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PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION
SECTION A
Fields and Branches of Anthropology
Good morning, everyone. In today's lecture, I'm going to talk about anthropology. It sounds a
complicated word, right? You may want to know the origin of the word, or anything about anthropology.
Actually, the Greek word for "man" is "anthropos". And to tell you the truth, the word anthropology has been
in the English language for centuries. But just what does the word anthropology mean? Literally, anthropology
means "the study of man". As Paul Bohannan, who is a renowned anthropologist, pointed out a number of
years ago, "Each science that deals with people has its own definitions of human. [l]An economist," he
explains, "defines a human as a choice-making animal. Philosophers define man as a rationalizing animal. .. "
And then, how does anthropology define humans? Well, [2]anthropology attempts to be all-inclusive in the
study of human behavior in all places and throughout time. Anthropology specializes in the description of
humanistic, scientific, biological, historical, psychological and social views of humans.
To paraphrase Barbara Miller's statement in her textbook, Cultural Anthropology, the popular
impression of anthropology is based mainly on movies and television shows that depict anthropologists
as adventurers and heroes. Well, some do have adventures and discover treasures in Egyptian tombs and
elsewhere, [3]but mostly, their work is less glamorous and involves rather repetitive and tedious activities.
Today, I'm not going into anthropologists' adventures. What I'm going to do is to explain to you all the
fields and branches of anthropology. Let's begin by stating once again the anthropology is the study of
human behavior in all places and at all times.
Western civilization takes credit for the development of anthropology, which, as a matter of fact, was
a relatively late science. [4]Earlier Greek and Roman philosophers were more interested in speculaµng
about the ideal society rather than describing those known to them.
[5]After the onset of the Age of Exploration, which included the discovery of the Americas, as well
as travel to other distant places, the study of non-Western people began in earnest. In modern day,
anthropology is a recognized social science with two broad fields and several branches or subfields.
OK. First, [6]what are the two broad fields? They are physical anthropology and cultural anthropology.
Let me give you a brief description of each. Physical anthropology is concerned with the development of
man as a mammal. Related subjects are anatomy, biology and paleontology. Physical anthropologists study
the evolution of the human species. [7]One way they do this is by examining the fossils of what were
once living creatures and living primates. Those include human beings. Common fossils are shells, bones
and molds and imprints. These are found buried in the earth or permanently frozen in glaciers. Living
primates are analyzed in order to study the mechanics of evolution and genetic differences among human
populations.
OK, next, let's talk about cultural anthropology. [8]This field is the study of learned behavior in
human societies. Most cultural anthropologists will limit themselves to a few geographic areas, for
example, Margaret Mead in Samoa and New Guinea, and Clyde Kluckhohn with the Navajo Indians in
the Southwestern United States. [9]1 should mention that Kluckhohn's work, which is Mirror for Man,
is considered one of the best introductions to anthropology. Cultural anthropology and the scientific
study of human culture will be discussed in more detail in our next lecture. [IO]Today, we just take a
•brief look at the subfields of cultural anthropology. They are archaeology, linguistics and ethnography.
So, what is archaeology? It is the study of different cultures through material sources, through historical
objects that still remain today, rather than direct interviews or observations of the group under study. One
famous example of archaeological study is King Tot's Tomb near Luxor, Egypt, which was discovered in
1922. Another subfield of cultural anthropology is linguistics, as I said just now. As you probably know,
linguistics is the study of language as communication among humans. Culture is learned and transmitted
primarily through language. [ll]And ethnography, a subfield of cultural anthropology, is on the whole
the systematic description of human societies, mostly based on gathering the firsthand information about
something in a real natural environment, rather than in a place of study, such as a laboratory or classroom.
Based on ethnographies, anthropologists can provide explanations of the behavior of different peoples.
�A 2022 -1[12]Let me also mention very briefly psychological anthropology, which deals with human personality
and feelings. These are greatly influenced by an individual's biological and mental characteristics as well as
physical surroundings and personal experiences. Related subjects are psychology and psychiatry. [13]And it
is important to note that there are several universal features common among all societies; for example, the
basic similarities in human biology and the existence of two sexes. Another of these universal features is
education - either formal or informal or both. Education is necessary to provide the young with the skills
and attitudes needed to carry on as adults.
