文档内容
第 07 讲 定语从句 （讲）
【考纲考情】
定语从句是高考的必考点之一，高频考点有：
1.关系代词和关系副词的正确运用，特别是它们在非限制性定语从句中的运用。
2.限制性与非限制性定语从句的区别；
3.介词+关系代词的用法；
4.不定代词/数词+of which/whom引导的非限制性定语从句；
5.定语从句与名词从句、状语从句、强调句、并列句、简单句的甄别。
定语从句的考查常出现在高考试题中的语法填空、改错和书面表达中，尤其是非限制性定语从句。
其中语法填空题对定语从句考查的命题切入点是：从句型上看，切入点涉及限制性和非限制性定语从句；
从引导词方面来看，切入点涉及对关系代词(that, which, who, whom, whose, as)和关系副词(where, when,
why)的考查。
【考点梳理】
定语从句概述
1．定义：在复合句中，修饰限定某一名词(或代词)的句子，叫定语从句。
2．先行词：被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。
先行词一般是名词或不定代词，如：some， any， every， no与body, thing的合成词或all, none, any,
some, that, those等代词。数词和人称代词也同样可作先行词。
3．关系词：连接先行词与从句的词叫关系词。
关系代词：who, whom, which, that, whose, as等。
关系副词：when, where, why等。
4．分类：定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两类。
区别：限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限定作用，而非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明作用，先
行词与定语从句往往由逗号隔开。试比较：
5．功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语。
6．位置：定语从句常置于被修饰词之后；as引导的非限制性定语从句可置于主句前、句中，也可置于
主句之后。
①Those who are for the plan raise your hands, please.
请支持这个计划的人举手。
②As is known to us all, the earth is spinning around the sun.我们都知道，地球围绕太阳旋转。
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
引导定语从句的关系代词有：that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，关系代词可作主语、宾语、定语等。
1．who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。
I've made good friends with several of the students in my school who/whom/that I met in the English speech
contest last year.
我已与去年在英语演讲比赛中遇到的我校的几个学生结交为好朋友。
2．whose既可指人又可指物，在定语从句中作定语。指物时，“whose＋名词”可用“the＋名词＋of
which”或“of which＋the＋名词”来代替。
①Do you know the boy whose handwriting is very beautiful?
你认识那个书法非常漂亮的男孩吗？
②I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea.
→I'd like a room, the window of which looks out over the sea.
→I'd like a room, of which the window looks out over the sea.
我想要一个窗户朝向大海的房间。
3．which, that所代替的先行词是表示事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。
①He was reading a book which/that was about war.
他正在读一本关于战争的书。
A：指物时，关系代词 that 和 which 一般情况下可换用，但以下几种情况下一般用 that，而不用
which。
(1)先行词是all, everything, something, anything, nothing, none, few, little, much等不定代词，或先行词被
all, every, some, any, no, few, little等修饰时。
②I have read all the books (that) you gave me.
你给我的所有书我都已经读过了。
注意：当something确指某物或某事时，用that或which都可以。
This is something that/which you might have forgotten.
这事你可能已经忘记了。
(2)先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词(如：the first，the second, ...，the last等)修饰时。
③This is the best film (that) I have ever seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。
(3)先行词被the only, the very, the right等修饰时。
④The only thing that matters is to find our way home.
唯一要紧的事情是找到我们回家的路。
(4)先行词既有人又有物时。
⑤They talked about the persons and things (that) they remembered in the school.
他们谈论起他们记得的学校里的人和事。
B：在以下情况中，只能用which，不能用that。
(1)在非限制性定语从句中，如果从句中缺少主语或宾语，并指物，只能用which。⑥Our football team won the final, which made us excited.
我们的足球队赢得了决赛，这使我们非常兴奋。
(2)关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时，只能用which。
⑦The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop.
