考点28阅读理解之词义猜测题（核心考点精讲精练）-备战2025年高考英语一轮复习考点帮（新高考通用）（原卷版）_3.2025英语总复习_2025年新高考资料_一轮复习

考点 28 阅读理解之词义猜测题（核心考点精讲精 练） 1. 高考真题考点分布 考点分布 试卷 篇 词 年份 体裁 话题 细节 推理 主旨 词义 类型 序 数 理解 判断 大意 猜测 人与社会：栖息地修复工作队 A 应用文 199 3 0 0 0 志愿者招募 新 高 夹叙来 人与社会：美国兽医采用针灸 B 296 0 3 1 0 考 全 议文 技术治疗动物 国 I 人与社会：纸质阅读与数字阅 C 说明文 339 1 2 0 1 卷 读在学习效果上的差异 人与自然：现代生物采样数据 D 说明文 358 1 3 0 0 的科学性 ( 应 用 A 290 人与自然：四种徒步活动 3 0 0 0 文 新 高 人与社会：：旧金山湾区快速 考 全 B 说明文 276 2 2 0 0 交通引入短篇故事自助服务亭 国 II C 说明文 268 人与社会：巴比伦微农场 2 1 1 0 卷 2024 人与社会：图书《人工智能设 D 说明文 321 0 3 0 1 计:与人工智能共生的计划》 人与社会：哈佛社区的 ARTS A 应用文 226 2 1 0 0 FIRST艺术节 全 国 B 说明文 302 人与自然：了解猫的行为 1 1 1 1 甲卷 人与社会：提供医疗服务的圣 C 说明文 267 1 3 0 0 卢卡斯列车 人与社会：谈论文学作品的最 D 说明文 348 1 3 0 0 佳结局 A 应用文 240 人与自我：语言交流项目 3 0 0 0 北 京 人与自我：作者重拾画油画的 B 记叙文 354 1 3 0 0 卷 信心并接受了自身局限性 C 议论文 408 人与社会：讨论科学问题： 0 3 0 1宇宙是否是由计算机模拟生 成的 人与社会：人类道德准则的 D 说明文 384 形成过程及人类建立道德准 1 1 1 0 则的标准 人与社会：音乐剧《汤姆·索 A 应用文 233 3 0 0 0 亚:河流历险记》 浙 江 B 记叙文 338 人与社会：感受电话亭变迁 1 3 0 0 1 月 人与自然：加拿大Alberta防雹 C 议论文 313 3 1 0 0 卷 千预计划之争 人与自我：儿童棉花糖实验引 D 说明文 339 1 1 1 0 发思考 A 应用文 209 人与社会：自行车租赁广告 3 0 0 0 人与自然：微生物处理净化废 新 高 B 记叙文 340 1 3 0 0 水 考 全 人与社会：数字时代如何做到 国 I C 说明文 322 1 2 0 1 极简生活 卷 人与社会：“群体智慧”效应 D 说明文 339 1 2 1 0 的基本原理 人与自然：今年息季在黄石国 A 应用文 256 家公园举办的一系列护林员项 3 0 0 0 目 新 高 人与社会：Urban Sprouts学校 考 全 B 记叙文 273 2 1 1 0 园艺项目 国 II 2023 人与社会：图书《阅读艺术:图 卷 C 说明文 321 1 2 0 1 书爱好者的艺术》 人与自然：城市中自然场所的 D 说明文 320 3 1 0 0 存在对居民的健康至关重要 人与社会：开启曼谷美食之旅 A 应用文 263 3 0 0 0 的建议 人 与 社 会 ： DIY 能 手 Terri B 记叙文 277 1 2 0 1 全 国 Bolton的故事 甲卷 人与社会：一本有关哲学的书 C 说明文 333 1 3 0 0 唤起作者对哲学的热爱 人与自然：美国灰熊的生存环 D 说明文 319 2 2 0 0 境和生存状况 全 国 A 应用文 229 人与社会：四位从事医学实践 3 0 0 0的女性的生平和经历 人与自我：一名专业的风景摄 B 记叙文 311 1 3 0 0 影师的生活和拍照经历 人与社会：电视烹饪节目对英 乙卷 C 说明文 295 2 2 0 0 国人烹饪习惯和观念的影响 人与社会：要客观公平地讲述 D 议论文 343 历史不仅需要文字资料，也需 0 2 1 1 要实物史料加以佐证 人与社会：国际奥林匹克委员 A 应用文 237 3 0 0 0 会青年领袖计划 人与自我：被拒绝也不是坏 B 记叙文 386 事，这意味着你能重新确定自 1 3 0 0 北 京 己的方向。 卷 人与社会：人类社会发展中人 C 说明文 366 0 3 0 0 们的短视现象 人与社会：AI 对现代生活的 D 说明文 429 0 2 1 1 影响 人与社会：儿童露营的内客与 A 应用文 220 3 0 0 0 安排 夹叙夹 浙 江 B 346 人与社会：零废弃的生活方式 0 2 1 1 议 1 月 人与社会：软件程序“Project 卷 C 说明文 314 0 3 0 1 Debater”以及它明显的缺陷 人与自然：旧式太阳能农场的 D 说明文 318 2 2 0 0 弊端:破坏土壤 A 应用文 235 人与社会：课程评分办法 3 0 0 0 夹叙夹 人与自然：日常生活食物浪费 新 高 B 347 3 1 0 0 议文 现象 考 全 人与社会：关爱养老院老人的 国 I C 说明文 298 1 2 0 1 养鸡项目 卷 人与自我：人类语言发展的研 D 说明文 341 2 1 1 0 2022 究 A 应用文 235 人与社会：儿童博物馆团体游 2 1 0 0 新 高 人与社会：媒体记者对新媒体 考 全 B 记叙文 324 2 1 0 1 时代的感悟 国 II C 说明文 289 人与社会：禁止开车使用手机 1 1 1 1 卷 D 说明文 356 人与自我：有氧运动延缓甚至 2 2 0 0逆转心脏衰老 人与社会：英国卡迪夫市艺术 A 应用文 287 3 0 0 0 剧院 人与自然：鹦鹉识别物体形状 全 国 B 说明文 255 2 1 1 0 的实验 甲卷 C 记叙文 305 人与社会：难忘的南极之旅 1 1 1 1 D 说明文 340 人与社会：悉尼新旧文化冲突 2 1 1 0 人与社会：苏格兰画家画展信 A 应用文 194 3 0 0 0 息 人 与 社 会 ： 介 绍 Dorothy B 说明文 319 2 2 0 0 全 国 Wickenden的书籍 乙卷 人与社会：无人机在铁路交通 C 说明文 314 0 2 1 1 中的应用 人与社会：英国征收糖税的起 D 说明文 325 3 1 0 0 因及效果 A 应用文 281 同伴辅助学习课程(PASS) 3 0 0 0 参加保护自然活动治愈好了焦 B 记叙文 348 3 1 0 0 虑 北 京 解决全球挑战的重要方法—— 卷 C 说明文 415 1 2 0 0 系统思维 量子计算真的会像它的宣传那 D 议论文 400 1 1 1 1 样成功吗？ Merebeth--自营宠物运输专 A 记叙文 353 0 2 0 1 家。 浙 江 文章按照时间顺序讲述了蒸汽 B 说明文 283 0 3 0 0 1 月 时代和电力时代的联系。 卷 经常锻炼的中年女性在老年时 C 说明文 342 罹患失智症的几率会大大降 3 1 0 0 低。 2. 命题规律及备考策略 【命题规律】 根据表格分析可知，近三年来阅读理解考查词义猜测题共18次，主要考查： 1. 单词或短语猜测题； 2. 句意猜测题； 3. 代词指代题。 【备考策略】无论是直接的词义猜测题，还是阅读篇章中需要理解的生词，都可运用逻辑关系、上下文、生活常识、文 化背景、构词法等来猜测其含义。因此，在阅读过程中，考生需要结合语境，联系上下文进行猜测。此外， 掌握一定的猜词技巧，对提高阅读能力都有非常重要的意义。