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2010年考研英语（一）真题逐词逐句精讲
••第_段・・
❶ In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone
parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. 1924年，美国国家研究委员会派出两名工程师到芝加哥附
近一家名为霍桑工厂的电话配件厂指导一系列的实验。
一级修饰 . In 1924
［介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
America's National Research Council sent twoei^neere （主+谓+宾+宾补）
句子主干 ［动词不定式短语作two engineers的补足语
to supervise a series of experiments
介词短语作地点状语［
—级修饰 at a telephone-parts factory
过去分词短语作后置定语,j修饰a telephone-parts factory
二级修t布 called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago.
［词汇注释：c*ouncil ［ kaonsl］几.委员会;理事会 s*upervise ［ -suipsvaiz］讥.指导；监督；管理
❷ It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting affected workers' productivity.该委员会希望他们能卉清楚车间
照明如何影响工人的生产效率。
It hoped （主+谓+宾从）
!省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作hoped的宾语
句子主干 they would learn
［how引导的宾语从句，作would learn的宾语
how shop-floor lighting affected workersJ productivity.
:网汇汪释:shop-floor车间 p*roductivity ［ iprodAk tivsti］几.生产效率;生产率
❸ Instead, the studies ended up giving their name to the u Hawthorne effectn , the extremely influential idea that the
very act of being experimented upon changed subjects, behavior,然而，这些研究最终被命名为“霍桑效应’，这一*
极具影响力的观点就是，正是被用来做实验这一行为改变了实验对象的行为方式。
句子主干 Instead, the studies ended up 企些工2迎以2J也（主+谓+宾）
the "Hawthorne effect"的同位语 J
—级修饰 the extremely influential idea
that引导的同位语从句，［解释说明the extremely influential idea
二级修饰 that the very act...changed s*ubjects behavior.
［介词短语作后置定语，修饰the very act
三级修饰 of being experimented upon
39词汇注释.give one^ name to...用... 为某人/某物命名 influential * [iinfhrenjl] a.有影响力的
very^t-veril a.正是的;仅仅的ad.很，非常 e*xperiment [ i*skperimant] vi.进行实验
…第二段…
❶ The idea arose because of the perplexing behavior of the women in the plant.这个观点的形成源于霍桑工厂女工令
人费解的行为。
句子主干 The idea arose （主+谓）
[介词短语作句子主干的原因状语
一级修饰 because of the perplexing behavior
介词短语作后置定语，:修饰the perplexing behavior
二级修饰 of the women
J
介词短语作后置定语 修饰the women
三级修饰 in the plant.
词汇注释 perplexing [pa-pieksig] a.令人费解的;使人困惑的 p*lant [plaint]几.工厂；植物
@ According to accounts of the experiments. their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was
dimmed,根据实验的描述，当照明灯光变亮时，女工每小时的产量就会增加，而当照明灯光变暗时，她们每小时
的产量也会增加。
—级修饰 According to accounts of the experiments,
插入语,]补充说明句子主干
句子主干 their hourly output rose （主+谓）
[when引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
when lighting was increased,
一级修饰 | but also连接并列的时间状语从句
but also when it was dimmed.
:词汇注释：a*ccount [a kaunt]几描述;解释讥认为是;视为 hourly [ ausli] a.每小时（一次）的
increase * [ mkriis] v./n.增加，增多 dim 女[dim] v.（使）变昏暗 a.昏暗的
❸ It did not matter what was done in the experiment ； so long as something was changed, productivity rose.实验中做了什
么并不重要；只要有某种变化,生产效率就会提高。
—级修饰 in the experiment;
[介词短语作状语
what was done
]lt为形式主语，what引导的主语从句作真正的主语
句子主干 ⑴四did not matter （主+谓）
I
并列句
（2）productivity rose.（主+谓）
Tso long as引导的条件状语从句，作（2）句的条件状语
----------- ' **
一级修饰 so long as something was changed,
❹ An awareness that they were being experimented upon seemed to be enough to alter workers' behavior by itself.意识至U
自己成为实验对象，单凭这一点似乎就足以改变工人们的行为。
40一级修饰 that they were being experimented upon
I that引导的同位语从句，解释说明An awareness
句子主干 An awareness...seemed to be enough （主+系+表）
动词不定式短语作状语，修饰enough]
—级修饰 to alter w*orkers behavior by itself.
词汇注释 awareness [a-weanas] n.意识；认识 a*lter *：10(r) ] m改变;修改(服装)vi.改变
••第三段
❶ After several decades, the same data were subjected to econometric analysis.几十年后，研究人员对同样的数据进
行了计量经济分析。
一级修饰 After several decades,
[介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 the same data were subjected （主+谓）
I
介词短语作状语
一级修饰 to econometric analysis.
词汇注释 decade * [ dekeid] n.十年；十年期 subject sth. to sth.使经受;使遭受
econometric [ iikong-metrik] a.计量经济学的 a*nalysis [gmaebsis]几分析
❷ The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in store.霍桑实验有了另一个令人吃惊的结果
句子主干 The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰another surprise [
一级修饰 in store.
:词汇注释 in store储备着；即将发生
❸ Contrary to the descriptions on record, no systematic evidence was found that levels of productivity were related to
changes in lighting. 没有系统的证据表明，生产效率的水平与照明灯光的变化有关，而这与实验记录的描述
相反。
二级修饰 on record,
介词短语作后置定语修饰the descriptions
—级修饰 Contrary to the descriptions
[形容词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 no systematic evidence was found （主+谓）
| that引导的同位语从句，解释说明evidence
—级修饰 that levels of productivity were related to changes
介词短语作后置定语，修饰changes]
二级修饰 in lighting.
:词汇注释 on record记录在案的 s*ystematic [ iSista maetik] a.系统的；有条理的
••第四段•••
❶ It turns out that the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to misleading interpretations of what
happened.结果表明，特殊的实验进行方式可能导致了对所发生情况的误导性解释。
41It turns out （主+谓）
句子主干 [it为形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语
that the peculiar way...may have led to misleading interpretations
|介词短语作后置定语,修饰the peculiar way
of conducting the experiments
—级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰misleading interpretations
of what happened.
