] Mechanical devices were widely used.
[B] Natural scenes were taken into consideration.
[C] Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.
[D] Eco-friendly materials were employed.
- 8 -Text4
Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded stran e
g
not lon a o. Now even the project's reatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facin
g g g g
a "Bermuda trian le" of debt, population decline and lower growth.
g
As well as those chronic problems, the EU faces an acute crisis in its
economic core, the 16 countries that use the sin le currenc . Markets have lost
g y
faith that the euro zone's economies, weaker or stron er, will one da conver e
g y g
thanks to the discipline of sharin a sin le currenc , which denies uncompetitive
g g y
members the quick fix of devaluation.
Yet the debate about how to save Europe's sin le currenc from
g y
disinte ration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone's dominant powers,
g
France and German , a ree on the need for reater harmonisation within the
y g g
euro zone, but disa ree about what to harmonise.
g
German thinks the euro must be saved b stricter rules on borrowin ,
y y g
spendin and competitiveness, backed b quasi-automatic sanctions for overnments
g y g
that do not obe . These mi ht include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer re ions
y g g
and EU me a-projects, and even the suspension of a country's votin ri hts in EU
g g g
ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27
members of the EU club, amon whom there is a small majority for free-market
g
liberalism and economic ri our; in the inner core alone, German fears, a small
g y
majority favour French interference.
A "southern" camp headed b France wants somethin different: "European
y g
economic overnment" within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated,
g
that means politicians intervenin in monetary polic and a s stem of redistribution
g y y
from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowin for overnments throu h
g g g
common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finall , fi ures close to the Franch
y g
overnment have murmured, euro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and
g
social harmonisation: e. ., curbin competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.
g g
It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world's lar est tradin block.
g g
At its best, the European project is remarkabl liberal: built around a sin le market
y g
of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to oods, capital
g
and labour than an comparable tradin area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the
y g
sharpest ed es of lobalisation, and make capitalism benign.
g g
- 9 -36. The EU is faced with so many problems that
[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets
[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned
[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro
[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation
37. The debate over the EU's single currency is stuck because the dominant
powers .
[A] are competing for the leading position
[B] are busy handling their own crises
[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonisation
[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration
38. To solve the euro problem, Germany proposed that
[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased
[B] stricter regulations be imposed
[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination
[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed
39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that .
[A] poor countries are more likely to get funds
[B] strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries
[C] loans will be readily available to rich countries
[D] rich countries will basically control Eurobonds
40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel .
[A] pessimistic
[B] desperate
[C] conceited
[D] hopeful
- 10 -PartB
Directions:
Read the followin text and answer the questions b findin information from the
g y g
ri ht column that corresponds to each of the marked details iven in the left
g g
column. There are two extra choices in the ri ht column. Mark our answers on
g y
ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Leadin doctors toda wei h in on the debate over the overnment's role in
g y g g
promotin public health b demandin that ministers impose "fat taxes" on
g y g
unhealth food and introduce ci arette-st le warnin s to children about the
y g y g
dan ers of a poor diet.
g
The demands follow comments made last week b the health secretar ,
y y
Andrew Lansle , who insisted the overnment could not force people to make
y g
health choices and promised to free businesses from public health re ulations.
y g
But senior medical fi ures want to stop fast-food outlets openin near
g g
schools, restrict advertisin of products hi h in fat, salt or su ar, and limit
g g g
sponsorship of sports events b fast-food producers such as McDonald's.
y
The argue that overnment action is necessary to curb Britain's addiction to
y g
unhealth food and help halt spiralin rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease.
y g
Professor Terence Stephenson, president of the Ro al Colle e of Paediatrics and
y g
Child Health, said that the consumption of unhealth food should be seen to be
y
just as dama in as somkin or excessive drinkin .
g g g g
"Thirt ears a o, it would have been inconceivable to have ima ined a ban
y y g g
on smokin in the workplace or in pubs, and et that is what we have now. Are we
g y
willin to be just as coura eous in respect of obesity? I would su est that we should
g g gg
be," said the leader of the UK's children's doctors.
Lansle has alarmed health campai ners b su estin he wants industry
y g y gg g
rather than overnment to take the lead. He said that manufacturers of crisps and
g
candies could pla a central role in the Chan e4Life campaign, the centrepiece of
y g
overnment efforts to boost health eatin and fitness. He has also criticised the
g y g
celebrit chef Jamie Oliver's hi h-profile attempt to improve school lunches in
y g
En land as an example of how "lecturin " people was not the best wa to chan e
g g y g
their behaviour.
Stephenson su ested potential restrictions could include bannin TV
gg g
advertisements for foods hi h in fat, salt or su ar before 9 pm and limitin them
g g g
on billboards or in cinemas. "If we were reall bold, we mi ht even be in to think
y g g
of hi h-calorie fast food in the same wa as ci arettes — b settin strict limits on
g y g y g
advertisin , product placement and sponsorship of sports events," he said.
g
- 11 -Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald's, which sponsors the
outh coachin scheme run b the Football Association. Fast-food chains should also
y g y
stop offerin "inducements" such as to s, cute animals and mobile phone credit to
g y
lure oun customers, Stephenson said.
y g
Professor Dinesh Bhu ra, president of the Ro al Colle e of Ps chiatrists, said:
g y g y
"If children are tau ht about the impact that food has on their rowth, and that
g g
some thin s can harm, at least information is available up front."
g
He also ur ed councils to impose "fast-food-free zones" around schools and
g
hospitals—areas within which takeawa s cannot open.
y
A Department of Health spokesperson said: "We need to create a new vision for
public health where all of society works to ether to et health and live lon er. This
g g y g
includes creatin a new 'responsibility deal' with business, built on social
g
responsibilit , not state re ulation. Later this ear, we will publish a white paper
y g y
settin out exactl how we will achieve this."
g y
The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical
moves, especiall the call to use some of the tou h tactics that have been deplo ed
y g y
a ainst smokin over the last decade.
g g
[A] "fat taxes" should be imposed on fast-food
producers such as McDonald's.
41. Andrew Lansle held that [B] the overnment should ban fast-food outlets
y g
in the nei hborhood of schools.
g
42. Terence Stephenson agreed [C] "lecturin " was an effective wa to improve
g y
that school lunches in En land.
g
43. Jamie Oliver seemed to [D] ci arette-st le warnm s should be
g y g
believe that in traduced to children about the dan ers of a
g
poor diet.
44. Dinesh Bhugra su ested [E] the producers of crisps and candies could
gg
that contribute significantl to the Chan e4Life
y g
campaign.
45. A Department of Health [F] parents should set ood examples for their
g
spokesperson proposed that children b keepin a health diet at home.
y g y
[G] the overnment should stren then the sense
g g
of responsibility amon businesses.
g
- 12 -Section III Translation
46. Directions:
In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation
on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
Who would have thought that, globall , the IT industry produces about the
y
same volume of gree呻ouse gases as the world's airlines do — roughl 2 percent of
y
all CO2 emissions?
Man ever da tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google
y y y
search can leak between 0.2 and 7 .0 grams of CO2, depending on how man
y
attempts are needed to get the "right" answer. To deliver results to its users
quickl , then, Google has to maintain vast data centres around the world, packed
y
with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these
computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned,
which uses even more energy.
However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficienc
y
closel and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction,
y
but there is much more to be done, and not just b big companies.
y
- 13 -Section IV Writing
Part A
47.Directions:
Suppose your cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a university. Write
him小era letter to
1)congar tulate him加r,and
2)give him加rsuggestions on how to get prepared for university life.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Zhang Wei" instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
PartB
48. Directions:
Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should
1) interpret the chart and
2) give your comments.
You should write at least 150 words.
Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
2008年 2009年
口国产品牌 • 日系品牌 口美系品牌
2008、 2009年国内轿车市场部分品牌市场份额示意图
-14 -绝密★启用前
2012年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（二）
（科目代码：204）
☆考生注意事项☆
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位
置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码
粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在
答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题
册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分
必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
A, B, C or Don ANSWER SHEET 1. (IO points)
Millions of Americans and foreigners see G.I. Joe as a mindless war toy, the
symbol of American military adventurism, but that's not how it used to be. To the
men and women who 1 in World War II and the people they liberated,
the G.I. was the 2 man grown into hero, the poor farm kid tom away from his
home, the guy who 3 all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes,
who went without the 4 of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back
the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well
paid, 5 an average guy, up 6 the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most
brutal enemies seen in centuries.
His name isn't much. G.I. is just a military abbreviation_]_ Government Issue,
and it was on all of the articles 8 to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a
guy who never 9 it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka, Joe Magrac…a
working class name. The United States has_lQ had a president or vice-president or
secretary of state Joe.
G. I. Joe had a 11 career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops.
He appears as a character, or a 12 of American personalities, in the 1945
movie The Story of G.I. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle.
Some of the soldiers Pyle 13 portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was
famous for covering the 14 side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud
soldiers, not how many miles were 15 or what towns were captured or
liberated. His reports 16 the "Willie" cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist
Bill Maulden. Boh men 17 the dirt and exhaustion of war, the 18 of
civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco,
whiskey, shelter, sleep. 19 Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G.I.
Joe was any American soldier, 20 the most important person in their lives.
-1 -1. [A] served [B] perforn d [C] rebelled [D] betrayed
记
2. [A] actual [B] common [C] special [D] normal
3. [A] loaded [B] eased [C] removed [D] bore
4. [A] necessities [B] facilities [C] commodities [D] properties
5. [A] and [B] nor [C] but [D] hence
6. [A] for [B] into [C] from [D] against
7. [A] implying [B] meaning [C] symbolizing [D] claiming
8. [A] handed out [B] turned over [C] brought back [D] passed down
9. [A] pushed [B] got [C] made [D] managed
10. [A] ever [B] never [C] either [D] neither
11. [A] disguised [B] disturbed [C] disputed [D] distinguished
12. [A] company [B] community [C] collection [D] colony
13. [A] employed [B] appointed [C] interviewed [D] questioned
14. [A] human [B] military [C] political [D] ethical
15. [A] ruined [B] commuted [C] patrolled [D] gained
16. [A] paralleled [B] counteracted [C] duplicated [D] contradicted
17. [A] neglected [B] emphasized [C] avoided [D] admired
18. [A] stages [B] illusions [C] fragments [D] advances
19. [A] With [B] To [C]Among [D] Beyond
20. [A] on the contrary [B] by this means [C ] from the outset [D] at that point
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B,
C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)
-2 -Text 1
Homework has never been terribl popular with students and even man parents,
y y
but in recent ears it has been particularl scorned. School districts across the country,
y y
most recentl Los An eles Unified, are revisin their thinkin on this educational
y g g g
ritual. Unfortunatel , L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible polic which mandates
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that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework ma no lon er count
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for more than 10% of a student's academic grade.
This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished
or chaotic homes mi ht have in completin their homework. But the polic is
g g y
unclear and contradictory. Certainl , no homework should be assigned that
y
students cannot complete on their own or that the cannot do without expensive
y
equipment. But if the district is essentiall ivin a pass to students who do not do
y g g
their homework because of complicated famil lives, it is oin riskil close to
y g g y
the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.
District administrators sa that homework will still be a part of schoolin ;
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teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as the want. But with homework
y
countin for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easil skip half their
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homework and see very little difference on their report cards. Some students
mi ht do well on state tests without completin their homework, but what about
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the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite
possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowerin teachers to find what
g
works best for their students, the polic imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.
y
At the same time, the polic addresses none of the trul thorn questions
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about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students'
academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not
make them count for almost nothin . Conversel , if homework matters, it should
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account for a significant portion of the grade. Meanwhile, this polic does nothin
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to ensure that the homework students receive is meanin ful or appropriate to their
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a e and the subject, or that teachers are not assignin more than the are willin
g g y g
to review and correct.
The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is
responsible for settin educational polic , looks into the matter and conducts
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public hearin s. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework ri ht.
g g
-3 -21. It is implied in Paragraph 1 that nowadays homework .
[A] is receiving more criticism
[B] is gaining more preferences
[C] is no longer an educational ritual
[D] is not required for advanced courses
22. L.A. Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students
[A] tend to have moderate expectations for their education
[B] have asked for a different educational standard
[C] may have problems finishing their homework
[D] have voiced their complaints about homework
23.According to Paragraph 3, one problem with the policy is that it may .
[A] result in students'indifference to their report cards
[B] undermine the authority of state tests
[C] restrict teachers'power in education
[D] discourage students from doing homework
24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework 1s
whether
[A] it should be eliminated
[B] it counts much in schooling
[C] it places extra burdens on teachers
[D] it is important for grades
25. A suitable title for this text could be
[A]A Faulty Approach to Homework
[B]A Welcomed Policy for Poor Students
[C] Thorny Questions about Homework
[D] Wrong Interpretations of an Educational Policy
-4 -Text2
Prett in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the
y
colour, et it is pervasive in our oung girls' lives. It is not that pink is
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intrinsicall bad, but it is such a tinv slice of the rainbow and, though it ma
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celebrate girlhood in one wa , it also repeatedl and firml fuses girls' identity to
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appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two- ear-olds, between
y
girls as not onl innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I
y
despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls'lives and interests.
Girls' attraction to pink ma seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their
y
DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it
is not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the earl 20th century: in the era
y
before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter,
since the onl wa of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What's more, both
y y
bo s and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses. When nursery
y
colours were introduced, pink was actuall considered the more masculine colour,
y
a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its
intimations of the Virgin Mary, constanc and faithfulness, symbolised femininit . It
y y
was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a
dominant children's marketing strategy, that pink full came into its own, when it
y
began to seem inherentl attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female,
y
at least for the first few critical ears.
y
I had not realised how profoundl marketing trends dictated our perception
y
of what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their ps chological
y
development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts
developed after ears of research into children's behaviour: wrong. Tums out,
y
according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularised
as a marketing trick b clothing manufacturers in the 1930s.
y
Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales,
the should create a "third stepping stone" between infant wear and older kids'
y
clothes. It was onl after "toddler" became a common shoppers' term that it evolved
y
into a broadl accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier
y
categories has proved a sure-fire wa to boost profits. And one of the easiest wa s to
y y
segment a market is to magnify gender differences — or invent them where the
y
did not previousl exist.
y
-5 -26. By saying "it is…the rainbow" (Line 3, Para. 1), the author means pink .
[A] cannot explain girls'lack ofimagination
[B] should not be associated with girls'innocence
[C] should not be the sole representation of girlhood
[D] cannot influence girls'lives and interests
27. According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours?
[A]Colours are encoded in girls'DNA.
[B] Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girls.
[C] White is preferred by babies.
[D] Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolising genders.
28. The author suggests that our perception of children's psychological development
was much influenced by .
[A] the observation of children's nature
[B] the marketing of products for children
[C] researches into children's behaviour
[D] studies of childhood consumption
29. We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to
[A] classify consumers into smaller groups
[B] attach equal importance to different genders
[C] focus on infant wear and older kids'clothes
[D] create some common shoppers'terms
30. It can be concluded that girls'attraction to pink seems to be
—·
[A] fully understood by clothing manufacturers
[B] clearly explained by their inborn tendency
[C] mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen
[D] well interpreted by psychological experts
-6 -Text3
In 2010, a federal judge shook America's biotech industry to its core.
Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades — b 2005 some 20% of
y
human genes were patented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were
unpatentable. Executives were violentl agitated. The Biotechnology Industry
y
Organisation (BIO), a trade group, assured members that this was just a
"preliminary step" in a longer battle.
On Jul 29th the were relieved, at least temporaril . A federal appeals court
y y y
overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed hold
patents to two genes that help forecast a woman's risk of breast cancer. The chief
executive of Myriad, a compan in Utah, said the ruling was a blessing to firms
y
and patients alike.
But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine, the courts
will remain rather bus . The Myriad case itself is probabl not over. Critics make
y y
three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it ma
y
not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and
patents' monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad's. A growing
number seem to agree. Last ear a federal task-force urged reform for patents
y
related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the
M riad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule "is no less a product of
y
nature…than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds."
Despite the appeals court's decision, big questions remain unanswered. For
example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents
of individual genes within it. The case ma et reach the Supreme Court.
y y
As the industr advances, however, other suits ma have an even greater
y y
impact. Companies are unlikel to file man more patents for human DNA
y y
molecules — most are alread patented or in the public domain. Firms are now
y
stud ing how genes interact, looking for correlations that might be used to
y
determine the causes of disease or predict a drug's efficac . Companies are eager
y
to win patents for "connecting the dots," explains Hans Sauer, a law er for
y
the BIO.
Their success ma be determined b a suit related to this issue, brought b the
y y y
Ma o Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO
y
recentl held a convention which included sessions to coach law ers on the
y y
shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.
- 7 -31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that the biotech companies would like .
[A] genes to be patentable
[B] the BIO to issue a warning
[C] their executives to be active
[D] judges to rule out gene patenting
32. Those who are against gene patents believe that .
[A] genetic tests are not reliable
[B] only man-made products are patentable
[C] patents on genes depend much on innovation
[D] courts should restrict access to genetic tests
33. According to Hans Sauer, companies are eager to win patents for .
[A] discovering gene interactions
[B] establishing disease correlations
[C] drawing pictures of genes
[D] identifying human DNA
34. By saying "Each meeting was packed" (Line 4, Para. 6), the author means that
[A] the supreme court was authoritative
[B] the BIO was a powerful organisation
[C] gene patenting was a great concern
[D] lawyers were keen to attend conventions
35. Generally speaking, the author's attitude toward gene patenting is .
[A] critical
[B] supportive
[C] scornful
[D] objective
- 8 -Text4
The great recession ma be over, but this era of hi h joblessness is probabl
y g y
be innin . Before it ends, it will likel chan e the life course and character of a
g g y g
eneration of oun adults. And ultimatel , it is likel to reshape our politics, our
g y g y y
culture, and the character of our society for ears.
y
No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national
economic disaster. Man said that unemployment, while extremel painful, had
y y
improved them in some wa s: the had become less materialistic and more
y y
financiall prudent; the were more aware of the stru les of others. In limited
y y gg
respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it
has awoken us from our national fever dream of eas riches and bi er houses,
y gg
and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spendin .
g
But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The
Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin
Friedman ar ues that both inside and outside the U.S., len th periods of
g g y
economic sta nation or decline have almost alwa s left societ more mean
g y y
spirited and less inclusive, and have usuall stopped or reversed the advance of
y
ri hts and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typicall increases, as does conflict
g y
between races and classes.
Income inequalit usuall falls durin a recession, but it has not shrunk in
y y g
this one. Indeed, this period of economic weakness ma reinforce class divides,
y
and decrease opportunities to cross them — especiall for oun people. The
y y g
research of Till Von Wachter, the economist at Columbia Universit , su ests that
y gg
not all people raduatin into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those
g g
with de rees from elite universities catch up fairl quickl to where the
g y y y
otherwise would have been if the had graduated in better times; it is the masses
y
beneath them that are left behind.
In the Internet a e, it is particularl eas to see the resentment that has
g y y
alwa s been hidden within American society. More difficult, in the moment, is
y
discernin precisel how these lean times are affectin societ 's character. In
g y g y
man respects, the U.S. was more sociall tolerant enterin this recession than at
y y g
an time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then
y
have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactl how these hard
y
times will reshape our social fabric. But the certainl will reshape it, and all the
y y
more so the lon er the extend.
g y
- 9 -36. By saying "to find silver linings" (Line 1, Para. 2) the author suggests that the
jobless try to .
[A] seek subsidies from the government
[B] make profits from the troubled economy
[C] explore reasons for the unemployment
[D] look on the bright side of the recession
3 7. According to Paragraph 2, the recession has made people .
[A] struggle against each other
[B] realize the national dream
[C] challenge their prudence
[D] reconsider their lifestyle
38. Benjamin Friedman believes that economic recessions may .
[A] impose a heavier burden on immigrants
[B] bring out more evils of human nature
[C] promote the advance of rights and freedoms
[D] ease conflicts between races and classes
39. The research of Till Von Wachter suggests that in the recession graduates from
elite universities tend to
[A] lag behind the others due to decreased opportunities
[B] catch up quickly with experienced employees
[ C] see their life chances as dimmed as the others'
[D] recover more quickly than the others
40. The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is .
[A] trivial
[B] positive
[C] certain
[D] destructive
- 10 -PartB
Directions:
Read the followin text and answer the questions b findin information from the left
g y g
column that corresponds to each of the marked details iven in the ri ht column.
g g
There are two extra choices in the ri ht column. Mark our answers on ANSWER
g y
SHEET 1. (10 points)
"Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is
at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here," wrote the Victorian
sa e Thomas Carl le. Well, not an more it is not.
g y y
Suddenl , Britain looks to have fallen out with its favorite historical form.
y
This could be no more than a passin literary craze, but it also points to a broader
g
truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learnin from our
g
forefathers and more interested in feelin their pain. Toda , we want empath , not
g y y
inspiration.
From the earliest da s of the Renaissance, the writin of histor meant
y g y
recountin the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch be an work on his
g g
ramblin writin De Viris Illustribus — On Famous Men, hi hli htin the virtus
g g g g g
(or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their reatness in conquerin
g g
fortune and risin to the top. This was the bio raphical tradition which Niccolo
g g
Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, he championed cunnin ,
g
ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, merc and justice, as the skills of
y
successful leaders.
Over time, the attributes of reatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the
g
leadin painters and authors of their da , stressin the uniqueness of the
g y g
artist's personal experience rather than public lory. B contrast, the Victorian
g y
author Samuel Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalo ue of the worth lives of en ineers,
g y g
industrialists and explorers. "The valuable examples which the furnish of the
y
power of self-help, of patient purpose, resolute workin , and steadfast integrity,
g
issuin in the formation of trul noble and manl character, exhibit," wrote Smiles,
g y y
"what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself." His bio raphies of James
g
Watt, Richard Arkwri ht and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide
g
the workin man throu h his difficult life.
g g
This was all a bit bour eois for Thomas Carl le, who focused his bio raphies on
g y g
the trul heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte.
y
These epochal fi ures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowled ed as
g g
possessin hi her authority than mere mortals.
g g
Not everyone was convinced b such bombast. "The history of all hitherto
y
existin societ is the history of class stru les," wrote Marx and En els in The
g y gg g
- 11 -Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothin , it possessed no immense
g
wealth nor wa ed battles: "It is man, real, livin man who does all that." And
g g
history should be the story of the masses and their record of stru le, As such, it
gg
needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power
relations in which each epoch stood. For: "Men make their own history, but the
y
do not make it just as the please; the do not make it under circumstances chosen
y y
b themselves, but under circumstances directl found, iven and transmitted
y y g
from the past."
This was the tradition which revolutionised our appreciation of the past. In place
of Thomas Carl le, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric
y
Hobsbawm. History from below stood alon side biographies of reat men. Whole
g g
new realms of understandin —from ender to race to cultural studies —were opened
g g
up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. And it transformed public
history too: downstairs became just as fascinatin as upstairs.
g
[A] emphasized the virtue of classical heroes.
41. Petrarch [B] hi hli hted the public lory of the leadin
g g g g
artists.
42. Niccolo Machiavelli [C] focused on epochal fi ures whose lives were
g
hard to imitate.
43. Samuel Smiles [D] opened up new realms of understandin the
g
great men in history.
44. Thomas Carl le [E] held that history should be the story of the
y
masses and their record of struggle.
45. Marx and En els [F] dismissed virtue as unnecessary for successful
g
leaders.
[G] depicted the worth lives of en ineers,
y g
industrialists and explorers.
- 12 -Section III Translation
46. Directions:
Translate the followin text from En lish into Chinese. Write our translation on
g g y
ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
When people in developin countries worry about migration, the are usuall
g y y
concerned at the prospect of their best and bri htest departure to Silicon Valle or
g y
to hospitals and universities in the developed world. These are the kind of workers
that countries like Britain, Canada and Australia try to attract b usin
y g
immigration rules that privile e colle e graduates.
g g
Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developin
g
countries are particularl likel to emigrate. A bi surve of Indian households in
y y g y
2004 found that nearl 40% of emigrants had more than a hi h-school education,
y g
compared with around 3.3% of all Indians over the a e 25. This "brain drain"
g
has lon bothered polic makers in poor countries. The fear that it hurts their
g y y
economies, deprivin them of much-needed skilled workers who could have
g
tau ht at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new
g
products for their factories to make.
- 13 -Section IV Writing
Part A
47. Directions:
Suppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary that
you bought from an online store the other day. Write an email to the customer
service center to
1) make a complaint, and
2) demand a prompt solution.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Zhang Wei" instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
PartB
48. Directions:
Write an essay based on the following table. In your writing, you should
1) describe the table, and
2) give your comments.
You should write at least 150 words.
Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
某公司员工工作满意度调查
二
满意 不清楚 不满意
:::;40 岁 16.7% 50.0% 33.3%
41�50 岁 0.0% 36.0% 64.0%
>50 岁 40.0% 50.0% 10.0%
- 14 -绝密★启用前
2013年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（二）
（科目代码：204）
☆考生注意事项☆
公众号@依欣学习（考研干货分享）
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位
置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码
粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在
答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题
册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分
必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the followin text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
g
A, B, C or Don the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Given the advanta es of electronic mone , ou mi ht think that we would move
g y y g
quickl to the cashless societ in which all payments are made electronicall . 1 ,
y y y
a true cashless societ is probabl not around the comer. Indeed, predictions have
y y
been 2 for two decades but have not et come to fruition. For example, Business
y
Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon "revolutionize
the very 3 of mone itself," onl to 4 itself several ears later. Wh has the
y y y y
movement to a cashless society been so 5 in comin ?
g
Althou h electronic means of payment ma be more efficient than a payments
g y
s stem based on paper, several factors work 6 the disappearance of the paper
y
s stem. First, it is very 7 to set up the computer, card reader, and
y
telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic mone the义 form of
y
pa ment. Second, paper checks have the advanta e that they 9 receipts,
y g
somethin that many consumers are unwillin to 10 . Third, the use of paper
g g
checks ives consumers several da s of "float" — it takes several da s 11 a check
g y y
is cashed and funds are 12 from the issuer's account, which means that the
writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. 13 electronic
pa
y
ments arc in皿ediate, the
y
eliminate the float for the consumer.