高考阅读理解中可以含有不超过3%的生词量. 在考试中碰到一些不认识的单词和词组，这是正常现象，大可不必惊慌失措,也不要因为对某个词的含义纠 缠不清而影响阅读的速度和阅读的质量。 3.【命题预测】 预测2025年高考英语阅读理解试题难度会保持相对稳定，词义猜测题仍然会以单词或短语猜测题、 句意猜测题和代词指代题为主。 【必备基础知识】 一、【猜测词义命题解读】 猜测词义是英语阅读理解的重要考点之一，近几年高考试题中都会有一个小题考查词义猜测。从 2015 年开始，《考试说明》便把以往考纲中的“根据上下文推断生词的词义”修订为“根据上下文推断单 词和短语的含义”。这一变化需引起我们的高度关注，这说明高考对猜词能力的考查范围更广了、要 求更高了。词句猜测题它可以是对一个单词的意义的推断,也可以是对一个短语或句子的意义的推断。词句 猜测题既可以考查生词的意义,也可以考查熟词的新义,还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。在阅读理解 题中,所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上,而要根据短文提供的语境,通过阅读上下文,根据已知的 信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或短语的含义。 二、【猜测词义解题策略】 题型1 词义(词组)猜测题 考查考生猜测文章中某个生词或短语的含义,或考查该词能被哪个单词或短语代替 考查考生准确理解作者的观点,尤其是对特定的人、物、事件的褒贬观点,以准确推断语句的 题型2 句意猜测题 含义 题型3 代词指代题 要求考生依据语境的逻辑关系 方法1：关注词的功能。授课过程中引导学生关注构词法、词的情感色彩、同义词、反义词、上下义词。 方法2：关注语篇中的解释功能。引导学生总结解释的几种方式：下定义、定语（从句）、同位语（从 句）、举例子、标点符号等。 方法3：关注逻辑关系。引导学生总结几种常见的逻辑关系：因果、转折、并列、递进等。 正确 逻辑通顺 内容上与词或短语所在的句子、段落有关，符合上下文逻辑； 选项 代词查询 代词指代有时与上文距离较远，需要对前文内容进行总结才能得出结论； 特征 本意延伸 真实的含义与其字面意思无关，在原意的基础上进行延伸或者拓展； 接近原意 采取转述、举例或列举等表达方式，与原句意思最接近。 干 扰 1.构词法干扰，指片面地从构词法的角度猜测、思考，不考虑上下文语境，望词生义； 项 特 2.句子解释中含有过多原句中已有的词和短语的选项一般是错误选项。 征 3拘泥于字面意思，根据所学过的熟词意义常使考生觉得画线词义背过而忽略上下文主 观臆断。01 词义(词组)猜测题 一、【设问方式】 By saying that “...” in the first (second ...) paragraph, the author means that ________. In Paragraph ..., “...” can be replaced by “______”． The meaning of “...” in Paragraph ... is related to ________. Which of the following has the closest meaning to ... (Paragraph ...)？ As is used in Line ..., the word “...” refers to ________. The underlined sentence in the ... paragraph probably means that ________. 二、【词义(词组)猜测题7大猜词技巧】 要做好词义猜测题，考生除了必须熟练掌握《考试大纲》规定的词汇外，在平时的训练中还要注意积 累生词和短语，掌握构词法的基本知识，对于各种前、后缀的变化形式了然于心，还要学会根据上下 文语境进行合理推测，掌握一定的解题技巧。 1.利用释义法解题 在说明文尤其是科技类说明文中，作者通常会对一些关键词或专业术语进行解释。常见的有对该 词下定义或后跟同位语、定语从句、冒号、破折号、括号等引出解释说明部分。通过阅读定义或 解释部分，读者便可理解该词或短语的意思。 有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释。标点符号，如逗号后 的解释(名词同位语)、破折号后的解释、括号内的解释等。这都是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。例 如： ①Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly. 句子给予了annealing一个明确的定义，即“退火”。 ②It will be very hard but also very brittle — that is, it will break easily. 从that is(也就是说)后的解释中我们可以了解到，brittle是“脆的”意思。 ③The herdsman, _who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year. 定语从句中looks after sheep就表明了herdsman的词义为“牧人”。 ④The weather in this area is treacherous; _its sudden changes often endanger the lives of sailors. 分号后的句子在解释什么样的天气是treacherous, sudden change与treacherous在语义上相对应，因此 含义是“突变的”。 ⑤Some good readers find it helpful to use their sense to visualize — or picture — what they read. visualize的意思由破折号后的picture(想象)给出了说明，因此含义为“想象”。 ⑥When President Torrijos of Panama met Carter, he tried to give him a friendly abrazo (hug)．abrazo对大多数人来说都很陌生，但由括号内的hug(拥抱)，我们不难推测abrazo也是“拥抱”的 意思。 例子1 Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nationstate and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over. 29．Which of the following best explains “dominant” underlined in paragraph 2? A．Complex. B．Advanced. C．Powerful. D．Modern. 2.利用同位关系进行猜测 阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，因此可利用同位关系对前面的词 义或句意进行猜测。例如： ①They traveled a long way, at last got to a castle, _a large building in old times. 