词汇注释 peculiar * [ pi kju:lia（r） ] a.特殊的 conduct * [ kan dAkt ]沉.进行[-kondAkt ] n.行为
misleading [ iinis liidig] a.误导性的 interpretation [ m^aipn teifn]几解释；说明
❷ For example, lighting was always changed on a Sunday.例如，照明灯光总在周日改变o
_级修饰 For example,
___________ [插入语
句子主干 lighting was always changed （主+谓）
[介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
—级修饰 on a Sunday.
❸ When work started again on Monday, output duly rose compared with the previous Saturday and continued to rise for
the next couple of days.周一重新开匚时，产量与上周六相比如期上升了，而且在接下来的几天持续上升:
二级修饰 on Monday,
项修福 When work started again
When引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
output duly rose （主+谓）
| and连接的并列谓语
句子主干
and continued to rise
过去分词短语作句子主干的比较状语
compared with the previous Saturday
一级修饰 介词短语作时间状语
for the next couple of days.
词汇注释:duly [.dju：li] ad.如期地;适当地 previous*[ .priivias] a.上一个的；先前的
❹ However, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on
Mondays.然而，与未进行实验的几周数据对比表明，产量总是在周一上升
一级修饰 However,
1插入语
a comparison...showed （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作showed的宾语
that output always went up
介词短语作后置定语，修饰a comparison
with data for weeks
'' *词短语作时间状语
一级修饰
on Mondays,
when引导的定语从句，修饰weeks
二级修饰 when there was no experimentation
42词汇注释:c*omparison [kam'paerisn] n.对比；比较 go up （价格、水平等）上升;被建造；被烧毁
❺ Workers tended to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before hitting a plateau and then slackening
off.任何情况下，L：人在一周的前儿天往往都很勤奋，接着达到稳定状态，然后逐渐懈怠
句子主干 Workers tended to be diligent （主+系+表）
|介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
for the first few days of the week
介词短语作句子主干的条件状语
一级修饰 in any case,
介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
before hitting a plateau and then slackening off.
词汇注释1 tend to趋向；有助于;有....的倾向 diligent [ •dihdssnt] a.勤奋的;孜孜不倦的
plateau [-plaetau] n.（上升后的）稳定期；高原 slacken [ slaeksn] vi.懈怠；变慢祝.使松弛
❻ This suggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down.这表明，所谓的"霍桑效应’是难以解释
清楚的
This suggests （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作suggests的宾语
that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down.
词汇注释 alleged [34ed3d] a.所谓的；被指称的 确切说明（或理解）
H Keaaing comprenension
Part A
Text 1
…第一段…
❶ Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the
most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage. 过去 25 年间
在英文报纸发生的所有变化中，影响最为深远的或许是其艺术报道范围的缩小以及严肃性的减弱，这种趋势不
可阻挡。
during the past quarter-century,
三级修饰 介词短语作时间状语
in English-language newspapers
介词短语作状语，[表范围 、，
二级修饰 that have taken place
that引导的定语从句,:修饰the changes
_级修饰 Of all the changes
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline （主+系+表）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰the inexorable decline^
—级修饰 in the scope and seriousness
介词短语作后置定语修饰the scope and seriousness
二级修饰 of their arts coverage.
43词汇注释'far-reaching [ （fa: riitjig] Q.影响深远的；广泛的inexorable [ m ekssrabl] q.不可阻挡的
s*cope [skaup] n.范围；机会 coverage [^Avands] n.新闻报道；信息范围
••第二段…
O It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-
quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.对40岁以下的普通读者来说，他们很难，甚至无
法想象一个能在大多数大都市的报纸上读到高品质艺术评论的时代。
二级修饰 in most big-city newspapers.
[介词短语作状语
when high-quality arts criticism could be found
一级修饰 when引导的定语从句，修饰a time
under the age of forty
介词短语作后置定语,]修饰the average reader
for the average reader...to imagine a time
句子主干 ][t为形式主语，动词不定式短语作真正的主语
It is difficult （主+系+表）
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
—级修饰 to the point of impossibility
要点注释 for...中，介词for引出动词不定式短语to imagine a time的逻辑主语the average readero
词汇注释:to the point of达到....的程度 a*verage [ -aev9rid3] a.普通的;平均的n.平均数
high-quality 高品质的 c*riticism [-kritisizam] n.评论;批评;指责
@ Vet a considerable number of the most significant colleclions of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in
large part of newspaper reviews.然而,20世纪出版的大量最具有重要意义的评论文集大部分是由报纸评论组
成的，
一级修饰 of criticism
介词短语作后置定语,：修饰collections
句子主干 Yet...the most significant collections...consisted in large part of newspaper reviews.
过去分词短语作后置定语,[修饰collections
—级修饰 published in the 20th century
要点注释 句子主干中，a considerable number of作前置定语，意为“大量的”，修饰句子主语。
:词汇注释:c*onsiderable [k对sidgbl] a.相当多（或大）的consist in（以……）为主要组成部分
© To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication
in general-circulation dailies.如今再阅读此类文集会让人惊叹这样一个事实：里面这些博大精深的内容曾被认
为适合在面向普通读者发行的日报上刊登。
句子主干 To read such books today is to marvel at the fact （主+系+表）
that引导的同位语从句J解释说明the fact
一级修饰 that their learned contents were once deemed
形容词短语作their learned contents的补足
二级修饰 suitable for publication
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰publication
三级修饰 in general-circulation dailies.
44词汇注释：marvel [，ma:vl]仇感到惊奇n.奇迹 d*[deieimm] vt.认为；视为
circulation [ tsazkja leijn] n.发行量；流通 daily deili] n.日报a.每日的ad.每日
••第三段・・
❶ We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th
century and the eve of World War U , at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered
an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. 20世纪初到二战前夕英国出版的报纸评论内容广泛，与现
在更是大不相同。那时，新闻用纸非常便宜，而刊登风格独特的艺术评论让出版物显得出彩。
句子主干 We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews （主+系+表）
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰newspaper reviews [
—级修饰 published in England
介词短语作时间状语I
二级修饰 between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II,
补充说明]
三级修饰 at a time
when引导的定语从句，修饰a time [
when newsprint was dirt-cheap
四级修饰
：and连接的并列句
and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament
介词短语作后置定语，修饰an ornament T
五级修饰 to the publications
介词in+which引导的定语从句,:修饰the publications
六级修饰 in which it appeared.