[14]So, you might ask, what are the practical applications for such a broad field of anthropology? [14]/[15]
The answer is that anthropology helps us plan the future and helps us contribute to the solution of human
problems. You know, the newest area of the study of man is applied anthropology. Formerly, anthropology
was limited to the academic field, and most anthropologists were teachers or museum curators. But for
the past several decades, large numbers of "anthro" graduates have been employed in other fields, such as
urban planning and administration, health care and international development. This shows that anthropology
is not just an academic discipline. It has social and practical applications.
OK, to wrap up, we have briefly talked about the definition, development and the fields and branches
of anthropology. I hope after today's lecture, you will understand that anthropology is not a scholarly
field only. What's more important is that although anthropologists have taken up the task of recording the
processes and changes of cultures past and present, they also provide the necessary insights into where the
human species is heading.
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SECTION B
Interview 1
M: Today we are having Harriet Sanford on our program to hear about her career in education and her
current work supporting public teachers and students through the NEA foundation. Good morning,
Harriet. Nice to have you here!
W: Good morning, James.
M: Harriet, why did you go into education?
W: I began my career about 40 years ago as a public school teacher at an elementary school. Although I
did not remain in the classroom for many years, [l]my commitment to improving lives in under-served
communities for the better never faltered. It has been a privilege to work in education philanthropy for
the last 12 years.
M: Why have you been involved in education philanthropy, that is, supporting teachers and students
through a foundation?
W: Well, to answer your question, I have to start with my parents. Neither my mother nor father completed
their education, but [2]they were adamant that their children take advantage of all of the opportunities
that a public education offers both in and out of school time. My parents fully expected their children
to pursue higher education and ensured that we could immerse ourselves in our studies, service, sports,
and more. Now many communities, schools and families are facing insufficient resources, just like what
we faced those days. My work and the foundation's work is to do all we can to ensure that every
student has access to a high-quality education and finds his or her own joy in learning.
M: Um, I see. Now, Harriet, can you tell us what the NEA foundation is and what support it gives
teachers?
W: OK. The NEA foundation is an independent public charity. It was created in 1969 by educators for
educators, to improve public education for all students. We distribute grants to· educators three times
each year to fund their creative and innovative classroom projects. Last year, all grants empowered
more than 6,000 educators, reaching more than 186,000 students.
M: That's wonderful.
W: We also have annual awards for teaching excellence, honoring the challenging but crucial work that
public school educators do every day.
M: Your work is really appreciated.
W: (3)In addition, we have a global learning fellowship. Educators can go abroad as part of a year
long professional development program. Participating educators return from their travels with fresh
knowledge, skills and perspective needed to teach in the global age. And they are better equipped to
deliver globally focused curriculum in their home schools and communities.
M: I have heard that you have a partner called EverFi. How do EverFi and the NEA foundation work
together?
W: Yeah, the NEA foundation and EverFi work together to increase educator and student access to
technology and digital learning tools. We collectively strive to support critical skill areas that will
enhance students' ultimate academic and life success.
M: Could you give us some details about your work?
W: Yeah. OK. The partnership currently supports NEA school districts across the country, providing free
access to EverFi's digital resources and accompanying professional development. A number of school
districts have participated. [4)Our partnership is leading us to work on more programming to develop
initiatives in social and emotional learning.
M: What encouragement would you give teachers who are working to integrate critical skills' education
into their classrooms?
�J\. 2022 -3W: My key piece of advice to educators, no matter what or whom they teach, is almost always the same.
(5]Excellence is what you are after. And you are not going to let anything, or anyone stand between
your students and excellence. Be gentle, kind and caring with your students, but be fierce about their
education.
M: OK, thank you very much, Harriet, for talking to us about your work.
W: Pleasure!
1. Why does the woman go into education?
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5. According to the woman, what quality should be pursued by a teacher?
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Interview 2
M: Welcome to this edition of Our World. Our main focus tonight will be on pollution. We are going to talk
about a type of pollution which many people have not even heard of. Susan Conroy is the Press Liaison
officer for the Darker Skies Association. Susan, could you just give us a few ideas of what, in your mind,
constitutes light pollution? I understand one of the most serious problems is that of light escaping up into
the skies above our cities, and the result is we cannot see all the stars that were once visible.