Fourth, electronic means of pa ment ma 14 security and privac concerns.
y y y
We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a
computer database and to alter information 15 there. The fact that this is not
an_l_Q occurrence means that dishonest persons mi ht be able to access bank
g
accounts in electronic pa ments s stems and 17 from someone else's accounts.
y y
The 18 of this type of fraud is no eas task, and a new field of computer science
y
is developin to」..2. securit issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic
g y
means of payment leaves an electronic 20 that contains a lar e amount of
g
personal data. There are concerns that overnment, emplo ers, and marketers mi ht
g y g
be able to access these data, thereb violatin our privac .
y g y
-1 -1. [A] Moreover [B] However [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise
2. [A] off [B] back [C] over [D] around
3. [A] power [B] concept [C] history [D] role
4. [A] reverse [B] resist [C] resume [D] reward
5. [A] silent [B] sudden [C] slow [D] steady
6. [A] for [B] against [C] with [D] on
7. [A] expensive [B] imaginative [C] sensitive [D] productive
8. [A] similar [B] original [C ] temporary [D] dominant
9. [A] collect [B] copy [C] provide [D] print
10. [A] give up [B] take over [C ] bring back [D] pass down
11. [A] before [B] after [C] since [D] when
12. [A] kept [B] borrowed [C] withdrawn [D] released
13. [A] Unless [B] Because [C] Until [D] Though
14. [A] hide [B] express [C] ease [D] raise
15. [A] analyzed [B] shared [C] stored [D] displayed
16. [A] unsafe [B] unnatural [C] unclear [D] uncommon
17. [A] steal [B] choose [C] benefit [D] return
18. [A] consideration [B] prevention [C] manipulation [D]justification
19. [A] call for [B] fight against [C ] adapt to [D] cope with
20. [A] chunk [B] chip [C] trail [D] path
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B,
C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
-2 -Text 1
In an essa entitled "Making It in America," the author Adam Davidson relates a
y
joke from cotton country about just how much a modern textile mill has been
automated: The average mill has onl two emplo ees toda , "a man and a dog. The
y y y
man is there to feed the dog, and the dog is there to keep the man awa from the
y
machines."
Davidson's article is one of a number of pieces that have recentl appeared
y
making the point that the reason we have such stubbornl high unemployment and
y
declining middle-class incomes toda is largel because of the big drop in demand
y y
because of the Great Recession, but it is also because of the advances in both
globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidl than
y
ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers.
In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job, could earn an
average lifest le. But, today, average is officiall over. Being average just won't earn
y y
ou what it used to. It can't when so man more emplo ers have so much more
y y y
access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap
software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their
extra — their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their
field of emplo ment.
y
Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and alwa s will. But there's
y
been an acceleration. As Davidson notes, "In the 10 ears ending in 2009, [U.S.]
y
factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70
ears; roughl one out of every three manufacturing jobs — about 6 million in
y y
total—disappeared."
There will alwa s be change—new jobs, new products, new services. But the one
y
thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I. T.
revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to
make themselves above average.
In a world where average is officiall over, there are many things we need to do
y
to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind
of G. I. Bill for the 2l8t century that ensures that every American has access to post
high school education.
-3 -21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate .
[A] the impact of technological advances
[B] the alleviation of job pressure
[C] the shrinkage of textile mills
[D] the de clme of middle-class mcomes
22.According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to .
[A] work on cheap software
[B] ask for a moderate salary
[C] adopt an average lifestyle
[D] contribute something unique
23. The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that .
[A] gains of technology have been erased
[B]job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed
[C] factories are making much less money than before
[D] new jobs and services have been offered
24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is
[A] to accelerate the I. T. revolution
[B] to ensure more education for people
[C] to advance economic globalization
[D] to pass more bills in the 21st century
25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?
[A]New Law Takes Effect.
[B] Technology Goes Cheap.
[C]Average Is Over.
[D] Recession Is Bad.
-4 -Text2
A century a o, the immigrants from across the Atlantic included settlers and
g
sojourners. Alon with the many folks lookin to make a permanent home in the
g g
United States came those who had no intention to stay, and who would make some
money and then o home. Between 1908 and 1915, about 7 million people arrived
g
while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immi rants, for example,
g
eventually returned to Italy for ood. They even had an affectionate nickname,
g
"uccelli di passa io," birds of passa e.
gg g
Today, we are much more ri id about immigrants. We divide newcomers into
g
two cate ories: le al or ille al, ood or bad. We hail them as Americans in the
g g g g
makin , or brand them as aliens to be kicked out. That framework has contributed
g
mi htily to our broken immigration system and the lon political paralysis over how
g g
to fix it. We don't need more cate ories, but we need to chan e the way we think
g g
about cate ories. We need to look beyond strict definitions of le al and ille al. To
g g g
start, we can recognize the new birds of passa e, those livin and thrivin in the gray
g g g
areas. We mi ht then be in to solve our immigration challen es.
g g g
Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, en ineers, home
g
health-care aides and physicists are amon today's birds of passa e. They are
g g
ener etic participants in a lobal economy driven by the flow of work, money and
g g
ideas. They prefer to come and o as opportunity calls them. They can mana e to
g g
have a job in one place and a family in another.
With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with
ease. We need them to ima ine the United States as a place where they can be
g
productive for a while without committin themselves to stayin forever. We need
g g
them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belon to two
g
nations honorably.
Accommodatin this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes
g
on both sides of the immigration battle. Lookin beyond the culture war lo ic of ri ht
g g g
or wron means openin up the middle ground and understandin that mana in
g g g g g
immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes, includin some
g
that are not easy to accomplish le ally in the existin system.
g g
-5 -26. "Birds of passage" refers to those who .
[A] stay in a foreign country temporarily
[B] leave their home countries for good
[C] immigrate across the Atlantic
[D] find permanent jobs overseas
27. It is i lied in Paragraph 2 that the current immigration system in the US
mp
[A] needs new immigrant categories
[B] has loosened control over immigrants
[C] should be adapted to meet challenges
[D] has been fixed via political means
28. According to the author, today's birds of passage want .
[A] financial incentives
[B] a global recognition
[C] the freedom to stay and leave
[D] opportunities to get regular jobs
29. The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated .
[A] as faithful partners
[B] with legal tolerance
[C] with economic favors
[D] as mighty rivals
30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .
[A] Come and Go: Big Mistake
[B] Living and Thriving: Great Risk
[C] With or Without: Great Risk
[D] Legal or Illegal: Big Mistake
- 6 -Text3
Scientists have found that althou h we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take
g
a moment and think about how we are likel to react, we can reduce or even eliminate
y
the ne ative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.
g
Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are jud in whether
g g
someone is dan erous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickl ,
g y
within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accuratel tell
y
whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferabl five.
y
It takes a while to jud e complex aspects of personalit , like neuroticism or open
g y
-mindedness.
But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren't exclusive to the
interpersonal realm. Ps cholo ists at the Universit of Toronto found that viewin a
y g y g
fast-food lo o for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even
g
thou h readin has little to do with eatin . We unconsciousl associate fast food with
g g g y
speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we're doin ,
g
Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too lon .
g
Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer
products or housin options when we see a happ face (one reason ood sales
g y g
representatives and real estate a ents are alwa s smilin ), we can take a moment
g y g
before bu in . If we know female job screeners are more likel to reject attractive
y g y
female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases — or hire outside
screeners.
John Gottman, the marria e expert, explains that we quickl "thin slice"
g y
information reliabl onl after we ground such snap reactions in "thick sliced" lon
y y g
term stud . When Dr. Gottman reall wants to assess whether a couple will sta
y y y
to ether, he invites them to his island retreat for a much lon er evaluation: two da s,
g g y
not two seconds.
Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions b pausin is what differentiates us
y g
from animals: do s can think about the future onl intermittentl or for a few minutes.
g y y
But historicall we have spent about 12 percent of our da s contemplatin the lon er
y y g g
term. Althou h technology mi ht chan e the wa we react, it hasn't chan ed our
g g g y g
nature. We still have the imaginative capacit to rise above temptation and reverse the
y
hi h-speed trend.
g
- 7 -31. The time needed in making decisions may .
[A] predetermine the accuracy of our judgment
[B] prove the complexity of our brain reaction
[C] depend on the importance of the assessment
[D] vary according to the urgency of the situation
32. 0 ur react10n to a fast-food logo shows that snap dec1s10ns .
[A] can be associative
[B] are not unconscious
[C] can be dangerous
[D] are not impulsive
33. T o reverse the negative influences of snap dec1s10ns, we should .
[A] trust our first impression
[B] think before we act
[C] do as people usually do
[D] ask for expert advice
34. John Gattman says that reliable snap reactions are based on .
[A] critical assessment
[B] "thin sliced" study
[C] adequate information
[D] sensible explanation
35. The author's attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is .
[A] tolerant
[B] optimistic
[ C] uncertain
[D]Doubtful
-8 -Text4
Europe is not a gender-equality heaven. In particular, the corporate workplace
will never be completel famil -friendl until women are part of senior management
y y y
decisions, and Europe's top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingl
y
male. Indeed, women hold onl 14 per cent of positions on European corporate
y
boards.
The European Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards
to maintain a certain proportion of women— up to 60 per cent. This proposed mandate
was born of frustration. Last ear, European Commission Vice President Viviane
y
Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for
gender balance goals of 40 per cent female board membership. But her appeal was
considered a failure: onl 24 companies took it up.
y
Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate
ladder fairl as the balance work and famil ?
y y y
"Personall , I don't like quotas," Reding said recentl . "But I like what the
y y
quotas do." Quotas get action: the "open the wa to equality and the break through
y y y
the glass ceiling," according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries
with legall binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.
y
I understand Reding's reluctance — and her frustration. I don't like quotas either;
the run counter to m belief in meritocrac , governance b the capable. But, when
y y y y
one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a
fairer world must be temporaril ordered.
y
After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as
well as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top
positions — no matter how much "soft pressure" is put upon them. When women do
break through to the summit of corporate power — as, for example, Sheryl Sandberg
recentl did at Facebook — the attract massive attention precisel because the
y y y y
remain the exception to the rule.
If appropriate public policies were in place to help all women — whether CEOs
or their children's caregivers — and all families, Sandberg would be no more
newsworth than an other highl capable person hvmg m a more Just society.
y y y
- 9 -36. In the European corporate workplace, generally .
[A] women take the lead
[B] men have the final say
[C] corporate governance is overwhelmed
[D] senior management is family-friendly
37. The European Union's intended legislation is .
[A] a reflection of gender balance
[B] a response to Reding's call
[C] a reluctant choice
[D] a voluntary action
38. According to Reding, quotas may help women .
[A] get top business positions
[B] see through the glass ceiling
[C] balance work and family
[D] anticipate legal results
39. The author's attitude toward Reding's appeal is one of
[A] skepticism
[B] objectiveness
[ C] indifference
[D] approval
40. Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of .
[A] more social justice
[B] massive media attention
[C] suitable public policies
[D] greater "soft pressure"
- 10 -PartB
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions b choosing the most suitable
y
subtitle from the list A - G for each numbered paragraph (41 - 45). There are two
extra subtitles which ou do not need to use. Mark our answers on the ANSWER
y y
SHEET. (10 points)
[A] Live like a peasant
[B] Balance our diet
y
[C] Shopkeepers are our friends
y
[D] Remember to treat ourself
y
[E] Stick to what ou need
y
[F] Planning is everything
[G] Waste not, want not
The hugel popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Ton balances his love
y y
of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Ton has £ 60 a week to spend, £ 40
y
of which goes on food, but 10 ears ago he was earning £ 130,000 a ear working in
y y
corporate communications and eating at London's best restaurants at least twice a
week. Then his marriage failed, his career burned out and his drinking became serious.
"The communit mental health team saved m life. And I felt like that again, to a
y y
certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gave me the validation
and confidence that I'd lost. But it's still a da -b -da thing." Now he's living in a
y y y
council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. He's feeling positive, but he' 11
carry on blogging — not about eating as cheapl as ou can — "there are so man
y y y
people in a much worse state, with barel an mone to spend on food" — but eating
y y y
well on a budget. Here's his advice for economical foodies.
41.
Impulsive spending isn't an option, so plan our week's menu in advance,
y
making shopping lists for our ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel
y
template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it's not just cost
effective but helps ou balance our diet. It's also a good idea to shop dail instead of
y y y
- 11 -weekl , because, bein human, ou'll sometimes chan e our mind about what ou
y g y g y y
fanc .
y
42.
This is where supermarkets and their anonymity come in hand . With them,
y
there's not the same embarrassment as when bu in one carrot in a little greengrocer.
y g
And if ou plan properl , ou'll know that ou onl need, sa , 350 of shin of beef
y y y y y y g
and six rashers of bacon, not whatever wei ht is pre-packed in the supermarket chiller.
g
43.
You ma proudl claim to onl have frozen peas in the freezer — that's not ood
y y y g
enou h. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Plannin ahead
g g
should eliminate wasta e, but if ou have surplus ve etables ou'll do a ve etable
g y g y g
soup, and all fruits threatenin to " o off' will be cooked or juiced.
g g
44.
Everyone sa s this, but it reall is a top tip for fru al eaters. Shop at butchers,
y y g
delis and fish-sellers regularl , even for small thin s, and be super friendl . Soon
y g y
ou'll feel comfortable askin if the 've an knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or
y g y y
beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which, more often than not,
the 'll let ou have for free.
y y
45.
You won't be eatin out a lot, but save our pennies and once every few months
g y
treat ourself to a set lunch at a ood restaurant— £ 1.75 a week for three months ives
y g g
ou £ 21 — more than enou h for a three-course lunch at Michelin-starred Arbutus. It's
y g
£ 16.95 there — or £ 12.99 for a lar e pizza from Domino's: I know which I'd rather
g
eat.
- 12 -Section III Translation
46. Directions:
Translate the following text into Chinese. Write our translation on the ANSWER
y
SHEET. (15 points)
I can pick a date from the past 53 ears and know instantl where I was, what
y y
happened in the news and even the da of the week. I've been able to do this since I
y
was four.
I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information m brain absorbs. M
y y
mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored awa neatl . When I think
y y
of a sad memory, I do what everybod does -try to put it to one side. I don't think it's
y
harder for me just because m memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn't make m
y y
emotions an more acute or vivid. I can recall the da m grandfather died and the
y y y
sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the da before. I also remember that the
y
musical pla Hair opened on Broadway on the same da — the both just pop into m
y y y y
mind in the same wa .
y
- 13 -Section IV Writing
Part A
47. Directions:
Su ose your class is to hold a charity sale for kids in need of hel . Write your
pp p
classmates an email to
1) inform them about the details, and
2) encourage them to aritci ate.
p p
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead.
Do not write your address. (10 oints)
p
PartB
48. Directions:
Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should
1)interpret the chart, and
2) give your comments.
You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 oints)
p
1
00%
88.24%
0
8％
0
人
6%
数
0
百
4 %
分
0
比
2%
0
%
大 一 大二 大三 大四
某高校学生兼职情况
-14 -绝密★启用前
2014 年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（二）
（科目代码：204）
☆考生注意事项☆
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位
置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码
粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在
答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题
册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分
必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the followin text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
g
A, B, C or Don the ANSWER SHEET. (lOpoints)
Thinner isn't alwa s better. A number of studies have 1 that normal-
y
wei ht people are in fact at hi her risk of some diseases compared to those who
g g
are overwei ht. And there are health conditions for which bein overwei ht is
g g g
actuall 2 . For example, heavier women are less likel to develop calcium
y y
deficienc than thin women. 3 , amon the elderl , bein somewhat overwei ht
y g y g g
is often an 4 of ood health.
g
Of even greater 5 is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to
define. It is often defined 6 body mass index, or BMI. BMI 7 bod mass
y
divided b the square of hei ht. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered
y g
to be normal wei ht. Between 25 and 30 is overwei ht. And over 30 is considered
g g
obese. Obesity, 8 , can be divided into moderatel obese, severel obese, and
y y
very severel obese.
y
While such numencal standards seem 9 , the are not. Obesity is
y
probabl less a matter of wei ht than bod fat. Some people with a hi h BMI are in
y g y g
fact extremel fit, 10 others with a low BMI ma be in poor 11 . For example,
y y
man colle iate and professional football pla ers 12 as obese, thou h their
y g y g
percenta e bod fat is low. Conversel , someone with a small frame ma have hi h
g y y y g
bod fat but a 13 BMI.
y
Toda we have a(n) 14 to label obesity as a disgrace. The overwei ht
y g
are sometimes 15 in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes 16
with obesity include laziness, lack of will power, and lower prospects for success.
Teachers, emplo ers, and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases
y
a ainst the obese. 17 very oun children tend to look down on the
g y g
overwei ht, and teasin about bod build has lon been a problem in schools.
g g y g
Ne ative attitudes toward obesity, 18 in health concerns, have
g
stimulated a number of anti-obesity 19 . M own hospital s stem has banned
y y
su ary drinks from its facilities. Man emplo ers have instituted wei ht loss and
g y y g
fitness initiatives. Michelle Obama has launched a hi h-visibilit campaign 20
g y
childhood obesit , even claimin that it represents our reatest national security threat.
y g g
-1 -1. [A] denied [B] concluded [C] doubted [D] ensured
2. [A] protective [B] dangerous [C] sufficient [D] troublesome
3. [A] Instead [B] However [C] Likewise [D] Therefore
4. [A] indicator [B] objective [C] origin [D] example
5. [A] impact [B] relevance [C] assistance [D] concern
6. [A] in terms of [B] in case of [C] in favor of [D] in respects of
7. [A] measures [B] detern血es [C] equals [D] modifies
8. [A] in essence [B] in contrast [C] in turn [D] in part
9. [A] complicated [B] conservative [C] variable [D] straightforward
10. [A] so [B] while [C] since [D] unless
11. [A] shape [B] spirit [C] balance [D] taste
12. [A] start [B] qualify [C] retire [D] stay
13. [A] strange [B] changeable [C] normal [D] constant
14. [A] option [B] reason [C] opportunity [D] tendency
15. [A] employed [B] pictured [C] imitated [D] monitored
16. [A] compared [B] combined [C] settled [D] associated
17. [A] Even [B] Still [C] Yet [D] Only
18. [A] despised [B] corrected [C] ignored [D] grounded
19. [A] discussions [B] businesses [C] policies [D] studies
20. [A] for [B] against [C] with [D] without
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,
B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
-2 -Text 1
What would ou do with $590m? This is now a uestion for Gloria MacKenzie,
y q
an 84- ear-old widow who recentl emerged from her small, tin-roofed house in
y y
Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jack ot in history. If she ho es her
p p
new-found fortune will ield lasting feelings of fulfilment, she could do worse than
y
read Happy Money b Elizabeth Dunn and Michael Norton.
y
These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the
most rewarding wa s to spend mone can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of great
y y
wealth often involve visions of fanc cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction
y
with these material purchases wears off fairl quickl . What was once exciting
y y
and new becomes old-hat; regret cree s in. It is far better to s end mone on
p p y
ex eriences, sa Ms Dunn and Mr Norton, like interesting tri s, uni ue meals or
p y p q
even going to the cinema. These purchases often become more valuable with time
- as stories or memories - particularl if the involve feeling more connected to
y y
others.
This slim volume is packed with ti s to hel wage slaves as well as lottery
p p
winners get the most "happiness bang for our buck." It seems most eo le would
y p p
be better off if the could shorten their commutes to work, s end more time with
y p
friends and famil and less of it watching television (something the average
y
American spends a whopping two months a ear doing, and is hardl jollier for it).
y y
Bu ing gifts or giving to charit is often more leasurable than urchasing things
y y p p
for oneself, and luxuries are most enjo able when the are consumed s aringl .
y y p y
This is a arentl the reason McDonald's restricts the availability of its o ular
pp y p p
McRib — a marketing trick that has turned the ork sandwich into an object of
p
obsession.
Readers of Happy Money are clearl a rivileged lot, anxious about fulfilment,
y p
not hunger. Mone ma not uite bu ha iness, but eo le in wealthier countries
y y q y pp p p
are generall ha pier than those in poor ones. Yet the link between feeling good
y p
and s ending mone on others can be seen among rich and oor eo le around the
p y p p p
world, and scarcity e呻ances the leasure of most things for most eo le. Not
p p p
everyone will agree with the authors' olic ideas, which range from mandating
p y
more holida time to reducing tax incentives for American homebu ers. But most
y y
eo le will come awa from this book believing it was mone well s ent.
p p y y p
-3 -21. According to Dunn and Norton, which of the following is the most rewarding
purchase?
[A]A big house.
[B]A special tour.
[C]A stylish car.
[D]A rich meal.
22. The author's attitude toward Americans'watching TV is .
[A] critical
[B] supportive
[C] sympathetic
[D] ambiguous
23. Mc Rib is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to show that .
[A] consumers are sometimes 1rrat10nal
[B] popularity usually comes after quality
[C] marketing tricks are often effective
[D] rarity generally increases pleasure
24. According to the last paragraph, Happy Money .
[A] has left much room for readers'criticism
[B] may prove to be a worthwhile purchase
[C] has predicted a wider income gap in the US
[D] may give its readers a sense of achievement
25. This text mainly discusses how to .
[A] balance feeling good and spending money
[B] spend large sums of money won in lotteries
[C] obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent
[D] become more reasonable in spending on luxuries
-4 -Text2
An article in Scientific American has pointed out that empirical research sa s
y
that, actuall , ou think ou're more beautiful than ou are. We have a deep
y y y y
seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturall emplo a number of
y y
self-enhancing strategies to achieve this. Social ps chologists have amassed oceans
y
of research into what the call the "above average effect", or "illusory superiority",
y
and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in
leadership, 93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with others - all obviousl
y
statistical impossibilities.
We rose-tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations.
We become defensive when criticised, and appl negative stereotypes to others to
y
boost our own esteem. We stalk around thinking we're hot stuff.
Ps chologist and behavioural scientist Nicholas Eple oversaw a ke stud into
y y y y
self-enhancement and attractiveness. Rather than have people simpl rate their
y
beaut compared with others, he asked them to identify an original photograph of
y
themselves from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more
and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study, is "an automatic ps chological
y
process, occurring rapidl and intuitivel with little or no apparent conscious
y y
deliberation". If the subjects quickl chose a falsel flattering image — which most
y y
did—the genuinel believed it was reall how the looked.
y y y y
Eple found no significant gender difference in responses. Nor was there an
y y
evidence that those who self-e呻anced the most (that is, the participants who
thought the most positivel doctored pictures were real) were doing so to make up
y
for profound insecurities. In fact, those who thought that the images higher up the
attractiveness scale were real directl corresponded with those who showed other
y
markers for having higher self-esteem. "I don't think the findings that we have are
an evidence of personal delusion," sa s Eple . "It's a reflection simpl of people
y y y y
generall thinking well of themselves." If ou are depressed, ou won't be self
y y y
enhancing.
Knowing the results of Eple 's study, it makes sense that man people hate
y y
photographs of themselves viscerally — on one level, the don't even recognise the
y
person in the picture as themselves. Facebook, therefore, is a self-enhancer's paradise,
where people can share onl the most flattering photos, the cream of their wit,
y
st le, beauty, intellect and lifestyles. It's not that people's profiles are dishonest, sa s
y y
Catalina Toma of Wisconsin-Madison University, "but the portray an idealised
y
version of themselves."
-5 -26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologists have found that .
[A] our self-ratings are unrealistically high
[B] illusory superiority is a baseless effect
[C] our need for leadership is unnatural
[D] self-enhancing strategies are ineffective
27.Visual recognition is believed to be people's .
[A] rapid matching
[B] conscious choice
[C] intuitive response
[D] automatic self-defence
28. Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tended to .
[A] underestimate their msecuntles
r
[B] b e 1eve m their attractiveness
[C] cover up their depressions
[D] oversimplify their illusions
29. The word "viscerally" (Line 2, Para.5) is closest in meaning to .
[A] instinctively
[B] occasionally
[C] particularly
[D] aggressively
30. It can be inferred that Facebook is a self-enhancer's paradise because people
can
[A] present their dishonest profiles
[B] define their traditional lifestyles
[C] share their intellectual pursuits
[D] withhold their unflattering sides
-6 -Text3
The concept of man versus machine is at least as old as the industrial revolution,
but this phenomenon tends to be most acutel felt durin economic downturns and
y g
fra ile recoveries. And et, it would be a mistake to think we are ri ht now simpl
g y g y
experiencin the painful side of a boom and bust c cle. Certain jobs have one awa
g y g y
for ood, outmoded b machines. Since technology has such an insatiable appetite
g y
for eatin up human jobs, this phenomenon will continue to restructure our econom
g y
in wa s we cannot immediatel foresee.
y y
When there is rapid improvement in the price and performance of technology,
jobs that were once thou ht to be immune from automation suddenl become
g y
threatened. This argument has attracted a lot of attention, via the success of the
book Race Against the Machine, b Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, who
y
both hail from MIT's Center for Di ital Business.
g
This is a powerful argument, and a scary one. And et, John Ha el, author of
y g
The Power of Pull and other books, sa s Brynjolfsson and McAfee miss the
y
reason wh these jobs are so vulnerable to technology in the first place.
y
Ha el sa s we have designed jobs in the U.S. that tend to be "ti htl scripted"
g y g y
and "hi hl standardized" ones that leave no room for "individual initiative or
g y
creativit ". In short, these are the types of jobs that machines can perform much
y
better at than human bein s. That is how we have put a iant tar et sign on the
g g g
backs of American workers, Ha el sa s.
g y
It's time to reinvent the formula for how work is conducted, since we are still
rel in on a very 20th century notion of work, Ha el sa s. In our rapidl chan in
y g g y y g g
economy, we more than ever need people in the workplace who can take initiative
and exercise their ima ination "to respond to unexpected events". That is not
g
somethin machines are ood at. The are designed to perform very predictable
g g y
activities.
As Ha el notes, Brynjolfsson and McAfee indeed touched on this point in
g
their book. We need to reframe race against the machine as race with the machine.
In other words, we need to look at the wa s in which machines can au ment
y g
human labor rather than replace it. So then the problem is not reall about technolo ,
y gy
but rather, "how do we innovate our institutions and our work practices?"
- 7 -31. According to the first paragraph, economic downturns would .
[A] ease the competition of man vs. machine
[B] highlight machines'threat to human jobs
[C] provoke a painful technological revolution
[D] outmode our current economic structure
32. The authors of Race Against the Machine argue that .
[A] technology is diminishing man's job opportunities
[B] automation is accelerating technological development
[C] certain jobs will remain intact after automation
[D] man will finally win the race against machine
33. Hagel argues that jobs in the U.S. are often .
[A] performed by innovative minds
[B] scripted with an individual style
[C] standardized without a clear target
[D] designed against human creativity
34. According to the last paragraph, Brynjolfsson andMcAfee discussed .
[A] the predictability of machine behavior in practice
[B] the formula for how work is conducted efficiently
[C] the ways machines replace human labor in modem times
[D] the necessity of human involvement in the workplace
3 5. Which of the following could be the most appropriate title for the text?
[A] How to Innovate Our Work Practices?
[B] Machines Will Replace Human Labor
[C] Can We Win the Race Against Machines?
[D] E conomic Downturns Stimulate Innovat10ns
- 8 -Text4
When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the econom
y
the focus is usuall on roads, railwa s, broadband and energy. Housing is seldom
y y
mentioned.