词汇注释 removed [rrmuzvd] a.不同的 r*eview [ri，vju:] n.评论；检查vt.回顾；复查
newsprint [，nju：zprmt]几新闻纸 dirt-cheap [td3：t tjiip] q.非常便宜的
stylish [ stailij] a.高雅的；时髦的 ornament [^：namant] n.为...增添光彩的人(或事物)
❷ In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length
about the events they covered.在那些遥远的岁月里，人们理所当然地认为：主流报纸的评论家们会为他们所报
道的事件撰写详尽细致的评论。
fbr granted
一级修饰 介词短语作it的补足语
In those far-off days,
、， [介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
it was taken (主+谓)
句子主干 [it为形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语
that the critics of major papers would write...about the events
and连接并列的介词短语作方式状语]
in detail and at length
—级修饰 省略关系词(which/that)的定语从句，修饰the events
they covered.
:词汇您暮:take it for granted (that...)认为... 是理所当然 in detail详细地;逐一地
at length详尽地;充分地 c*over [ Mv^r) ] vt.报道；覆盖
45❸ Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw
and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about.他们从事的是一项严肃的事业，人们相信，即
使是像乔治•萧伯纳和欧内斯特•纽曼那样以轻松活泼的方式展现自己学问的评论家们，也知道自己在做什么，
(1) Theirs was a serious business,(主+系+表)
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
(2) and even those reviewers.. .could be trusted (主+谓)
[who引导的定语从句,修饰those reviewers
who wore their learning lightly,
举例说明 those reviewers
like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman,
一级修饰 动词不定式短语作those reviewers的补足语
to know
what引导的宾语从句J作know的宾语
what they were about.
词汇注释:wear one's learning lightly不卖弄某人的学问 be about sth.从事于;忙于
❹ These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press.这些人认为新闻写
作是•种使命，并且为自己的作品能够刊登在日报上而感到自豪。
These men believed in journalism as a calling,（主+谓+宾+宾补）
句子主干 | and连接的并列谓语
and were proud
j动词不定式短语作were proud的原因状语
—级修饰 to be published
［介词短语作状语
二级修饰 in the daily press.
[词汇注释;calling [koihr)] n.使命感；职业 press * [pres] n.报刊；新闻界m压;按
❺“So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,M Newman wrote,
"that I am tempted to define ' journalism' as ' a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who
are，.” “拥有足够智慧或文学天赋而将新闻写作坚持到底的作家很少，”纽曼写道，“以至于我不禁想把’新闻
写作’定义为’无人问津的作家对拥有大批读者的作家的蔑称’
句子主干 "So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough （主+谓+宾）
j动词不定式短语作句子主干的结果状语
to keep their own end up in journalism,M
插入语
一级修饰 Newman wrote,
So...that引导的结果状语从句，作句子主干的结果状语
"that I am tempted to define 'journalism' as 'a term of contempt
过去分词短语作后置定语, term of contempt
二级修饰 applied by writers...to writers
who引导的定语从句，
who are not read
三级修饰 who引导的定语从句，修饰writers
who are （read）'."
46坷汇注释'、、literary * [ •litgrsri] a.文学上的 keep one's （ own） end up （在困难面前）坚持下去
be tempted to do sth.想做某事；希望做某事 contempt * [ kan-tempt] n.蔑视；鄙视
…第四段…
❶ Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten.遗憾的是，这些评论家几乎被人遗忘了
—级修饰 Unfortunately,
___________ [插入语
句子主干 these critics are virtually forgotten.（主+谓）
词汇注释:u*nfortunately [An-foxt/gnatli] 遗憾地 virtually [ -vaitfusli] ad.几乎；实际上
❷ Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known
solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket.内维尔•卡达斯从1917年开始直到1975年去世前不久都在为
《曼彻斯特卫报》撰稿,可现在人们只知道他是写板球比赛评论的作家。
二级修饰 on the game of cricket..
介词短语作后置定语,]修饰essays
—级修饰 as a writer of essays
]介词短语作Neville Cardus的补足语
句子主干 Neville Cardus,...is now known solely （主+谓）
[who引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明Neville Cardus
—级修饰 who wrote for the Manchester Guardian
I介词短语作时间状语
二级修饰 from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975,
词汇注释 solely [ saulli] ad.只；仅仅 c*ricket [ knkit ] n.板球（运动）；蟋蟀
❸ During his lifetime, though, he was also one of EnglancPs foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely
admired that his Autobiography （ 1947 ） Became a best-seller.然而，在他的一生之中，他还是英国最著名的古典音
乐评论家之一，同时也是一位文体家,如此广受赞誉，以至于其1947年的《自传》成为一本畅销书一
During his lifetime,
—级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
though,
“ [插入语
he was also one of England's foremost classical-music critics,（主+系+表）
句子主干 | and连接的并列表语
and a stylist
[过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰a stylist
—级修饰 so widely admired
[so...that引导的结果状语从句
二级修饰 that his Autobiography （1947） became a best-seller.
:词汇注释 f*oremost [ foimsust] a.最著名的;最重要的stylist [ ,sta山st]几.文体家;发型师
❹ He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. 1967 年他受封为爵士，是第-位获此殊荣的音乐
评论家。
47句子主干 He was knighted （主+谓）
'' [介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
in 1967,
一级修饰 He的同位语
the first music critic
[动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰the first music critic
二级修饰 to be so honored.
词汇注释knight [nait]仇.封（某人）为爵士 c*ritic [-kntik] n.评论家;批评者
❺ Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.
然而，现在他的书只有一本还未绝版。除了专业人士外,无人知晓他曾写过大量的音乐评论作品。
（1） Yet only one of his books is now in print,（主+系+表）
句子主干 |and连接的并列句
（2） and his vast body of writings...is unknown （主+系+表）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰writings
on music
一级修饰 介词短语作（2 ）句的状语
save to specialists.
3司汇连释[in print （书籍）继续印行；（作品）已出版 body of sth.（某事物的）大量;大批;大堆
s*ave [ seiv] prep.除了 v.救;节省 s*pecialist [-spefalist] n.专家；专科医生
…第五段
❶ Is there any chance that Car（I*sus criticism will enjoy a revival?卡达斯的艺术评论是否有机会重新盛行？
句子主干 Is there any chance （ There be句型的一-般疑问句：Is + there + 主）
:that引导的同位语从句，解释说明any chance
一级修饰 that Cardus's criticism will enjoy a revival?
