文档内容
►第 08 讲 句子成分+基本句型+句子种类 +
解密长难句
（讲义）
【复习目标】
掌握八大句子成分
掌握五大基本句型
掌握句子结构
掌握长难句解题要领
【考情分析】
英语句子结构和成分是高中英语教学的重要内容，是理解文章的基础，广泛运用于阅读理解，完形填
空，语法填空和写作中。分析近年高考可知，长难句的比重日益增加，掌握词类、句子成分和结构，可以
读懂文意，并理解长难句之间的逻辑关系，同时也有助于句型的记忆。
【网络构建】知识点 一 句子成分
英语句子由多个部分构成，各部分在句子中起着不同的作用，这些构成句子的不同部分被称为句子成分。
正确分析句子成分是英语成绩得高分的至关要素。
主要句子成分：主语(subject)---s； 谓语(predicate)---v
次要句子成分：宾语(object)---o； 定语(attribute)---attr； 状语(adverbial)---adv；
补语(complement)-c; 表语(predicative)---p； 同位语(Appositive)等。
No. 1 主语
概念和位置：句子要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体，通常位于句首。
充当：通常由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等充当。
语序：正常：主语+谓语; 全部倒装：谓语+主语; 部分倒装：情态动词/助动词+主语+实义动词。
1. One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）
2. To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）
3. The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）4. What benefits most to their study is reading English books. (主语从句)（2022 全国乙卷满分作文 ）
5. The arugula (芝麻菜)was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. （名词）（2022
年新高考I卷阅读）
6. ...there is nothing to do with others’ thoughts.（代词+倒装）（2022年新高考I卷读后续写）
7. Writing an essay is a difficult process for most people. （动名词短语）(2022新课标全国II卷七选五)
8. It ’s urgent for students themselves to improve their self-discipline（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不
定式）(2022年乙卷书面表达）
No. 2 谓语
概念和位置： 表示主语的动作或状态、谓语由动词充当，由简单谓语动词和复合谓语动词之分。
一般位于主语之后。
充当：一般由动词短语、系动词、动词、“情态动词/助动词+实义动词”结构等充当，谓语有时态与
语态的变化，同时受到句子主语的单复数和人称的制约，如果主语是单数形式，谓语动词要用单
数第三人称形式。
简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：This exhibition of some sixty masterpieces celebrating the
life and work of Scotland's best loved painter, Sir Henry Raeburn, comes to London. （实义动词）
（2022 全国甲卷 ） 复合谓语：
（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways,
detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems.（情态动词+实义动
词）（2022 全国乙卷 ）
（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：Food became easier to chew at this point. (系动词)（2022年新高考I卷）
No. 3 宾语
概念：表示及物动词和及物动词短语的动作对象或内容，或用于介词后构成介词短语；有的动词后可
以跟两个宾语，其中表示人的宾语称为间接宾语，把表示物的宾语称为直接宾语。
位置: 位于及物动词或介词之后。
充当：通常由名词、数词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等充当。
1. Fitness Magazine recently ran an article titled “Five Reasons to ...”（名词）（2022年新高考I卷）
2. I’d appreciate it if you take my invitation into consideration. （代词it作形式宾语，if引导真正的宾语从
句）（2022年新高考I卷）
3. ...，drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or
switches, before they can cause any safety problems. （动名词短语）（2022 全国乙卷 ）
4. The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the
Neolithic period. （宾语从句）（2022年新高考I卷）
5. How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）
6. They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）
7. He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）No. 4 表语
概念: 说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份，与系动词一起构成复合谓语。
位置：位于系动词之后。
充当：通常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句等充
当。
1. Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance . （介词短
语）（2022 全国乙卷 ）
2. Food became easier to chew at this point. （形容词）(2022年新高考I卷)
3. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning....（方位副词）(2022年新高考I卷)
4. Needless to say, they were deeply moved.（分词）（2020年新课标I ）
5. The machine is out of order.(不定式)
6. His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）
7. The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）
No. 5 定语
概念：修饰或限定名词或代词的成分叫定语；
位置: 定语有前置定语和后置定语。形容词、数词、代词、名词等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之前，
但是在修饰any-，some-，no， every-等构成的单词，如something 等时，应放于这些复合不定代词之后
进行修饰。动词不定式、副词、介词短语、从句等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之后。
充当：定语通常由形容词、形容词性物主代词、名词或名词所有格、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、