Wh is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. We
y
have not been good at con皿unicating the real value that housing can contribute to
economic growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard
to shove for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure projects, so it is
inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere. But perhaps the most significant
reason is that the issue has alwa s been so politicall charged.
y y
Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists increase
all the time and we are simpl not building enough new homes.
y
The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunit for the government
y
to help rectify this. It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some
steps to address our urgent housing need.
There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. The communities
minister, Don Foster, has hinted that George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer,
may introduce more flexibilit to the current cap on the amount that local
y
authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt. Evidence shows that 60,000
extra new homes could be built over the next five ears if the cap were lifted,
y
increasing GDP b 0.6%.
y
Ministers should also look at creating greater certaint in the rental environment,
y
which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund
new developments from revenues.
But it is not just down to the government. While these measures would be
welcome in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the existing £ 4.5bn
programme of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in 2015, is
unlikel to be extended be ond then. The Labour party has recentl announced
y y y
that it will retain a large part of the coalition's spending plans if it returns to power.
The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikel to ever return to the era
y
of large-scale public grants. We need to adjust to this changing climate.
While the government's commitment to long-term funding ma have changed,
y
the very pressing need for more affordable housing is real and is not going away.
- 9 -36. The author believes that the housing sector .
[A] has attracted much attention
[B] involves certain political factors
[C] shoulders too much responsibility
[D] has lost its real value in economy
37. It can be learned that affordable housing has .
[A] increased its home supply
[B] offered spending opportunities
[C] suffered government biases
[D] disappointed the government
38. According to Paragraph 5, George Osborne may .
[A] allow greater government debt for housing
[B] stop local authorities from building homes
[C] prepare to reduce housing stock debt
[D] release a lifted GDP growth forecast
39. It can be mferred that a stable rental environment would
[A] lower the costs of registered providers
[B] lessen the impact of government interference
[C] contribute to funding new developments
[D] relieve the ministers of responsibilities
40. The author believes that after 2015, the government may .
[A] implement more policies to support housing
[B] review the need for large-scale public grants
[C] renew the affordable housing grants programme
[D] stop generous funding to the housing sector
- 10 -PartB
Directions:
Read the followin text and match each of the numbered items in the left column
g
to its correspondin information in the ri ht column. There are two extra choices
g g
in the ri ht column. Mark our answers on the ANSWERSHEERT. (10 points)
g y
Emer in in the late Sixties and reachin a peak in the Seventies, Land Art
g g g
was one of a ran e of new forms, includin Bod Art, Performance Art, Action
g g y
Art and Installation Art, which pushed art be ond the traditional confines of the
y
studio and allery. Rather than portra in landscape, land artists used the ph sical
g y g y
substance of the land itself as their medium.
The British land art, typified b Richard Lon 's piece, was not onl more
y g y
domesticall scaled, but a lot quirkier than its American counterpart. Indeed,
y
while ou mi ht assume that an exhibition of Land Art would consist onl of
y g y
records of works rather than the works themselves, Lon 's photograph of his work
g
is the work. Since his "action" is in the past, the photograph is its sole embodiment.
That mi ht seem rather an obscure point, but it sets the tone for an exhibition
g
that contains a lot of black-and-white photographs and relativel few natural objects.
y
Lon is Britain's best-known Land Artist and his Stone Circle, a perfect rin
g g
of purplish rocks from Portishead beach laid out on the allery floor, represents
g
the ele ant, rarefied side of the form. The Bo le Famil , on the other hand, stand
g y y
for its dirty, urban aspect. Comprisin artists Mark Bo le and Joan Hills and their
g y
children, the recreated random sections of the British landscape on allery walls.
y g
Their Olaf Street Study, a square of brick-strewn waste ground, is one of the few
works here to embrace the commonplaceness that characterises most of our
experience of the landscape most of the time.
Parks feature, particularl in the earlier works, such as John Hilliard's very
y
funn Across the Park, in which a lon -haired stroller is variousl smiled at b a
y g y y
prett irl and unwittin l assaulted in a sequence of ima es that tum out to be
y g g y g
different parts of the same photograph.
Generall however British land artists preferred to et away from towns,
y g
gravitatin towards landscapes that are traditionall considered beautiful such as
g y
the Lake District or the Wiltshire Downs. While it probabl wasn't apparent at the
y
time, much of this work is permeated b a spirit of romantic escapism that the
y
likes of Wordsworth would have readil understood. Derek Jarman's ellow-tinted
y y
film Towards Avebury, a collection of lon , mostl still shots of the Wiltshire
g y
landscape, evokes a tradition of En lish landscape paintin stretchin from Samuel
g g g
Palmer to Paul Nash.
In the case of Hamish Fulton, ou can't help feelin that the Scottish artist
y g
has simpl found a wa of makin his love of walkin pa . A typical work, such as
y y g g y
- 11 -Seven Da s, consists of a single beautiful black-and-white photograph taken on an
y
epic walk, with the mileage and number of da s taken listed beneath. British Land
y
Art as shown in this well selected, but relativel modestl scaled exhibition wasn't
y y
about imposing on the landscape, more a kind of landscape-orientated light
conceptual art created passing through. It had its origins in the great outdoors, but
the results were as gallery-bound as the paintings of Turner and Constable.
[A] originates from a long walk that the artist
took.
41. Stone Circle [B] illustrates a kind of landscape-orientated
light conceptual art.
42. Olaf Street Stud [C] reminds people of the English landscape
y
painting tradition.
43. Across the Park [D] represents the elegance of the British land
art.
44.Towards Avebury [E] depicts the ordinary side of the British
land art.
45. Seven Da s [F] embodies a romantic escape into the
y
Scottish outdoors.
[G] contains images from different parts of the
same photograph.
- 12 -Section III Translation
46. Directions:
Translate the following text into Chinese. Write our translation on the ANSWER
y
SHEET.(15 points)
Most people would define optimism as being endlessl happ , with a glass
y y
that's perpetuall half full. But that's exactl the kind of false cheerfulness that
y y
positive ps chologists wouldn't recommend. "Health optimism means being in
y y
touch with reality," sa s Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor. According to Ben
y
Shahar, realistic optimists are those who make the best of things that happen, but not
those who believe everything happens for the best.
Ben-Shahar uses three optimistic exercises. When he feels down — sa , after
y
giving a bad lecture — he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds
himself that not every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective
than others. Next is reconstruction. He anal zes the weak lecture, learning lessons
y
for the future about what works and what doesn't. Finall , there is perspective,
y
which involves acknowledging that in the grand scheme of life, one lecture reall
y
doesn't matter.
- 13 -Section IV Writing
Part A
47. Directions:
Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John, a
local student. Write him an email to
1) tell him about your living habits, and
2) ask for advice about living there.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead.
Do not write your address. (10 points)
PartB
48. Directions:
Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should
1) interpret the chart, and
2) give your comments.
You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
图城镇人 口 乡村人
1000
I
834
807
00 I
666 674
� 600
过 400
:mt- I 300
、
200
1990年 2000年 2010年
20 年间中国城镇人口与乡村人口变化图
-14 -绝密★启用前
2015 年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（二）
（科目代码：204）
☆考生注意事项☆
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位
置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码
粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在
答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题
册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分
必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
A, B, C or Don the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
In our contemporary culture, the prospect of communicating with — or even
looking at — a stranger is virtuall unbearable. Everyone around us seems to agree
y
b the wa the cling to their phones, even without a 1 on a subwa .
y y y y
It's a sad reality — our desire to avoid interacting with other human beings —
because there's 2 to be gained from talking to the stranger standing b ou. But
y y
ou wouldn't know it, 3 into our phone. This universal protection sends the
y y
4 : "Please don't approach me."
What is it that makes us feel we need to hide 5 our screens?
One answer is fear, according to Jon Wortmann, an executive mental coach. We
fear rejection, or that our innocent social advances will be 6 as "weird." We fear
we'll be_]_. We fear we'll be disruptive.
Strangers are inherentl 8 to us, so we are more likel to feel 9
y y
when communicating with them compared with our friends and acquaintances. To
avoid this uneasiness, we 10 to our phones. "Phones become our securit
y
blanket," Wortmann sa s. "The are our happ glasses that protect us from what we
y y y
perceive is going to be more 11 ."
But once we rip off the band-aid, tuck our smartphones in our pockets and look
up, it doesn't 12 so bad. In one 2011 experiment, behavioral scientists Nicholas
Eple and Juliana Schroeder asked commuters to do the unthinkable: Start a 13 .
y
The had Chicago train commuters talk to their fellow 14 . "When Dr. Eple and
y y
Ms. Schroeder asked other people in the same train station to 15 how the
y
would feel after talking to a stranger, the commuters thought their 16 would be
more pleasant if the sat on their own," The New York Times summarizes. Though the
y
participants didn't expect a positive experience, after they 17 with the
experiment, "not a single person reported having been embarrassed."
18 , these commutes were reportedl more enjo able compared with those
y y
without communication, which makes absolute sense, 19 human beings thrive off
of social connections. It's that 20 : Talking to strangers can make ou feel
y
connected.
-1 -1. [A] signal [B] permit [C] ticket [D] record
2. [A] nothing [B] little [C] another [D] much
3. [A] beaten [B] plugged [C] guided [D] brought
4. [A] message [B] code [C] notice [D] sign
5. [A] under [B] beyond [C] behind [D] from
6. [A] misapplied [B] misinterpreted [C] misadjusted [D] mismatched
7. [A] judged [B] fired [C] replaced [D] delayed
8. [A] unreasonable [B] ungrateful [C] unconventional [D] unfamiliar
9. [A] comfortable [B] confident [C] anxious [D] angry
10. [A] attend [B] tum [C] take [D] point
11. [A] dangerous [B] mysterious [C] violent [D] boring
12. [A] bend [B] resist [C] hurt [D] decay
13. [A] lecture [B] debate [C] conversation [D] negotiation
14. [A] trainees [B] employees [C] researchers [D] passengers
15. [A] reveal [B] choose [C] predict [D] design
16. [A] voyage [B] flight [C] walk [D] ride
17. [A] went through [B] did away [C] caught up [D] put up
18. [A] In tum [B] In fact [C] In particular [D] In consequence
19. [A] unless [B] whereas [C] if [D] since
20. [A] funny [B] simple [C] logical [D] rare
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B,
C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
-2 -Text 1
A new stud suggests that contrary to most surve s, people are actuall more
y y y
stressed at home than at work. Researchers measured people's cortisol, which is a
stress marker, while the were at work and while the were at home and found it
y y
higher at what is supposed to be a place of refuge.
"Fu门her contradicting conventional wisdom, we found that women as well as
men have lower levels of stress at work than at home," writes one of the researchers,
Sarah Damaske. In fact women even sa the feel better at work, she notes. "It is men,
y y
not women, who report being happier at home than at work." Another surprise is that
the findings hold true for both those with children and without, but more so for
nonparents. This is wh people who work outside the home have better health.
y
What the stud doesn't measure is whether people are still doing work when
y
the 're at home, whether it is household work or work brought home from the office.
y
For man men, the end of the workday is a time to kick back. For women who sta
y y
home, the never get to leave the office. And for women who work outside the home,
y
the often are playing catch-up-with-household tasks. With the blurring of roles, and
y
the fact that the home front lags well behind the workplace in making adjustments for
working women, it's not surprising that women are more stressed at home.
But it's not just a gender thing. At work, people prett much know what the 're
y y
supposed to be doing: working, making mone , doing the tasks the have to do in
y y
order to draw an income. The bargain is very pure: Emplo ee puts in hours of
y
ph sical or mental labor and emplo ee draws out life-sustaining moola.
y y
On the home front, however, people have no such clarity. Rare is the household
in which the division of labor is so clinicall and methodicall laid out. There are a
y y
lot of tasks to be done, there are inadequate rewards for most of them. Your home
colleagues — our famil — have no clear rewards for their labor; the need to be
y y y
talked into it, or if the 're teenagers, threatened with complete removal of all
y
electronic devices. Plus, the 're our famil . You cannot fire our famil . You never
y y y y y
reall get to go home from home.
y
So it's not surprising that people are more stressed at home. Not onl are the
y
tasks apparentl infinite, the co-workers are much harder to motivate.
y
-3 -21. According to Paragraph 1, most previous surveys found that home .
[A] offered greater relaxation than the workplace
[B] was an ideal place for stress measurement
[C] generated more stress than the workplace
[D] was an unrealistic place for relaxation
22. According to Damaske, who are likely to be the happiest at home?
[A] Working mothers.
[B] Childless husbands.
[C] Working fathers.
[D] Childless wives.
23. The blurring of working women's roles refers to the fact that .
[A] their home is also a place for kicking back
[B] they are both bread winners and housewives
[C] there is often much housework left behind
[D] it is difficult for them to leave their office
24. The word "moola" (Line 4, Para. 4) most probably means .
[A] skills
[B] energy
[C] earnings
[D] nutrition
25. The home front differs from the workplace in that .
[A] family labor is often adequately rewarded
[B] home is hardly a cozier working environment
[C] household tasks are generally more motivating
[D] division of labor at home is seldom clear-cut
-4 -Text2
For ears, studies have found that first- eneration colle e students - those who
y g g
do not have a parent with a colle e degree — la other students on a ran e of
g g g
education achievement factors. Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are
hi her. But since such students are most likel to advance economicall if the
g y y y
succeed in hi her education, colle es and universities have pushed for decades to
g g
recruit more of them. This has created "a paradox" in that recruitin first- eneration
g g
students, but then watchin man of them fail, means that hi her education has
g y g
"continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close" an achievement ap based on
g
social class, accordin to the depressin be innin of a paper forthcomin in the
g g g g g
journal Psychological Science.
But the article is actuall quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to
y
this problem, su estin that an approach (which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost
gg g
program) can close 63 percent of the achievement ap (measured b such factors as
g y
grades) between first- eneration and other students.
g
The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findin s are
g
based on a stud involvin 147 students (who completed the project) at an unnamed
y g
private university. First eneration was defined as not havin a parent with a four
g g
ear colle e degree. Most of the first- eneration students (59.1 percent) were
y g g
recipients of Pell Grants, a federal grant for undergraduates with financial need, while
this was true onl for 8.6 percent of the students with at least one parent with a
y
four- ear degree.
y
Their thesis — that a relativel modest intervention could have a bi impact —
y g
was based on the view that first- eneration students ma be most lackin not in
g y g
potential but in practical knowled e about how to deal with the issues that face most
g
colle e students. The cite past research b several authors to show that this is the
g y y
ap that must be narrowed to close the achievement ap.
g g
Man first- eneration students "stru le to navi ate the middle-class culture of
y g gg g
hi her education, learn the 'rules of the ame,' and take advanta e of colle e
g g g g
resources," the write. And this becomes more of a problem when colle es don't talk
y g
about the class advanta es and disadvanta es of different groups of students.
g g
"Because US colle es and universities seldom acknowled e how social class can
g g
affect students' educational experiences, man first- eneration students lack insi ht
y g g
about wh the are stru lin and do not understand how students 'like them' can
y y gg g
i rove.
mp
-5 -. .
26. Re cru1tmg more first-generation students has .
[A] reduced their dropout rates
[B] narrowed the achievement gap
[C] missed its original purpose
[D] depressed college students
27. The authors of the research article are optimistic because .
[A] their findings appeal to students
[B] the recruiting rate has increased
[C] the problem is solvable
[D] their approach is costless
28. Th e study suggests that most first-generat10n students .
[A] are from single-parent families
[B] study at private universities
[C] are in need of financial support
[D] have failed their college
29. The authors of the paper believe that first-generation students .
[A] may lack opportunities to apply for research projects
[B] are inexperienced in handling their issues at college
[C] can have a potential influence on other students
[D] are actually indifferent to the achievement gap
30. We may infer from the last paragraph that .
[A] universities often reject the culture of the middle-class
[B] students are usually to blame for their lack ofresources
[C] social class greatly helps enrich educational experiences
[D] colleges are partly responsible for the problem in question
-6 -Text3
Even in traditional offices, "the lingua franca of corporate America has otten
g
much more emotional and much more ri ht-brained than it was 20 ears a o," said
g y g
Harvard Business School professor Nanc Koehn. She started spinnin off examples.
y g
"If ou and I parachuted back to Fortune 500 companies in 1990, we would see much
y
less frequent use of terms like journey, mission, passion. There were oals, there were
g
strate ies, there were objectives, but we didn't talk about energy; we didn't talk about
g
passion.
Koehn pointed out that this new era of corporate vocabulary is very "team" -
oriented - and not b coincidence. "Let's not for et sports - in male-dominated
y g
corporate America, it's still a bi deal. It's not explicitl conscious; it's the idea that
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I'm a coach, and ou're m team, and we're in this to ether. There are lots and lots of
y y g
CEOs in very different companies, but most think of themselves as coaches and this is
their team and the want to win. "
y
These terms are also intended to infuse work with meanin — and, as Rakesh
g
Khurana, another professor, points out, increase alle iance to the 伍m. "You have the
g
importation of terminology that historicall used to be associated with non-profit
y
or anizations and reli ious or anizations: terms like vision, values, passion, and
g g g
purpose," said Khurana.
This new focus on personal fulfillment can help keep emplo ees motivated amid
y
increasin l loud debates over work-life balance. The "momm wars" of the 1990s
g y y
are still oin on today, promptin arguments about wh women still can't have it all
g g g y
and books like Sheryl Sandber 's Lean In, whose title has become a buz ord in its
g 研
own ri ht. Terms like unplug, offline, lifi.动 ack, bandwidth, and capacity are all about
g
settin boundaries between the office and the home. But if our work is our
g y y
"passion," ou'll be more likel to devote ourself to it, even if that means oin
y y y g g
home for dinner and then workin lon after the kids are in bed.
g g
But this seems to be the iron of office speak: Everyone makes fun of it, but
y
mana ers love it, companies depend on it, and regular people willin l absorb it. As a
g gy
linguist once said, "You can et people to think it's nonsense at the same time that
g
ou bu into it." In a workplace that's fundamentall indifferent to our life and its
y y y y
meanin , office speak can help ou fi ure out how ou relate to our work — and
g y g y y
how our work defines who ou are.
y y
- 7 -31. According to Nancy Koehn, office language has become .
[A] less strategic
[B] less energetic
[C] more objective
[D] more emotional
32. "Te arn" -onented corporate vocabulary is closely related to .
[A] sports culture
[B] gender difference
[C] historical incidents
[D] athletic executives
33. Khurana believes that the importation of terminology aims to .
[A] revive historical tern
飞
[B] promote company image
[C] foster corporate cooperation
[D] strengthen employee loyalty
34. It can be inferred that Lean In .
[A] voices for working women
[B] appeals to passionate workaholics
[C] triggers debates among mommies
[D] praises motivated employees
35. Which of the following statements is true about office speak?
[A] Linguists believe it to be nonsense.
[B] Regular people mock it but accept it.
[C] Companies find it to be fundamental.
[D] Managers admire it but avoid it.
- 8 -Text4
Man people talked of the 288,000 new jobs the Labor Department reported for
y
June, alon with the drop in the unemployment rate to 6.1 percent, as ood news. And
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the were ri ht. For now it appears the econom is creatin jobs at a decent pace. We
y g y g
still have a lon wa to o to et back to full employment, but at least we are now
g y g g
finall movin forward at a faster pace.
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However, there is another important part of the jobs picture that was lar el
g y
overlooked. There was a bi jump in the number of people who report voluntaril
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workin part-time. This fi ure is now 830,000 (4.4 percent) above its ear a o level.
g g y g
Before explainin the connection to the Obamacare, it is worth makin an
g g
important distinction. Man people who work part-time jobs actuall want full-time
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jobs. The take part-time work because this is all the can et. An increase in
y y g
involuntary part-time work is evidence of weakness in the labor market and it means
that man people will be havin a very hard time makin ends meet.
y g g
There was an increase in involuntary part-time in June, but the eneral direction
g
has been down. Involuntary part-time employment is still far hi her than before the
g
recession, but it is down b 640,000 (7.9 percent) from its ear a o level.
y y g
We know the difference between voluntary and involuntary part-time
employment because people tell us. The surve used b the Labor Departinent asks
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people if the worked less than 35 hours in the reference week. If the answer is " es,"
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the are classified as workin part-time. The surve then asks whether the worked
y g y y
less than 35 hours in that week because the wanted to work less than full time or
y
because the had no choice. The are onl classified as voluntary part-time workers if
y y y
the tell the surve taker the chose to work less than 35 hours a week.
y y y
The issue of voluntary part-time relates to Obamacare because one of the main
purposes was to allow people to et insurance outside of emplo ment. For man
g y y
people, especiall those with serious health conditions or famil members with
y y
serious health conditions, before Obamacare the onl wa to et insurance was
y y g
throu h a job that provided health insurance.
g
However, Obamacare has allowed more than 12 million people to either et
g
insurance throu h Medicaid or the exchan es. These are people who ma previousl
g g y y
have felt the need to et a full-time job that provided insurance in order to cover
g
themselves and their families. With Obamacare there is no lon er a link between
g
employment and insurance.
- 9 -36. Which part of the jobs picture was neglected?
[A] The prospect of a thriving job market.
[B] The increase of voluntary part-time jobs.
[C] The possibility of full employment.
[D] The acceleration of job creation.
37. Many people work part-time because they .
[A] prefer part-time jobs to full-time jobs
[B] feel that is enough to make ends meet
[C] cannot get their hands on full-time jobs
[D] haven't seen the weakness of the market
38. Involuntary part-time employment in the US .
[A] shows a general tendency of decline
[B] is harder to acquire than one year ago
[C] satisfies the real need of the jobless
[D] is lower than before the recession
39. It can be learned that with Obamacare, .
[A] it is no longer easy for part-timers to get insurance
[B] full-time employment is still essential for insurance
[C] it is still challenging to get insurance for family members
[D] employment is no longer a precondition to get insurance
40. The text mainly discusses .
[A] employment in the US
[B] part-timer classification
[C] insurance through Medicaid
[D] Obamacare's trouble
- 10 -PartB
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the uestions b choosing the most suitable
q y
subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are
two extra subheadings which ou do not need to use. Mark our answers on the
y y
ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
[A] You are not alone
[B] Experience helps ou grow
y
[C] Pave our own uni ue path
y q
[D] Most of our fears are unreal
y
[E] Think about the present moment
[F] Don't fear responsibility for our life
y
[G] There are man things to be grateful for
y
Some Old Truths to Help You Overcome Tough Times
Unfortunatel , life is not a bed of roses. We are going through life facing sad
y
experiences. Moreover, we are grieving various kinds of loss: a friendship, a romantic
relationship or a house. Hard times ma hold ou down at what usuall seems like the
y y y
most inopportune time, but ou should remember that the won't last forever.
y y
When our time of mourning is over, we press forward, stronger with a greater
understanding and respect for life. Furthermore, these losses make us mature and
eventuall move us toward future opportunities for growth and happiness. I want to
y
share these old truths I've learned along the wa .
y
41.
Fear is both useful and harmful. This normal human reaction is used to protect us
b signaling danger and preparing us to deal with it. Unfortunatel , people create
y y
inner barriers with a help of exaggerating fears. M favorite actor Will Smith once
y
said, "Fear is not real. It is a product of thoughts ou create. Do not misunderstand me.
y
Danger is very real. But fear is a choice." I do completel agree that fears are just the
y
product of our luxuriant imagination.
42.
- 11 -If ou are surrounded b problems and cannot stop thinkin about the past, try to
y y g
focus on the present moment. Man of us are wei hed down b the past or anxious
y g y
about the future. You ma feel guilt over our past, but ou are poisonin the present
y y y g
with the thin s and circumstances ou cannot chan e. Value the present moment and
g y g
remember how fortunate ou are to be alive. Enjo the beauty of the world around
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and keep the e es open to see the possibilities before ou. Happiness is not a point of
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future and not a moment from the past, but a mindset that can be designed into the
present.
43.
Sometimes it is eas to feel bad because ou are oin throu h tou h times. You
y y g g g g
can be easil cau ht up b life problems that ou for et to pause and appreciate the
y g y y g
thin s ou have. Onl stron people prefer to smile and value their life instead of
g y y g
cryin and complainin about somethin .
g g g
44.
No matter how isolated ou mi ht feel and how serious the situation is, ou
y g y
should alwa s remember that ou are not alone. Try to keep in mind that almost
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everyone respects and wants to help ou if ou are tryin to make a ood chan e in
y y g g g
our life, especiall our dearest and nearest people. You ma have a circle of friends
y y y y
who provide constant ood humor, help and companionship. If ou have no friends or
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relatives, try to participate in several online communities, full of people who are
alwa s willin to share advice and encoura ement.
y g g
45.
Toda man people find it difficult to trust their own opinion and seek balance b
y y y
ainin objectivity from external sources. This wa ou devalue our opinion and
g g y y y
show that ou are incapable of mana in our own life. When ou are stru lin to
y g g y y gg g
achieve somethin important ou should believe in ourself and be sure that our
g y y y
decision is the best. You live in our skin, think our own thou hts, have our own
y y g y
values and make our own choices.
y
- 12 -Section III Translation
46. Directions:
Translate the following text into Chinese. Write our translation on the ANSWER
y
SHEET. (15 points)
Think about driving a route that's very familiar. It could be our commute to
y
work, a trip into town or the wa home. Whichever it is, ou know every twist and
y y
turn like the back of our hand. On these sorts of trips it's eas to lose concentration
y y
on the driving and pa little attention to the passing scenery. The consequence is that
y
ou perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actuall has.
y y
This is the well-travelled road effect: People tend to underestimate the time it
takes to travel a familiar route.
The effect is caused b the wa we allocate our attention. When we travel down
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a well-known route, because we don't have to concentrate much, time seems to flow
more quickl . And afterwards, when we come to think back on it, we can't remember
y
the journe well because we didn't pa much attention to it. So we assume it was
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shorter.
- 13 -Section IV Writing
Part A
47. Directions:
Suppose our university is oin to host a summer camp for hi h school students.
y g g g
Write a notice to
1) briefl introduce the camp activities, and
y
2) call for volunteers.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use our name or the name of our universit .
y y y
Do not write our address. (10 points)
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PartB
48. Directions:
Write an essa based on the followin chart. In our writin , ou should
y g y g y
1) interpret the chart, and
2) ive our comments.
g y
You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
其他
20%
新年礼物
0%
我国 某 市居民乔 节假期花销 比例
-14 -绝密★启用前
2016年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（二）
（科目代码：204）
☆考生注意事项☆
公众号@依欣学习（考研干货分享）
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位
置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码
粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在
答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题
册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分
必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the followin text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and
g
mark A, B, C or Don the ANSWER SHEET. (lOpoints)
Happ people work differentl . The 're more productive, more creative, and
y y y
willin to take greater risks. And new research su ests that happiness mi ht
g gg g
influence 1 firms work, too.