词汇注释 '、、c*riticism [ kntisizsm] m.评论；批评 revival [n vaivl]儿再流行；复兴
❷The prospect seems remote.希望似乎很渺茫。
句子主干 The prospect seems remote.（主+系+表）
词汇生薜:prospect * [ prospekt] n.希望；可能性 remote * [ rrmaut ] a.（可能性或机会）渺茫的;遥远的
❸ Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use fbr the richly upholstered
Vicwardian prose in which he specialized.早在他去世之前，新闻业的品位就已发生了变化,后现代的读者几乎不
再需要他所擅长的那种辞藻华丽的维多利亚一爱德华时期风格的散文了。
—级修饰 long before his death,
[介词短语作（1）句的时间状语
（1 journalistic tastes had changed （主+谓）
句子主干 | and连接的并列句 “
（2）and postmodern readers have little use for the^Vicwardian^ro^ （主+谓+宾）
which引导的定语从句,T修饰the...Vicwardian prose
—级修饰 in which he specialized.
48词汇注释 postmodern [ ^aost-modn] a.后现代主义的 have little use for sth.几乎不需要
upholstered [Ap haolstsdj a.装软垫的（引申为"辞藻华丽的”）specialize * [ • speJalaiz ] vi.专攻
❹ Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.此外，音乐评论中业余人士评论
的传统也已经迅速走向衰落。
句子主干 Moreover, the amateur tr^ition...has been in headlong retreat.（主+系+表）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the amateur tradition
—级修饰 in music criticism
[词汇注释:m* oreover [moir ouva（r） ] ad.此外；而且 a*mateur [ aemata（r） ] a.业余的 n.业余爱好者
headlong [ hedloijj a./ad.急速的（地） r*etreat [rrtrizt] n./v.撤退；退缩 n.隐居处
Text 2
•••第一段
O Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods.过去十年间，所
谓的“商业方法”获得了成千上万的专利授权。
—级修饰 Over the past decade,
[介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 thousands of patents have been granted （主+谓）
___________ [介词短语作状语
—级修饰 for what are called business methods.
要点注释 介词短语for what are called business methods中，what引导的宾语从句,作介词for的宾语。从句的
主语为what,谓语are called使用了一般现在式的被动语态,business methods作主语补足语。
词汇注释 p*atent [-paetnt] n.专利权vt.获得专利权 grant'[gramt] vt.授予;允许；承认
❷ Amazon.com received one for its ^one-click" online payment system.亚马逊公司获得了“一键点击'在线支付系统
的专利。
句子主干 Amazon.com received one （主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作句子主干的原因状语
—级修饰 for its "one-click" online payment system.
高无生释 click" [khk] n.单击；咔嗒声m点击，单击 payment*[ pennant] n.支付；收款;报答
❸ Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy.美林集团因其某种资产分配策略获得了法律
保护。
句子主干 Merrill Lynch got legal^protectioii （主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作后置定语，修Wlegal protection
—级修饰 for an asset allocation strategy.
词汇生释 a*]sset aset] n.资产；有价值的人 allocation [ iaeb keijn] n.分配；分配的东西
❹One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.有位发明者获得了一种提箱技术的专利权。
句子主干 One inventor patented a technique （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰a technique
—级修饰 for lifting a box.
49词汇注释:inventor [m-ventg(r) ] n.发明者;创造者 l*ift [lift] vt.提起;移动n.电梯;搭便车
第二段
O Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been
controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago.现在，国家最高专利法院似乎已经为缩减商业方法
专利的数量做好了充分准备-该专利自10年前首次获批以来，就一直颇受争议:
句子主干 Now the nation *s top patent court appears completely ready （主+系+表）
动词不定式短语作句子主干的状语|
一级修饰 to scale back on business-method patents,
which引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明business-method patents?
二级修饰 which have been controversial
[since引导的时间状语从句
三级修饰 ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago.
商无注释 scale back相应缩减;按比例缩减 authorize [ •ozOaraiz]讥.批准；授权
❷ In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz, the L. S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said it would
use a |unlicii）ar case to conduct a broad review of Business-method patents.美国联邦巡问上诉法院曾表示，它将利用
-个特殊案件时商业方法&利展开广泛复审，该举动引得知识产权律师们议论纷纷
二级修饰 that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz,
jthat引导的定语从句，修饰a move
—级修饰 In a move
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
the U. S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作said的宾语[
it would use a particular case
动词不定式短语作目的状语[
—*级修饰 to conduct a broad review of business-method patents.
:词汇注释:intellectual-property知识产权 abuzz [Maz] q.议论纷纷的；嘈杂的
❸ In re Bilski, as the case is known, is "a very big deal," says Dennis I）. Crouch of the University cf Missouri School of
Law.这•为人熟知的特殊案件即为比尔斯基案' 密苏里大学法学院的丹尼斯• I）.克劳奇表示，此案“事关重大”一
句子主干 In re Bilski,...is "a very big deal,^, （主+系+表）
T [as引导的方式状语从句
as the case is known,
一级修饰 插入语，补充说明句子主干
says Dennis D. Crouch
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰Dennis D. Crouch
二级修饰 of the University of Missouri School of Law.
"商W生薜! case^ [keis] n.案件;事例;具体情况 dealyr[di：l] n.事情;交易；大量;待遇
❹ It "has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents."它“有可能导致一整类专利被撤销
50句子主干 l!"has 业卫（主+谓+宾）
|动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰the potential
一级修饰 to eliminate an entire class of patents."
词汇注释:p*otential [p3-tenJ1] n.可能性;潜力a.可能的 eliminate * [ i limmeit ] m 消除；淘汰
••第三段・・・
❶ Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that
introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of
pooling mutual-fund assets.对商业方法专利申请的限制也许是一次戏剧性的转变，因为正是联邦巡同法院自己
在1998年对所谓的“美国道富银行案”进行裁决时引入了此类专利，当时联邦巡回法院批准为共同基金资产筹
集方式授予一项专利。
句子主干 Curbs...would be a dramatic about-face,（主+系+表）
|介词短语作后置定语，修饰Curbs
on business-method claims
一级修饰 because引导的原因状语从句， 作句子主干的原因状语
because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents
[介词短语作状语
with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case,
二级修饰 现在分词短语作伴随状语
approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets.
