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2023 年高考英语一轮复习基础知识+基本能力双清
说明文的特征及解读策略
1
考点复习
说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事
理，达到教人以知识的目的，在结构上往往采用总分、递进等方式按一定的顺序（如时间、空间、从现象
到本质）进行说明。
说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读说明文的重点在
于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特点等。最近五
年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题；高科技领域的科研成果；人们
比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此说
明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。阅读理解试题的中要考点之一是考查学生对词
汇和句式的掌握。
说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同一词的不同词性的用法交
替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助理解语篇，
例如，下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号（如破折号、冒号都有表示解释和
说明）等。
一、说明文的行文特征
写说明文可以按时间、空间、结构、逻辑顺序来写，也可以采取举例、比较、对比、分类、分析、说
明、叙述等方法。
1.比较对照
比较对照有两种，一是逐点比较，二是整块比较，即AB交错或先A后B：
（1）逐点比较
多数人认为这种AB交错的方式可以避免行文的单调沉闷，对比的效果更鲜明突出。如：
There are basic differences between large and small enterprises. In a small enterprise, you operated mainly
through personal contacts. In a large enterprise, you have established “policies” , “channels” of organization, and
fairly strict procedure. In the small enterprise you have immediate effectiveness in a very small area. You can see
the effect of your work and of your decisions ground. In the large organization you are normally taught one thingthoroughly. In the small one the danger is of becoming a Jack-of-all-trades-but-master-of-none. In the large it is of
becoming the man who knows more and more about less and less.
（2） 整块比较
It is easy to be a winner. A winner can show his joy publicly. He can laugh and sing and dance and celebrate
his victory. People love to be with winners. Winners are never lonely. Unlike winners, losers are the lonely ones of
the world. It is difficult to face defeat with dignity. Losers can not show their disappointment publicly. They can not
cry or grieve about their defeat. They may suffer privately, but they must be composed in public. They have nothing
to celebrate and no one to share their sadness.
2.分类
分类是人类认识客观世界的重要手段之一，也是描写事物、解释观点最有效的方式之一。通过将一事
物分类，可使复杂事物变得清晰明了，便于作者阐述自己的观点。
分类段落的各类排列要条理，可采用从主要到次要，从次要到主要，从多到少或从少到多等方式排列，
亦可平行排列。如：
[1]As far as political views are concerned, people fall into three categories. First are the conservative
people. Conservatives are opposed to sudden or great changes. Second are the liberal people.These people
are in favor of progress and reform. But their opinions often seem to idealistic. The third type is the moderate
people. The moderates keep everything within reasonable limits. They are more practical in this hard world. In my
opinion, most people seem to belong to this group.
本段采用平行排列的方式，按人的政治观点分为三类：保守、自由和温和。
[2]These are several reasons why I decided tom attend Bingston University . First of all, the tuition is
reasonable. Secondly, the university has a deferred payment plan., which lessons the load of peasant families like
mine. Another reason is that Bingston has the finest teachers in its graduate program. My chief reason, however, is
Bingston’s program in agriculture, my chosen field, which is recognized as the leader in this area.
该段采用主次排列的方式，分析了作者决定上Bingston大学的原因。
[3]According to Mr. Li, the fifteen students of his cLASS fall into three groups. Seven of them work hard and
study well. They always get good marks in examinations and are often praised by the teachers. Li calls them “good
students”. The monitor, the secretary of the Youth League, and the captain of the cLASS volleyball team, are quick
in finding out what their fellow students are interested in or what they should do as a collective. They always
organize proper activities at the proper time. So Li calls them “good organizers”. Four other students are very kind
to their cLASSmates, always ready to lend them a helping hand. They help to clean the cLASSroom and thecorridor even when they are not on duty. Li says that they are “ good comrades”. “What about yourself?” someone
asks him. “I’m a group by my self ——a good observer”.
该段不同于以上两段，不是先分类再解释，而是先说明其特点，然后定义分类。虽分类并不科学，却
达到了其幽默之目的。
3.例证
例证指具体说明人或事物特点、本质及其规律的方法。所用例子需有代表性、典型性。例证型段落的
写作方式多为先提出主题再列举事例。在事例之前一般有For example或For instance。例证后面，根据情
况还可以加上结论句。如：
In order to prevent non-smokers from being affected, measures must be taken to reduce the chances of
smoking. A lot of work can be done concerning this. For example, in some public places, such as in the theatres and
cinemas, smoking should be forbidden. Even on the train or plane people should not be allowed to smoke. Doctors,
teachers and government leaders should take the lead not to smoke. Above all, the harmfulness and dangers caused
by smoking should be made known to all through newspapers, broadcast, or TV programs. Also the growing of
tobacco and the production of cigarettes should not be encouraged. If these measures can be taken, we can
effectively reduce the chances of smoking.