W: [7]That is what I would term a symptom of the problem and not necessarily the most serious
consequence. I would recommend your listeners, if they live in a city area, to go outside, after listening
to this program of course, and to look up into the sky. I would be surprised if any of them managed
to see more than five to ten stars. If they had done this twenty years ago, they would be talking about
hundreds and hundreds. [6]This is a problem that is getting worse, the whole light pollution situation is
deteriorating.
M: Then what causes this light pollution, Susan? Is it just badly positioned streetlights that shine up into
the sky?
W: Well, that is true. Poorly positioned streetlights are a major contributory factor in all of this. Light
pollution is not only light that is shining up into the sky which blocks out the stars we were just talking
about. Light pollution is also when areas are over-lit, for example, or lighting is badly designed or badly
positioned, which then creates excessive glare. This can obviously be dangerous if drivers are affected.
�}\.. 2022 -4M: I know so many people are worried about security and I imagine this is why huge areas of our cities
are, in your words, over-lit.
W: [8]Well, many studies have shown there is little connection between lighting and crime. Besides, much
of the lighting which is badly designed creates very strong light and shadow contrasts, which actually
creates good hiding places for criminals.
M: So what changes would you like to see implemented, Susan?
W: I think there are some very basic things that can be changed. [9]There needs to be a standard for
street lighting which eliminates completely above-horizontal light escape. By that I mean we can't
continue to use inefficient street lighting equipment which enables a lot of the light emitted to escape
upwards into the sky. That is the first priority. Next, we need tough restrictions on how much light is
used to illuminate a given area. That way, we avoid the problem of what is called light trespass, where
light escapes from the area, for example, a parking lot, that it is supposed to illuminate and goes, for
instance, into nearby windows or roads.
M: Yeah, that often happens.
W: This is what we are saying. We don't have a problem with security lighting in any number of parking
lots or stores. But, and this is important, the lighting needs to be suitable and, above all, directed
correctly. We are becoming a society obsessed with turning night into day, but I can tell you now, not
everybody finds this situation satisfactory.
M: Is there something we can do ourselves to lessen the problem or at least not add to it?
W: Yes, there are things we can do in our own home. [lO]For example, if you use lighting, be it security
lighting or lighting for your barbecue in the garden, just make sure it is well directed, by which I mean
angled downward, and the light source itself, the bulb I mean, has a good cover on it.
M: Well I, for one, have learnt a lot this evening. And you have given us a lot of food for thought the next
time we look up into an increasingly orange sky at night. Susan, thanks for your time tonight.
W: You're welcome.
6. What does the woman think of light pollution?
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7. Why does the woman suggest that the audience look up into the sky?
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into a natural highway of grass"� fi A xi [;.,,( ll'� JE B Although
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J§" * 1D research actually supports "� � � �.if ...t 3t
W ', =;J!tzl'eJ#:e:�mSl ...t IW�tfr*.¥, �:iiiiiJ
Whether J.iii:r-!:J..1'; Although
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4. switched ----> switching
m
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5. Interesting -+ Interestingly
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� ;ttl 9'I , * ffl iru im 1W judge the main characters fll
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1'J saw :gz1'f judged
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when I speak ... English speakers��...t:l!fact!W
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fll more J§" ffi m :ho than 5 I ili tt � M � when I talk
to English speakers
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�A 2022 -12PART IV TRANSLATION
#x��e•��*•••�•x *. �, •�•�•. •�•@. •�•ffiTr•��mz�ffl
1L 1&1¥�3c* lim-tr�::Jc�' Jilr§ tJJ 9'1��' 4-AillH!!- xEJtJiJrj£j;J �Jruml*, ffilwBt fflmltEBt��p
0 0
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"�m" "�m" �
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ti" xt•. �£� "�m" ¾»---••••�k®1 f�. »--Fox��1".l "�B" � "•$" *•· �•�¾M
W®::f¾�*• i&ffilwBt*ffl city, '&ffl*MW�, Ml�� urbanization.