要点注释 在because引导的原因状语从句中，含有it was... that...强调句型，强调从句主语the Federal Circuit
itself,从句谓语是 introduced,宾语是 such patentso 介词短语 in the so-called State Street Bank case
和 on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets 均作后置定语，分别修饰 its 1998 decision 和 a patento
词汇注释 curb^ [k3：b] n.限制；约束vt.控制，抑制 dramatic * [ dra maetik] a.戏剧性的；巨大的
about-face （态度或观点的）彻底改变,大转变 mutual*[ mju：tjual] a.共同的；相互的
❷ That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies Irving to
stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions.联邦巡回法院的这一裁决导致商业方法专利中
请激增起初是新兴的互联网公司试图对特定类型的在线交易方式占得弓有权,
句子主干 That ruling produced an explosion （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰an explosion
一级修饰 in business-method patent filings,
[介词短语作状语
二级修饰 initially by emerging Internet companies
现在分词短语作后置定语,，修饰emerging Internet companies
三级修饰 trying to stake out exclusive rights
介词短语作状语]
四级修饰 to specific types of online transactions.
词汇注释: e*xplosion [ ik splausn]几猛增；爆炸 initially [i nijali]诚.起初；开始
emerging [rmsidsig] a.新兴的；出现的 stake out清楚地界定自认为属于自己的东西
e*xclusive [ ik skluisiv] Q.专有的：排外的 t*ransaction [ traen zaekfn]几.交易，业务；办理
❸ Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals
that might beat them to the punch.后来,更多的老牌公司竞相将此类专利收入囊中，哪怕只是将其作为防御竞
争对手抢占先机的措施。
51句子主干 Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their files,（主+谓+宾）
;补充说明句子主干
—级修饰 if only as a defensive move
介词短语作后置定语j修饰a defensive move
二级修饰 against rivals
that引导的定语从句J修饰rivals
三级修饰 that might beat them to the punch.
词汇注释:established [i-st^blijt] a.老牌的;公认的 defensive [di fensiv] a.防御的；戒备的
rival*[ Taivl] n.竞争对手vt.与....相匹敌 beat sb. to the punch抢先下手;抢在前面
❹ In 2005 , IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents, despite the fact
that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. 2005年，美国国际商用机器公司（IBM）在一份法庭文件中提
到，自己被授予了 300多项商业方法专利，尽管该公司质疑授予这些专利的法律依据。
In 2005,
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
in a court filing
，[介词短语作句子主干的状语
IBM noted （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 [that引导的宾语从句，作noted的宾语
that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents,
i介词短语作宾语从句的让步状语
—级修饰 despite the fact
__________ that引导的同位语从句J解释说明the fact
二级修饰 that it questioned the legal basis
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the legal basis
三级修饰 f。1* granting them.
高汇注释 n*[noatuet] vt.特别提到；注意n.笔记;便签 b*asis [-beisis] n.依据；基准；基础
❺ Similarly, some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took
positions in court cases opposing the practice.同样，一些华尔街投资公司也都用金融产品专利来武装自己，即使
他们在法庭案件中反对这种做法。
—级修饰 Similarly,
句子主干 some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves （主+谓+宾）
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
with patents
一级修饰 [ as引导的时间状语从句，作句子主干的时间状语
even as they took positions
介词短语作后置定语，修饰patents
for financial products,
介词短语作状语
二级修饰 in court cases
现在分词短语作后置定语」修饰positions
opposing the practice.
52，词汇注释:a*[arm ：m] vt.武装;备战n.臂;扶手 take position持有....观点、态度、立场
…第四段•…
❶ The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market.比尔斯基案涉及一项能
源市场风险规避方法的专利申请。
-----------
句子主干 The Bilski case involves a claimed patent （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰a claimed patent
—级修饰 on a method
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰a method
二级修饰 for hedging risk
介词短语作状语[
三级修饰 in the energy market.
:词汇注释:i*nvolve [ in vnlv]仇.涉及;包含;使陷入 hedge"[heds] vt.防备（尤指金钱损失）几树篱
❷ The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather
than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should "reconsider" its State Street
Bank ruling.联邦巡回法院发寿了一条不同寻常的法令，宣称此案将由该法院全体12名法官联席审理,而不是
一贯的三人法官组审理，同时宣称法院想要评估一个议题一是否应该“重新审议”对美国道富银行案的裁决。
句子主干 The Federal Circuit issued an unusua£order （主+谓+宾）
现在分词短语作后置定语，:修饰an unusual order
stating
that引导的宾语从句J作stating的宾语
that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges,
rather than连接的并列成分,|肯定前者，否定后者
—级修饰 rather than a typical panel of three,
and连接并列的宾语从句
and that one issue...is...
[whether引导的表语从句
whether it should "reconsider" its State Street Bank ruling.
省略关系词（which/that）的定语从句，修饰one issue
二级修t布 it wants to evaluate
:词汇注释'、'i*ssue [ nfu：] vt.发布;发给;发行几.问题;期号 reconsider [ ^zkan-sidaCr） ] v.重新审议
"•第五段
O The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed
the scope of protections for patent holders.在最高法院最近作出一系列关于缩小专利持有人受保护范围的裁决之
后，联邦巡回法院采取了上述行动。
句子主干 The Federal Circuit's action comes （主+谓）
介词短语作句子主干的状语[
一级修饰 in the wake of a series of recent decisions
介词短语作后置定语，修饰recent decisions |
by the Supreme Court
二级修饰 that引导的定语从句, 修饰recent decisions
that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders.
53词汇注释'in the wake of...随... 之后而来 supremelr [ su： pri：m] a.（级别或地位）最高的
❷ Last April, for example, the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for " inventions" that are
Obvious.例如，去年4月，法官们曾表明，太多毫无创意的“发明”正在被授予专利权。
Last April,
一级修饰 名词短语作句子主干的时间状语
for example,
[插入语
the justices signaled （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干
| that引导的宾语从句，作signaled的宾语
that too many patents were being upheld for "inventions”
that引导的定语从句,[修饰“i
'inventions"
一级修饰 that are obvious.
词汇注释 justice * [ -dsAStis] n.法官;公平；司法制度signal * [ -signal] vt.表明vi.发信号n.信号a.重大的
u*phold [Ap hould]仇.赞成;确认;支持 o*bvious [ obvias] q.无创意的；明显的
❸ The judges on the Federal Circuit are " reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court, ” says Harold C.
Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.联邦巡回法院的法官们正在
“对最高法院的反专利趋势作出反应”，乔治•华盛顿大学法学院教授、专利律师哈拉尔德• C.韦格纳说道
二级修饰 at the Supreme Court,"
介词短语作后置定语修饰the anti-patent trend
to the anti-patent trend
—级修饰 介词短语作状语，表对象
on the Federal Circuit
u :介词短语作后置定语，修饰The judges
句子主干 The judges...are "reacting （主+谓）
插入语，[补充说明句子主干
—级修饰 says Harold C. Wegner,
:Harold C. Wegner的同位语
二级修饰 a patent attorney and professor
介词短语作后置定语，修饰professor：
三级修饰 at George Washington University Law School.
词汇注释：react to对....做出回应;起反应 a*ttorney [ 9 t3：ni] n.律师;代理人
Text 3
…第一段…
❶ In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that u social epidemicsn are driven in large part by the
actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually infonned, persuasive,
or well connected.马尔科姆-格拉德威尔在其《引爆点》一书中提出，“社会流行潮”在很大程度上是由极少
数特殊个体的行为推动的，这些人通常被称为“有影响力的人士”，他们或非常地见多识广、或能言善辩、或人
脉极为广泛。
54一级修饰 In his book The Tipping Point,
!介词短语作句子主干的状语
Malcolm Gladwell argues （主+谓+宾从）
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句,[作argues的宾语
that "social epidemics" are driven in large part
[介词by引出动作的发出者
一级修饰 by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals,
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰special individuals]
二级修饰 often called influentials,
who引导的非限定性定语从句，补充说明influentials |
三级修饰 who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well connected.
「词汇注释 e*pidemic [ieprdemik] n.（风尚、思潮等的）一时流行 in large part在很大程度上
i*nfluential [ imflu enJI] n.有影响的人物 a.有影响的 persuasive [*spwgeisiv] a.令人信服的
❷ The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.从直觉上讲，这种观点令人信
月艮，但它并没有解释思想实际上是如何传播的。
（l）The idea is intuitively compelling,（主+系+表）
but连接的并列句，表转折
句子主干 ⑵but it doesiTt explain （主+谓+宾从）
how引导的宾语从句，[作doesn't explain的宾语
how ideas actually spread.
祠汇注释； intuitively [ m tjuntivli] ad.直觉地；直观地 compelling [kam pelirj] a.令人信服的
*••第二段
••见
O The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the
** two-step flow of communication1': Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else.
有影响力的人士的所谓重要性来自一个听起来有道理但在很大程度上未经检验的理论，该理论被称为“两级传
播理论”：信息从媒体流向有影响力的人士,再从他们流向其他所有人。
句子主干 The supposed importance of influentials derives （主+谓）
:介词短语作句子主干的状语
一级修饰 from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory
过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰theory]
二级修饰 called the “two-step flow of commimicathm”：
解释说明 the "two-step flow of communication"]
三级修饰 Information flows
介词短语作状语]
from the media to the influentials
四级修饰 and连接并列的介词短语
I
and from them to everyone else.
[词汇注释！ supposed [ ss-pauzd] a.所谓的；误信的 derive from来自；起源于
p*lausible [ -phizsbl] a.（借口、解释等）有道理的 untested [ iAn-testid] a.未经检验的
Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials,
those select people will do most of the work for them.营销人员已经接受了两级传播理论，因为该理论表明,如果
他们能够找到有影响力的人士，并对其施加影响，那么这些精挑细选出来的人就会为他们完成大部分工作。
55句子主干 Marketers have embraced the two-step flow （主+谓+宾）
[because引导的原因状语从句，作句子主干的原因状语
because it suggests
that引导的宾语从句，[作suggests的宾语
一级修饰
that...those select people will do most of the work for them.
。月I导的条件状语从句
二级修饰 if they can just find and influence the influentials,
词汇注释： marketer [，ma：kitMr） ] n.营销人员 embrace * [ im-breis] vt.欣然接受（思想、建议等）；拥抱
❸ The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods.
这个理论似乎也解释了为什么某些款式、品牌或者地段会突然受到意想不到的欢迎。
句子主干 The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰popularity：
一级修饰 of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods.
「词汇注释： unexpected * [ tAnik'spektid] a.出乎意料的 brand * [ braend] n.品牌；类型
❹ In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or
developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention.在诸多此类情形中，粗略调查其原因就会发现,一小部
分人在其他人留意之前,就已经在穿戴、宣传或开发各类东两了
一级修饰 In many such cases,
]介词短语作句子主干的状语
a cursory search for causes finds （主+谓+宾从）
that引导的宾语从句J作finds的宾语
句子主干 that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing
whatever引导的宾语从句，[作was wearing,...developing的宾语
whatever it is
before引导的时间状语从句
—级修饰 before anyone else paid attention.
词汇注释 cursory [ kaissri] a.粗略的；仓促的 pay attention 留心；关注
❺ Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea th at only certain special people can drive trends.这种轶事证
据与“只有某些特殊人物才可以推动潮流”的观点卜分契合:
一级修饰 of this kind
!介词短语作后置定语，修饰Anecdotal evidence
句子主干 Anecdotal evidence...fits nicely （主+谓）
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
—级修饰 with the idea
[that引导的同位语从句，解释说明the idea
二级修饰 that only certain special people can drive trends.
<4
要点注释: that引导的同位语从句中，主语是certain special people,谓语是can drive,宾语是trendso
:词汇注释 anecdotal [ iaenik dautl] a.轶事的；传闻的 nicely [ naisli] ad.很好地；和善地
56••第三段・・•
❶ In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on
social epidemics than is generally supposed.然而，一些研究人员在最近的研究中发现，有影响力的人士对社会流
行潮的影响比人们普遍认为的要小得多。
—级修饰 In their recent work, ”
[介词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 however, some researchers have come up with the finding （主+谓+宾）
that引导的同位语从句J解释说明the finding
一级修饰 that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics
than引导的定语从句，[修饰impact
二级修饰 than is generally supposed.
:词汇注释 come up with找到（答案）；想出 generally [ -dsenrsli] ad.普遍地;大体上
❷In fact, they don't seem to be required at alL事实上，社会流行潮似乎根本不需要这些有影响力的人士
—级修饰 In fact,
___________ [插入语
句子主干 they don't seem to be required at all.（主+谓）
•••第四段
。The researchers' argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With the exception of a few
celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal,
influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others. 研究人员的
论据来源于对社会影响的一个简单观察:除了像奥普拉•温弗瑞这样的少数名人——她的非凡影响力主要是
媒体影响而非人际影响的作用——即使是一群人中最有影响力的人上也根本不会和那么多人交往
句子主干 The researchers9 argument stems from a simple observation （主+谓+宾）
介词短语作后置定语，修饰a simple observation |
about social influence:
—级修饰 解释说明 a simple observation
even the most influential members...simply don't interact with that many others.