4 因果
因果是两个事物之间的关系。一些说明文，议论文通过分析因果关系说明一个中心思想。如不能把因
果关系解释清楚，文章将无法说明任何主题。
因果型段落的扩展模式有两种，一是分类编法，另一个是连环编排法。如果只讨论成因或只讨论结果，
细节比较简单，只需按其重要性或其逻辑顺序进行编排。分类编排法指先讨论原因，然后讨论结果；或先
讨论结果，后讨论原因。
（1）分类编排法
Music is my chief hobby. When I listen to music, good things happen to me. If I am lonely or homesick, I
listen to pop music. The quick rhythm, the strong beats of drums lift my spirits. If I am familiar with a song, I will
sing alone with it and my depression disappears. When I am bored or very tired, I listen to Mozart. His music
makes me feel alive. Music also reminds me of home. Before I came to college, my sisters and I would listen to
music and sing songs together and cheer us. Now I enjoy listening to music and singing with my roommates
because their smiles make me remember the happy times with my family. For me, music is an excellent
escape, and without it, I wouldn’t be so happy。
（2）连环编排法先讨论一组因果，再一组因果，再一组因果，形成一个锁链。当因果紧密相连，前一果为后一果之因
时，经常使用这种方式。
Students shouldn’t stay up so late. Because of the pressure of examinations, many students burn night candles.
The next day, they have to get enough sleep. As a result, many of them get sleepy in ClASs. They couldn’t catch
what the teacher says. Not having studied their lessons well, they find it difficult to make good performance in
examinations. So, it is not worthwhile to stay up late if you want to study well.
5.人物描写
人物描写包括外部特征、性格特征、思想状态、行为语言等，用于表现人物精神面貌、披露人物内心
活动、揭示人物性格变化，借以突出作品主题思想。如：
My sister is a boyish girl. She has short and straight hair like a boy’s. She likes white, black and grey colors, as
most boys do. She never cares for shirts, stockings but loves jackets and jeans. Sometimes she wears a men’s suit
and leather shores as if she were a gentleman. Basketball and football are her favorite sports. She also enjoys
watching boxing. She always shouts and cheers excitedly when she is watching a football match. When she is with
her friends, she always says Ladies first” to other girls. The most interesting thing is that she has been mistaken for
a boy many times. And she is pleased with that. She always says that she should be a boy.
第一句作者明确表示他眼中的妹妹是个男孩子气十足的小姑娘。这样读者大都会在心中勾画出一种从
长相、穿着到言谈举止都特男孩化的女孩。下文作者正是通过穿着、外貌和性格等方面向读者展现一个活
生生的人物形象。
6.地点描写
地点描写指用生动形象的语言对某一地点、某一环境进行具体逼真的描绘，使读者如临其境、如睹其
物。地点描写的对象可大可小，在可以为城市、国家，小可是一间教室，一个房间。
地点描写自然按空间顺序排列，作者应立足于一个出发点，由远及近，由近到远，从里到外，从外到
里，由左到右，或由右到左进行描写，顺序不可混乱，否则读者会迷失方向。如下面一段作者从大门开始，
由外向里逐步介绍学校的布置，读者如同跟着作者参观了一所校园。
Now I will show you around our school. It is one of the largest middle schools in the city. When you step into
the gate, you will see a beautiful flower bed before you. In the middle of the flower bed there is a fountain with
many colored flowers around it. If you walk along the school road, you will come to the playground, on each side
of which are rows of trees. We often read books under the trees. On the right of the playground are two ClASsroom
buildings. On the left is the newly-built four-storyed building. I’m lucky to study here. I love my school very much.
7.物体描写描写物体时应侧重物的形状、规格大小、颜色和功能。任何一段文字都应有叙述的中心，对物的描写
也不例外。同样，主题句也应反映出作者对所要描写物体的看法、态度。如：
The first thing I notice in the bride’s room is the beautiful curtain. This curtain is patchwork in design, and is
sewn out of squares of materials of different colors like white, light green, brown and orange. It is made of silk,
trimmed with delicate braids. It is about six feet long and hangs from a wooden rail. The curtain matches perfectly
with the dark wooden rail and furniture in the room.