同位语部分“a large building in old times”给出了castle的确切词义，即古时候的“城堡”。 ②We are on the night _shift — from midnight to 8 a．m. — this week. 两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift是“夜班”的意思。 ③The “Chunnel ”， a tunnel (隧道) connecting England and France, is now complete. 此句中“a tunnel (隧道) connecting England and France”是Chunnel的同位语。因此，Chunnel指 的就是英法之间的海底隧道。 例子2 I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem cell courier . Since March 2012, I've done 89 trips — of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells (干细胞) in my little box because I've got two ice packs and that's how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor (捐献 者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we've got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time. 29．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph 1? A．provider B．delivery man C．collector D．medical doctor 3.利用构词法(前缀、后缀、派生等)进行猜测 在英语中，有很多词可以通过增加前缀和后缀的方式，构成新词。乍看起来，这个词可能是新词， 但在掌握了一定的构词知识之后，就不难猜出它的词义。例如： ①“Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10，” Anaclerio said, “and they're very interactive and creative in that they built a sense of drama based on a subject.” 文中interactive是由前缀inter(相互的)和active(活动的，活跃的)构成的，同时根据上下文的意思 可以判断，该词的含义应是“互动的”。②Perhaps, we can see some possibilities for next fifty years. But the next hundred? possibility是possible的同根名词，据此可以判断possibility的意思是“可能性”。 例子3 A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness, _or worry. 4.利用因果关系进行猜测 在一篇阅读文章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。例如： ①The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent . So the player could never play the sport again. 从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”可以推测permanent的意思为“永远的，永久的”。 ②Mary didn't notice me when I came into the classroom, because she was completely engrossed in her reading. 从前面的结果“当我走进教室时，玛丽没有注意到我”可以推测 engrossed的意思为“全神贯注 的”。 ③Our vision was obscured by the trees, so we couldn't see the lake from our window. 由后面的结果couldn't see(看不见)可知，我们的视线被树遮挡住(obscured)了。 例子4 If you have a _juicer, _you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a “softserve” creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a children's party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below. 26．What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph? A．A dessert. B．A drink. C．A container. D．A machine. 6.利用同义或近义关系进行猜测 在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相 近的词。因此，考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。 [例] Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that more _is _more when it comes to kids and their belongings? The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less. 例子6… 32．What do the words “more is more” in paragraph 1 probably mean? A．The more, the better. B．Enough is enough. C．More money, more worries. D．Earn more and spend more. 6.利用常识法解题在仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系和语境无法猜出词义时，我们可以借助生活经验和普通常识确定词 义。 例子6…（2020年江苏卷，C篇） 61. The underlined expression “ stomach it ” in Paragraph 1 most probably means “ ”. A. digest the meal easily B. manage without breakfast C. decide wisely what to eat D. eat whatever is offered 7.