介词短语作后置定语，[修饰the most influential members
of a population
二级修饰 介词短语作状语
With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey
插入语，补充说明Oprah Winfrey |
三级修饰 —whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media,...influence—
[补充说明media
四级修饰 not interpersonal,
"司无注释 stem from 来源于;起源于 c*elebrity [sadebrati] n.名人;名望
outsize [ -aotsaiz] a.极大的（文中引申为“非凡的”）primarily [prarmersli] ad.主要地;根本地
❷ Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive
social epidemics, by influencing their friends and colleagues directly.然而，根据两级传播理论，正是这些不出名但
具影响力的人，通过直接影响他们的朋友和同事推动了社会流行潮。
57it is...who,
句子主干 [it is...who为强调句型，强调主语these non-celebrity influentials
Yet...precisely these non-celebrity influentials...are supposed to drive socidepidemics,
插入语[
according to the two-step-flow theory,
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的方式状语
by influencing their friends and colleagues directly.
词汇注释.precisely [pn-saisli] ad.正是;精确地 be supposed to do sth.（按规定、习惯、安排等）应当
❸ For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances,
who must in turn influence theirs, and so on ； and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little
to do with the initial influential,然而，一种社会流行潮要形成，每个受到影响的人都必须接着影响自己熟悉的
人，而这些熟悉的人必须继而去影响他们自己所熟悉的人，依此类推；只是这些人中的每一个会受到多少其他
人的关注则与最初有影响力的人士并无多大关系。
For a social epidemic to occur,
介词短语作句子主干的状语
一级修饰 so affected
形容词短语作后置定语，修饰each person
who must in tum influence theirs, and so on;
who引导的非限定性定语从句,!补充说明acquaintances
(1) however, each person...must then influence his or her own acquaintances,(主+谓+宾)
句子主干 | and连接的并列句
(2) and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little (主从+谓+宾)
动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰little]
一级修饰 to do with the initial influential.
要点注释«在（2）句中,how many引导的主语从句作（2 ）句的主语。主语从句的主语是others,谓语是pay
attention to,宾语是 each of these peopleo
词汇注释:o*ccur [3-k3：（r）] vi.出现（文中引申为“形成”）a*cquaintance [ s kwemtans] n.熟人;认识
»n turn转而;依次;轮流 have little to do with...与... 几乎没有关系
❹ If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade
of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.例如，如果人际网络中与最初有影响力的人士相隔仅两
个层级的人抵制这一潮流，那么这一连串的变化就不会传播得很远，或者影响许多人。
in the network
二级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰people
just two degrees removed from the initial influential
l [过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰people
If people...prove resistant,
一级修饰 If引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
for example,
、， ！插入造
the cascade of change won't propagate very far (主+谓)
句子主干 | or连接的并列谓语
or (won't) affect many people.
58词汇注释 initiala.最初的；开始的；第一的 resistant [ n zistsnt ] a.抵制的;抵抗的
cascade ［kae skeid］ n.大量；许多；小瀑布 propagate [ -propsgeit ]仇传播;繁殖
•第五段••
❶ Building on this basic truth about interpersonal hifluence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by
conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people's
ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced.基于人际影响这一基本事实，研究人员通过对人群进
行数以千计的计算机模拟，操纵分析若干与人们影响他人的能力以及被他人影响的倾向相关的变量，研究了社
会影响的动态变化:
二级修饰 about interpersonal influence,
___________ 介词短语作后置定语，［修饰truth
—级修饰 Building on this basic truth
［现在分词短语作句子主干的状语
句子主干 the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence （主+谓+宾）
___________ 介词短语作句子主干的方式状语］
—级修饰 by conducting..., manipulating a number of variables
现在分词短语作后置定语,［修饰variables
二级修饰 relating to people's ability...and their tendency
动词不定式短语作后置定语，［修饰ability "
to influence others
三级修饰 动词不定式短语作后置定语，修饰tendency
to be influenced.
［词汇注释 build on...在....的基础上发展 interpersonal [ ants psisanl] a.人际的;人际关系的
simulation [ ^imju-leifn] n.模拟；假装 manipulate [ ms nipjuleit] vt.操纵；控制
❷ They found that the principal requirenient for what is called " global cascades" 一the widespread propagation of
influence through networks—is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced
people,他们发现，如果要实现所谓的“全球瀑布流”一通过网络使影响得到广泛传播一最主要的条件不是
几个有影响力的人士的存在，而是一大批容易受影响的人的参与。
They found （主+谓+宾从）
[that引导的宾语从句，作found的宾语
句子主干 that the principal requirement...is the presence not of a few influentials
| not...but连接并列的介词短语
but, rather, of a critical mass
介词短语作后置定语J修饰a
critical mass
of easily influenced people.
一级修饰 介词短语作后置定语， 修饰 requirement
for what is called "global cascades"
[插入语，解释说明“global cascades”
二级修饰 —the widespread propagation of influence through networks—
词汇注释: p*rincipal [ pnnsapl] a.最主要的；最重要的 w*idespread [ -waidspred] a.广泛的；普遍的
propagation [ .propa^eijn] n.传播；繁殖 a mass of 许多，大量
59Text 4
•第一段*•
❶ Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public.在公开场合，银行家们一直把他们遇到的问题
归咎于自身
句子主干 Bankers have been blaming themselves （主+谓+宾）
［介词短语作句子主干的原因状语"
for their troubles
一级修饰 介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
in public.
亟:注释:blame^tbleim］ vt.把……归咎于;责怪 in public公开地，当众
@ Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters.背地里，他们却一,
直将矛头对准别人:会计准则制定者〉
_级修饰 Behind the scenes,
［介词短语作句子主干的地点状语
句子主干 they have been taking aim at someone else：（主+谓+宾）
解释说明someone else?
—级修饰 the accounting standard-setters.