通过主题句可以看出作者想向读者描写的是一幅漂亮的窗帘。
二、说明方法
1.罗列法（listing）
在文章开始时提出需要说明的东西和观点，然后常用 first，second，…and finally加以罗列说明。罗列
法广泛地使用于各类指导性的说明文之中。罗列法经常用下列句式展开段落，我们可以注意模仿学习：
There are several good reasons why we should learn a foreign language. First of all， …Secondly， …And
finally， …
We should try our best to plant more trees for several good reasons First of all， …Secondly， …And
finally，
必须指出的是，有时罗列法并不一定有明确的first， second…等词，但文章还是以罗列论据展开的。
2.举例法（examples）
举例法是用具体的例子来说明我们要表达的意思，常用 for example， for instance， still another
example is…等词语引出，举例法和罗列法有时可以结合使用：即用罗列法来列出例子，用例子充实罗列的
说明。
3.比较法（comparison and contrast）
比较法是对两个对象进行比较，从而进行说明的写作手法。比较法又可细分为比较相同点
（comparison）和比较不同点（contrast）两种方法。在比较相同点的时候，常用到similarly，also，too，in
the same case，in spite of the difference 等这样的词语。however，on the other hand，in contrast，but，
nevertheless等表示转折的词语常用来引导对不同点的比较。
4.定义法（definition）
定义法也是英语说明文中常用的写作手法，特别是在对具体事物概念进行说明时经常使用。定义法的
基本要素是定义句。英语中常见定义句的模式是 被定义对象is所属类别+限制性定语。比如
A bat is a small mouse-like animal that flies at night and feeds on（以…为食品）fruit and insects but is not a
bird.5.顺序法（sequence of time，space and process）
顺序法是指按时间、空间或过程的顺序进行说明的一种写作手法。比如按照时间顺序介绍一个科学家
的生平，用空间顺序阐述逐渐开发西部的重要意义，用过程顺序法解释葡萄酒的生产过程等等。
6.分类法（classification）
分类法是将写作对象进行分类说明的一种写作手法
Some books are to be tasted， others to be swallowed， and some few to be chewed and digested,that is,
some books are to be read only in parts， others to be read， but not curiously，and some few to be read wholly,
and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others;
but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books…
三、科普说明文
这种题材的文章大部分是介绍科技前沿、科学动态、新的发明创造、科研方法，或是对某一个问题的
来龙去脉和解决方法等加以介绍。作者的目的就是让读者获得知识、信息，对说明对象有所了解，并获得
某些方面的启示。其特点如下：
1. 文章中会牵涉到实验、研究者、研究方法、在某项主题上的不同意见和争鸣，有时会出现读者还不
熟悉的前沿性的科学题材，但作者一般持客观的态度，不显示自己的褒贬之意；
2. 此类文章为了做到通俗易懂，在语言上尽量避免使用专业性词汇，对于动词，做到这一点较轻易，
但是有些专有名词则无法避免，不过，作者通常会对较难的专有名词进行解释，甚至举例说明，这往往也
是出题的地方；
3. 在语法上，此类文章长句使用较多，主从复合句、同位语、插入语、非谓语动词形式和被动语态使
用率较高；
4. 此类文章语篇模式一般比较固定、整洁，主题句通常位于段首，多使用平行结构。
针对科普文章的这些特点，首先我们平时要多关注科学题材的文章，了解一些基本的科普知识；其次，
在阅读时要注重实验的目的和结果，不能凭想象和猜测下结论；对于较难理解的句子要利用语法结构去分
析；最后，要利用文章特点找准主题句，把握中心，从而一一破解题目。
四、说明文的命题方式（以阅读理解为例）
考向一 细节理解题
说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点：⑴在列举处命题，如用
first(1y)、second(1y)、third(1y)finally、not only...but also...、then、in addition等表示顺承关系的词语列举出
事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。⑵在例证处命题，句中常用由as、
such as、for example、for instance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。⑶在转折对比处命题，一般通过however、but、yet、in fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike、until、not s
o much…as等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。⑷在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反
的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除
干扰。⑸在复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之
间的指代关系和语法关系。
细节类问题一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅
读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。
考向二 语意猜测题
说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以
常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以 the underlined part … in paragraph…refers to…或
what does the underlined word mean? 或 what is the meaning of the underlined word?为设
问方式。解题时考生应认真阅读原文，分析其对某些科学原理是如何定义、如何解释的，并以此为突破口
抽象概括出生词词义。也可以通过上下文来猜测某个陌生词语的语意。或者找出某个词语在文章中的同义
词。要注意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入语等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分。说明文在阐述说
明对象时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以it，they，them 等代词为命题点，因此考生
要根据上下文语境，认真阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行者，以便准确判断代词的其实
际指代对象。
考向三 主旨大意题
说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和
归纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以 This passage mainly talks about ____.