过去我居住的房子已变成了一家鞋店。
注意：使用关系代词时，注意两点：
(1)先行词是“人”还是“物”；
(2)关系代词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语，且在从句中作宾语时可以省略。(非限制性定语从句中的关
系代词不可以省略。)
4．as引导的定语从句
A：as作为关系代词，在定语从句中缺少主语或宾语时使用，通常先行词由the same, as, such, so等修
饰时，关系代词用as。
①They could only read such stories as had been rewritten in simple English.(as作主语)
他们只能读类似这样的一些用简易英语改写的故事。
②These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.(as作宾语)
这些房子以人们期望的低价出售。
③This is the same knife as I lost.(as作宾语)
这把小刀和我丢的那把很相似。
注意：such ... as ... 与such ... that ... 的区别
such ... as ... 中的as引导的是定语从句，而such ... that ... 中的that引导的是结果状语从句。当as引导
定语从句时，as在从句中一般作主语或宾语，而that引导结果状语从句时，that在从句中不作任何成分。
This is such a difficult problem as most of us can't work out.
这是一个我们大多数人都不能解决的难题。
(从句中的work out缺少宾语，前面的as是关系代词，用作work out的宾语。)
She is such a kind girl that many students like her.
她是个善良的女孩所以很多学生喜欢她。
(状语从句是完整的句子，前面的that只起引导从句的作用，在从句中不作成分。)
B：关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别
(1)位置不同
as引导的非限制性定语从句可以置于主句之前、之中或之后，而 which引导的非限制性定语从句只能
位于主句之后。
④As is often the case, little boys tend to be very active and out of control.
小男孩总是很活泼好动，很难控制，这是常见的情况。
⑤Einstein, as is well known, is a famous scientist.
众所周知，爱因斯坦是一位著名的科学家。
⑥There was a bank around here, as I remember.
我记得过去这儿附近有一家银行。
⑦He failed in the exam, which was unexpected.他考试没及格，这是意料之外的。
(2)意义不同
as常译作“正如，像”，多用于下列习惯用语中：as anybody can see “正如人人都能看到的那样”；as
is well known＝as is known to all “众所周知”；as we had expected “正如我们所预料的那样”；as often
happens “正如经常发生的那样”；as is often the case “正如经常发生的那样”；as has been said before “如上
所述”；as is mentioned above “正如上面提到的”；as I remember “正如我所记得的那样”。which常译作
“这一点，这件事”，此时指前面主句所提到的那件事。
⑧He opposed the idea, as could be expected.
不出所料，他反对这个意见。
⑨Tom has made great progress, which makes his parents very happy.
汤姆进步很大，这使他父母很高兴。
(3)用法不同
a．当非限制性定语从句是否定句或表示否定意义时，只能用which。
⑩He came here very late, which was unexpected/not expected.
他来得很晚，这是未预料到的。
b．当as在句中作主语时，后常接动词的被动语态，如：be known, be said, be reported等。如果从句中
动词是主动语态，一般用which作主语。
⑪She has been absent again, as is expected.
她又缺席了，正如预料的那样。
二、 关系副词引导的定语从句
当定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语、定语和表语时，要选用关系副词。其中 when, where, why是常见的
三个关系副词。
when＝表时间的介词(如：in, on, at, during等)＋which；
where＝表地点的介词(如：in, at, on, under等)＋which；
why＝表原因的介词(如：for)＋which。
1．关系副词when, where, why的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词，关系副词在从句中作状语。
①Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment where they live.
现在人们更加关心他们居住的环境。
②I'll never forget the day when my son was born.
我永远忘不了我儿子出生的那一天。
注意：（1）当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如：point， situation， case， stage， family等
时，如果引导词在从句中作状语，常用关系副词 where引导定语从句；如果不作状语，则用关系代词
that/which。
Remember that there is still one point that/which we must make clear at the conference tomorrow.
记住在明天的会议上我们还有一点必须弄清楚。
She's in a hopeless situation， where we will keep a very close eye on her.
她处于无望的处境中，在这种情况下我们将密切注意她。
（2）先行词occasion当“时刻”讲时，用关系副词when；当“场合”讲时，用关系副词where。Please describe an occasion where you met real difficulties.
请描述你遇到真正困境的场景。
Occasions are rare when I have the time to spend a day with my kids.
我有时间和孩子们度过一天的时机很少。
2．way和time后接定语从句的情况。
(1)当先行词是way(意为“方式、方法”，且关系词在定语从句中作状语)时，引导定语从句的关系词
可以是that, in which或省略。
①I don't like the way (that/in which) he looks at me.