Companies located in places with happier people invest more, accordin to a
g
recent research paper. 2 , 伍ms in happ places spend more on R&D
y
(research and development). That's because happiness is linked to the kind of
lon er-term thinkin 3 for makin investments for the future.
g g g
The researchers wanted to know if the 4 and inclination for risk-takin that
g
come with happiness would 5 the wa companies invested. So the compared
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U.S. cities' avera e happiness 6 b Gallup pollin with the investment
g y g
activit of publicl traded firms in those areas.
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7 enou h, fim函 investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the
g
happiness of the area in which the were 8 . But is it reall happiness that's
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linked to investment, or could somethin else about happier cities 9 wh
g y
伍ms there spend more on R&D? To find out, the researchers controlled for
various 10 that mi ht make 伍ms more likel to invest — like size, industry,
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and sales —and for indicators that a place was 11 to live in, like growth in
wa es or population. The link between happiness and investment enerall 12
g g y
even after accountin for these thin s.
g g
The correlation between happiness and investment was particularl stron for
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oun er firms, which the authors 13 to "less codified decision makin process"
y g g
and the possible presence of'' oun er and less 14 mana ers who are more likel
y g g y
to be influenced b sentiment." The relationship was 15 stron er in places
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where happiness was spread more 16 . Firms seem to invest more in places
where most people are relativel happ , rather than in places with happiness inequality.
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17 this doesn't prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to
take a lon er-term view, the authors believe it at least 18 at that possibility.
g
It's not hard to ima ine that local culture and sentiment would help 19 how
g
executives think about the future. "It surel seems plausible that happ people
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would be more forward-thinkin and creative and 20 R&D more than the
g
avera e," said one researcher.
g
-1 -1. [A] why [B] how [C] where [D] when
2. [A] In return [B] In particular [C] In contrast [D] In conclusion
3. [A] necessary [B] famous [C] perfect [D] sufficient
4. [A] individualism [B] realism [C] optimism [D] modernism
5. [A] miss [B] echo [C] spoil [D] change
6. [A] imagined [B] measured [C] assumed [D] invented
7. [A] Sure [B] Odd [C] Unfortunate [D] Often
8. [A] divided [B] advertised [C] overtaxed [D] headquartered
9. [A] summarize [B] overstate [C] explain [D] emphasize
10. [A] factors [B] stages [C] levels [D] methods
11. [A] desirable [B] sociable [C] reliable [D] reputable
12. [A] resumed [B] emerged [C] held [D] broke
13. [A] assign [B] attribute [C] transfer [D] compare
14. [A] serious [B] civilized [C] ambitious [D] experienced
15. [A] instead [B] thus [C] also [D] never
16. [A] rapidly [B] directly [C] regularly [D] equally
17. [A] While [B] Until [C]After [D] Since
18. [A] arrives [B]jumps [C] hints [D] strikes
19. [A] share [B] rediscover [C] simplify [D] shape
20. [A] pray for [B] lean towards [C] send out [D] give away
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,
B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
-2 -Text 1
It's true that hi h-school codin classes aren't essential for learnin computer
g g g
science in colle e. Students without experience can catch up after a few
g
introductory courses, said Tom Cortina, the assistant dean at Carne ie Mellon's
g
School of Computer Science.
However, Cortina said, earl exposure is beneficial. When oun er kids learn
y y g
computer science, the learn that it's not just a confusin , endless strin of letters
y g g
and numbers — but a tool to build apps, or create artwork, or test hypotheses. It's
not as hard for them to transform their thou ht processes as it is for older students.
g
Breakin down problems into bite-sized chunks and usin code to solve them
g g
becomes normal. Givin more children this trainin could increase the number of
g g
people interested in the field and help fill the jobs ap, Cortina said.
g
Students also benefit from learnin somethin about codin before the et to
g g g y g
colle e, where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim,
g
which can drive the less-experienced or -determined students away.
The Flatiron School, where people pa to learn pro rammin , started as one
y g g
of the man codin bootcamps that's become popular for adults lookin for a
y g g
career chan e. The hi h-schoolers et the same curriculum, but "we try to ear
g g g g
lessons toward thin s the 're interested in," said Victoria Friedman, an instructor.
g y
For instance, one of the apps the students are developin su ests movies based
g gg
on our mood.
y
The students in the Flatiron class probabl won't drop out of hi h school and
y g
build the next Facebook. Programmin langua es have a quick turnover, so the
g g
"Rub on Rails" langua e the learned ma not even be relevant b the time the
y g y y y y
enter the job market. But the skills the learn — how to think lo icall through a
y g y
problem and or anize the results — appl to an codin langua e, said Deborah
g y y g g
Seehom, an education consultant for the state of North Carolina.
Indeed, the Flatiron students mi ht not o into IT at all. But creatin a future
g g g
arm of coders is not the sole purpose of the classes. These kids are oin to be
y g g
surrounded b computers — in their pockets, in their offices, in their homes — for
y
the rest of their lives. The y oun g er the y learn how computers think, how to 凶埜
the machine into producin what the want — the earlier the learn that the have
g y y y
the power to do that—the better.
-3 -21.Cortina holds that early exposure to computer science makes 1t easier to .
[A] co lete future job training
mp
[B] remodel the way of thinking
[C] formulate logical hypotheses
[D] perfect artwork production
22. In delivering lessons for high-schoolers, Flatiron has considered their .
[A] expenence
[B] interest
[C] career prospects
[D] academic backgrounds
23.Deborah Seehom believes that the skills learned at Flatiron will
[A] help students learn other computer languages
[B] have to be upgraded when new technologies come
[C] need i roving when students look for jobs
mp
[D] enable students to make big quick money
24. According to the last paragraph, Flatiron students are expected to .
[A] bring forth innovative computer technologies
[B] stay longer in the information technology industry
[C] become better prepared for the digitalized world
[D] co ete with a future army of programmers
mp
25. The word "coax" (Line 4, Para. 6) is closest in meaning to .
[A] persuade
[B] frighten
[C] misguide
[D] challenge
-4 -Text2
Biologists estimate that as man as 2 million lesser prairie chickens — a kind
y
of bird living on stretching grasslands — once lent red to the often gre landscape
y
of the midwestem and southwestern United States. But just some 22,000 birds
remain toda , occup ing about 16% of the species'historic range.
y y
The crash was a major reason the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)
decided to formall list the bird as threatened. "The lesser prairie chicken is in a
y
desperate situation," said USFWS Director Daniel Ashe. Some environmentalists,
however, were disappointed. The had pushed the agenc to designate the bird as
y y
"endangered," a status that gives federal officials greater regulatory power to
crack down on threats. But Ashe and others argued that the "threatened" tag gave
the federal government flexibility to try out new, potentiall less confrontational
y
conservation approaches. In particular, the called for forging closer collaborations
y
with western state governments, which are often uneas with federal action, and
y
with the private landowners who control an estimated 95% of the prairie chicken's
habitat.
Under the plan, for example, the agenc said it would not prosecute
y
landowners or businesses that unintentionall kill, harm, or disturb the bird, as long
y
as the had signed a range-wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat.
y
Negotiated b USFWS and the states, the plan requires individuals and businesses
y
that damage habitat as part of their operations to pa into a fund to replace every
y
acre destro ed with 2 new acres of suitable habitat. The fund will also be used to
y
compensate landowners who set aside habitat. USFWS also set an interim goal of
restoring prairie chicken populations to an annual average of 67,000 birds over the
next 10 ears. And it gives the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies
y
(WA FWA ), a coalition of state agencies, the job of monitoring progress. Overall,
the idea is to let "states remain in the driver's seat for managing the species," Ashe
said.
Not everyone bu s the win-win rhetoric. Some Congress members are trying
y
to block the plan, and at least a dozen industry groups, four states, and three
environmental groups are challenging it in federal court. Not surprisingl , industry
y
groups and states generall argue it goes too far; enviromnentalists sa it doesn't go
y y
far enough. "The federal government is giving responsibilit for managing the bird
y
to the same industries that are pushing it to extinction," sa s biologist Ja Lininger.
y y
-5 -26.The major reason for listing the lesser prairie chicken as threatened is .
[A] its drastically decreased population
[B] the underestimate of the grassland acreage
[C] a desperate appeal from some biologists
[D] the insistence of private landowners
27. The "threatened" tag disappointed some environmentalists in that it .
[A] was a give-in to governmental pressure
[B] would involve fewer agencies in action
[C] granted less federal regulatory power
[D] went against conservation policies
28. It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that unintentional harm-doers will not be
prosecuted if they
[A] agree to pay a sum for compensation
[B] volunteer to set up an equally big habitat
[C] offer to support the WA FWA monitoringjob
[D] promise to raise funds for USFWS operations
29. According to Ashe, the leading role in managing the species is .
[A] the federal government
[B] the wildlife agencies
[C] the landowners
[D] the states
30. Jay Lininger would most likely support .
[A] industry groups
[B] the win-win rhetoric
[C] environmental groups
[D] the plan under challenge
-6 -Text3
That everyone's too bus these da s is a cliche. But one specific complaint is
y y
made especiall mournfull : There's never an time to read.
y y y
What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-mana ement
g
techni ues don't seem sufficient. The web's full of articles offerin tips on makin
q g g
time to read: "Give up TV" or "Carry a book with ou at all times." But in m
y y
experience, usin such methods to free up the odd 30 minutes doesn't work. Sit
g
down to read and the fl heel of work-related thou hts keeps spinnin - or else
yw g g
ou're so exhausted that a challen in book's the last thin ou need. The modem
y g g g y
mind, Tim Parks, a novelist and critic, writes, "is overwhelmin l inclined toward
gy
con皿unication… It is not simpl
y
that one is interrupted; it is that one is actuall
y
inclined to interruption." Deep readin re uires not just time, but a special kind of
g q
time which can't be obtained merel b becomin more efficient.
y y g
In fact, "becomin more efficient" is part of the problem. Thinkin of time as
g g
a resource to be maximised means ou approach it instnunentall , jud in an
y y g g y
iven moment as well spent onl in so far as it advances pro ress toward some oal.
g y g g
Immersive readin , b contrast, depends on bein willin to risk inefficienc ,
g y g g y
oallessness, even time-wastin . Try to slot it in as a to-do list item and ou'll
g g y
mana e onl oal-focused readin — useful, sometimes, but not the most fulfillin
g y g g g
kind. "The future comes at us like empt bottles alon an unstoppable and nearl
y g y
infinite conve or belt," writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time, and ''we feel
y
a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles (da s, hours, minutes) as the pass, for
y y
if the et b without bein filled, we will have wasted them." No mind-set could
y g y g
be worse for losin ourself in a book.
g y
So what does work? Perhaps surprisin l , schedulin re ular times for readin .
g y g g g
You'd think this mi ht fuel the efficienc mind-set, but in fact, Eberle notes, such
g y
ritualistic behaviour helps us "step outside time's flow" into "soul time." You could
limit distractions b readin onl ph sical books, or on sin le-purpose e-readers.
y g y y g
"Carry a book with ou at all times" can actuall work, too — providin ou dip in
y y g y
often enou h, so that readin becomes the default state from which ou temporaril
g g y y
surface to take care of business, before droppin back down. On a reall ood da ,
g y g y
it no lon er feels as if ou're "makin time to read," but just readin , and makin
g y g g g
time for everythin else.
g
- 7 -31. The usual time-management techniques don't work because .
[A] what they can offer does not ease the modem mind
[B] what challenging books demand is repetitive reading
[C] what people often forget is carrying a book with them
[D] what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed
32. The "empty bottles" metaphor illustrates that people feel a pressure to .
[A] update their to-do lists
[B] make passing time fulfilling
[C] carry their plans through
[D] pursue carefree reading
33. Eberle would agree that scheduling regular times for reading helps .
[A] encourage the efficiency mind-set
[B] develop online reading habits
[C] promote ritualistic reading
[D] achieve immersive reading
34. "Carry a book with you at all times" can work if .
[A] reading becomes your primary business of the day
[B] all the daily business has been promptly dealt with
[C] you are able to drop back to business after reading
[D] time can be evenly split for reading and business
35. The best title for this text could be
[A] How to Enjoy Easy Reading
[B] How to Find Time to Read
[C] How to Set Reading Goals
[D] How to Read Extensively
- 8 -Text4
Against a backdro of drastic changes in econom and o ulation structure,
p y p p
ounger Americans are drawing a new 21st-century road ma to success, a latest
y p
oll has found.
p
Across generational lines, Americans continue to rize many of the same
p
traditional milestones of a successful life, including getting married, having children,
owning a home, and retiring in their sixties. But while oung and old mostl agree
y y
on what constitutes the finish line of a fulfilling life, the offe r strikingl different
y y
aths for reaching it.
p
Young eo le who are still getting started in life were more likel than older
p p y
adults to rioritize ersonal fulfillment in their work, to believe the will advance
p p y
their careers most b regularl changing jobs, to favor communities with more
y y
ublic services and a faster ace of life, to agree that cou les should be financiall
p p p y
secure before getting married or having children, and to maintain that children are
best served b two arents working outside the home, the surve found.
y p y
From career to community and famil , these contrasts suggest that in the
y
aftermath of the searing Great Recession, those just starting out in life are defining
riorities and ex ectations that will increasingl s read through virtuall all
p p y p y
as ects of American life, from consumer references to housing atterns to olitics.
p p p p
Young and old converge on one ke oint: Overwhelming majorities of both
y p
grou s said the believe it is harder for oung eo le today to get started in life
p y y p p
than it was for earlier generations. While ounger eo le are somewhat more
y p p
o timistic than their elders about the ros ects for those starting out toda , big
p p p y
majorities in both grou s believe those "just getting started in life" face a tougher
p
climb than earlier generations in reaching such si ost achievements as securing
gnp
a good- a ing job, starting a famil , managing debt, and finding affordable housing.
p y y
Pete Schneider considers the climb tougher toda . Schneider, a 27- ear-old
y y
auto technician from the Chicago suburbs, sa s he struggled to find a job after
y
graduating from college. Even now that he is working steadil , he said, "I can't
y
afford to a m monthl mortgage ayments on m own, so I have to rent rooms
p y y y p y
out to eo le to make that ha en." Looking back, he is struck that his arents
p p pp p
could rovide a comfortable life for their children even though neither had
p
completed college when he was oung. "I still grew u in an u er middle-class
y p pp
home with arents who didn't have college degrees," Schneider said. "I don't
p
think eo le are ca able of that anymore."
p p p
- 9 -36. One cross-generation mark of a successful life is .
[A] trying out different lifestyles
[B] having a family with children
[C] working beyond retirement age
[D] setting up a profitable business
37. It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that young people tend to .
[A] favor a slower life pace
[B] hold an occupation longer
[C] attach importance to pre-marital finance
[D] give priority to childcare outside the home
38. The priorities and expectations defined by the young will .
[A] become increasingly clear
[B] focus on materialistic issues
[C] depend largely on political preferences
[D] reach almost all aspects of American life
39. Both young and old agree that .
[A] good-paying jobs are less available
[B] the old made more life achievements
[C] housing loans today are easy to obtain
[D] getting established is harder for the young
40. Which of the following is true about Schneider?
[A] He found a dream job after graduating from college.
[B] His parents believe working steadily is a must for success.
[C] His parents'good life has little to do with a college degree.
[D] He thinks his job as a technician quite challenging.
- 10 -PartB
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions b choosing the most suitable
y
subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There
are two extra subheadings which ou do not need to use. Mark our answers on
y y
the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
[A] Be sill
y
[B] Have fun
[C] Ask for help
[D] Express our emotions
y
[E] Don't overthink it
[F] Be easil pleased
y
[G] Notice things
Act Your Shoe Size, Not Your Age
As adults, it seems that we are constantl pursuing happiness, often with
y
mixed results. Yet children appear to have it down to an art — and for the most part
the don't need self-help books or therap . Instead, the look after their wellbeing
y y y
instinctivel , and usuall more effectivel than we do as grownups. Perhaps it's
y y y
time to learn a few lessons from them.
41.
What does a child do when he's sad? He cries. When he's angry? He shouts.
Scared? Probabl a bit of both. As we grow up, we learn to control our emotions
y
so the are manageable and don't dictate our behaviours, which is in many wa s a
y y
good thing. But too often we take this process too far and end up suppressing
emotions, especiall negative ones. That's about as effective as brushing dirt under
y
a carpet and can even make us ill. What we need to do is find a wa to acknowledge
y
and express what we feel appropriatel , and then—again, like children -move on.
y
42.
A couple of Christmases ago, m oungest stepdaughter, who was nine ears
y y y
old at the time, got a Superman T-shirt for Christmas. It cost less than a fiver but
she was overjo ed, and couldn't stop talking about it. Too often we believe that a
y
new job, bigger house or better car will be the magic silver bullet that will allow
us to finall be content, but the reality is these things have very little lasting
y
impact on our happiness levels. Instead, being grateful for small things every da
y
- 11 -is a much better wa to improve wellbein .
y g
43.
Have ou ever noticed how much children lau h? If we adults could indul e
y g g
in a bit of silliness and i lin , we would reduce the stress hormones in our bodies,
g gg g
increase ood hormones like endorphins, improve blood flow to our hearts and even
g
have a greater chance of fi htin off infection. All of which would, of course, have
g g
a positive effect on our happiness levels.
44.
The problem with bein a grownup is that there's an awful lot of serious stuff
g
to deal with — work, mort a e payments, fi urin out what to cook for dinner. But
g g g g
as adults we also have the luxury of bein able to control our own diaries and it's
g
important that we schedule in time to enjo the thin s we love. Those thin s
y g g
mi ht be social, sportin , creative or completel random (dancin around the
g g y g
livin room, an one?) - it doesn't matter, so lon as the 're enjo able, and not
g y g y y
likel to have ne ative side effects, such as drinkin too much alcohol or oin on
y g g g g
a wild spendin spree if ou're on a ti ht bud et.
g y g g
45.
Havin said all of the above, it's important to add that we shouldn't try too
g
hard to be happ . Scientists tell us this can backfire and actuall have a ne ative
y y g
i act on our wellbein . As the Chinese philosopher Chuan Tzu is reported to
mp g g
have said: "Happiness is the absence of strivin for happiness." And in that, once
g
more, we need to look to the example of our children, to whom happiness is not a
oal but a natural byproduct of the wa the live.
g y y
- 12 -Section III Translation
46. Directions
Translate the following text into Chinese. Write our translation on the ANSWER
y
SHEET. (15 points)
The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as
possible within its doors. The reason for this is simple: The longer ou sta in the
y y
store, the more stuff ou'll see, and the more stuff ou see, the more ou'll bu .
y y y y
And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff. The average supermarket, according to the
Food Marketing Institute, carries some 44,000 different items, and man carry tens
y
of thousands more. The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers
into a state of information overload. According to brain-scan experiments, the
demands of so much decision-making quickl become too much for us. After about
y
40 minutes of shopping, most people stop struggling to be rationall selective, and
y
instead begin shopping emotionall — which is the point at which we accumulate
y
the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended bu ing.
y
- 13 -Section IV Writing
Part A
47. Directions:
Suppose ou won a translation contest and our friend, Jack, wrote an email
y y
to congratulate ou and ask for advice on translation. Write him a repl to
y y
1) thank him, and
2) give our advice.
y
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use our own name. Use "Li Ming" instead.
y
Do not write our address. (10 points)
y
PartB
48. Directions:
Write an essa based on the chart below. In our writing, ou should
y y y
1) interpret the chart, and
2) give our comments.
y
You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
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-14 -绝密★启用前
2017 年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（二）
（科目代码：204）
☆考生注意事项☆
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位
置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码
粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在
答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题
册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分
必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
A, B, C or Don the ANSWER SHEET. (lOpoints)
People have speculated for centuries about a future without work. Toda is no
y
different, with academics, wnters, and act1v1sts once agam 1 that technology
is replacing human workers. Some imagine that the coming work-free world will be
defined b 2 : A few wealth people will own all the capital, and the masses
y y
will struggle in an impoverished wasteland.
A different and not mutuall exclusive 3 holds that the future will be a
y
wasteland of a different sort, one 4 b purposelessness: Without jobs to give
y
their lives 5 , people will simpl become lazy and depressed. 6 , toda 's
y y
unemplo ed don't seem to be having a great time. One Gallup poll found that 20
y
percent of Americans who have been unemplo ed for at least a ear report having
y y
depression, double the rate for 7 Americans. Also, some research suggests
that the 8 for rising rates of mortalit , mental-health problems, and addiction
y
9 poorl -educated, middle-aged people is a shortage of well-paid jobs. Perhaps
y
this is wh man 10 the agonizing dullness of a jobless future.
y y
But it doesn't 11 follow from findings like these that a world without
work would be filled with unease. Such visions are based on the 12 of being
unemplo ed in a societ built on the concept of employment. In the 13 of
y y
work, a societ designed with other ends in mind could 14 strikingl different
y y
circumstances for the future of labor and leisure. Toda , the 15 of work may
y
be a bit overblown. "Man jobs are boring, degrading, unhealth , and a waste of
y y
human potential," sa s John Danaher, a lecturer at the National University of
y
Ireland in Galway.
These da s, because leisure time is relativel 16 for most workers,
y y
people use their free time to counterbalance the intellectual and emotional 17
of their jobs. "When I come home from a hard da 's work, I often feel 18 ,"
y
Danaher sa s, adding, "In a world in which I don't have to work, I might feel rather
y
different"— perhaps different enough to throw himself 19 a hobb or a
y
passion project with the intensity usuall reserved for 20 matters.
y
-1 -1. [A] boasting [B] denying [C] warning [D] ensuring
2. [A] inequality [B] instability [C] unreliability [D] uncertainty
3. [A] policy [B] guideline [C] resolution [D] prediction
4. [A] characterized [B] divided [C ] balanced [D] measured
5. [A] wisdom [B] meaning [C] glory [D] freedom
6. [A] Instead [B] Indeed [C] Thus [D] Nevertheless
7. [A] rich [B] urban [C] working [D] educated
8. [A] explanation [B] requirement [C] compensation [D] substitute
9. [A] under [B] beyond [C] alongside [D] among
10. [A] leave behind [B] make up [C] worry about [D] set aside
11. [A] statistically [B] occasionally [C] necessarily [D] economically
12. [A] chances [B] downsides [C] benefits [D] principles
13. [A] absence [B] height [C] face [D] course
14. [A] disturb [B] restore [C] exclude [D] yield
15. [A] model [B] practice [C] virtue [D] hardship
16. [A] tricky [B] lengthy [C] mysterious [D] scarce
17. [A] demands [B] standards [C] qualities [D] threats
18. [A] ignored [B] tired [C ] confused [D] starved
19. [A] off [B] against [C] behind [D] into
20. [A] technological [B] professional [C] educational [D] interpersonal
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,
B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
-2 -Text 1
Every Saturda morning, at 9 am, more than 50,000 runners set off to run 5km
y
around their local ark. The Parkrun henomenon began with a dozen friends and
p p
has ins ired 400 events in the UK and more abroad. Events are free, staffed b
p y
thousands of volunteers. Runners range from four ears old to grand arents; their
y p
times range from Andrew Baddele 's world record 13 minutes 48 seconds u to an
y p
hour.
Parkrun is succeeding where London's Ol m ic "legac " is failing. Ten ears
y p y y
ago on Monda , it was announced that the Games of the 30th Ol m iad would be in
y y p
London. Planning documents ledged that the great legac of the Games would be
p y
to lever a nation of s ort lovers awa from their couches. The o ulation would be
p y p p
fitter, healthier and roduce more winners. It has not ha ened. The number of
p pp
adults doing weekl s ort did rise, b nearl 2 million in the run-u to 2012 - but
y p y y p
the general o ulation was growing faster. Worse, the numbers are now falling at an
p p
accelerating rate. The o osition claims rimary school u ils doing at least two
pp p p p
hours of s ort a week have nearl halved. Obesit has risen among adults and
p y y
children. Official retros ections continue as to wh London 2012 failed to "ins ire a
p y p
generation." The success of Parkrun offers answers.
Parkun is not a race but a time trial: Your onl com etitor is the clock. The
y p
ethos welcomes an bod . There is as much jo over a uffed-out first-timer being
y y y p
cla ed over the line as there is about to talent shining. The Ol m ic bidders, b
pp p y p y
contrast, wanted to get more eo le doing s ort and to roduce more elite athletes.
p p p p
The dual aim was mixed u : The stress on success over taking art was intimidating
p p
for newcomers.
Indeed, there is something a little absurd in the state getting involved in the
lanning of such a fundamentall "grassroots" conce t as communit s orts
p y p y p
associations. If there is a role for government, it should reall be getting involved in
y
roviding common goods — making sure there is s ace for la ing fields and the
p p p y
mone to ave tennis and netball courts, and encouraging the rovision of all these
y p p
activities in schools. But successive governments have resided over selling green
p
s aces, squeezing mone from local authorities and declining attention on s ort in
p y p
education. Instead of word , worth strategies, future governments need to do more
y y
to rovide the conditions for s ort to thrive. Or at least not make them worse.
p p
-3 -21. According to Paragraph 1, Parkrun has .
[A] gained great popularity
[B] created many jobs
[C] strengthened community ties
[D] become an official festival
22. The author believes that London's Ol pic "legacy" has failed to .
ym
[A] boost population growth
[B] promote sport participation
[C] improve the city's image
[D] increase sport hours in schools
23. Parkrun is different from Ol pic games in that it .
ym
[A] aims at discovering talents
[B] focuses on mass competition
[C] does not emphasize elitism
[D] does not attract first-timers
24. With regard to mass sports, the author holds that governments should .
[A] organize "grassroots" sports events
[B] supervise local sports associations
[C] increase funds for sports clubs
[D] invest in public sports facilities
25. The author's attitude to what UK governments have done for sports is .
[A] tolerant
[B] critical
[C] uncertam
[D] sympathetic
-4 -Text2
With so much focus on children's use of screens, it's eas for parents to for et
y g
about their own screen use. "Tech is designed to reall suck ou in," sa s Jenn
y y y y
Radesk in her stud of di ital pla , "and di ital products are there to promote
y y g y g
maximal en a ement. It makes it hard to disen a e, and leads to a lot of bleed-over
g g g g
into the famil routine."
y
Radesky has studied the use of mobile phones and tablets at mealtimes b
y
ivin mother-child pairs a food-testin exercise. She found that mothers who used
g g g
devices durin the exercise started 20 per cent fewer verbal and 39 per cent fewer
g
nonverbal interactions with their children. Durin a separate observation, she saw
g
that phones became a source of tension in the famil . Parents would be lookin at
y g
their emails while the children would be makin excited bids for their attention.
g
Infants are wired to look at parents' faces to try to understand their world, and
if those faces are blank and unresponsive - as the often are when absorbed in a
y
device — it can be extremel disconcertin for the children. Radesk cites the "still
y g y
face experiment" devised b developmental ps cholo ist Ed Tronick in the 1970s.
y y g
In it, a mother is asked to interact with her child in a normal wa before puttin on a
y g
blank expression and not ivin them an visual social feedback: The child
g g y
becomes increasin l distressed as she tries to capture her mother's attention.
g y
"Parents don't have to be exquisitel present at all times, but there needs to be a
y
balance and parents need to be responsive and sensitive to a child's verbal or
nonverbal expressions of an emotional need," sa s Radesk .
y y
On the other hand, Tronick himself is concerned that the worries about kids'
use of screens are born out of an "oppressive ideology that demands that parents
should alwa s be interactin " with their children: "It's based on a somewhat
y g
fantasised, very white, very upper-middle-class ideology that sa s if ou're failin
y y g
to expose our child to 30,000 words ou are ne lectin them." Tronick believes
y y g g
that just because a child isn't learnin from the screen doesn't mean there's no value
g
to it— particularl if it ives parents time to have a shower, do housework or simpl
y g y
have a break from their child. Parents, he sa s, can et a lot out of usin their
y g g
devices to speak to a friend or et some work out of the wa . This can make them
g y
feel happier, which lets them be more available to their child the rest of the time.