What is the main idea of the passage? 为设问方式。
答题时首先阅读题干，掌握问题的类型，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地
对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排
除干扰项，选出正确答案。
考向四 判断推理题
这种试题常以(1)the passage is intended to...(2) the author suggests that...(3) the story implies
that…(4) which point of view may the author agree to?(5) from the passage we can conclude that...(6)
the purpose of the passage is to...为设问方式。这种题型的答案在原文中不是直接就能找到的，它要求考
生进行合理的推断。如因果关系，文中的某些用词、语气也往往具有隐含意义，考生要将这种含义读出来。说明文常出现图示判断题，这种试题可以事物之间正确的依赖关系为命题点，要求考生判断其正确的流程
顺序相互关系等。考生一定要认真阅读原文，并对照原文介绍的情况，弄清图示的差异，根据题干需要最
终做出正确判断。如：动物介绍性说明文常出现动物能力判断题，考查考生对特定动物所具有能力的判断。
解题时考生应认真阅读原文对动物形态活动能力的判断，了解动物的生存环境和是否会使用工具，是否善
于爬行、飞翔和游泳等。观点态度题也是判断推理题考查的内容之一。说明文的对象为客观事实，但设题
以议论的表达方式抒发对该说明对象的想法。如对某种新发明的赞赏，或对某个事物的批判。这类题目常
见的题干表达方式有what was the author’s attitude towards ...? 等。
五、说明文的解题技巧（以阅读理解为例）
高考阅读理解中，说明文为主要体裁之一。高考阅读理解题的设问主要围绕以下四方面：细节事实题、
主旨大意题、推理判断题、猜测词义题。其中，说明文主要以细节事实、主旨大意和猜测词义三方面问题
为主。
一、词义猜测类题型
阅读理解题中常要求学生猜测某些单词或短语的意思。历年英语高考题中均有此类题目，有的文章尽
管没有专门设题，但由于文章中常常出现生词，因此，词义的猜测还是贯穿在文章的阅读理解之中。解这
类题目一般是通过上下文去理解或根据构词法去猜测。判断一个单词的意思不但离不开句子，而且还需要
把句子放在上下文中，根据上下文提供的线索加以猜测。运用构词法,语境等推测关键词义，可以根据以
下几种方法猜测：
（一）内在逻辑关系
根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻
辑关系推断生词词义。
1. 通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词
通过同义词猜词，一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组，如happy and gay，即使我们不认识gay这
个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思。这是高三册第八单元阅读第五段的句子：
The word ＂secure＂ in paragraph 5 line is closest in meaning to _________.
A. free from anxiety B. anxious C. nervous D. happy
根据上下文和同义词，可以选出答案A。
二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词，如 Man has known something about the planets
Venus，Mars，and Jupiter with the help of spaceships. 此句中的Venus（金星）,Mars（火星）,Jupiter（木
星）均为生词，但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于＂行星＂这一义域.通过反义词猜词，一是看
表转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while，however等；二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如：He is so homely, not at all as handsome as his brother.根据not at all...handsome我们不难推测出homely
的意思，即不英俊，不漂亮的意思。
2. 根据因果关系猜测词义
通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词
（如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，of course，therefore等等）表示前因后果。例如：
You shouldn’t have blamed him for that, for it wasn’t his fault. 通过for引出的句子所表示的原因
（那不是他的错），可猜出blame的词义是＂责备＂。
3. 通过定义或释义关系来推测词义
例如：But sometimes, no rain falls for a long, long time. Then there is a dry period, or drought.
从drought所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即drought，由此可见
drought意思为＂久旱＂，＂旱灾＂。而a dry period和drought是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is，
or，that is，in other words，be called或破折号等来表示。
4. 通过句法功能来推测词义
例如：Bananas, oranges, pineapples, coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如
pineapples和coconuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难
看出pineapples, coconuts和bananas, oranges是同类关系，同属fruit类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，
是菠萝和椰子。
5. 通过描述猜词
描述即作者为帮助读者更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。
例如 The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way.
Although it cannot fly，it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin
是一种生活在南极的鸟类.后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。
（二）外部相关因素
外部相关因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知识，有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词
义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如：The snakes lithered through the grass.根据有
关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither词义为＂爬行＂。
（三）构词法
在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解
又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根,前缀,后缀,合成等构词法知识，这些问题便不难
解决了。1. 根据前缀猜测词义
例如：He fell into a ditch and lay there, semi-conscious, for a few minutes.根据词根conscious（清
醒的，有意识的），结合前缀semi（半，部分的，不完全的），我们便可猜出semiconscious词义＂半清醒
的，半昏迷的。＂I’m illiterate about such things.词根lit-erate意为＂有文化修养的，通晓的＂，前缀il表
示否定，因此illiterate指＂一窍不通，不知道的＂。
2. 根据后缀猜测词义
例如：Insecticide is applied where it is needed.后缀cide表示＂杀者，杀灭剂＂，结合大家熟悉的词
根insect（昆虫），不难猜出insecticide意为＂杀虫剂＂。Then the vapor may change into droplets.后缀
let表示＂小的＂，词根drop指＂滴，滴状物＂。将两个意思结合起来，便可推断出droplet词义＂小滴，
微滴＂。
3. 根据复合词的各部分猜测词义
例如：Growing economic problems were high-lighted by a slowdown in oil output. Hightlight或许是
一个生词，但是分析该词结构后，就能推测出其含义。它是由high（高的，强的）和light（光线）两部分
组成，合在一起便是＂以强光照射，使突出＂的意思。Bullfight is very popular in Spain. Bull（公牛）和
fight（打，搏斗）结合在一起，指一种在西班牙颇为流行的体育运动—斗牛。
二、主旨大意类题型
主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能
是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎样把握主旨大意题呢？通常有以下几种方法：
（一）阅读文章的标题或副标题
文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。
（二）寻找文章的主题句
分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们
可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句，即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题.若短文由若干段组成，除
仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即段落中心。通常文章的中心思想包含在文章
的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时，
要求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此要求学生综观
全文，对段落的内容要融会贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。主题句的特点是：1. 相对于其他句子，它
表达的意思比较概括；2. 主题句一般结构简单；3. 段落中其他句子必定是用来解释，支撑或发展主题句
所表达的思想的。
总之，为提高阅读理解能力，在阅读时应抓中心思想，作者意图及关键词语，运用联想、比较、归纳、推测等方法，得出最佳结论，选择最佳答案，不能主观臆测，把自己的观点强加进去，与文章的观点混为
一谈。经过长时间有计划，有目的的系统训练，使学生加快阅读速度，提高阅读的正确性，使两者有机地
统一起来，以提高学生阅读英语和运用英语进行交际的能力，为继续学习和运用英语切实打好基础.阅读是
一种综合性很强的语言实际活动。我们只有进行大量的课内外阅读，掌握一定的阅读技巧，正确运用阅读
方法，才能有效地提高阅读理解能力。
2
能力强化
一、阅读理解
1
Animal keepers use the term enrichment to describe the introduction of environmental stimuli into the
surroundings of caged animals. In recent years, “environmental enrichment” also known as behavioral enrichment,
providing animals with challenges, opportunities, and stimulation that are species-appropriate, has grown more
popular in zoos and aquariums. A latest study does, however, identify potential to “diversify the enrichment types
being supplied and the species being examined.”