动名词、分词或从句充当。
1. Frui t juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax.
（名词，非谓语, 形容词）（2022 全国乙卷 ）
2. Road accidents, which had fallen for years , are now rising sharply.
（定语从句）（2022 新高考全国卷II ）
3. Throughout her career(职业) as a professional dancer , she toured in the UK.
（介词短语作后置定语）（2020全国甲卷 ）
4. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don't need to be flying overhead.
（代词，介词）（2022 全国乙卷 ）
5. With thei r ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be
able to react in time.（非谓语，代词，非谓语分词作定语）（2022 全国乙卷 ）
No. 6 状语
概念：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，可表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、比较、伴
随、条件、程度、让步等。状语位置灵活。
位置: 修饰整个句子时放于句首;修饰形容词或副词时放于其后;表时间、目的、地点状语时常放于主
句之前或之后，若强调时则应放于主句之前;频度副词如almost、often 等作状语常放于be 动词、情态动
词之后，放于实义动词之前。
充当：通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词、形容词和从句等充当。1. A dditional ly from time to time I will assign group work to be completed ..（副词）（2022年
新高考I卷）
2. Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can
reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful.（从句）
（2021年新高考I卷）
3.
No. 7 补语
概念和位置：有些及物动词的宾语后需要添加部分内容对宾语进行补充说明，补语有两种，分别是主
语补足语、宾语补足语，用来对主语或宾语进行补充说明。
充当：常由形容词、名词、不定式、分词、副词等充当。高考英语试题主要考查非谓语动词作补足语
的语法。
1. Cao believes this will make the hiking trip even more meaningf u l.（形容词做宾补）（2022 高考全国甲
卷）
2. We sincerely wish you a quick recovery and an early return to China .（名词短语作宾补）（2020浙江
卷 ）
3. Lijiang will make the Chinese culture better known to British students.
（过去分词短语作宾补）（2019江苏卷 ）
No. 8 同位语
概念和位置：对句子中某一名词（词组）做进一步解释、说明，与前面的名词在语法上处于同等地位
的句子成分叫做同位语。
充当：同位语可用名词、代词、名词短语、同位语从句等充当。
1. ...we human s are.（2021 年新高考全国I 卷）
2. This exhibition of some sixty masterpieces celebrating the life and work of Scotland's best loved painter, Sir
Henry Raeburn, comes to London. (名词)（2022 年高考全国乙卷）
My friend, Mary, bought a beautiful dress in the department last weekend.
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
主语 同位语 谓语 定语 宾语 地点状语 时间状语
知识点 二 基本句型
No. 1 主+谓：S+V
谓语动词为不及物动词。
1. The sun rises. （rise-rose-risen 是vi，不能带O.）
2. My brother works in a bank.3. The car stopped.
4. The man died peacefully.
5. The first impression counts/matters.
6. Class activities will vary from day to day.(2022年新高考I卷)
7. Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past ten years.
No. 2 主语+谓语+宾语（S.+V. + O. ）
谓语动词必须是vt或vt的动词词组；宾语必须是名词或相当于名词的成分。
She broke the vase.
I like swimming.
I want to buy a house.
They have carried out the plan successfully.
易混点 1 ：只带 V-ing 做宾语的动词有：
suggest， advise， stop， resist， enjoy， imagine，finish， admit， excuse， delay， practise,
consider， keep， mind， understand， avoid， miss， risk ，succeed in， be busy，be worth， be used
to， give up， look
forward to
易混点 2 ：带 to do 做宾语的动词有：
offer, learn, intend, plan, demand, ask, promise, help，prepare，decide, determine，refuse， dare，manage，
wish, hope, want, expect， fail，pretend，choose, seem,agree, etc.