-5 -26. According to Jenny Radesky, digital products are designed to
[A] simplify routine matters
[B] absorb user attention
[C] better interpersonal relations
[D] increase work efficiency
27. Radesky's food-testing exercise shows that mothers'use of devices
[A] takes away babies'appetite
[B] distracts children's attention
[C] slows down babies'verbal development
[D] reduces mother-child communication
28. Radesky cites the "still face experiment" to show that .
[A] it is easy for children to get used to blank expressions
[B] verbal expressions are unnecessary for emotional exchange
[C] children are insensitive to changes in their parents'mood
[D] parents need to respond to children's emotional needs
29. The oppressive ideology mentioned by Tronick requires parents to .
[A] protect kids from exposure to wild fantasies
[B] teach their kids at least 30,000 words a year
[C] ensure constant interaction with their children
[D] remain concerned about kids'use of screens
30. According to Tronick, kids'use ofs creens may .
[A] give their parents some free time
[B] make their parents more creative
[C] help them with their homework
[D] help them become more attentive
-6 -Text3
Toda , widespread social pressure to immediatel o to colle e in conjunction
y y g g
with increasin l hi h expectations in a fast-movin world often causes students to
g y g g
completel overlook the possibility of takin a ap ear. After all, if everyone ou
y g g y y
know is oin to colle e in the fall, it seems sill to sta back a ear, doesn't it? And
g g g y y y
after oin to school for 12 ears, it doesn't feel natural to spend a ear doin
g g y y g
somethin that isn't academic.
g
But while this ma be true, it's not a ood enou h reason to condemn ap ears.
y g g g y
There's always a constant fear of fallin behind everyone else on the sociall
g y
perpetuated "race to the finish line," whether that be toward graduate school,
medical school or a lucrative career. But despite common misconceptions, a ap ear
g y
does not hinder the success of academic pursuits -in fact, it probabl enhances it.
y
Studies from the United States and Australia show that students who take a ap
g
ear are enerall better prepared for and perform better in colle e than those
y g y g
who do not. Rather than pullin students back, a ap ear pushes them ahead b
g g y y
preparin them for independence, new responsibilities and environmental chan es
g g
— all thin s that first- ear students often stru le with the most. Gap ear
g y gg y
experiences can lessen the blow when it comes to adjustin to colle e and bein
g g g
thrown into a brand new environment, makin it easier to focus on academics and
g
activities rather than acclimation blunders.
If ou're not convinced of the inherent value in takin a ear off to explore
y g y
interests, then consider its financial impact on future academic choices. Accordin to
g
the National Center for Education Statistics, nearl 80 percent of colle e students end
y g
up chan in their majors at least once. This isn't surprisin , considerin the basic
g g g g
mandatory hi h school curriculum leaves students with a poor understandin of the
g g
vast academic possibilities that await them in colle e. Man students find themselves
g y
listin one major on their colle e applications, but switchin to another after takin
g g g g
colle e classes. It's not necessaril a bad thin , but dependin on the school, it can be
g y g g
costl to make up credits after switchin too late in the ame. At Boston Colle e, for
y g g g
example, ou would have to complete an extra ear were ou to switch to the nursin
y y y g
school from another department. Takin a ap ear to fi ure thin s out initiall can
g g y g g y
help prevent stress and save mone later on.
y
- 7 -31. One of the reasons for high-school graduates not taking a gap year is that .
[A] they think it academically misleading
[B] they have a lot of fun to expect in college
[C] it feels strange to do differently from others
[D] it seems worthless to take off-campus courses
32. Studies from the US and Australia imply that taking a gap year helps .
[A] keep students from being unrealistic
[B] lower risks in choosing careers
[C] ease freshmen's financial burdens
[D] relieve freshmen of pressures
33. The word "acclimation" (Para. 3) is closest in meaning to .
[A] ad tation
ap
[B] application
[C] motlvat10n
[D] competition
34. A gap year may save money for students by helping them .
[A] avoid academic failures
[B] establish long-term goals
[C] switch to another college
[D] decide on the right major
35. The most suitable title for this text would be
[A] In Favor of the Gap Year
[B] The ABCs of the Gap Year
[C] The Gap Year Comes Back
[D] The Gap Year: ADilemma
- 8 -Text4
Thou h often viewed as a problem for western states, the growin frequenc of
g g y
wildfires is a national concern because of its impact on federal tax dollars, sa s
y
Professor Max Moritz, a specialist in fire ecology and mana ement.
g
In 2015, the US Forest Service for the first time spent more than half of its $5.5
billion annual bud et fi htin fires - nearl double the percenta e it spent on such
g g g y g
efforts 20 ears a o. In effect, fewer federal funds toda are oin towards the
y g y g g
a enc 's other work -such as forest conservation, watershed and cultural resources
g y
mana ement, and infrastructure upkeep—that affect the lives of all Americans.
g
Another nationwide concern is whether public funds from other a encies are
g
oin into construction in fire-prone districts. As Moritz puts it, how often are
g g
federal dollars buildin homes that are likel to be lost to a wildfire?
g y
"It's alread a hu e problem from a public expenditure perspective for the
y g
whole country," he sa s. "We need to take a magnifyin lass to that. Like, 'Wait a
y g g
minute, is this OK?' Do we want instead to redirect those funds to concentrate on
lower-hazard parts of the landscape?"
Such a view would require a correspondin shift in the wa US society today
g y
views fire, researchers sa .
y
For one thin , conversations about wildfires need to be more inclusive. Over
g
the past decade, the focus has been on climate chan e — how the warmin of the
g g
Earth from gree呻ouse ases is leadin to conditions that worsen fires.
g g
While climate is a ke element, Moritz sa s, it shouldn't come at the expense
y y
of the rest of the equation.
"The human s stems and the landscapes we live on are linked, and the
y
interactions o both wa s," he sa s. Failin to recognize that, he notes, leads to "an
g y y g
overl simplified view of what the solutions mi ht be. Our perception of the
y g
problem and of what the solution is becomes very limited."
At the same time, people continue to treat fire as an event that needs to be
wholl controlled and unleashed onl out of necessit , sa s Professor Balch at the
y y y y
University of Colorado. But acknowled in fire's inevitable presence in human life
g g
is an attitude crucial to developin the laws, policies, and practices that make it as
g
safe as possible, she sa s.
y
"We've disconnected ourselves from livin with fire," Balch sa s. "It is reall
g y y
i ortant to understand and try and tease out what is the human connection with
mp
fire today."
- 9 -3 6. More frequent wildfires have become a national concern because in 2015 they .
[A] exhausted unprecedented management efforts
[B] consumed a record-high percentage of budget
[C] severely damaged the ecology of western states
[D] caused a huge rise of infrastructure expenditure
37. Moritz calls for the use of "a magnifying glass" to .
[A] raise more funds for fire-prone areas
[B] avoid the redirection of federal money
[C] find wildfire-free parts of the landscape
[D] guarantee safer spending of public funds
38. While admitting that climate is a key element, Moritz notes that .
[A] public debates have not settled yet
[B] fire-fighting conditions are improving
[C] other factors should not be overlooked
[D] a shift in the view of fire has taken place
39. The overly simplified view Moritz mentions is a result of failing to .
[A] discover the fundamental makeup of nature
[B] explore the mechanism of the human systems
[C] maximize the role of landscape in human life
[D] understand the interrelat10ns of man and nature
40. Professor Balch points out that fire is something man should .
[A] do away with
[B] come to terms with
[C] pay a price for
[D] keep away from
-10 -PartB
Directions:
Read the followin text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to
g
its correspondin information in the ri ht column. There are two extra choices in
g g
the ri ht column. Mark our answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (IO points)
g y
The decline in American manufacturin is a common refrain, particularl from
g y
Donald Trump. "We don't make anythin anymore," he told Fox News, while
g
defendin his own made-in-Mexico clothin line.
g g
Without question, manufacturin has taken a significant hit durin recent
g g
decades, and further trade deals raise questions about whether new shocks could hit
manufacturin .
g
But there is also a different wa to look at the data.
y
Across the country, factory owners are now grapplin with a new challen e:
g g
Instead of havin too man workers, the ma end up with too few. Despite trade
g y y y
competition and outsourcin , American manufacturin still needs to replace tens of
g g
thousands of retirin boomers every ear. Millennials ma not be that interested in
g y y
takin their place. Other industries are recruitin them with similar or better pa .
g g y
For factory owners, it all adds up to stiff competition for workers— and upward
pressure on wa es. "The 're harder to find and the have job offers," sa s Ja
g y y y y
Dunwell, president of Wolverine Coil Sprin , a famil -owned firm, "The may be
g y y
comin [into the workforce], but the 've been plucked b other industries that are
g y y
also doin as well as manufacturin ." Mr. Dunwell has begun brin in hi h school
g g g g g
juniors to the factory so the can et exposed to its culture.
y g
At RoMan Manufacturin , a maker of electrical transformers and weldin
g g
equipment that his father cofounded in 1980, Robert Roth keeps a close e e on the
y
a e of his nearl 200 workers. Five are retirin this ear. Mr. Roth has three
g y g y
community-colle e students enrolled in a work-placement program, with a startin
g g
wa e of $13 an hour that rises to $17 after two ears.
g y
At a worktable inside the transformer plant, oun Jason Stenquist looks
y g
flustered b the copper coils he's tryin to assemble and the arrival of two visitors.
y g
It's his first week on the job. Asked about his choice of career, he sa s at hi h
y g
school he considered medical school before switchin to electrical en ineerin . "I
g g g
love workin with tools. I love creatin ," he sa s.
g g y
But to win over these oun workers, manufacturers have to clear another
y g
- 11 -major hurdle: parents, who lived throu h the worst US economic downturn since
g
the Great Depression, tellin them to avoid the factory. Millennials "remember their
g
father and mother both were laid off. The blame it on the manufacturin
y g
recession," sa s Bir it Klohs, chief executive of The Ri ht Place, a business
y g g
development a enc for western Michi an.
g y g
These concerns aren't misplaced: Employment in manufacturin has fallen
g
from 17 million in 1970 to 12 million in 2015. When the recovery be an, worker
g
shorta es first appeared in the hi h-skilled trades. Now shorta es are appearin at
g g g g
the mid-skill levels.
"The ap is between the jobs that take no skills and those that require a lot of
g
skill," sa s Rob Spohr, a business professor at Montcalm Community Colle e.
y g
"There're enou h people to fill the jobs at McDonalds and other places where ou
g y
don't need to have much skill. It's that ap in between, and that's where the problem
g
"
IS.
Julie Parks of Grand Rapids Community Colle e points to another ke to
g y
lurin Millennials into manufacturin : a work/life balance. While their parents were
g g
content to work lon hours, oun people value flexibility. "Overtime is not
g y g
attractive to this eneration. The reall want to live their lives," she sa s.
g y y y
[A] sa s that he switched to electrical en ineerin because he
y g g
loves workin with tools.
g
41. Ja Dunwell [B] points out that there are enou h people to fill the jobs that
y g
don't need much skill.
42. Jason Stenquist [C] points out that the US doesn't manufacture anythin
g
anymore.
43. Bir it Klohs [D] believes that it is important to keep a close e e on the a e of
g y g
his workers.
44. Rob Spohr [E] sa s that for factory owners, workers are harder to find
y
because of stiff competition.
45. Julie Parks [F] points out that a work/life balance can attract oun
y g
people into manufacturin .
g
[G] sa s that the manufacturin recession is to blame for the
y g
la -off of the oun people's parents.
y y g
- 12 -Section III Translation
46. Directions
Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER
SHEET. (15 points)
My dream has always been to work somewhere in an area between fashion and
publishing. Two years before graduating from secondary school, I took a sewing
and design course thinking that I would move on to a fashion design course.
However, during that course I realized I was not good enough in this area to
compete with other creative personalities in the future, so I decided that it was not
the right path for me. Before applying for university I told everyone that I would
study journalism, because writing was, and still is, one of my favourite activities.
But, to be honest, I said it, because I thought that fashion and me together was just a
dream — I knew that no one could imagine me in the fashion industry at all! So I
decided to look for some fashion-related courses that included writing. This is when
I noticed the course "Fashion Media & Promotion."
- 13 -Section IV Writing
Part A
47. Directions:
Suppose ou are invited b Professor Williams to give a presentation about
y y
Chinese culture to a group of international students. Write a repl to
y
1) accept the invitation, and
2)introduce the ke points of our presentation.
y y
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use our own name. Use "Li Ming" instead.
y
Do not write our address. (10 points)
y
PartB
48. Directions:
Write an essa based on the chart below. In our writing, ou should
y y y
1) interpret the chart, and
2) give our comments.
y
You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
2013年 2014年 2015年
I + 1
博物馆数益（家）一量参观人数 （十万人次）
2013-2015年我国博物馆数散和参观人数
-14 -绝密★启用前
2018 年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（二）
（科目代码：204）
☆考生注意事项☆
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位
置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码
粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在
答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题
册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分
必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the followin text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark
g
A, B, C or Don the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Wh do people read ne ative Internet comments and do other thin s that will
y g g
obviousl be painful? Because humans have an inherent need to 1 uncertaint ,
y y
accordin to a recent stud in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that
g y
the need to know is so stron that people will 2 to satisfy their curiosity even
g
when it is clear the answer will 3
In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the Universit of Chica o
y g
and the Wisconsin School of Business tested students'willingness to 4 themselves
to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one 5 , each participant
was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment.
The twist? Half of the pens would 6 an electric shock when clicked.
Twent -seven students were told which pens were electrified; another
y
twenty-seven were told onl that some were electrified. 7 left alone in the room,
y
the students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and
incurred more shocks than the students who knew what would 8 . Subsequent
experiments reproduced this effect with other stimuli, 9 the sound of fin ernails
g
on a chalkboard and photographs of disgustin insects.
g
The drive to 10 is deepl rooted in humans, much the same as the basic
y
drives for 11 or shelter, sa s Christopher Hsee of the Universit of Chica o.
y y g
Curiosity is often considered a ood instinct - it can 12 new scientific advances,
g
for instance - but sometimes such 13 can backfire. The insi ht that curiosity
g
can drive ou to do 14 thin s is a profound one.
y g
U呻ealth curiosity is possible to 15 , however. In a final experiment,
y
participants who were encoura ed to 16 how the would feel after viewin an
g y g
unpleasant picture were less likel to 17 to see such an ima e. These results
y g
su est that ima inin the 18 of followin throu h on one's curiosity ahead of
gg g g g g
time can help determine 19 it is worth the endeavor. "Thinkin about lon -term
g g
20 is ke to reducin the possible ne ative effects of curiosit ," Hsee sa s. In
y g g y y
other words, don't read online comments.
-1 -1.A. protect B.resolve C.discuss D.ignore
2.A. refuse B.wait C.regret D.seek
3.A. hurt B.last C.mislead D.rise
4.A. alert B.tie C.treat D.expose
5.A. message B.review C.trial D.concept
6.A. remove B.weaken C.interrupt D.deliver
7.A. When B.If C.Though D.Unless
8.A. continue B.happen C.disappear D.change
9.A. rather than B.regardless of C.such as D.owing to
10.A. discover B.forgive C.forget D.disagree
11.A. pay B.marriage C.schooling D.food
12.A. lead to B.rest on C.learn from D.begin with
13.A. withdrawal B.persistence C.inquiry D.diligence
14.A. self-reliant B.self-destructive C. self-evident D.self-deceptive
15.A. define B.resist C.replace D.trace
16.A. overlook B.predict C.design D.conceal
17.A. remember B.promise C.choose D.pretend
18.A. relief B.plan C.duty D.outcome
19.A. why B.whether C.where D.how
20.A. consequences B.investments C.strategies D.limitations
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B,
C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
-2 -Text 1
It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as thou h he has to justify his
g
efforts to ive his students a better future.
g
Mr. Koziatek is part of somethin pioneerin . He is a teacher at a New
g g
Hampshire hi h school where learnin is not somethin of books and tests and
g g g
mechanical memorization, but practical. When did it become accepted wisdom that
students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterl
y
overwhelmed b a broken bike chain?
y
As Koziatek knows, there is learnin in just about everythin . Nothin is
g g g
necessaril ained b forcin students to learn eometry at a graffitied desk stuck
y g y g g
with enerations of discarded chewin gum. The can also learn eometry b
g g y g y
assemblin a bic cle.
g y
But he's also found a kind of insidious prejudice. Workin with our hands is
g y
seen as almost a mark of inferiorit . Schools in the famil of vocational education
y y
"have that stereotype…that it's for kids who can't make it academicall ," he sa s.
y y
On one hand, that viewpoint is a lo ical product of America's evolution.
g
Manufacturin is not the economic en ine that it once was. The job securit that the
g g y
US econom once offered to hi h school graduates has lar el evaporated. More
y g g y
education is the new principle. We want more for our kids, and ri htfull so.
g y
But the headlon push into bachelor's degrees for all — and the subtle devaluin
g g
of anythin less — misses an important point: That's not the onl thin the American
g y g
econom needs. Yes, a bachelor's degree opens more doors. But even now, 54 percent
y
of the jobs in the country are middle-skill jobs, such as construction and hi h-skill
g
manufacturin . But onl 44 percent of workers are adequatel trained.
g y y
In other words, at a time when the workin class has turned the country on its
g
political head, frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishin ,
g
one obvious solution is starin us in the face. There is a ap in workin -class jobs, but
g g g
the workers who need those jobs most aren't equipped to do them. Koziatek's
Manchester School of Technology Hi h School is tryin to fill that ap.
g g g
Koziatek's school is a wake-up call. When education becomes one-size-fits-all, it
risks overlookin a nation's diversity of ifts.
g g
-3 -21. A broken bike chain is mentioned to show students'lack of
A. practical ability
B. academic trainin
g
C. pioneerin spirit
g
D. mechamcal memonzat10n
22.There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who .
A. have a stereotyped mind
B. h ave no career mot1vat10n
C. are not academicall successful
y
D. are financiall disadvanta ed
y g
23.We can infer from Paragraph 5 that hi h school graduates .
g
A. used to have bi financial concerns
g
B. used to have more job opportunities
C. are reluctant to work in manufacturin
g
D. are entitled to more educational privile es
g
24.The headlon push into bachelor's degrees for all .
g
A. helps create a lot of middle-skill jobs
B. ma narrow the ap in workin -class jobs
y g g
C. is expected to ield a better-trained workforce
y
D. indicates the overvaluin of hi her education
g g
25.The author's attitude toward Koziatek's school can be described as
A. supportive
B. tolerant
C. disappointed
D. cautious
-4 -Text2
While fossil fuels - coal, oil, as - still enerate rou hl 85 ercent of the
g g g y p
world's energy su l , it's clearer than ever that the future belon s to renewable
pp y g
sources such as wind and solar. The move to renewables is ickin u momentum
p g p
around the world: The now account for more than half of new ower sources oin
y p g g
on line.
Some growth stems from a commitment b overnments and farsi hted
y g g
businesses to fund cleaner energy sources. But increasin l the story is about the
gy
plummeting rices of renewables, es eciall wind and solar. The cost of solar anels
p p y p
has dro ed b 80 ercent and the cost of wind turbines b close to one-third in the
pp y p y
ast ei ht ears.
p g y
In many arts of the world renewable ener is alread a rinci al ener
p gy y p p gy
source. In Scotland, for exam le, wind turbines rovide enou h electricit to
p p g y
ower 95 ercent of homes. While the rest of the world takes the lead, notabl
p p y
China and Euro e, the United States is also seein a remarkable shift. In March, for
p g
the first time, wind and solar ower accounted for more than 10 ercent of the ower
p p p
enerated in the US, re orted the US Energy Information Administration.
g p
President Trum has underlined fossil fuels — es eciall coal — as the ath to
p p y p
economic growth. In a recent s eech in Iowa, he dismissed wind ower as an
p p
unreliable energy source. But that messa e did not la well with man in Iowa,
g p y y
where wind turbines dot the fields and rovide 36 ercent of the state's electricit
p p y
eneration - and where tech iants like Microsoft are bein attracted b the
g g g y
availability of clean energy to ower their data centers.
p
The question "what ha ens when the wind doesn't blow or the sun doesn't
pp
shine?" has rovided a quick ut-down for ske tics. But a boost in the stora e
p p p g
ca acit of batteries is makin their ability to kee ower flowin around the clock
p y g p p g
more likel .
y
The advance is driven in art b vehicle manufacturers, who are lacin bi
p y p g g
bets on battery- owered electric vehicles. Althou h electric cars are still a rarit on
p g y
roads now, this massive investment could chan e the icture rapidl in comin ears.
g p y g y
While there's a lon way to o, the trend lines for renewables are s ikin . The
g g p g
ace of chan e in ener sources a ears to be s eedin u — erha s just in time
p g gy pp p g p p p
to have a meanin ful effect in slowin climate chan e. What Washin ton does — or
g g g g
doesn't do — to romote alternative ener ma mean less and less at a time of a
p gy y
lobal shift in thou ht.
g g
-5 -26. The word " lummeting" (Line 3, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to .
p
A. stabilizing
B. changing
C. falling
D. nsmg
27. According to Paragra h 3, the use ofrenewable energy in America .
p
A. is rogressing notabl
p y
B. is as extensive as in Euro e
p
C. faces man challenges
y
D. has roved to be im ractical
p p
28. It can be learned that in Iowa, .
A. wind is a widel used energy source
y
B. wind energy has re laced fossil fuels
p
C. tech giants are investing in clean energy
D. there is a shortage of clean energy su l
pp y
29. Which of the following is true about clean energy according to Paragra hs 5&6?
p
A. Its a lication has boosted battery storage.
pp
B. It is con皿onl used in car manufacturing.
y
C. Its continuous su l is becoming a reality.
pp y
D. Its sustainable ex loitation will remain difficult.
p
30. It can be inferred from the last aragra h that renewable energy .
p p
A. will bring the US closer to other countries
B. will accelerate global environmental change
C. is not reall encouraged b the US government
y y
D. is not com etitive enough with regard to its cost
p
- 6 -Text3
The power and ambition of the giants of the digital econom is astonishing
y
Amazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocer chain Whole
y
Foods for $ 13.Sbn, but two ears ago Facebook paid even more than that to
y
acquire the WhatsApp messaging service, which doesn't have an ph sical
y y
product at all. What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finel
y
detailed web of its users'friendships and social lives.
Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link
phone numbers to Facebook identities, but it broke the promise almost as soon as the
deal went through. Even without knowing what was in the messages, the knowledge
of who sent them and to whom was enormousl revealing and still could be. What
y
political journalist, what party whip, would not want to know the makeup of the
WhatsApp groups in which Theresa Ma 's enemies are currentl plotting? It ma be
y y y
that the value of Whole Foods to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops it owns, but
the records of which customers have purchased what.
Competition law appears to be the onl wa to address these imbalances of
y y
power. But it is clums . For one thing, it is ver slow compared to the pace of
y y
change within the digital economy. B the time a problem has been addressed and
y
remedied it ma have vanished in the marketplace, to be replaced b new abuses of
y y
power. But there is a deeper conceptual problem, too. Competition law as
presentl interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not
y
obvious when the users of these services don't pa for them. The users of their
y
services are not their customers. That would be the people who bu advertising
y
from them - and Facebook and Google, the two virtual giants, dominate digital
advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies.
The product the 're selling is data, and we, the users, convert our lives to data
y
for the benefit of the digital giants. Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for
the hone dew the produce when the feed, so Google farms us for the data that
y y y
our digital lives ield. Ants keep predator insects awa from where their aphids
y y y
feed; Gmail keeps the spammers out of our inboxes. It doesn't feel like a human or
democratic relationship, even if both sides benefit.
- 7 -31. Accordin to Paragraph 1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its .
g
A. di ital products
g
B. user information
C. ph sical assets
y
D. quality service
32. Linkin phone numbers to Facebook identities ma .
g y
A worsen political disputes
B. mess up customer records
C. pose a risk to Facebook users
D. mislead the European commission
33. Accordin to the author, competition law .
g
A. should serve the new market powers
B. may worsen the economic imbalance
C. should not provide just one le al solution
g
D. cannot keep pace with the chan in market
g g
34. Competition law as presentl interpreted can hardl protect Facebook users
y y
because .
A. the are not defined as customers
y
B. the are not financiall reliable
y y
C. the services are enerall di ital
g y g
D. the services are paid for b advertisers
y
35. The ants analogy is used to illustrate .
A. a win-win business model between di ital iants
g g
B. a typical competition pattern amon di ital iants
g g g
C. the benefits provided for di ital iants'customers
g g
D. the relationship between di ital iants and their users
g g
- 8 -Text4
To combat the trap of putting a premium on being bus , Cal Newport, author of
y
Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World, recommends building a
habit of "deep work" -the ability to focus without distraction.
There are a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep work - be it
length retreats dedicated to a specific task; developing a dail ritual; or taking a
y y
"journalistic" approach to seizing moments of deep work when ou can throughout
y
the day. Whichever approach, the ke is to determine our length of focus time and
y y
stick to it.
Newport also recommends "deep scheduling" to combat constant interruptions
and get more done in less time. "At an given point, I should have deep work
y
scheduled for roughl the next month. Once on the calendar, I protect this time like I
y
would a doctor's appointment or important meeting", he writes.
Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how ou
y
prioritise our da - in particular how we craft our to-do lists. Tim Harford, author of
y y
Mess : The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives, points to a stud in the earl
y y y
1980s that divided undergraduates into two groups: some were advised to set out
monthl goals and stud activities; others were told to plan activities and goals in
y y
much more detail, da b da .
y y y
While the researchers assumed that the well-structured dail plans would be
y
most effective when it came to the execution of tasks, the were wrong: the detailed
y
dail plans demotivated students. Harford argues that inevitable distractions often
y
render the dail to-do list ineffective, while leaving room for improvisation in such a
y
list can reap the best results.