The study conducted by the University of Exeter and Sparsholt College, Hampshire, looked into whether zoo
enrichment is based on evidence of what each species requires. It was discovered that this was true for specific
animals as well as certain forms of enrichment, but the quantities of both could be larger, especially the samples of
certain species of animals. “Based on our findings, we would encourage zoos to continue enrichment, but with a
stronger emphasis on using available knowledge on what works for each species. Keepers should also consider
what behaviors are being taught and whether there is evidence that this behavior is normal and good in the long
run.” stated University of Exeter’s Dr. Paul Rose.
The research looked at a database of peer-reviewed works as well as two magazines for zoo workers. Almost
77 percent of the enrichment articles identified focused on mammals, with 11 percent on birds, 6 percent on
considerable species, 4 percent on reptiles, and only a few on some other species. This emphasis on popular species
may result in greater and higher-quality enrichment for some species than others. What’s more, in the case of
mammals, the application of biological evidence to inform this enrichment was inconsistent.
There are many ways to enrich an animal’s surroundings such as adjusting animal care, forming social groups,
and enhancing sensory stimulation. The purpose of any enrichment program should be to generate ideas for
providing a species-appropriate stimulating environment that encourages positive behaviors while keeping in mind
that both species and individuals will have varied demands.1. What does the latest study mentioned in the passage want to figure out?
A. The real situation of zoo enrichment. B. The final evidence of zoo enrichment.
C. The possible future of zoo enrichment. D. The original purpose of zoo enrichment.
2. How did the writer prove his statement in paragraph 3?
A. By giving a database. B. By doing persuasion.
C. By discussing the data. D. By presenting an example.
3. What are not enough about the environmental enrichment according to the passage?
A. The lasting challenges and opportunities.
B. The space of the zoos and the keepers’ knowledge.
C. The enrichment types, the animal species and numbers.
D. The stimuli the keepers give and the articles the keepers write.
4. Which could be the best title of this passage?
A. More Zoo Keepers Should Be Developed
B. Enrichment of Zoos Could Be Expanded
C. Articles on Enrichment Could Be Published
D. Environmental Enrichment Should Be Encouraged
2
While pedaling hard on a bike, do you feel like you are saving the planet? Or do you just feel out of breath? In
fact, cycling is now considered one of the ultimate weapons humanity can use in the fight against climate change.
The United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution in March supporting bicycles as a tool for dealing
with climate change. The resolution calls on member states to “integrate the bicycle into public transportation, in
urban and rural settings in developing and developed countries”, with all 193 members of the UN unanimously (一
致同意地) adopting the resolution.
This decision has received a positive response from numerous groups in support of cycling and environmental
awareness internationally. “It is an important step toward the recognition of cycling as an important mode of
transport,” said the European Cyclists’ Federation.
The resolution from the UN comes at a time when climate change has returned to the center of global
attention. On Feb 28, the UN published a new report assessing recent climate change trends. The report warns that
the global average temperature will rise by 1.5 C above pre-industrial levels (1850-1900), with more than 40
percent of the world’s population being “highly vulnerable” to these temperature changes.
In May 2020, bike sales in Spain increased 22-fold (22倍) compared with 2019. In London, large parts of thecity are being closed off to cars so that people can walk and cycle safely. Cities like Berlin and Montreal have also
added new, wider bike lanes.
More importantly, the resolution focuses on bike-sharing services, which could be seen as recognition of
China’s bike-sharing success, noted CGTN.