词汇注释 behind the scenes背地里;私密地;在幕后 take aim at sb.把批评的矛头指向某人
❸ Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it's just not fair.各家银行抱怨道，会
计准则迫使他们报告巨额亏损，而这确实是不公平的。
—级修饰 moan the banks,
(1) Their rules,...have forced them to report enormous losses,(主+谓+宾+宾补)
句子主干 |and连接的并列句
(2) and it's just not fair,(主+系+表)
词汇洼释 moan^fmaun] v.抱怨，发牢骚n.抱怨 enormous^ [ rno:m3s] a.巨大的，极大的，庞大的
❹ These niles say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators
would like them to fetch.这些准则称他们必须以第三方愿意支付的价格，而不是管理者和监管机构期望它们售
得的价格来评估部分资产
These rules say (主+谓+宾从)
句子主干 |省略引导词（that）的宾语从句，作say的宾语
they must value some assets
，介词短语作状语
at the price
I
一级修饰 并列的介词短语
not （at） the price
省略关系词(which/that)的定语从句，修饰the price
a third party would pay,
二级修饰 省略关系词(which/that)的定语从句，修饰the price
managers and regulators would like them to fetch.
60词汇注释:value sth. （ at sth.）给... 估价；给.... 定价 fetch *[fetj] vt.售得（某价）；（去）拿来
…第二段…
❶Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working,不幸的是，银行的游说现在似乎开始奏效了。
._―― r»
句子主干 Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working.（主+谓）
\ 释：l*obby [ lobi] t；.游说（从政者或政府）n.门厅;游说团体
❷ The details mav be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital
markets, is being compromised.具体细节可能无法获知，但准则制定者的独立性正在受到损害，而这种独立性
是资本市场正常运作的关键所在
（l）The details may be unknowable,（主+系+表）
句子主干 but连接的并列句，表转折
（2）but the independence...is being compromised.（主+谓）
[介词短语作后置定语，修饰the independence
—
of standard-setters,
一级修饰 补充说明 the independence
essential to the proper functioning of capital markets,
词汇注释 e*ssential [ r sen JI] q.极其重要的;本质的 c*ompromise [ kompramaiz]诅损害（名声等）
And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the hanking system will be difficult. 而且，
除非银行以能吸引买家的价格将有毒资产售出，否则，复苏银行系统将非常困难，
三级修饰 that attract buyers,
[that引导的定语从句，修饰prices
二级修饰 at prices
!介词短语作状语
—级修饰 unless banks carry toxic assets
[unless引导的条件状语从句，作句子主干的条件状语
句子主干 And,...reviving the banking system will be difficult.（主+系 +表）
翊匚建 t*oxic [ -toksik] a.有毒的；引起中毒的 r*evive [nvaiv] vt.（使）复苏；（使）恢复航.恢复
第三段
❶ After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting Standards Board （ FASB） rushed through
rule changes.美国财务会计准则委员会（FASB）在与国会的一场激烈交锋之后，匆忙通过了准则修改。
—级修饰 After a bruising encounter with Congress,
[介词短语作句子主干的时间状语
句子主干 America, s.. .Standards Board （FASB） rushed through mlechanges.（主+谓+宾）
:词汇注释 e*ncounter [ m kaunta（r） ] n.交锋；遭遇vt.遭遇 rush through快速通过；仓促处理
These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long
term assets in their income statements.这些修改使银行在使用模型对非流动性资产进行评估时拥有更多自由，
在损益表上确认长期资产损失时更具灵活性。
61句子主干 These gave banks more freedom...and more flexibility (主+谓+间宾+直宾)
动词不定式短语作后置定语J修饰I t
imore freedom
to use models to value illiquid assets
一级修饰 介词短语作后置定语，修饰more flexibility
in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statements.
词汇注释 illiquid [rlikwid] a.无流动资金的 s*tatement [ -steitmant] n.报表；说明；陈述
❸ Bob Herz, the FASB's chairman, cried out against those who uquestion our motives. " FASB 主席鲍勃•赫兹强烈
反对那些“怀疑我们动机”的人。
句子主干 Bob Herz,...cried out (主+谓)
I Bob Herz的同位语
the FASB's chairman,
一级修饰 介词短语作状语，表对象
against those
[who引导的定语从句，修饰those
二级修饰 who "question our motives."
词汇注释1 cry out against大声反对;强烈抗议 m* otive [ mautiv]几.动机；目的a.导致运动的
❹ Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobbying group politely calls '' the use of judgment by
management.-然而，银行股价上涨了，并且这些修改增强了某游说团体美其名曰的“管理层判断力的运用”。
(l)Yet bank shares rose (主+谓)
[and连接的并列句
句子主干 (2)and the changes enhance (主+谓+宾从)
what引导的宾语从句作enhance的宾语
what one lobbying group politely calls "the use o£ judgment by management."
「词汇注释:e*nhance [ m-hains] vt.增强；提高 j*udgment OdaAdamont] 判断力；评价
"*• 第四段。"
O European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise.欧洲
各国的部长随即要求国际会计准则理事会(IASB)也这样做。
European ministers instantly demanded (主+谓+宾从)
句子主干 that引导的宾语从句J作demanded的宾语
that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) (should) do likewise.
:词汇注释 instantly [ instantli] ad.立即；马上 l*ikewise [ laikwaiz]庭.也；同样地
❷ The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes its
reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. IASB表示，不想在没有总体规划的情况下采取行动，但在今年晚
些时候完成自身准则重建时，他们将面临巨大的屈服压力。
(1) The IASB says (主+谓+宾从)
[省略引导词(that)的宾语从句，作says的宾语
句子主干 it does not want to act without overall planning,
but连接的并列句，表转折 “
(2) but the pressure to fold...is strong.(主+系+表)
| when引导的时间状语从句，作(2)句的时间状语
一级修饰 when it completes its reconstruction of rules later this year
62词汇注释 o*verall [ lauvgr ozl] a.总体的；全面的；综合的 reconstruction [ 1ri：k*stgrnAkJ'n] 几重建；修复
❸ Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did M not live in a political vacuumM but 44 in
the real world" and that Europe could yet develop different rules.欧盟委员会成员查理,迈克里维警告该理事会
说,IASB“并非处于政治真空中”，而是“处在现实世界里”，并表示欧洲迟早会制定不同的准则。
一级修饰 a European commissioner,
]Charlie McCreevy的同位语
Charlie McCreevy,...warned theJASB （主+谓+间宾+直宾）
that引导的宾语从句，:作warned的直接宾语
that it did "not live in a political vacuum"
句子主干 | not...but连接的并列成分
but （live） 4