In order to make the most of our focus and energy, we also need to embrace
downtime, or as Newport suggests, "be lazy".
"Idleness is not just a vacation, an indulgence or a vice; it is as indispensable to
the brain as vitamin D is to the bod …[idleness] is, paradoxicall , necessary to
y y
getting an work done," he argues.
y
Srini Pilla , an assistant professor of ps chiatry at Harvard Medical School,
y y
believes this counterintuitive link between downtime and productivit ma be due to
y y
the wa our brains operate. When our brains switch between being focused and
y
unfocused on a task, the tend to be more efficient.
y
"What people don't realise is that in order to complete these tasks the need to
y
use both the focus and unfocus circuits in their brain," sa s Pilla .
y y
- 9 -36. The ke to mastering the art of deep work is to .
y
A. keep to our focus time
y
B. list our immediate tasks
y
C. make specific dail plans
y
D. seize every minute to work
37. The stud in the earl 1980s cited b Harford shows that .
y y y
A. distractions ma actuall increase efficienc
y y y
B. dail schedules are indispensable to stud ing
y y
C. students are hardl motivated b monthl goals
y y y
D. detailed plans ma not be as fruitful as expected
y
38. According to Newport, idleness is .
A. a desirable mental state for bus people
y
B. a major contributor to ph sical health
y
C. an effective wa to save time and energy
y
D. an essential factor in accomplishing an work
y
39. Pilla believes that our brains'shift between being focused and unfocused .
y
A. can result in ps chological well-being
y
B. can bring about greater efficienc
y
C. is aimed at better balance in work
D. is driven b task urgenc
y y
40. This text is mainl about .
y
A. wa s to relieve the tension of bus life
y y
B. approaches to getting more done in less time
C. the ke to eliminating distractions
y
D. the cause of the lack of focus time
- 10 -PartB
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the uestions b choosing the most suitable
q y
subtitles from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph (41-45). There are two extra
subtitles which ou do not need to use. Mark our answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
y y
(10 points)
[A] Just sa it
y
[B] Be present
[C] Pa a uni ue compliment
y q
[D] Name, places, things
[E] Find the "me too''s
[F] Skip the small talk
[G] Ask for an opinion
Five ways to make conversation with anyone
Conversations are links, which means when ou have a conversation with a new
y
person a link gets formed and every conversation ou have after that moment will
y
strengthen the link.
You meet new people every da : the grocery worker, the cab driver, new people
y
at work or the securit guard at the door. Simpl starting a conversation with them
y y
will form a link.
Here are five simple wa s that ou can make the first move and start a
y y
conversation with strangers.
41.
Suppose ou are in a room with someone ou don't know and something within
y y
ou sa s "I want to talk with this person" — this is something that mostl happens
y y y
with all of us. You wanted to sa something — the first word — but it just won't come
y
out, it feels like it is stuck somewhere. I know the feeling and here is m advice: just
y
get it out.
Just think: what is the worst that could happen? The won't talk with ou? Well,
y y
the are not talking with ou now!
y y
I trul believe that once ou get that first word out everything else will just flow.
y y
- 11 -So keep it simple: "Hi", "He "or "Hello" — do the best ou can to gather all of the
y y
enthusiasm and energy ou can, put on a big smile and sa "Hi".
y y
42.
It is a problem all of us face; ou have limited time with the person that ou
y y
want to talk with and ou want to make this talk memorable.
y
Honestl , if we got stuck in the rut of "hi", "hello", "how are ou?" and ''what is
y y
going on?", ou will fail to give the initial jolt to the conversation that can make it so
y
memorable.
So don't be afraid to ask more personal questions. Trust me, ou'll be surprised
y
to see how much people are willing to share if ou just ask.
y
43.
When ou meet a person for the first time, make an effort to find the things
y
which ou and that person have in common so that ou can build the conversation
y y
from that point. When ou start conversation from there and then move outwards,
y
ou'll find all of a sudden that the conversation becomes a lot easier.
y
44.
Imagine ou are pouring our heart out to someone and the are just bus on
y y y y
their phone, and if ou ask for their attention ou get the response "I canmultitask".
y y
So when someone tries to communicate with ou, just be in that communication
y
wholeheartedl . Make e e contact. Trust me, e e contact is where all the magic
y y y
happens. When ou make e e contact, ou can feel the conversation.
y y y
45.
You all came into a conversation where ou first met the person, but after some
y
time ou ma have met again and have forgotten their name. Isn't that awkward! So,
y y
remember the little details of the people ou met or ou talked with; perhaps the
y y
places the have been to, the places the want to go, the things the like, the things
y y y
the hate—whatever ou talk about.
y y
When ou remember such things ou can automaticall become investor in their
y y y
wellbeing. So the feel a responsibility to ou to keep that relationship going.
y y
That's it. Five amazing wa s that ou can make conversation with almost an one.
y y y
Every person is a reall good book to read, or to have a conversation with!
y
- 12 -Section III Translation
46. Directions:
Translate the following text into Chinese. Write our translation neatl on the
y y
ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
A fifth grader gets a homework assignment to select his future career path from a
list of occupations. He ticks "astronaut" but quickl adds "scientist" to the list and
y
selects it as well. The bo is convinced that if he reads enough, he can explore as
y
man career paths as he likes. And so he reads - everything from enc clopedias to
y y
science fiction novels. He reads so passionatel that his parents have to institute a "no
y
reading polic " at the dinner table.
y
That bo was Bill Gates, and he hasn't stopped reading et - not even after
y y
becoming one of the most successful people on the planet. Nowada s, his reading
y
material has changed from science fiction and reference books: recentl , he revealed
y
that he reads at least 50 nonfiction books a ear. Gates chooses nonfiction titles
y
because the explain how the world works. "Each book opens up new avenues of
y
knowledge to explore", Gates sa s.
y
- 13 -Section N Writing
Part A
47. Directions:
Suppose you have to cancel your travel plan and will not be able to visit
Professor Smith. Write him an email to
1) apologize and explain the situation, and
2) suggest a future meeting.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead.
Do not write your address. (10 points)
PartB
48. Directions:
Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should
1) interpret the chart, and
2) give your comments.
You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
4.70%
26.80% 服务
价格
· 环境
· 特色
· 其他
2017 年某市消费者选择餐厅时的关注因素
-14 -绝密★启用前
2019 年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（二）
（科目代码：204）
☆考生注意事项☆
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位
置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码
粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在
答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题
册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分
必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the followin text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark
g
A, B, C or Don the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Wei hin ourself regularl is a wonderful wa to sta aware of an significant
g g y y y y y
wei ht fluctuations. 1 , when done too often, this habit can sometimes hurt more
g
than it 2
As for me, wei hin m self every da caused me to shift m focus from bein
g g y y y g
enerall health and ph sicall active, to focusin 3 on the scale. That was bad
g y y y y g
to m overall fitness oals. I had ained wei ht in the form of muscle mass, but
y g g g
thinkin onl of 4 the number on the scale, I altered m trainin program. That
g y y g
conflicted with how I needed to train to 5 m oals.
y g
I also found that wei hin m self dail did not provide an accurate 6 of the
g g y y
hard work and progress I was makin in the gym. It takes about three weeks to a
g
month to notice significant chan es in our wei ht 7 alterin our trainin
g y g g y g
program. The most 8 chan es will be observed in skill level, stren th and inches
g g
lost.
For these 9 , I stopped wei hin m self every da and switched to a
g g y y
bimonthl wei hin schedule 10 . Since wei ht loss is not m oal, it is less
y g g g y g
i ortant for me to 11 m wei ht each week. Wei hin every other week allows
mp y g g g
me to observe and 12 an significant wei ht chan es. That tells me whether I
y g g
need to 13 m tramm program.
y g
I use m bimonthl wei h-in 14 to et information about m nutrition as
y y g g y
well. If m trainin intensit remains the same, but I'm constantly 15 and
y g y
droppin wei ht, this is a 16 that I need to increase m dail caloric intake.
g g y y
The 17 to stop wei hin m self every da has done wonders for m overall
g g y y y
health, fitness and well-bein . I'm experiencin increased zeal for workin out since I
g g g
no lon er carry the burden of a 18 mornin wei h-in. I've also experienced
g g g
greater success in achievin m specific fitness oals, 19 I'm trainin accordin to
g y g g g
those oals, not the numbers on a scale.
g
Rather than 20 over the scale, tum our focus to how ou look, feel, how
y y
our clothes fit and our overall energy level.
y y
-1 -1. [A] Besides [B] Therefore [C] Otherwise [D] However
2. [A] helps [B] cares [C] warns [D] reduces
3. [A] initially [B] solely [C] occasionally [D] formally
4. [A] recording [B] lowering [C] explaining [D] accepting
5. [A] modify [B] set [C] review [D] reach
6. [A] definition [B] depiction [C] distribution [D] prediction
7. [A] due to [B] regardless of [C ] aside from [D] along with
8. [A] orderly [B] rigid [C] precise [D] immediate
9. [A] claims [B]judgments [C] reasons [D] methods
10. [A] instead [B] though [C] again [D] indeed
11. [A] track [B] overlook [C] conceal [D] report
12. [A] depend on [B] approve of [C] hold onto [D] account for
13. [A] share [B] adjust [C] confi皿 [D] prepare
14. [A] results [B] features [C] rules [D] tests
15. [A] bored [B] anxious [C] hungry [D] sick
16. [A] principle [B] secret [C] belief [D] sign
17. [A] request [B] necessity [C] decision [D] wish
18. [A] disappointing [B] surprising [C] restricting [D] consuming
19. [A] if [B] unless [C] until [D] because
20. [A] obsessing [B] dominating [C ] puzzling [D] triumphing
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B,
C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
-2 -Text 1
Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and an er, guilt emer es a little
g g
later, in conjunction with a child's growin grasp of social and moral norms. Children aren't
g
born knowin how to sa "I'm sorry"; rather, the learn over time that such statements
g y y
appease parents and friends - and their own consciences. This is wh researchers enerall
y g y
re ard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a ood thin .
g g g
In the popular ima ination, of course, guilt still ets a bad rap. It is deepl
g g y
uncomfortable - it's the emotional equivalent of wearin a jacket wei hted with
g g
stones. Yet this understandin is outdated. "There has been a kind of revival or a
g
rethinkin about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve," sa s Amrisha Yaish, a
g y
ps chology researcher at the Universit of Vir inia, addin that this revival is part of
y y g g
a lar er recognition that emotions aren't binary — feelin s that ma be advanta eous
g g y g
in one context ma be harmful in another. Jealous and an er, for example, ma have
y y g y
evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness can be destructive.
And guilt, b promptin us to think more deepl about our oodness, can
y g y g
encoura e humans to make up for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words,
g
can help hold a cooperative species to ether. It is a kind of social lue.
g g
Viewed in this li ht, guilt is an opportunit . Work b Tina Malti, a ps chology
g y y y
professor at the Universit of Toronto, su ests that guilt ma compensate for an
y gg y
emotional deficienc . In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt
y
and sympath ma represent different pathwa s to cooperation and sharin . Some
y y y g
kids who are low in sympath ma make up for that shortfall b experiencin more
y y y g
guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa: Hi h s mpath can
g y y
substitute for low guilt.
In a 2014 study, for example, Malti looked at 244 children. Usin care iver
g g
assessments and the children's self-observations, she rated each child's overall
s mpath level and his or her tendenc to feel ne ative emotions after moral
y y y g
transgressions. Then the kids were handed chocolate coins, and iven a chance to
g
share them with an anonymous child. For the low-s mpath kids, how much the
y y y
shared appeared to tum on how inclined the were to feel guilty. The guilt-prone ones
y
shared more, even thou h the hadn't ma icall become more sympathetic to the
g y g y
other child's deprivation.
"That's ood news, " Malti sa s. "We can be prosocial because we caused harm
g y
and we feel regret."
-3 -21.Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help .
[A] regulate a child's basic emotions
[B] improve a child's intellectual ability
[C] foster a child's moral development
[D] intensify a child's positive feelings
22. According to Paragraph 2, man people still consider guilt to be .
y
[A] deceptive
[B] burdensome
[C] addictive
[D] inexcusable
23. Yaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that .
[A] emotions are context-independent
[B] emotions are sociall constructive
y
[C] emotional stability can benefit health
[D] an emotion can pla opposing roles
y
24.Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing
[A] may help correct emotional deficiencies
[B] can result from either sympath or guilt
y
[C] can bring about emotional satisfaction
[D] ma be the outcome of impulsive acts
y
25.The word "transgressions" (Line 4, Para.5) is closest in meaning to
[A] teachings
[B] discussions
[C] restnct10ns
[D] wrongdoings
-4 -Text2
Forests ive us shade, quiet and one of the harder challen es in the fi ht a ainst
g g g g
climate chan e. Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a ood share of the
g g
carbon dioxide we produce, we are threatenin their ability to do so. The climate
g
chan e we are hastenin could one da leave us with forests that emit more carbon
g g y
than the absorb.
y
Thankfull , there is a wa out of this trap — but it involves strikin a subtle
y y g
balance. Helpin forests flourish as valuable "carbon sinks" lon into the future ma
g g y
require reducin their capacit to absorb carbon now. California is leadin the wa , as
g y g y
it does on so man climate efforts, in fi urin out the details.
y g g
The state's proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out oun
y g
trees and clear brush in parts of the forest. This temporaril lowers carbon-carryin
y g
capacity. But the remainin trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so
g
the grow and thrive, restorin the forest's capacity to pull carbon from the air.
y g
Health trees are also better able to fend off insects. The landscape is rendered less
y
easil burnable. Even in the event of a fire, fewer trees are consumed.
y
The need for such plannin is increasin l ur ent. Alread , since 2010, drou ht
g gy g y g
and insects have killed over 100 million trees in California, most of them in 2016
alone, and wildfires have burned hundreds of thousands of acres.
California plans to treat 35, 000 acres of forest a ear b 2020, and 60,000 b
y y y
2030 — financed from the proceeds of the state's emissions-permit auctions. That's
onl a small share of the total acrea e that could benefit, about half a million acres in
y g
all, so it will be vital to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drou ht.
g
The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in wood material removed from
y
the forests is locked awa in the form of solid lumber or burned as biofuel in vehicles
y
that would otherwise run on fossil fuels. New research on transportation biofuels is
alread under wa .
y y
State overnments are well accustomed to mana in forests, but traditionall
g g g y
the 've focused on wildlife, watersheds and opportunities for recreation. Onl recentl
y y y
have the come to see the vital part forests will have to pla in storin carbon.
y y g
California's plan, which is expected to be finalized b the overnor next ear, should
y g y
serve as a model.
-5 -26. B sa ing "one of the harder challenges," the author implies that .
y y
[A] global climate change ma get out of control
y
[B] people ma misunderstand global warn血g
y
[C] extreme weather conditions may arise
[D] forests ma become a potential threat
y
27. To maintain forests as valuable "carbon sinks," we may need to .
[A] preserve the diversity of species in them
[B] accelerate the growth of oung trees
y
[C] strike a balance among different plants
[D] lower their present carbon-absorbing capacit
y
28. California's Forest Carbon Plan endeavors to
[A] cultivate more drought-resistant trees
[B] reduce the density of some of its forests
[C] find more effective wa s to kill insects
y
[D] restore its forests quickl after wildfires
y
29. What is essential to California's plan according to Paragraph 5?
[A] To handle the areas in serious danger first.
[B] To carry it out before the ear of 2020.
y
[C] To perfect the emissions-permit auctions.
[D] To obtain enough financial support.
30. The author's attitude to California's plan can best be described as .
[A] ambiguous
[B] tolerant
[C] supportive
[D] cautious
- 6 -Text3
American farmers have been complainin of labor shorta es for several ears. The
g g y
complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.
Congress has obstructed efforts to create a more strai htforward visa for
g
agricultural workers that would let foreign workers sta lon er in the U.S. and chan e
y g g
jobs within the industry. If this doesn't chan e, American businesses, communities,
g
and consumers will be the losers.
Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants. As fewer such
workers enter the country, the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are
chan in . Toda 's farm laborers, while still predominantl born in Mexico, are more
g g y y
likel to be settled rather than migratin and more likel to be married than sin le.
y g y g
The 're also a in . At the start of this century, about one-third of crop workers were
y g g
over the a e of 35. Now more than half are. And pickin crops is hard on older bodies.
g g
One oft-debated cure for this labor shorta e remains as implausible as it's been all
g
alon : Native U.S. workers won't be returnin to the farm.
g g
Mechanization isn't the answer, either — not et, at least. Production of com,
y
cotton, rice, so beans, and wheat has been lar el mechanized, but man hi h-value,
y g y y g
labor-intensive crops, such as strawberries, need labor. Even dairy farms, where
robots do a small share of milkin , have a lon wa to o before the 're automated.
g g y g y
As a result, farms have grown increasin l reliant on temporary guest workers
gy
usin the H-2A visa to fill the aps in the workforce. Startin around 2012, requests
g g g
for the visas rose sharply; from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas issued more than doubled.
The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural
work, which is limited to 66,000 a ear. Even so, emplo ers complain the aren't
y y y
iven all the workers the need. The process is cumbersome, expensive, and
g y
unreliable. One surve found that bureaucratic dela s led the avera e H-2A worker to
y y g
arrive on the job 22 da s late. The shorta e is compounded b federal immigration
y g y
raids, which remove some workers and drive others underground.
In a 2012 surve , 71 percent of tree-fruit growers and almost 80 percent ofraisin
y
and berry growers said the were short of labor. Some western farmers have
y
responded b movin operations to Mexico. From 1998 to 2000, 14.5 percent of the
y g
fruit Americans consumed was imported. Little more than a decade later, the share of
i orts was 25.8 percent.
mp
In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it.
- 7 -31. What problem should be addressed accordin to the first two paragraphs?
g
[A] Discrimination a ainst foreign workers in the U.S.
g
[B] Biased laws in favor of some American businesses.
[C] Flaws in U.S. immigration rules for farm workers.
[D] Decline of job opportunities in U.S. agriculture.
32. One trouble with U.S. agricultural workforce is .
[A] the risin number of ille al immigrants
g g
[B] the hi h mobility of crop workers
g
[C] the lack of experienced laborers
[D] the a in of immigrant farm workers
g g
33. What is the much-argued solution to the labor shorta e in U.S. farmin ?
g g
[A] To attract youn er laborers to farm work.
g
[B] To et native U.S. workers back to farmin .
g g
[C] To use more robots to grow hi h-value crops.
g
[D] To stren then financial support for farmers.
g
34. Agricultural employers complain about the H-2A visa for its .
[A] slow grantin procedures
g
[B] limit on duration of stay
[C] ti htened requirements
g
[D] control of annual adm1ss10ns
35. Which of the followin could be the best title for this text?
g
[A] U.S. A riculture in Decline?
g
[B] Import Food or Labor?
[C] America Saved by Mexico?
[D] Manpower vs. Automation?
- 8 -Text4
Arnold Schwarzenegger, Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for ou:
y
It's eas to beat plastic. The 're part of a bunch of celebrities starring in a new video
y y
for World Environment Da — encouraging ou, the consumer, to swap out our
y y y
single-use plastic staples like straws and cutlery to combat the plastics crisis.
The ke messages that have been put together for World Envirornnent Da do
y y
include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single-use plastics. But the
overarching message is directed at individuals.
M concern with leaving it up to the individual, however, is our limited sense of
y
what needs to be achieved. On their own, taking our own bags to the grocery store or
quitting plastic straws, for example, will accomplish little and require very little of us.
The could even be detrimental, satisfying a need to have "done our bit" without ever
y
progressing onto bigger, bolder, more effective actions - a kind of "moral licensing"
that alla s our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.
y
While the conversation around our envirornnent and our responsibility toward it
remains centered on shopping bags and straws, we're ignoring the balance of power
that implies that as "consumers" we must shop sustainabl , rather than as "citizens"
y
hold our governments and industries to account to push for real s stemic change.
y
It's important to acknowledge that the environment isn't everyone's priorit — or
y
even most people's. We shouldn't expect it to be. In her latest book, Wh Good
y
People Do Bad Environmental Things, Wellesle College professor Elizabeth R.
y
DeSombre argues that the best wa to collectivel change the behavior of large
y y
numbers of people is for the change to be structural.
This might mean implementing polic such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to
y
environmentall problematic action, or banning single-use plastics altogether. India
y
has just announced it will "eliminate all single-use plastic in the country b 2022."
y
There are also incentive-based wa s of making better environmental choices easier,
y
such as ensuring rec cling is at least as eas as trash disposal.
y y
DeSombre isn't sa ing people should stop caring about the environment. It's just
y
that individual actions are too slow, she sa s, for that to be the onl , or even primary,
y y
approach to changing widespread behavior.
None of this is about writing off the individual. It's just about putting things into
perspective. We don't have time to wait. We need progressive policies that shape
collective action (and rein in polluting businesses), alongside engaged citizens
pushing for change.
- 9 -36. Some celebrities star in a new video to
[A] demand new laws on the use of plastics
[B] ur e consumers to cut the use of plastics
g
[C] invite public opinion on the plastics crisis
[D] disclose the causes of the plastics crisis
3 7. The author is concerned that "moral licensin " ma .
g y
[A] mislead us into doin worthless thin s
g g
[B] prevent us from makin further efforts
g
[C] weaken our sense of accomplishment
[D] suppress our desire for success
38. B pointin out our identity "citizens", the author indicates that .
y g
[A] our focus should be shifted to community welfare
[B] our relationship with local industries is improvin
g
[C] we have been activel exercisin our civil ri hts
y g g
[D] we should press our overnment to lead the combat
g
39. DeSombre argues that the best wa for a collective chan e should be .
y g
[A] a win-win arran ement
g
[B] a self-driven mechanism
[C] a cost-effective approach
[D] a top-down process
40. The author concludes that individual efforts
[A] can be too a ressive
gg
[B] can be too inconsistent
[C] are far from sufficient
[D] are far from rational
- 10 -PartB
Directions:
Read the followin text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to
g
its co espondin information in the ri ht column. There are two extra choices in the
盯 g g
ri ht column. Mark our answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
g y
In choosin a new home, Camille McClain's kids have a sin le demand: a
g g
backyard.
McClain's little ones aren't the onl kids who have an opinion when it comes to
y
housin , and in man cases oun sters' views wei h heavil on parents' real estate
g y y g g y
decisions, accordin to a 2018 Harris Poll surve of more than 2,000 U.S. adults.
g y
While more families buck an older- eneration proclivity to leave kids in the dark
g
about real estate decisions, realty a ents and ps cholo ists have mixed views about
g y g
the financial, personal and lon -term effects kids'opinions ma have.
g y
The idea of involvin children in a bi decision is a great idea because it can
g g
help them feel a sense of control and ownership in what can be an overwhelmin
g
process, said Ryan Hooper, clinical ps cholo ist in Chica o.
y g g
"Children ma face serious difficulties in copin with significant moves,
y g
especiall if it removes them from their current school or support s stem," he said.
y y
Gre Jaroszewski, real estate broker with Ga liardo Realty Associates, said he's
g g
not convinced that kids should be involved in selectin a home - but their opinions
g
should be considered in re ards to proximity to friends and social activities, if
g
possible.
Youn er children should feel like the 're choosin their home - without actuall
g y g y
ettin a choice in the matter, said Adam Baile , real estate attorne based in New
g g y y
York.
Askin them questions about what the like about the back ard of a potential
g y y
home will make them feel like the 're bein included in the decision-makin process,
y g g
Baile said.
y
Man of the aspects of homebu in aren't a consideration for children, said
y y g
Trace Hampson, a real estate a ent based in Santa Clarita, Calif. And placin too
y g g
much emphasis on their opinions can ruin a fantastic home purchase.
"Speakin with our children before ou make a real estate decision is wise,
g y y
but I wouldn't base the purchasin decision solel on their opinions." Hampson said.
g y
The other issue is that man children—especiall older ones—ma base their real
y y y
- 11 -state knowledge on HGTV shows, said Aaron Norris of The Norris Grou in Riverside,
p
Calif.
"The love Chi and Joanna Gaines just as much as the rest of us," he said.
y p
"HGTV has seriousl changed how eo le view real estate. It's not shelter, it's a
y p p
lifest le. With that mindset change come some serious mone consequences."
y y
Kids tend to get stuck in the features and the immediate benefits to them
ersonall , Norris said.
p y
Parents need to remind their children that their needs and desires ma change
y
over time, said Julie Gurner, a real estate anal st with FitSmallBusiness.com.
y
"Their o inions can change tomorrow," Gurner said. "Harsh as it ma be to sa ,
p y y
that decision should likel not be made contingent on a child's o inions, but rather
y p
made for them with great consideration into what home can meet their needs best - and
give them an o ortunit to customize it a bit and make it their own."
pp y
This advice is more relevant now than ever before, even as more arents want to
p
embrace the ideas of their children, des ite the cu enthousing crunch.
p 订
[A] remarks that significant moves ma ose challenges to
y p
children.
41. R an Hoo er [B] sa s that it is wise to leave kids in the dark about real estate
y p y
decisions.
42. Adam Baile [C] advises that home urchases should not be based onl on
y p y
children's o inions.
p
43. Trace Ham son [D] thinks that children should be given a sense of involvement in
y p
homebu ing decisions.
y
[E] notes that as ects like children's friends and social activities
p
44. Aaron Norris
should be considered u on homebu ing.
p y
[F] believes that homebu ing decisions should be based on
y
45. Julie Gurner
children's needs rather than their o inions.
p
[G] assumes that man children's views on real estate are
y
influenced b the media.
y
- 12 -Section III Translation
46. Directions:
Translate the followin text into Chinese. Write our translation on the ANSWER
g y
SHEET. (15 points)
It is eas to underestimate En lish writer James Herriot. He had such a pleasant,
y g
readable style that one mi ht think that an one could imitate it. How man times
g y y
have I heard people sa , "I could write a book. I just haven't the time." Easil said.
y y
Not so easil done. James Herriot, contrary to popular opinion, did not find it eas in
y y
his earl da s of, as he put it, "havin a o at the writin ame". While he obviousl
y y g g g g y
had an abundance of natural talent, the final, polished work that he ave to the world
g
was the result of ears of practicin , re-writin and readin . Like the majority of
y g g g
authors, he had to suffer man disappointments and rejections alon the wa , but
y g y
these made him all the more determined to succeed. Everythin he achieved in life
g
was earned the hard wa and his success in the literary field was no exception.
y
- 13 -Section IV Writing
Part A
47. Directions:
Suppose Professor Smith asked you to plan a debate on the theme of city traffic.
Write him an email to
1) suggest a specific topic with your reasons, and
2) tell him about your arrangements.
You should write about words on the ANSWER SHEET.
100
Do not use your one name. Use "Li Ming" instead.
Do not write your address. (10 points)
PartB
48. Directions:
Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should
1) interpret the chart, and
2) give your comments.