China has some of the largest bike-sharing systems in the world. The country has more than 360 cities with
dockless (无桩的) bike-sharing systems, with nearly 20 million bicycles for an average 47 million trips each day,
according to China’s Ministry of Transport. This transportation option that produces zero emissions reduces the
amount of CO2 released into the atmosphere by 4.8 million tons every year, according to a 2020 report from the
World Resources Institute.
5. According to the first paragraph, when cycling you may feel________ .
A. relaxed B. proud C. anxious D. nervous
6. Why has the resolution received a positive response?
A. Because it is an only tool to cope with climb changes.
B. Because it can be used in urban and rural settings in all countries.
C. Because it has been agreed with by all 193 members of the UN.
D. Because most people support cycling and environmental awareness.
7. The purpose that the author mentioned China in the last paragraph is_____.
A. To show China has succeeded in bike-sharing services.
B. To indicate China has the most bikes in the world.
C. To call for the world to learn from China.
D. To suggest that China has developed quickly.
8. How many tons CO can be stopped into the atmosphere every two years?
A. 20 million tons. ₂ B. 9.6 million tons.
C. 4.8 million tons. D. 24.8 million tons.
3
Hanfu, the traditional clothing of the Han , has made a comeback in recent years. The hanfu boom has seen an
increase in available styles. To satisfy the diverse tastes of today’s youth, sellers are putting a fancy spin on this
ancient costume.
Certain hanfu have a colorful reflective effect, as shiny decorative powders are stamped into the cloth. Modern
material like chiffon (薄绸) is also widely used in hanfu, while paillettes (亮片) have been added to the surface of
the dress.Although the young fans of hanfu generally agree there’s no need to strictly follow the ancient rules, their
opinions differ significantly. Qing Zhi, a university student, said hanfu is only a kind of clothing. She can match
hanfu from different dynasties together, or with modern clothing, according to her own preferences. However, the
form of each piece of hanfu she wears must be in accordance with history. Dafan, 24, sees it differently. She said
clothing with fancy and exaggerated modern decorations can’t be seen as hanfu at all.
Meanwhile, fans disagree on how often one should wear the clothing. Qingzhi wears hanfu every day, while
Wu Yue, another hanfu fan, said the clothing should not be worn daily.
In Wu’s view, hanfu should be properly combined with modern living. For example, special occasions like
festivals and weddings are good occasions for wearing hanfu. “Only with functions can hanfu really have vitality.”
she said.
Han Hua, a fellow from Chongyang Research Institute for Financial Studies at Renmin University of China,
views the evolution of hanfu as natural. “I think people dressing in hanfu can have their own choices, whether
sticking to the very traditional style, or whether having them modernized,” she said. “Both sides are OK, or there
may even be a third side that introduces some modern elements, or some Western elements into hanfu. I’m totally
fine with that. I only hope that there won’t be any disputes(争论), and there will be respect toward each party.”
9. What do we know about hanfu from the first two paragraphs?
A. It’s delicate and comfortable. B. Its production follows strict rules.
C. It appeals to people of different ages. D. It keeps pace with the times.
10. What is paragraph 3 mainly about?
A. The history of hanfu. B. Rules of matching hanfu.
C. The debate over hanfu’s evolution D. Different views on the popularity of hanfu.
11. What does Wu Yue think of hanfu?
A. It doesn’t match modern living. B. It is sensible for people to wear it daily.
C. It is a good choice for important occasions. D. Modern decorations give it more vitality.
12. What can we infer from Han Hua’s words?
A. Diverse forms of hanfu should harmoniously coexist.
B. It is hard to predict the evolution of hanfu.
C. Hanfu is a mean of passing on traditional Chinese culture.
D. Adding Western elements to hanfu can help spread it worldwide.
4They give us paper and fuel, as well as vital ecological services – like cleaning the air, storing carbon and
providing habitat. We’re talking about trees, of course. But changes in the environment largely caused by humans
appear to be causing great transformations in trees around the world.
In a new study, scientists reviewed global research on trends in tree seedlings, growth and death. They
combined those data with an analysis of deforestation (森林砍伐). And they found that worldwide, older trees are
dying at a higher rate than in the past due to factors like rising air temperature, wildfires, drought and pathogens (病
原体).
“And most of the drivers of this decrease in large, old trees, such as rising temperatures, severe droughts,
wildfires, windstorms and deforestation are all – although variable across the globe – generally increasing. And so
both the loss has already occurred, but we expect more continued loss of big, old trees,” said Nate McDowell, an
earth scientist at Pacific Northwest National Lab, who was one of the study’s authors.
“So if we have an increasing rate of death, particularly of the larger, older trees, what’s left are the younger
trees. So that’s why, on average, through the loss of bigger, older trees, our forests are becoming younger and
shorter.”
This trend is a problem because old trees are vitally important. “For sure, the increase in death does limit the
carbon storage of an ecosystem and can force the system to become a carbon source to the atmosphere. The second
reason we care is from a biodiversity perspective: Old trees tend to house a higher biodiversity than young forests
do. And the third reason is linked with beauty: As a society, we care about these trees. We have national parks
named after these big trees. So there’s a personal reason for people to care about this as well,” McDowell added.