No. 3 主语+谓语+双宾（S. + V. + O.+O. ）
此句型中常见的谓语动词：give buy bring tell send leave pass write take show get teach pay
hand 等。
可借助to的: bring, give, lend, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等；
可借助for的：buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save等。
1. He brings me cookies every day.
2. Mr Johnson taught us German last year.
3. Grandma told us an interesting story last night.
4. Pass me the book,please
5. He showed the ticket to the conductor.
No. 4 ：主+系+表
类别 系动词
状态类 be
感官类 look， sound ，taste， smell， feel
表象性 seem ，appear
变化类 get， turn, grow, become, go，fall
持续性 stay， remain， keep, stand
结果性 prove , turn out1. The car is in good condition
2. He looked tired.
3. The football match is on.
4. My work is teaching French.
5. The question is who can really repair the machines.
6. The flower smells pleasant.
7. A pair of sunglasses proves useful.
No. 5 主谓宾宾补: S+Vt.+O+O.C
The sun keeps us warm.
I heard him singing.
You must get your hair cut.
They made Tom monitor.
注意：用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句
型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如：find/think/consider it +宾补+to do..
I found it very pleasant to be with your family.
Both sides consider it desirable to further the understanding between the two peoples.
知识点 三 句子种类
按用途： 陈述句，疑问句，祈使句，感叹句
按结构：简单句，并列句，复合句
No. 1 简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。
He often reads English in the morning.
Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.
注意：句子只有一个主谓结构，但是为了使句子更加丰富，动词可以加上副词修饰，给名词加上形容词、
介词短语修饰，给句子加上状语进行修饰等。
He worked hard all his life. (划线部分在句中作状语，修饰动词worked)
He is a school student in No. 1 Middle School. (划线部分在句中作定语，修饰名词student)
No. 2 并列句: 用分号或并列连词把两个或几个简单句连接起来的句子。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重
要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。
句型：简单句+并列连词+简单句
用分号：
We fished all day; we didn’t catch a thing.
用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等并列连词）She likes bread and milk, but she doesn't like eggs at all.
并列句的分类
类别 系动词
并列 and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then
选择 or, either…or…, otherwise
转折 but, still, yet, while, when
因果 so, for,
1. Not only is he our teacher, but also he is our friend.
2. The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John.
3. Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train.
4. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.
5. He was tired, so he went to bed.
6. He made a promise, but He didn’t keep it.
7. Class activities will vary from day to day, but students must be ready to complete short in-
class writings or tests drawn directly from assigned readings or notes from the previous class,
lecture/discussion, so it is important to take careful notes during class. ( 2022 新课标全国I卷 )
No. 3复合句
由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所构成的句子,中间用从属连词连接。
主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个主句连用，不能独
立存在。
复合句 = 主句 +从属连词+从句；从属连词+从句+主句
复合句主要包含以下类型从句：
1. 名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句
Whether she will come or not is still a question.
她是否会来仍是一个问题。（whether引导的主语从句）
The chief editor decides which will be the most important story on the front page.
由主编决定哪篇报导最重要，应安排在头版。（which引导的宾语从句）
That is where he was born. 这就是他出生的地方。（where引导的表语从句）
We heard the news that our team had won.
我们听到了我们球队己经获胜的消息。（that引导的同位语从句）
2. 定语从句
The dam, which is the biggest in the world , is 3,830 metres long.
这座水坝是世界上最大的一座，长3830米。（which引导的定语从句）
3. 状语从句：时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、方式、让步、条件、比较状语从句
Over 500 people were working in the building when the fire broke out on the llth floor.当11层楼起火的时候，大楼内有500人在工作。（when引导的时间状语从句）
复合句详细复习参考本专辑从句专题。
解密长难句
诀窍：找谓语，定主语，定主干，去枝叶；找连词，定逻辑。
依托前面所讲的句子成分和句子种类，按照上述方法，即可抽丝剥茧，简化复杂的句式为简单句，然后依
据词义和词性进行理解即可。
1. ( 2022 新课标全国 I 卷 ) Class activities will vary from day to day, but students must be
ready to complete short in-class writings or tests drawn directly from assigned readings or notes
from the previous class, lecture/discussion, so it is important to take careful notes during class.