You should write about words on the ANSWER SHEET. points)
150 (15
80.0%
70.0%
60.0%
圈2013年
50.0%
迈 2018年
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
L0.0%
0.0%
就业 升学 创业
某高校2013年和2018年本科毕业生去向统计
-14 -绝密★启用前
2020年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（二）
（科目代码：204）
☆考生注意事项☆
公众号@依欣学习（考研干货分享）
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位
置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码
粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在
答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题
册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分
必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark
A, B, C or Don the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Being a good parent is, of course, what every parent would like to be. But
defining what it means to be a good parent is undoubtedl very 1 , particularl
y y
since children respond differentl to the same st le of parenting. A calm,
y y
rule-following child might respond better to a different sort of parenting than, 2 ,
a ounger sibling.
y
3 , there's another sort of parent that's a bit easier to 4 : a patient parent.
Children of every age benefit from patient parenting. Still, 5 every parent would like to
be patient, this is no eas 6 . Sometimes parents get exhausted and frustrated and are
y
unable to maintain a_]_ and composed style with their kids. I understand this.
You're onl human, and sometimes our kids can 8 ou just a little too far.
y y y
And then the 9 happens: You lose our patience and either scream at our kids
y y
or sa something that was a bit too 10 and does nobody an good. You wish that
y y
ou could 11 the clock and start over, We've all been there.
y
12 , even though it's common, it's important to keep in mind that in a single
moment of fatigue. ou can sa something to our child that ou ma 13 for
y y y y y
a long time. This ma not onl do damage to our relationship with our child but
y y y y
also 14 our child's self-esteem.
y
If ou consistentl lose our 15 with our kids. then ou are inadvertentl
y y y y y y
modeling a lack of emotional control for our kids. We are all becoming increasingl
y y
aware of the 16 of modeling tolerance and patience for the ounger generation.
y
This is a skill that will help them all throughout life. In fact, the ability to emotionall
y
regulate or mamtam emot10nal control when 17 b stress 1s one of the most
y
important of all life's skills.
Certainl , it's incredibl 18 to maintain patience at all times with our
y y y
children. A more practical goal is to try, to the best of our ability, to be as tolerant
y
and composed as ou can when faced with 19 situations involving our
y y
children. I can promise ou this: As a result of working toward this goal. ou and
y y
our children will benefit and 20 from stressful moments feeling better ph sicall
y y y
and emotionall .
y
-1 -1. [A] tedious [B] pleasant [C] instructive [D] tricky
2. [A] in addition [B] for example [C] at once [D] by accident
3. [A] Fortunately [B] Occasionally [C] Accordingly [D] Eventually
4. [A] amuse [B] assist [C] describe [D] train
5. [A] while [B] because [C] unless [D] once
6. [A] answer [B] task [C] choice [D] access
7. [A] tolerant [B] formal [C] rigid [D] critical
8. [A] move [B] drag [C] push [D] send
9. [A] mysterious [B] illogical [C] suspicious [D] inevitable
10. [A] boring [B] naive [C] harsh [D] vague
11. [A] tum back [B] take apart [C] set aside [D] cover up
12. [A] Overall [B] Instead [C] However [D] Otherwise
13. [A] like [B] miss [C] believe [D] regret
14. [A] raise [B] affect [C]justify [D] reflect
15. [A] time [B] bond [C] race [D] cool
16. [A] nature [B] secret [C ] importance [D] context
17. [A] cheated [B] defeated [C ] confused [D] confronted
18. [A] terrible [B] hard [C] strange [D] wrong
19. [A] trying [B] changing [C] exciting [D] surprising
20. [A] hide [B] emerge [C] withdraw [D] escape
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directios:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B,
C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
-2 -Text 1
Rats and other animals need to be hi hl attuned to social signals from others so
g y
the can identify friends to cooperate with and enemies to avoid. To find out if this
y
extends to non-livin bein s, Laleh Quinn at the University of California, San Die o,
g g g
and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals from robotic rats.
The housed ei ht adult rats with two types of robotic rat—one social and one
y g
—
asocial for four da s.The robot rats were quite minimalist, resemblin a chunkier
y g
version of a computer mouse with wheels-to move around and colorful markin s.
g
Durin the experiment, the social robot rat followed the livin rats around,
g g
played with the same to s, and opened ca e doors to let trapped rats escape.
y g
Meanwhile, the asocial robot simpl moved forwards and backwards and side to side.
y
Next, the researchers trapped the robots in ca es and ave the rats the
g g
opportunit to release them b pressin a lever.Across 18 trials each, the livin rats
y y g g
were 52 per cent more likel on avera e to set the social robot free than the asocial
y g
one. This su ests that the rats perceived the social robot as a enuine social bein ,
gg g g
sa s Quinn. The rats ma have bonded more with the social robot because it
y y
displa ed behaviors like communal explorin and pla in . This could lead to the rats
y g y g
better rememberin havin freed it earlier, and wantin the robot to return the favour
g g g
when the et trapped, she sa s .
y g y
"Rats have been shown to en a e in multiple forms of reciprocal help and
g g
cooperation, includin what is referred to as direct reciprocit where a rat will help
g y
another rat that has previousl helped them," sa s Quinn.
y y
The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprisin iven its
g g
minimal design.The robot was the same size as a regular rat but resembled a simple
plastic box on wheels. " We'd assumed we'd have to ive it a movin head and tail,
g g
facial features, and put a scent on it to make it smell like a real rat, but that wasn't
necessary, " sa s Janet Wiles at the Universit of Queensland in Australia, who
y y
helped with the research.
The findin shows how sensitive rats are to social cues, even when the come
g y
from basic robots. sa s Wiles. Similarl , children tend to treat robots as if the are
y y y
fellow bein s, even when the displa onl simple social signals. "We humans seem
g y y y
to be fascinated b robots, and it turns out other animals are too," sa s Wiles.
y y
-3 -21. Quinn and her colleagues conducted a test to see if rats can .
[A] pick up social signals from non-living rats
[B] distinguish a friendly rat from a hostile one
[C] attain sociable traits through special training
[D] send out warning messages to their fellows
22. What did the asocial robot do during the experiment?
[A] It followed the social robot.
[B] It played with some toys.
[C] It set the trapped rats free.
[D] It moved around alone.
23. According to Quinn, the rats released the social robot because they
[ A ]tried to practice a means of escape.
[B]expected it to do the same in return.
[C]wanted to display their intelligence.
[D]considered that an interesting game.
24. James Wiles notes that rats
[ A ]can remember other rats' facial features.
[B]differentiate smells better than sizes.
[C]respond more to actions than to looks.
[D]can be scared by a plastic box on wheels.
25. It can be learned from the text that rats
[A] appear to be adaptable to new surroundings
[B] are more socially active than other animals
[C] behave differently from children in socializing
[D] are more sensitive to social cues than expected
-4 -Text2
It is true that CEO pa has one up-top ones ma make 300 times the pa of
y g y y
typical workers on avera e, and since the mid-1970s, CEO pa for lar e publicl
g y g y
traded American corporations has, b varyin estimates, one up b about 500%. The
y g g y
typical CEO of a top American corporation now makes about $18.9 million a ear.
y
The best model for understandin the growth of CEO pa is that of limited CEO
g y
talent in a world where business opportunities for the top firms are rowin rapidl .
g g y
The efforts of America' s hi
g
hest-earnin
g
1% have been one of the more d ynamic
elements of the lobal econom . It's not popular to sa . but one reason their pa has
g y y y
one up so much is that CEOs reall have upped their ame relative to man other
g y g y
workers in the U.S. econom .
y
Today' s CEO, at least for major American firms, must have many mere skills
than simpl bein able to "run the compan ." CEOs must have a ood sense of
y g y g
financial markets and ma be even how the compan should trade in them . The also
y y y
need better public relations skills than their predecessors, as the costs of even a minor
slipup can be significant. Then there's the fact that lar e American companies are
g
much more lobalized than ever before, with suppl chains spread across a lar er
g y g
number of countries. To lead in that s stem requires knowled e that is fairl
y g y
mind-bo lin . Plus, virtuall all major American companies are becomin tech
gg g y g
companies, one wa or another. Be ond this, major CEOs still have to do all the
y y
da -to-da work the have always done.
y y y
The common idea that hi h CEO pa is mainl about rippin people off doesn't
g y y g
explain history very well. B most measures, corporate overnance has become a lot
y g
ti hter and more ri orous since the 1970s. Yet it is principall durin this period of
g g y g
stron er overnance that CEO pa has been hi h and risin . That su ests it is in the
g g y g g gg
broader corporate interest to recruit top candidates for increasin l tou h jobs.
gy g
Furthermore, the hi hest CEO salaries are paid to outside candidates, not to the
g
cozy insider picks, another sign that hi h CEO pa is not some kind of depredation at
g y
the expense of the rest of the compan . And the stock market reacts positivel when
y y
companies tie CEO pa to, sa , stock prices, a sign that those practices build up
y y
corporate value not just for the CEO.
-5 -26. Which of the following has contributed to CEO pay rise?
[A] The growth in the number of corporations.
[B] The general pay rise with a better economy.
[C] Increased business opportunities for top firms.
[D] Close cooperation among leading economies.
27. Compared with their predecessors, today's CEOs are required to .
[A] foster a stronger sense of teamwork
[B] finance more research and development
[C] establish closer ties with tech companies
[D] operate more globalized companies
28. CEO pay has been rising since the 1970s despite .
[A] continual internal opposition
[B] strict corporate governance
[C] conservative business strategies
[D] repeated government warnings
29. High CEO pay can be justified by the fact that it helps .
[A] confirm the status of CEOs
[B] motive inside candidates
[C] boost the efficiency of CEOs
[D] increase corporate value
30. The most suitable title for this text would be
[A] CEOs Are Not Overpaid
[B] CEO Pay: Past and Present
[C] CEOs'Challenges of Today
[D] CEO Traits: Not Easy to Define
-6 -Text3
Madrid was hailed as a public health beacon last November when it rolled out
ambitious restrictions on the most polluting cars. Seven months and one election da
y
later, a new conservative city council suspended enforcement of the clean air zone, a
first step toward its possible demise.
Ma or Jose Luis Martinez-Almeida made opposition to the zone a centrepiece of
y
his election campaign, despite its success in improving air qualit . A judge has now
y
overruled the cit 's decision to stop levying fines, ordering them reinstated. But with
y
legal battles ahead, the zone's future looks uncertain at best.
Among other weaknesses, the measures cities must emplo when left to tackle
y
dirty air on their own are politicall contentious, and therefore vulnerable. That's
y
because the inevitabl put the costs of cleaning the air on to individual drivers—who
y y
must pa fees or bu better vehicles—rather than on to the car manufacturers whose
y y
cheating is the real cause of our toxic pollution.
It's not hard to imagine a similar reversal happening in London. The new
ultra-low emission zone (Ulez) is likel to be a big issue in next ear's mayoral
y y
election. And if Sadiq khan wins and extends it to the North and South Circular roads
in 2021 as he intends, it is sure to spark intense opposition from the far larger number
of motorists who will then be affected.
It's not that measures such as London's Ulez are useless. Far from it. Local
officials are using the levers that are available to them to safeguard residents' health
in the face of a serious threat. The zones do deliver some improvements to air quality,
and the science tells us that means real health benefits—fewer heart attacks, strokes
and premature births, less cancer, dementia and asthma. Fewer untimel deaths.
y
But ma ors and councilors can onl do so much about a problem that is far
y y
bigger than an one city or town. The are acting because national governments—
y y
Britain's and others across Europe—have failed to do so.
Restrictions that keep highl polluting cars out of certain areas—city centres,
y
"school streets", even individual roads—are a response to the absence of a larger
effort to properl enforce existing regulations and require auto companies to bring
y
their vehicles into compliance. Wales has introduced special low speed limits
to minimise pollution. We're doing everything but insist that manufacturers clean up
their cars.
- 7 -31. Which of the following is true about Madrid's clean air zone?
[A] Its effects are questionable.
[B] It has been opposed by a judge.
[C] It needs tougher enforcement.
[D] Its fate is yet to be decided.
32. Which is considered a weakness of the city-level measures to tackle dirty air?
[A] They are biased against car manufacturers.
[B] They prove impractical for city councils.
[C] They are deemed too mild for politicians.
[D] They put too much burden on individual motorists.
33. The author believes that the extension of London's Ulez will
[A] arouse strong resistance
[B] ensure Khan's electoral success
[C] improve the city's traffic
[D] discourage car manufacturing
34. Who does the author think should have addressed the problem?
[A] Local residents
[B] Mayors.
[C] Councilors.
[D] National governments.
35. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that auto companies .
[A] will raise low-emission car production
[B] should be forced to follow regulations
[C] will upgrade the design of their vehicles
[D] should be put under public supervision
- 8 -Text4
—
Now that members of Generation Z are graduatin colle e this sprin the most
g g g
commonl -accepted definition sa s this eneration was born after 1995, ive or take
y y g g
a ear—the attention has been risin steadil in recent weeks. Gen Zs are about to hit
y g y
the streets lookin for work in a labor market that's ti hter than it's been in decades.
g g
And emplo ers are plannin on hirin about 17 percent more new raduates for jobs
y g g g
in the U.S. this ear than last, accordin to a surve conducted b the National
y g y y
Association of Colle es and Emplo ers. Everybod wants to know how the people
g y y
who will soon inhabit those empt office cubicles will differ from those who came
y
before them.
If "entitled" is the most con皿on adjective, fairl
y
or not, applied to
millennials (those born between 1981 and 1995), the catchwords for Generation
Z are practical and cautious. Accordin to the career counselors and experts who
g
stud them, Generation Zs are clear-e ed, economic pra matists. Despite
y y g
graduatin into the best econom in the past 50 ears, Gen Zs know what an
g y y
economic train wreck looks like. The were impressionable kids durin the crash
y g
of 2008, when man of their parents lost their jobs or their life savin s or both.
y g
The aren't interested in takin an chances. The boomin econom seems to
y g y g y
have done little to assuage this underl in enerational sense of anxious ur enc ,
y g g g y
especiall for those who have colle e debt. Colle e loan balances in the U.S.
y g g
now stand at a record $1.5 trillion, accordin to the Federal Reserve.
g
One surve from Accenture found that 88 percent of graduatin seniors this ear
y g y
chose their major with a job in mind. In a 2019 surve of Universit of Geor ia
y y g
students, meanwhile, the career office found the most desirable trait in a future
emplo er was the ability to offer secure emplo ment (followed b professional
y y y
development and trainin , and then inspirin purpose). Job security or stability was
g g
the second most important career oal(work-life balance was number one), followed
g
b a sense of bein dedicated to a cause or to feel ood about servin the greater ood.
y g g g g
That's a bi chan e from the previous eneration. "Millennials wanted more
g g g
flexibility in their lives," notes Tan a Michelsen, Associate Director of Y outhSi ht, a
y g
UK-based brand mana er that conducts .regular 60-da surve s of British outh, in
g y y y
findin s that mi ht just as well appl to American outh. "Generation Zs are lookin
g g y y g
for more certainty and stability, because of the rise of the i econom . The have
g g y y
troubles seein a financial future and the are quite risk averse."
g y
- 9 -36. Generation Zs graduating college this spring .
[A] are recognized for their abilities
[B] are optimistic about the labor market
[C] are in favor of office job offers
[D] are drawing growing public attention
37 . Generation Zs are keenly aware .
[A] what their parents expect of them
[B] how valuable a counselor's advice is
[C] what a tough economic situation is like
[D] how they differ from past generations
38. The word "assuage"(line 9, para. 2) is closet in meaning to .
[A] deepen
[B] define
[C] maintain
[D] relieve
39. It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that Generation Zs
—·
[A] give top priority to professional training
[B] have a clear idea about their future job
[C] care little about their job performance
[D] think it hard to achieve work-life balance
40. Michelsen thinks that compared with millennials, Generation Zs are .
[A] less realistic
[B] less adventurous
[C] more diligent
[D] more generous
- 10 -PartB
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions b choosing the most suitable
y
subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph (41-45). There are two extra
subheadings which ou do not need to use. Mark our answers·on the ANSWER
y y
SHEET. (10 points)
[A] Give compliments, just not too man .
y
[B] Put on a good face, alwa s.
y
[C] Tailor our interactions.
y
[D] Spend time with everyone.
[E] Reveal, don't hide, information.
[F] Slow down and listen.
[G] Put ourselves in others'shoes.
y
Five Ways to Win Over Everyone in the Office
Is it possible to like everyone in our office? Think about how tough it is to get
y
together 15 people, much less 50, who all get along perfectl . But unlike in
y
friendships, ou need coworkers. You work with them every da , and ou depend on
y y y
them just as the depend on ou. Here are some wa s that ou can get the whole
y y y y
office on our side.
y
41.
If ou have a bone to pick with someone in our workplace, ou may try to sta
y y y y
tight-lipped around them. But ou won't be helping either one of ou. A Harvard
y y
Business School stud found that observers consistentl rated those who were upfront
y y
about themselves more highl , while those who hid lost trustworthiness. The lesson is
y
not that ou should make our personal life an open book, but rather, when given the
y y
option to offer up details about ourself or studiousl stash them awa , ou should
y y y y
just be honest.
42.
Just as important as being honest about ourself is being receptive to others. We
y
often feel the need to tell others how we feel, whether it's a concern about a project, a
- 11 -stra thought, or a compliment. Those are all valid, but ou need to take time to hear
y y
out our coworkers, too. In fact, rushing to get our own ideas out there can cause
y y
colleagues to feel ou don't value their opinions. Do our best to engage coworkers m
y y
a genuine, back-and-forth conversation, rather than prioritizing our own thoughts.
y
43.
It's con皿on to have a "cubicle mate" or special confidant in a work setting. But
in addition to those trusted coworkers, ou should expand our horizons and find out
y y
about all the people around ou. Use our lunch and coffee breaks to meet up with
y y
colleagues ou don't alwa s see. Find out about their lives and interests be ond the
y y y
job. It requires minimal effort and goes a long wa . This will help to grow our
y y
internal network, in addition to being a nice break in the work da .
y
44.
Positive feedback is important for anyone to hear. And ou don't have to be
y
someone's boss to tell them they did an exceptional job on a particular project. This
will help engender good will in others. But don't overdo it or be fake about it. One
study found that people responded best to comments that shifted from negative to
positive, possibl because it suggested they had won somebody over.
y
45.
This one ma be a bit more difficult to pull off, but it can go a long wa to
y y
achieving results. Remember in dealing with any coworker what they appreciate from an
interaction. Watch out for how the verbalize with others. Some people like small
y
talk in a meeting before digging into important matters, while others are more
straightforward. Jokes that work on one person won't necessarily land with another.
So, adapt our st le accordingl to type. Consider the person that you're dealing with
y y y
in advance and what will get ou to our desired outcome.
y y
- 12 -Section III Translation
46.Directions
Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the
ANSWERSHEET.(15points)
It's almost impossible to go through life without experiencing some kind
of failure. People who do so probably live so cautiously that they go nowhere.
Put simply, they're not really living at all. But, the wonderful thing about
failureisthatit'sentirelyuptoustodecidehowtolookatit.
We can choose to see failure as “the end of the world”. Or, we can look at
failure as the incredible learning experience that it often is. Every time we fail at
something, we can choose to look for the lesson we’re meant to learn. These
lessons are very important; they’re how we grow, and how we keep from making
thatsamemistakeagain.Failuresstopusonlyifweletthem.
Failure can also teach us things about ourselves that we would never
have learnedotherwise. For instance, failure can help you discover howstrong
a person you are. Failing at something can help you discover your truest
friends,orhelpyoufindunexpectedmotivationtosucceed.
-13-Section IV Writing
Part A
47. Directions:
Suppose you are planning a tour of a historical site for a group of international
students. Write an email to
1) tell them about the site, and
2)give them some tips for the tour.
Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name, use "Li Ming" instead. (10 points)
PartB
48.Directions:
Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should
1) interpret the chart, and
2) give your comments.