13. What formed the basis for the new study on trees?
A. Previous study data on trees. B. wildfires, drought and pathogens.
C. Research on changes in the environment. D. Information about climate change.
14. What does “the drivers” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. The transformations brought by the loss of older trees.
B. The factors causing the death of older trees.
C. The causes of the disappearance of forests.
D. The environmental impacts of cars.
15. According to Nate McDowell, old trees are important in that________.
A. they can limit the carbon storage of an ecosystem
B. they play an important role in forming national parksC. they allow the existence of a higher biodiversity
D. they bring in a much younger forest
16. What’s the author’s main purpose in writing the article?
A. To prove that forests are becoming less diverse.
B. To call on society to plant more trees.
C. To explain the reasons behind the loss of old trees.
D. To describe the importance of old trees for our world.
二、完形填空
1
As dawn breaks at the edge of the Sahara, Ibrahim and his wife Miriam are packing up their home. They and
other Tuareg ___17___ are moving to a new location. This routine is typical. Their life is one of ___18___.
There are nomadic (游牧的) people in Africa, Central Asia and above the Arctic Circle. Many ___19___ were
once nomadic, but these days the numbers are ___20___. It is not known how many Tuareg there are, but
___21___ range from 1million to 1.5 million.
Most of Tuareg lead a nomadic lifestyle based on trade and livestock, ___22___ goats, sheep, cattle and
camels. The men are sometimes called “Blue Men” because of their ___23___ blue clothing. The blue ___24___
protects their faces from the sun and sand. It also stains (染色) their skin and defines their unique ___25___.
The homes of the Tuareg are simple ____26____. They usually have a light wood frame and are ____27____
with animal skins or mats. This makes ____28____ easy to take the tent down and put it up. When a woman
marries, her family ____29____ a tent for her.
Nowadays, customs and traditions are ____30____. More and more nomadic people are starting to farm, or
moving to cities to work. But many Tuareg are still ____31____ their traditional way of life.
17. A. agencies B. families C. specialists D. relatives
18. A. campaign B. invasion C. movement D. passion
19. A. carriages B. creatures C. shelters D. cultures
20. A. bigger B. smaller C. stronger D. weaker
21. A. estimates B. discounts C. capacities D. responses
22. A. raising B. killing C. delivering D. removing
23. A. dramatic B. distinctive C. apparent D. historic
24. A. parcel B. skin C. wool D. cloth
25. A. tone B. zone C. privilege D. identity26. A. houses B. tents C. cottages D. flats
27. A. equipped B. occupied C. covered D. armed
28. A. them B. what C. that D. it
29. A. makes B. rents C. irons D. sews
30. A. refreshing B. disappearing C. changing D. fading
31. A. keeping to B. adjusting to C. showing off D. allowing for
2
Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful? Because
humans have an inherited need to _____32_____ uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science.
The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people will _____33_____ to satisfy their
curiosity even when it is clear the answer will hurt.
In a series of four experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago and the Wisconsin School of
Business tested students’ willingness to _____34_____themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy
curiosity. For one experiment, each _____35_____was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from
a previous experiment. The twist? Half of the pens would deliver an electric shock when _____36_____. Twenty-
seven students were told which pens were electrified; Another 27 were told only that some were electrified.
_____37_____ left alone in the room, the students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more
pens and incurred more shocks than the students who knew what would _____38_____. Consequent experiments
reproduced this effect with other stimuli, such as the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of
horrible insects.
The drive to _____39_____ is deeply rooted in humans, much the same as the basic drives for food or shelter, says
Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago. Curiosity is often considered a good instinct — it can
_____40_____ new scientific advances, for instance — but sometimes such ______41______ can backfire. The
instinct that curiosity can drive you to do self-destructive things is a tragic one. Unhealthy curiosity is possible to
______42______, however. In a final experiment, participants who were encouraged to ______43______ how they
would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to ______44______ to see such an image. These
results suggest that imagining the ______45______ of following through on one’s curiosity ahead of time can help
determine whether it is worth the efforts. “Thinking about long-term ______46______ is key to reducing the
possible negative effects of curiosity.” Hsee says. In other words, don’t read online comments.