【分析】 主句是由 but连接的两个并列句 Class activities will vary from day to day, but students
must be ready to complete short in-class writings or tests drawn directly from assigned readings
or notes from the previous class/lecture/discussion，but 后的并列句中包含 drawn directly from
assigned readings or notes过去分词短语作后置定语修饰 short in-class writings or tests，so引导结
果状语从句。
【句意】 课堂活动每天都会有所不同，但学生必须准备好完成简短的课堂写作或测试，这些测试直接
来自于指定的阅读材料或上节课/讨论的笔记，所以在课堂上认真做笔记是很重要的。
2. ( 2022 新课标全国I卷 ) A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes
in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.
【分析】 本句的主句为 A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that。第一个 that 引导宾语从
句，宾语从句的谓语为led to，在宾语从句中有一个that引导的定语从句。修饰先行词speech sounds。
【句意】 一项为期五年的突破性研究表明，由于饮食改变，人类咬合发生了变化，从而产生了一些新
的语音。这些语音目前存在于世界上一半的语言中。
3. ( 新课标I卷 ) It was calculated that when its population reached its highest point, there were more
than 3 billion passenger pigeons –a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the
United States, making it perhaps the most abundant birds in the world.
【句意】据统计，当旅鸽数量达到最多时，曾超过了 30亿只，这个数量相当于美国鸟类总数的 24%-
40%，使旅鸽成为世界上数量最为庞大的鸟类。
【解析】 本句在“It be+过去分词+that从句”结构； 从句中含有when引导的时间状语从句；3 billion
passenger pigeons和 a number equal…是同位关系。此外，还有一个现在分词短语“making…”作结果状
语。
考点 长难句理解1.（湖南省湖南师范大学附属中学2023年试题 语法填空）When Lichun arrives, we surely know it’s time to
sow the seeds of crops ________ the seeds of hope.
【答案】and
【解析】考查连词。句意：当立春到来的时候，我们当然知道是时候播种庄稼的种子和希望的种子了。根
据句意，“庄稼的种子”和“希望的种子”是并列关系，用并列连词and连接。故填and。
2.(2023年江苏省苏北四市联考试题 阅读理解) However, research in the rapid-developed field of human-robot
interaction is showing astonishing results on engagement with robots that can imitate lifelike behaviour.
【句意】然而，在快速发展的人机互动领域的研究显示，与能够模仿逼真行为的机器人的接触有惊人的结
果。
【解析】本句是复合句。主语是名词research ,介词短语in the rapid-developed field of human-robot
interaction 作后置定语，关系代词that引导定语从句。句子主干部分research is showing astonishing
results。
3.（2023 届河北省名校联考高三摸底阅读理解）While demonstrating best safety practices, campers are
involved in activities that arouse their interest in science along with their sense of adventure.
【句意】在展示最佳安全实践的同时，露营者也参与了能够激发他们对科学的兴趣和冒险感的活动。
【解析】连词while引导时间状语从句，表示“在......的同时”。且从句中省略campers are，关系代词that
引导定语从句，句子主干部分为campers are involved in activities。
所给词的适当形式填空
1.( 2022 新课标全国 I 卷 ) It's jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away
-from“ugly”(but quite eatable)vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes
thrown into restaurant garbage cans.
【句意】 虽能食用但因“长相难看”就被杂货店主丢弃的蔬菜，大量未食用就被扔进餐厅垃圾桶的菜
肴，这些非常不错的食物就这样被扔掉，简直令人吃惊。。
【解析】 It 是形式主语，真正的主语是 how 引导的从句;破折号后的内容是对前面内容的补充说
明;rejected by grocers 及 thrown into restaurant garbage cans 为后置定语，分别修饰 vegetables 和
dishes。
2.(2021新课标全国I卷) Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what
research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than
harmful.
【句意】尽管关于情商的普遍观点远超出了研究能够支持的合理范围，但大众化的总体效果是利大于
弊的。
【解析】本句是主从复合句。主句 the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than
harmful. Although是连词，引导让步状语从句，regarding emotional intelligence run far...为介词短语充当
后置定语，修饰名词beliefs。 What引导名词性从句，本句中充当介词 of 的介词宾语，what 在从句中做
support的宾语。