You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
学习知识59.5%
某高校学生手机阅读目的调查
-14 -前用启★密绝
试考生招生究研士硕国全年 1202
题试）二（语英
*.....a.a.........aa
☆项事意注生考☆
卡题答在;名姓生考和号编生考写填上置位定指册题试在须生考，前题答.1
。点息信号编生考写涂并，号编生考和名姓生考、位单考报写填上置位定指
卷试"的卡题答在贴粘，下取条贴粘"码形条卷试"的上册题试把须生考 .2
由任责，的果结卷评响影而码形条贴粘定规按不。中框"置位贴粘码形条
。负自生考
须必案答的题择选非，上项选的号题应相卡题答在写涂须必案答的题择选.3
在∶效无案答的写书域区题答出超。内域区框边的置位定指卡题答在写书
。效无题答上册题试、纸稿草
涂;楚清迹笔、整工迹字，写书笔字签迹字色黑用使须必分部写）书（填.4
。涂填笔铅 B2 用使须必分部写
。回交定规按册题试和卡题答将，束结试考.5
）写填真认须必生考息信下以（
号编生考
名姓生考hsilgnE fo esU I noitceS
;snoitceriD
,A kram dna knalb dercbmun hcae rof )s(drow tseb eht esoohC.txet gniwollof eht daeR
)stniop 01( .TEEHS REWSNA eht no D ro C ,B
rieht dnatsrednu ot ,_1_,redrah hcum si tI.fats rof stegrat tes ot tlicifid ton s'tI
2 .stnenopmoc elpitlum evah sroivaheb detaler-krow tsoM .secneuqesnoc evitagen
.detrotsid emoceb srehto eht dna eno
hctaW.srevird htiw skrow siht woh ees 3 ll'uoy dna sub nodnoL a no levarT
teg elpoep oD .reveN ?detcepsni ylluferac yeht erA.stekcit rieht wohs dna no teg elpoep
?diap evah elpoep taht _4 ot srotccpsni ereht erA !esruoc fO ?gniyap tuohtiw no
tuoba woH.5 era yehT ?sub eht rof nur ohw elpoep dnA .wef yrev tub,ylbissoP
.stsilcyc sa yltneuqerf sa tsomta os od sesuB ?sthgil gnipmuj
dna etal erew sesub taht dcnialpmoc elpoeP . 6 si tegrat eht esuaceB ?yhW
erew srevird dna,desaercni erew senal sub dna sesub fo rebmun eht,7 .tneuqerfni
tuB.stegrat eseht tih srevird dnA .koot yeht emit eht ot gnidrocca dehsinup ro 8
erom evah dluow uoy ,01 ot degnahc saw tegrat eht fI.stsilcyc tih 9 yeht
teg dluow uoy ,ytefas ot degnahc noiretirc eht fI .gnicirp evitisnes erom dna srotcepsni
eht ta eb dluow airetirc eseht htob tuB.swal ciffart deyebo ohw srevird 11 erom
.emit fo esnepxe
.stegrat gnittih ni evitnevni ylesnemmi emaceb elpoep :_21 rehtona si erehT
?emit no evira lits tub etal ruoh na thgilf a no evael nac uoy taht 31 uoy evaH
ot tnaem si 41 a emit eht degnahc ylpmis evah senilriA !ton esruoc fO ?sdniwiaT
.thgilf ruoh-owt a sa dellib won si thgilf ruoh-eno A.ekat
elpitlum htiw,lanoisnemiditum era sboj tsoM .elpmis si yrots eht fo 51 ehT
enod eb nac gnihtyrevE.srehto 61 llew yam uoy dna noiretirc eno esoohC .airetirc
evah seod dna nac stegrat gnitteS.71 a si ereht tub ,repaehc edam dna retsaf
.secneuqesnoc evitagen neeserofnu
gnirolpxe rof tnemugra na si ti tuB .gnitts-tegrat tsniaga tnemugra na ton si sihT
srotcaf lacitirc 81 airetirc elpitlum evah dluohs stegrat doog llA.tsrif secneuqesnoc
tsuj_91_ot ylno ton s kcirt ehT.kcabdeef remotsuc dna ytilauq,yenom,emit sa hcus
elpoep pleh ot woh dnatsrednu ot osla tub,evitcejbo eht fo snoisnemid owt neve ro eno
.evitcejbo eht _02_ retteb
）页 41 共（.1. 题试）二（语英erofereht ]A[.1 evewoh ]B[ niaga ]C[ revoerom ]D[
ezisahpmE]A[.2 ssessA ]C[ nialpxE.]D[
ylraen ]A[.3 ylsuoiruc]B[ ylregae ]C[ ykciuq ]D[
mialc]A[.4 evorp ]B[ kcehc ]C[ llacer ]D[
denetaerht ]A[.5 derongi ]B[ dekcom ]C[ demalb ]D[
ytilautcnup ]A[.6 ytilatipsoh ]B[ noititepmoc ]C[ noitavonni ]D[
teY ]A[.7 oS ]B[ sediseB ]C[ llitS ]D[
derih]A[ .8 deniart ]B[ dedrawer ]C[ depuorg ]D[[
ylno]A[.9 rehtar ]B ecno ]C[ osla ]D[
trofmoc]A[.01 eunever ]B[ ycneiciffe]C[ ytiruces]D[
yldneirf]A[.11 teiuq]B[ suoituac ]C[ tnegitid ]D[
esoprup ]A[.21 melborp]B[ ecidujerp ]C[ ycilop ]D[
detroper]A[.31 delaever ]B[ dettimda ]C[ deciton]D[
kaerb]A[.41 pirt ]B[ erutraped ]C refsnart ]D[
larom ]A[.51 dnuorgkcab]B[ elyts ]C[ mrof ]D[
terpretni]A[.61 ezicitirc ]B [ ecifircas ]C [ etarelot ]D [
ksat ]A[ .71 terces }]B [ tcudorp ]C [ tsoc ]D[
rof gnllac]B[ ot gnidael]A[.81 ot gnitaler ]Cr [of gnitnuocca ]D[
iderp ]B[ yficeps ]A[ .91 erotser ]C [ etaerc ]D [
weiver ]B [ yfidom ]A[ .02 tneserp]C[ eveihca ]D[
noisneherpmoC gnidaeR Ⅱ noitceS
A LraP
;snoitceriD
,B,A gnisoohc yb txet hcae woleb snoitseuq eht rewsnA.stxet ruof gniwollof eht daeR
)stniop 04(.TEEHS REWSNA eht no sewsna ruoy kraM.D ro C
）页 41共（．2. 题试）二（语英1 txeT
a yllautca si tub drowzzub a ekil sdnuos taht gnihtemos si "gnillikseR"
tfel teg ton od srekrow eb-dluow fo tol a erehw erutuf a evah ot nalp ew fi tnemeriuqer
egnahc lliw dnamed ni sboj eht erehw doirep a otni gnivom era ew wonk eW.dniheb
dlroW eht yb hcraeseR .niamer taht sboj eht fo stnemeriuqer eht lliw sa ,yldipar
selor boj nihtiw"slliks eroc"eht fo tnec rep 24 egareva no taht sdnif muroF cimonocE
.enilemit trohs yrev a si tahT.2202 yb egnahc lliw
laudividni roF .eno ymoht a si gnillikser rof yap dluohs ohw fo noitseuq ehT
ni regnol on era slliks esohw srekrow fo og tel ot syawla si noitatpmet eht ,seinapmoc
.neppah syawla ton seod tahT .era slliks esohw esoht htiw meh ecalper dna dnamed
evissam a od ot dediced ohw ynapmoc a fo dradnats dlog eht sa nevig netfo si T&TA
seinapmoc rehtO .ygetarts erih-dna-erif a htiw og naht rehtar margorp gnillikser
eht nehW .snalp nwo rieht etaerc ot degdelp osla dah yensiD dna nozamA gnidulcni
tnemnrevog ot snrut yllausu sucof eht ,hguoht ymonoce redaorb eht ni si hctamsim slliks
evah dna,tseb ta diugnal ylbaugra neeb evah erehwesle dna adanaC ni stroffE.eldnah ot
ta neve,srekrow rof gniggeb sreyolpme fo raeh yltneuqerf ew erehw noitautis a su nevig
.hgih si tnemyolpmenu erehw snoiger ni dna semit
rep 5.3 ta ,yraurbeF nI .deedni hgih yrev si tnemyolpmenu ,cimednap eht htiW
setatS detinU eht dna adanaC ni setar tnemyolpmenu ,ylevitcepser tnec rep 5.5 dna tnec
esoht ,yaM fo sA .erehwyreve erew segatrohs rekrow dna swol lanoitareneg ta erew
rekrow ynam hguohtla dna,tnec rep 7.31 dna tnec rep 3.31 ot pu dekips dah setar
suoivbo na ekat ot ,dleif lacidem eht nI.os enod dah lla ton,deraeppasid dah segatrohs
dna sesrun,srotcod fo segatrohs raelc llit erew ereht taht tnaem cimednap eht,elpmaxe
.lennosrep lacidem rehto
a eb ot mih niart dna retiaw deyolpmenu na ekat nac uoy ekil ton si ti,esruoc fO
,pag taht esolc tonnac uoy fi neve tuB.ti rof syap ohw rettam on,skeew wef a ni rotcod
tahT .denrecnoc lla fo tifeneb eht ot eb dluow os gniod dna,srehto esolc nac uoy ebyam
nibac rieht fo tnec rep 09 hguolruf ot decrof nehW :nedewS ni esac eht eb ot smees
dellikser taht margorp gniniarter trohs a pu trats ot dediced senilriA naivanidnacS ,ffats
dna eno evitcelloc a saw troffe ehT .fats latipsoh troppus ot srekrow ffo-dial eht
.ytisrevinu hsidewS a sa llew sa seinapmoc rehto devlovni
）页 41 共{.3. 题试）二（语英___stseggus muroF cimonocE dlroW eht yb hcraeseR.12
tnemyolpme emit-lluf ni esaercni na]A[
slliks boj wen rof dnamed tnegru na ]B [
seitinutroppo boj fo htworg ydaets a ]C[
"slliks eroc" eht tuoba ysrevorfnoc a ]D[
_ wohs ot detic si T&TA .22
ygetarts erih-dna-erif eht ot evitanretla na ]A[
troppus tnemnrevog rof deen etaidemmi na ]B[
sdradnats lasiarppa ffats fo ecnatropmi eht ]C[
snargorp gnillikser fo scitsiretcarahc eht ]D[
_.adanaC ni hctamsim slliks eht evloser ot strofE.32
stsoc ruobal pu nevird evah ]A [
tnetsisnocni eb ot devorp evah ]B[
noitisoppo ecreif htiw tem evah ]C [
tneiciffusni eb ot deraeppa evah ]D [
__saw ereht taht 3 hpargaraP morf nrael nac eW .42
tnemtsujda ycilop rof llac a ]A[
secitcarp gnirih ni egnahc a ]B[
srekrow lacidem fo kcal a ]C [
yrevocer cimonoce fo ngis a ]D[
___ot dediced senilriA naivanidnacS .52
deyolpmenu eht rof seicnacav boj etaerc ]A[
sboj rehto rof rekrow ffo-dial rieht eraperp]B[
secivres retteb rof ffats nibac rieht niarter]C[
noitacude egelloc s'ffats rieht ecnanif]D[
）页 41 共（.4. 题试）二（语英2 txeT
dna ,0502 yb noillib 01 ot esolc tih ot detciderp noitalupop labolg eht htiW
peek ot elbuod ylraen ot deen lliw snoiger emos ni noitcndorp larutlucirga taht stsacerof
gib a emoceb sah ti ,KU eht nI.senildaeh gnikam ylgnisaercni si ytiruces doof,ecap
.tixerB :nosaer ralucitrap rehtar a rof,oot yltnecer tniop gniklat
KU eht sdrawot dnert tnecer a esrever ot ytinutroppo na sa emos yb nees si tixerB
nwod,stae ti doof eht fo tnec rep 06 tuoba ylno secudorp yrtnuoc ehT.doof gnitropmi
eht ,ycneiciffus-fles ot kcab evom A.s0891 etal eht ni sretrauq-eerht tsomla morf
eht neve dna ytngierevos lacitilop ,yrtsudni gnimraf eht tsoob dluow,seog tnemugra
?noisiv siht si elbisaef woh tub-taerg sdnuoS.htlaeh s'noitan
,KU ,sdeeL fo ytisrevinU eht nrorf noitcudorp doof KU no troper a ot gnidroccA
.noitcudorp yriad dna taem htiw detaicossa si aera dnal latot s'yrtnuoc eht fo tnec rep 58
ni yrtnuoc elohw eht gnirevoc neve os ,demusnoc si tahw fo tnec rep 08 seilppus tahT
.sdeen yriad dna taem ruo lla revoc ot su wolla t'ndluow smraf kcotsevil
hcum emoceb oT .evarg llits era yeht tub ,serugif esoht ot staevac ynam era erehT
lamina fo noitpmusnoc sti ecuder yllacitsard ot deen dluow KU eht ,tneicifus-fles erom
erom dna sdleif neerg rewef gninaem—ylevisnetni erom mraf osla ylbaborp dna,sdoof
.noitcudorp elyts-yrotcaf
nosaer doog a si erehT .pleh t'ndluow teid desab-tnalp ylniam a ot gnihctiws tuB
thgir eht evah t'nseod niaret sti fo tsom:yrdnabsuh lamina yb detanimod si KU eht yhw
s'yrtnuoc eht fo tnec rep 52 tsuJ.sisab laicremmoc a no sporc worg ot etamilc ro lios
.sdleif elbara yb deipucco ydaerla si hcihw fo tsom,gniworg-porc rof elbatius si dnal
dluow hcihw—gev dna tirf fo sdleif ot dnal elbatius eht lla detrevnoc ew fi nevE
rieht moif elpoep fo sdnasuoht gnivomer dna sevreser erutan eht lla tuo gnikat evlovni
.noitcudorp porc ni tsoob tnec rep 03 a ylno eveihca dluow ew—semoh
yltnerruc era KU eht ni demusnoc selbategev dna tiurf eht fo tnec rep 32 tsuJ
tnec rep03 ylno teem dluoc ew serusaem emertxe tsom eht htiw neve os ,nworg-emoh
,sniarg eht worg ot ecaps eht rof kool ew erofeb si tahT .sdeen ecudorp hserf ruo fo
.ekatni eirolac tnerruc ruo fo klub tsav eht htiw su edivorp taht slio dna sdees,sragus
）页 41共（.5. 题试）二（语英___ dluow KU eht ni ycneiciffus-fles doof taht eugra elpoep emoS.62
htworg noitalupop sti yb derednih eb]A[
gnieb-llew s'noitan eht ot etubirtnoc ]B[
tnemnrevog eht fo ytiroirp a emoceb ]C[
yrtsudni gnimraf sti ot egnellahc a esop ]D[
___KU eht ni tah swohs sdeeL fo ytisrevinU eht yb troper ehT.72
dezilitu ytneiciffeni neeb sah dnalmraf ]A[
gnimrofer sdeen noitcudorp elyts-yrotcaf ]B[
noitcudorp yriad dna taem rof desu si dnal tsom]C[
gnimraf rof detrevnoc eb lliw sdleif neerg erom]D[
.__ot eud detcirtser si KU eht ni gniworg-porC .82
ygolonhcet gnimraf sti ]A [
noitidart yrateid sti }B [
snoitidnoc larutan sti ]C {
stseretni laicremmoc sti ]D [
_elpoep hsitirB taht hpargarap tsa eht morf denrael eb nac tI.92
ecudorp hserf rof stropmi no ylegral yler ]A[
noitpmusnoc tiurf ni esir ydaets a yojne ]B[
ekatni eirolac tuc ot syaw evitceffe gnikees era ]C[
sniarg fo seiteirav wen worg ot gniyrt era ]D [
__si KU eht ni ycneiciffus-fles doof ot edutitta s'rohtua ehT.03
evisnefed ]A[
lufbuod ]B [
tnarelot ]C [
citsinritpo ]D [
）页 41 共（.6. 题试）二（语英3 txeT
radnelac elibom dna tsilrednuW ppa tnemeganam ksat thguob tfosorciM nehW
ni zzub elbaredisnoc gnitcatta erew taht sremocwen owt dekcip ti ,5102 ni esirnuS
"ytivitcudorp "rof tekram eht setanimod eciffO nwo stfosorciM .yellaV nociliS
eht morf dengised ygolonhcet fo evaw wen a detneserper spu-trats eht tub ,erawtfos
.d'row enohptrams eht rof pu dnuorg
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fo owt meht gnikam,no deyats srecnigne fo smaet riehT.stcudorp nwo sti ni serutaef
regnuh taerg rieht deef ot desu evah seinapmoc tseggib eht taht"serih-iuqca"ynam eht
.tnelat hcet rof
a fo selpmaxe era esirnuS dna tsilrednuW fo setaf eht ,scitirc s'fosorciM oT
rieht ni eil taht seinapmoc evitavonni yna pu wehc ot hceT giB yb evird sselesromer
a ,dlonrA luaP denialpmoc",nwod meht desolc dna sgnildees eht thguob yehT".htap
thgim taht sessenisub ot dne na gittup,serutneV hctiwS desab-ocsicnarF naS ta rentrap
.tnemmoc ot denilced tfosorciM .srotitepmoc otni nrut yad eno
gnilles no sdneped netfo ssenisub nwo s'dlonrA .rM ,srotsevni pu-trats rehto ekiL
:tiuser eht tuoba sgnileef dexim ot stimda eh hguoht ,seinapmoc hcet regral ot spu-trats
rof doog yeht era tuB.no tah hsifles ym tup Ifi,em rof doog era sgniht eseht kniht I"
".wonk tnod I ?ynmonoce naciremA eht
taht ot rewsna eht dnif ot stnaw ti syas noissimmoC edarT laredeF SU ehT
noitamrofni rof seinapmoc hcet SU elbaulav tsom evif eht deksa ti,keew sihT.noitseuq
hcraeser a ylno hguohtlA.edaced tsap eht revo snoitisiuqca llams ynam rieht tuoba
-ylrae otni gnidaw srotaluger fo tcepsorp eht desiar sah tseuqer eht,egats siht ta tcejorp
.hcaer rieht dnoyeb neeb evah won litnu taht stekram hcet egats
hcus hguorht gnilfir,noillit 5.5$ naht erom fo eulav tekram denibmoc rieht neviG
thgim—esiruS dna tsilrednuW naht tnenimorp ssel hcum meht fo ynam—slaed llams
na tneps evah seinapmoc hcet tseggib evif eht ,meht neewteB .tniop eht ediseb mees
evif tsap eht revo snoitisiuqca noilib !$-bus no raey a noillib 4.3$ ylno fo egareva
erom eht dna,sevreser laicnanif evissam rieht htiw derapmoc naeco eht ni pord a—sraey
.raey tsal SU eht ni detsevni saw taht latipac erutnev fo noillib 031$ naht
gninetaerht tsom rieht yub ot slaed hcus esu seinapmoc gib eht yas scitirc,revewoH
emos ni,nmutnemom niag ot ecnahc a evah sessenisub rieht erofeb srotitepmoc laitnetop
.nwod meht esolc ylpmis ot citcat"llik dna yub"a fo trap sa sesac
）页 41 共（.7.题试）二（语英?snoitisiuqca rieht retfa esinuS dna tsilrednuW tuoba eurt si tahW.13
.deniater erew sreenigne riehT ]A[
.denitced seulav tekram riehT ]B[
.devorpmi serutaef hcet riehT ]C[
.decirp-er erew stcudorp riehT ]D[
___ot dnet seinapmoc hcet gib eht taht eveileb scitirc s'tfosorciM.23
ytilauq tcudorp rieht etareggaxe ]A[
srotitepmoc laitnetop rieht etanimile]B {
ylriafnu tnelat hcet wen taert ]C [
snoinipo cilbup erongi ]D[
.__thgim snoitisiuqca llams taht denrecnoc si dlonrA luaP.33
seinapmoc hcet gib nekaew ]A[
noititepmoc tekram nesrow ]B [
ymonoce lanoitan eht mrah ]C [
srotsevni pu-trats egaruocsid ]D [
____ ot sdnetni noissimmoC edarT laredeF SU ehT.43
noisnapxe s'hceT giB timil ]A [
noitaroballoc hcraeser egaruocne ]B [
snoitisiuqca llams enimaxe ]C [
noitarepo'spu-trats esivrepus]D[
.___evah snoitisiuqca llams rieht,seinapmoc hcet tseggib evf eht roF.53
erusserp iaicnanif eltil thguorb !A[
segnellahc tnemeganamr wef desiar ]B [
slaed erutuf rof elpmaxe na tes ]C[
stiforp elbaredisnoc detareneg ]D [
）页 41 共（．8. 题试）二（语英4 txeT
fo secils niht ,snoisserpmi tsrif no desab elpoep gnigduj ta doog ylriaf er'eW
noitarebiled dna,noitcaretni etunim-evif ot otohp a fo espmilg a morf gnignar ecneirepxe
niht"dllac ehs ytiliba eht fo ydus eno nI.evisutni tub suoenartxe ylno ton eb nac
dnoces-01 tnelis hctaw ot stnapicitrap deksa ydabmA inilaN tsigolohcysp etal eht",gnicils
sgnitar riehT .ssenevitceffe llarevo s'rotcutsni eht etar ot dna srosseforp fo spilc oediv
stnapicitrap fo tes rehtonA .sgnitar retsemes-fo-dne'stneduts htiw ylgnorts detalerroc
rieht gniypucco,spilc eht dehctaw yeht sa senin yb 000,1 morf drawkcab tnuoc ot dah
eht gnitartsnomed,etarucca sa tsuj erew sgnitar riehT .yromem gnikrow suoicsnoc
.gnissecorp laicos eht fo erutan evitiutni
rieht rof snosaer ?wod gnitirw etunirm a dneps ot deksa saw puorg rehtona,yllacitirC
detcepsus ydabmA .yllcitamard deppord ycaruccA.gnitar eht gnivig erofeb ,tnemgduj
ro serutseg niatrec sa hcus,seuc gnidaelsim tub diviv no meht desucof noitarebiled taht
citsiloh a mrof slangis eltbus fo yalpretni xelpmoc eht gnite naht rehtar,secnarettu
fo spilc dnoces-5I dehctaw stnapicitrap nehw ecnerefretni ralimis dnuof ehS .noisserpmi
.srentrap gnitad ro,sdneirf,sregnarts erew yeht rehtehw degduj dna elpoep fo sriap
ew nehw secils niht morf noitpeced gnitceted ta retteb erew swohs hcraeser rehtO
htiduJ syas",tfihs kcits a gnivird er'uoy fi sa s'rI".noitcelfer fo daetsni noitiutni no yler
oot ti tuoba gnikniht trats uoy fi dna",ytisrevinU retsaehtroN ta tsigolohcysp a llaH
er'roy ,tolip citamotua no og uoy fi tuB.gniod er'uoy tahw rebmemer t'nac uoy ,hcum
".taht ekil si efil laicos ruo fo hcuM .enif
'stneduts egelloC.secnereferp mrof ot ytiliba ruo mrah osla nac hcum oot gniknihT
snoinipo'strepxe htiw retteb dengila sesruoc egelloc dna smaj yrrebwarts fo sgnitar
gniyub-rac edam elpoep dnA.elanoitar rieht ezylana ot deksa t'nerew stneduts eht nehw
ot deksa nehw gniyfsitas yllanosrep erom dna retteb ylevitcejbo htob erew taht snoisiced
—xelpmoc saw noisiced eht fi ylno tub,sliated no naht rehtar sgnileef rieht no sucof
.ssecorp ot noitamrofni fo tol a dah yeht nehw
,yduts eno nI.secnatsmucric niatrec ni ylno dehsaelnu era srewop laiceps s'noitiutnI
evitcelfer deppa taht ruof gnidulcni ,sksat thgie fo yrettab a detelpmoc stnapicitrap
dna noitiutni deppat taht ruof dna)yralubacov gnidneherpmoc,selur gninrecsid( gnikniht
t erged eht detar yeht nehT .)hceeps fo serugif ro stcudorp wen gnitareneg(ytivitaerc
rieht fo esU.)"traeh ym"",sehcnuh"",sgnileef tug"(noitiutn desu dah yeht hcihw
eht no meht depleh dna,detcepxe sa,sksat ruof tsif eht no ecnamrofrep rieht truh tug
.daeh eht naht retrams si traeh eht semiteroS .tser
）页 41 共（ .9 . 题试）二 （语英_htiw slaed yduts s'ydabmA inilaN.63
yromem s'elpoep fo rewop eht ]A [
snoisserpmi tsrif fo ytilibailer eht ]B [
noitcaretni tneduts-rotcurtsni ]C [
srehto ecneulfni ot ytiliba s'elpoep ]D [
·__stnapicitrap nehw deppord ycarucca gnitar,yduts s'ydabmA nI.73
sliated cificeps no desucof ]A [
emit detimil ni gnitar eht evag ]B [
spilc oediv retrohs dehctaw ]C[
rehtona eno htiw dessucsid ]D [
_taht wohs ot gnivird snoitnem llaH htidnJ.83
gnitcartsid eb nac noitcelfer ]A[
evitceles eb yam yromem ]B[
detavitluc eb tsum slliks laicos ]C {
tceted ot tluciffid si noitpeced ]D [
___ ot elbasivda si ti,snoisiced xelpmoc gnikam era uoy nehW .93
atad hguone tcelloc ]A [
secnereferp ruoy tsil ]B [
ecivda trepxe kees ]C [
sgnileef ruoy wollof ]D[
?hpargarap tsal eht morf nrael ew nac tahW.04
.emit sekat stcudorp wen gnitareneG ]A[
.sksat evitcelfer tcffa yam noitiutnI ]B[
.ytivitaerc sdeen noisneherpmoc yralubacoV ]C [
.ssenevitiutni tsoob yam gniknih evitcejbO]D[
）页 41 共（.01. 题试）二（语英B traP
;snoitceriD
elbatius tsom eht gnisoohc yb snoitseuq eht rewsna dna txet gniwollof eht daeR
owt era erehT.)54-14(hpargarap derebmun hcae rof G-A tsil eht morf gnidaehbus
REWSNA eht no srewsna ruoy kraM.esu ot deen ton od uoy hcihw sgnidaehbus artxe
)stniop 01( .TEEHS
.mlac yatS ]A[
.elbmuh yatS ]B [
.tiaw ot rehtehw ediceD ]C[
.sksir eht tuoba citsilaer eB ]D[
.stnemegduj ekam t'noD ]E[
.laog derahs a yfitnedI ]F[
.eergasid ot noissinrep ksA ]G [
uoy naht lufrewop erom enoemos htiw eergasld ot woH
eugaelloc roines ruoY .krow t'now knit uoy evitaitini wen a sesoporp ssob ruoY
uoy nehw yas uoy od tahW .citsilaernu si eveileb uoy enitemit tcejorp a seniltuo
rehtehw ediced uoy od woH ?od uoy naht rewop erom sah ohw enoemos htiw eergasid
ot woh sereH ?yas uoy dluohs yltcaxe tahw,od uoy fi dnA ?pu gnikaeps htrow s'ti
.uoy naht lufrewop erom enoemos htiw eergasid
t'nevah uoy ebyaM.noinipo ruoy gniciov no fo dloh ot tseb s'i ediced yam uoY
eht tahw fo esnes reraelc a teg ot tnaw uoy ro,hguorht melborp eht gnikniht dehsinif
ot tnaw thgim uoy,oot ,eergasid ot gniog era elpoep rehto kniht uoy fI.skniht puorg
ruoy ot noitamrofni ro ecneirepxe etubirtnoc nac elpoeP .tsrif ymra ruoy rehtag
stI .dilav erom ro regnorts tnemeergasid eht ekam dluow taht sgniht eht lla—gnikniht
.ecaps cilbup rehto ro gniteem a ni era uoy fi noitasrevnoc eht yaled ot aedi doog a osla
.denetaerht ssel leef nosrep lufrewop eht ekam lliw etavirp ni eussi eht gnissucsiD
.24
serac nosrep lufrewop eht tahw tuoba kniht,sthguoht ruoy erahs uoy erofeB
eruoY.emit no enod tcejorp a gnitteg ro maet rieht fo ytilibiderc eht eb yam ti—tuoba
nehW.esoprup rehgih a ot tnemeergasid ruoy tcennoc nac uoy fi draeh eb ot ylekil erom
,yltrevo ti etats ot tnaw ll'uoY.raelc eb lliw knil eht emssa t'nod ,pu kaeps od uoy
tub etanidrobus elbaeergasid a sa ton nees er'uoy taht os stnemetats ruoy gnizilautxetnoc
）页 41共（.11. 题试）二（语英neht lliw noissucsid ehT .evitcejbo nommoc a ecnavda ot gniyrt s'ohw eugaelloc a sa
.hctam gnixob a naht emag ssehc a ekil erom emoceb
.34
lufrewop eht evig ot yaw trams a s'ti tub ,laitnerefed ylrevo dnuos yam pets sihT
mees ew wonk I",ekil gnihtemos yas nac uoY.lortnoc dna ytefas lacigolohcysp nosrep
t'now taht kniht ot snosaer evah I.ereh tnemtimmoc retrauq-tsrif a drawot gnivom eb ot
a nosrep eht sevig sihT"?KO eb taht dluoW .gninosaer ym tuo yal ot ekil dI.krow
uoy ekam lliw ti ,sey syas eh gnimussa,dnA.ni tpo yllabrev ot mih gniwolla ,eciohc
.tnemeergasid ruoy gniciov tuoba tnedifnoc erom leef
.44
nac uoy revetahw od tub ,der gnimrut ecaf ruoy ro gnicar traeh ruoy lef thgim uoY
egaugnal ydob ruoy nehW .snoitca dna sdrow ruoy htob ni lartuen niamer ot
,egassem dexim a sdnes tI.egassem eht stucrednu ti ,yteixna ro ecnatculer setacinummoc
nac sa,pleh nac shtaerb peeD .daer ot slangis tahw esoohc ot steg trapretnuoc ruoy dna
reduol klat ot dnet ew ,ykcinap leef ew nehW .yletarebiled dna ylwols erom gnikaeps
nosrep rehto eht spleh enot neve na ni gnikla dna ecap eht gniwols ylpmiS .retsaf dna
fi neve ,tnedifnoc mees uoy sekam osla tI .uoy rof emas eht seod dna nwod looc
.t'nera uoy
.54
a eb yam tI.hturt lepsog ton ,noinipo ruoy gnireffo ylno er'uoy taht ezisahpmE
dna ylevitatnet klat os,noinipo na llits s'i tub,noinipo dehcraeser-llew,demrofni-llew
retrauq-fo-dne na tes ew fI":gniyas fo daetsnI,ecnedifnoc ruoy etatsrednu ylthgils
ew woh ees t'nod I tub,noinipo ym tsuj si sihT",yas",ti ekam reven lliw ew,enildaed
)tcaf a sa ton ,noitisop a sa(noinipo ruoy detressa gnivaH".enildaed taht ekam lliw
tniop ruoy si siht taht nosrep eht dnimeR.sweiv rehto tuoba ytisoiruc lauqe etartsnomed
.snoinipo rehto gniraeh ot nepo eB.euqitirc etivni neht dna,weiv fo
）页 41共（.21. 题试）二（语英noitalsnarT noitceS
:snoitceriD .64
REWSNA eht no noitalsnart ruoy etirW.esenihC otni txet gniwollof eht etalsnarT
)stniop 51( .TEEHS
fo secruos tsegib ruo era srebmrem ylimaf dna sdneirf taht kniht ot dnet eW
osla evah srehcraeer ,eurt eb llew yam taht elihW.htmraw dna,rethgual,noitcennoc
dna doom ni tsoob a sgnirb yllautca sregnarts htiw gnitcaretni taht dnuof yltnecer
.tcepxe t'ndid ew taht gnignoleb fo sgnileef
gnisu sretunmmoc aera-ogacihC detcurtsni srehcraeser ,seiduts fo seires eno nI
,egareva nO .meht raen enoemos htiw noitasrevnoc a pu ekirts ot noitatropsnart cilbup
ot dlot neeb dah ohw esoht naht retteb tlef noitcurtsni siht dewollof ohw stnapicitrap
lausac morf yawa yhs ew nehw taht deugra osla srehcraeser ehT .ecnelis ni tis ro dnats
tnaw ton thgim yeht taht yteixna decalpsim a ot eud netfo si ti,sregnarts htiw snoitcaretni
elpoep ynam ,tuo snrut ti sA.eslaf si feileb siht,revewoh,emit eht fo hcuM.su ot klat ot
.noitnetaruoy eviecer ot derttlf eb neve yam dna—klat ot giliw yltcefrep yllautca era
）页 41 共（.31， 题试）二（语英gnitirW Ⅳ noitceS
A traP
:snoitceriD .74
lanoitaretni na,kcaJ ot liane na etirW.gniteem enilno na gnizinagro era uoy esoppuS
ot ,tneduts
dna ,etapicitrap ot mih etivni )1
.sliated eht mi let )2
.TEEHS REWSNA eht no sdrow 001 tuoba etirw dluohs uoY
)stniop 01(.daetsni"gniM iL"esU.eman nwo ruoy esu ton oD
B traP
: snoitceriD .84
dluohs uoy,gnitirw ruoy nI.woleb trahc eht no desab yasse na etirW
dna ,trahc eht terpretni )1
,stnemmoc ruoy evig )2
)stniop 51(.TEEHS REWSNA eht no sdrow 051 tuoba etirw dluohs uoY
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炼锻白独 走一友朋和 起一人家和 动活体团
）页41共（.41. 题试）二（语英