32. A. address B. protect C. discuss D. ignore33. A. refuse B. wait C. seek D. regret
34. A. alert B. tie C. treat D. expose
35. A. messenger B. participant C. candidate D. applicant
36. A. removed B. weakened C. clicked D. interrupted
37. A. Unless B. If C. Though D. When
38. A. happen B. continue C. disappear D. change
39. A. disagree B. forgive C. forget D. discover
40. A. begin with B. rest on C. learn from D. lead to
41. A. withdrawal B. inquiry C. persistence D. diligence
42. A. resist B. define C. replace D. trace
43. A. predict B. overlook C. design D. conceal
44. A. remember B. choose C. promise D. pretend
45. A. relief B. plan C. outcome D. duty
46. A. limitations B. investments C. strategies D. consequences
三、语法填空
1
The opening ceremony of the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games on the evening of Feb 4 was different, yet
spectacular（引人入胜的）. The audiences were treated to a pared-down（简约的） ceremony, ____47____ the
large-scale artistic performances that marked the 2008 opening ceremony, ____48____ it was no less symbolic—
symbolic of a shared future for humankind. The final torch（火炬）at the snowflake-themed ceremony was small,
yet the flames conveyed significant messages of ____49____ (green) Olympic Games. The use of ____50____
(advance) technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine vision, 5G and cloud broadcasting ____51____
(add) to the novelty of the opening ceremony. The performances, carrying forward the theme of global peace and a
shared future for humankind, focused on environmental protection and human health, ____52____ (highlight) the
importance of sports to instill (灌输)new confidence in the international community ____53____ (contain) the
pandemic（瘟疫）. Through the opening ceremony on Feb. 4, people can clearly see China’s pursuit of building a
peaceful world, its ____54____ ( reflect) of the new Olympic motto of “Faster, Higher, Stronger, Together” and the
Beijing Winter Games’ motto of “together for a shared future”.
Today, ____55____ over 300 million people engaged in winter sports in about 2000 ski resorts and ice rinks,
China is becoming a winter sport country. This extraordinary achievement opens a new era for global wintersport, _____56_____ will raise the global participation to new levels, benefiting the Chinese people as well as
winter sport enthusiasts around the world.
2
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
It is reported that at present a city in Japan has a problem with graffiti(涂鸦). However, it is not the usual type
of graffiti with paint from spray cans ____57____(use) to write on walls. It is graffiti in sand.
Officials in the city of Tottori are asking tourists to give up ____58____ (write) messages and drawing
pictures in the sand of its giant sand dunes (沙丘). The officials say the graffiti causes damage to the dunes,
____59____ destroys the pleasure others get in looking at the sand.
More than 3,300 cases of "sand graffiti" ____60____ (occur) at the tourist spot in the past decade. In January,
two overseas tourists were ordered ____61____ (erase) a 25-meter-long message that read "Happy Birthday
Natalie".
The Tottori Sand Dunes are famous throughout Japan ____62____ their natural beauty. They are the largest
and longest sand dunes in the country and form part of ____63____ scenic coastal park on the sea of Japan coast.
The biggest dune is 50 meters high.
The local government wants to improve tourists' understanding of the ____64____ (important) of the dunes. It
will set up much ____65____ (many) signs in English, Chinese and Korean asking people to respect the dunes. A
spokesman said, "We are concerned about whether the rules are ____66____ (complete) understood, and we want
to continue to protect views of the beautiful sand dunes."
3
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
Chinese net users have found a new way to battle desertification by playing virtual (虚拟的) planting games.
Ant Forest, ___67___ is under Ant Financial of the Alibaba Group, told the Global Times that they had planted
over 50 million trees covering about 507 square kilometers across China from 2016 to 2019.
Ant Forest is the first such game in China. In the Ant Forest plan, any activity ___68___(consider) low
carbon, including walking, taking public transport and online payments, will be converted into virtual “green
energy”. The energy will be used to grow a virtual tree in the “forest” of the ___69___(user). They exchange
___70___for a real tree by paying the corresponding energy. Ant Forest will plant the real trees in spring and
autumn each year ___71___the help of local authorities in the desert areas. This way of planting trees___72___
(recognize) on October 23, 2018 by the National Afforestation Committee as____73____means for citizens tofulfill their obligation of planting trees.
The Chinese government attaches great___74___ (important)to the protection of ecosystems. China aims
___75___(increase)the forest cover to 23 percent by 2020, and to 26 percent by 2035. A new study using data from
NASA satellite shows that the Earth becomes____76____(green) as a result of ambitious tree-planting programs in
China.
4
The British actress, Emma Watson, finally got to bring her childhood hero to life. She played the beautiful
Belle in Disney’s new live-action version of its classic animation (动画片) Beauty and the Beast. Watson also sang
in the film -- the first time she __77__ (do) so in her career.
To be able to play __78__ role，Watson turned down the offer of La La Land, __79__ ended up winning
six awards, __80__ Best Actress，at this year's Oscars.
However, she doesn't regret it. She told Vanity Fair that she believes the movie says something important that
people __81__ hear.
__82__ (see) the kind-hearted Belle as a better role model than La La Land’s career-obsessed (沉迷于事业
的)Mia，Watson happily took on this character. But __83__ (build) her own version of Belle, Watson had a hand
in shaping the character. In the original Disney movie, Belle is an assistant to her inventor father, __84__ the
remake sees her as a creator in her own right.
Not content with being a global movie star, Watson also spends time being creative elsewhere. Her house is
full of paintings that she created __85__. One in particular stands out—a self-portrait (自画像)of her holding a
camera. Her work wouldn't be __86__ place hanging on the wall of a New York art gallery.