我不喜欢他看我的方式。
(2)先行词是time时，若time作“次数”讲，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；若time作
“一段时间，时代”讲，应用关系副词when或“介词at/during＋which”引导定语从句。
②This is the first time (that) I have talked with a foreigner face to face.
这是我第一次和一个外国人面对面交流。
③There was a time when I hated going to school.
曾经有一段时间我讨厌上学。
三 、“介词＋which/whom”引导的定语从句
掌握“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，要注意以下几点：
1．关系代词的确定
在介词后作宾语的关系代词只有which和whom。如果先行词是物，引导词用which；如果先行词是人，
则引导词用whom。
①This is the train on which I went to Shanghai.
这就是我去上海所乘坐的那列火车。
②This is the student for whom I bought the dictionary.
这就是我为他买词典的那个学生。
注意：介词一般放在关系代词which和whom之前，如果介词和句中动词组成固定词组时，这个介词
一般不前置。
My youngest brother，whom I have to look after，is demanding.
我得照看我最小的弟弟，他真是让人费神。
2．关系代词前介词的确定
(1)依据定语从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配来确定。
①The fellow to whom I spoke made no answer at first.
我与之说话的那个人起初没有回答。(speak to)
②The West Lake, for which Hangzhou is famous, is a beautiful place.
西湖是一个美丽的地方，杭州因此而闻名。(be famous for)
(2)根据先行词来确定。
③I'll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.
我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过的童年时光。(during the time)
④Air, without which man can't live, is really important.空气真的很重要，没有它人类就不能生存。(without air)
3．“名词/代词＋介词＋关系代词”结构
此类结构常见的有“some/many/most/all/none＋of＋which/whom”等。
①Here are the questions, some of which I think are difficult for you.
问题都在这儿，其中一些我认为对你来说很难。
②He has three sons, none of whom are doctors.
他有三个儿子，没有一个是当医生的。
4．“复合介词短语＋关系代词which”引导的定语从句，其从句部分常与先行词用逗号隔开，且从句
部分常用倒装语序。
He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tree.
他住在一所大房子里，房子前面有一棵大树。
5．“介词＋which/whom＋不定式”结构
The poor man has no house in which to live.
→The poor man has no house to live in.
→The poor man has no house in which he can live.
那个穷人没房子住。
注意：有时为表达清楚，也可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from/to等，平时也应掌握，但非高
考重点。
China is the birthplace of kites，from where kite flying spreads to Japan，Thailand，India and so on.
中国是风筝的发源地，从这里，放风筝传到了日本、泰国、印度等国家。
用适当的词填空
1．________is often the case, people always want to have a taste of unusual things. That’s why the ARTtic Hall
Hotel has a place in tourism.
2．Then the day came ______ I finally realized I had to make a change.
3. We’ll talk about a particular type of comfort food ______ power tend to be linked with positive emotions.
4．There are several reasons ________ we must protect our environment.
5．This is the best film________ I have seen.
6．Lang Ping, ________ was born on December 10, 1960 in Tianjin, brought honour and glory to our country.
7．We reached Quebec on the eighth day, _________ most people speak French.
8．In this article, we will talk about a particular type of comfort food ________ power mainly lies in the
associations it calls to mind.
9. The plan is designed to created an atmosphere, ________ the staff are motivated to work hard.
10．Later, she studied Chinese medicine with experts in the field from ________ she gained a deep knowledge
about traditional practices.
11．After greeting her family, Mulan changes back into her female clothing and visits her comrades, ________ areall amazed and confused.
12．I am reading a detective story, the plots of _________attract me most.
13．He seems not to understand what I meant, ________ greatly upsets me.
14．In our class there were 42 students, nearly 80% of ________ wear glasses.
15．The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training center with her sister ________ she would stay for an
hour.
16．He helped his team win the game________ was behind by 10 points.
17．Occasions are quite rare________Mary has the time to spend a day with her parents.
18．The famous basketball star, ________ tried to make a comeback, attracted a lot of attention.
19．He was in a position ________ he had to make a decision on his own.