2. ".$" w1-J disfigure, .,\!!-¾ to spoil the appearance "ffl�7r�" , ��m��ikffl�TBttiffi��;,r*
,, '
ffl�it-. "�� wjg hustle and bustle, ikml�m9'1,lffllffiitll�f'I:�. "ftfr'!Ut" ::f¾ffi having ones
own style, !1!$¾s.!i\• "ffi�*��. ufilft�, 1'r�W' , ii1wjg unspoiled, .,W,¾ (of a place) beautiful
because it has not been changed or built on, �ifX.
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3. ffi2ElttllmlT 1 i1- "rti" , ffilwBtffi-1-fflthe wilderness, jl;�fflit�{�, :i!l!�I� o "�� � "�m"
t£�ift9'1�1&$1"JP]"l;J.*�• WXffl neglect� ignore �p;l;j1-�if�ffl{l!.l�iaJ*il !AJBttf ignore Jru�1J□ much
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less, *ffi "!1!::f�� , 311-�«-mlp;,;j1-1"JZlaJJiu1��$1i:o "ffl*ffl"r" ffi!m 7 ffiX�%:i:-t, •wjg�l"]ffiiH
live in harmony "/B]il!Jt" t£�£�--W,¾ "�/B]" , wjg space, ::fwjg gap
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X��l"] ... � .. 1fl"i��jg�ia] kind treatment, #¥fjl;ffl�.i:ift
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1fwjg prevail, !1!9!�:ili:ffixiHm
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Urbanization has caused the displacement of original inhabitants in the pristine wilderness, disfigured
its age-old scenery, and increasingly substituted its unspoiled natural landscape with the orderly hustle and
bustle.
Nowadays, the wilderness is shrinking with each passing day. However, it should not be neglected,
much less ignored. Instead, we are supposed to seek out the optimum space where we may live in
harmony with it. Kind treatment of it is equivalent to the same treatment of humanity. It is noteworthy that
humankind will never be able to prevail over it through urbanization.
PART V WRITING
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The first reading material mentions Stoic philosophy as a means of achieving happiness. The Stoic
wisdom for living a happy life is to avoid attempting to control things that, in fact, cannot be controlled
and to refrain from passing negative judgements on value-neutral things. The second reading passage holds
that happiness can be achieved by conquering our minds and bodies. I would take the view that besides
cultivating a healthy mind, maintaining a healthy body is also a source of happiness.
On the one hand, much of human happiness or unhappiness originates from cognitive patterns, the
way we see ourselves and the world around us. One poor cognitive pattern is to aspire for perfectionism.
�}\. 2022 -13As we lrnow, perfectionists tend to be dissatisfied with what they have done and feel that they could have
done better. Stuck in a negative thinking pattern, perfectionists are less likely to be happy. By contrast,
people who are easily contented are inclined to be cheerful. As the Chinese saying goes, a contented mind
is a perpetual feast. Moreover, our reaction to what happens determines how happy or unhappy we are.
An optimist sees an opportunity in every calamity, while a pessimist sees a calamity in every opportunity.
Therefore, it is important to "manage" our minds.
On the other hand, physical well-being cannot be ignored when it comes to a happy life. There is no
denying that people afflicted with health problems tend to be more stressed and less happy. One case in
point is that people with incontinence tend to feel distressed and hopeless. In addition to causing physical
pain, some physical problems can even restrict interpersonal relations. For instance, obese people might
find it hard to be integrated into groups because they feel inferior to others and obesity stops them from
taking part in some group activities that require a lot of movements. How are they supposed to feel happy
without social connection? Obviously, being physically healthy would reduce the chance of unhappiness.
Overall, I feel that physical health is the basis for happiness. Meanwhile, learning how to respond
positively to what happens is also significant, as much of life's pleasure derives from a positive mentality.
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refrain from :iM�, 5l $1 value-neutral adj. ffr{i\ixW.�lfl31.�
perpetual /pa'petJual/ adj � . * 1]( • .0-. �, 1Xt1!� feast /fi:sU n. {t,Ax_x·l;lc�$� ( �fis?W )
calamity /ka'lcemati/ n. w\,1!. be afflicted with {t�fttE, ifrM
derive from • § , • -'f
�A 2022 -14