利用转折或对比关系进行猜测 根据上下句的连接词，如but, however, otherwise等可以推断上下文之间的逻辑关系，从而可以依 据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。例如： ①A child's birthday party doesn't have to be a hassle; _it can be a basket of fun. 从分号前后两句的意思可以看出，hassle和a basket of fun是相反的意义，所以不难判断hassle的意思 是“困难，麻烦”。 ②She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class. but一词表示转折，因此but前后的意思正好相反。根据后半句的意思“她今天第一节课上了一半才 来”，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。 ③The players in the World Cup are professionals, while those who play in the Olympics must be amateurs . 由于转折词“while”引导的两个分句前后意义相反，我们可推测出amateurs是professionals(专业人士) 的反义词，意思为“业余人士，业余选手”。 例子7… Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around. … 29．What does the underlined word “displaced” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Tested. B．Separated. C．Forced out. D．Tracked down. 1.【2024新课标ⅠⅠ卷D篇片段】Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革). In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making fora guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. 12. What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A. If read by someone poorly educated. B. If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned. C. If written by someone less competent. D. If translated by someone unacademic. 2.【2024新课标Ⅰ卷】Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper? And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material? The answers to both questions are often “no”. The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content. When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text. The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties. With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page. 28. What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean? . A Seem unlikely to last. B. Seem hard to explain. C. Become ready to use. D. Become easy to notice. 2.【2023·新高考Ⅱ卷·C篇节选】...These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to. 30.What do the underlined words “relate to” in Paragraph 2 mean? A.Understand. B.Paint.C.Seize. D.Transform. （2023·安徽马鞍山·模拟预测）The Internet offers us an opportunity to know more people (without actually needing to “know them”), with very little effort. But are online friendships the same as in-real-life (IRL) friendships? How people see online friendships and IRL friendships depends on their age. While digital immigrants (such as I) support scientist John Suler’s belief that people “separate their online lives from their offline lives”, the digital natives growing with Facebook and Instagram find differences between online and offline friendships more unclear. The Pew Research Center (PRC) finds that 57% of American teens make new friends online. But, it also finds that most “digital friendships” stay in the digital space with only 20% of teens having met an online friend in person. It seems that real-time friendships are considered more valuable than digital friendships even among the digital natives. Best friends meet most often at schools and homes, although online meetings come a close third. The reason why online friendships are placed below IRL friendships is the absence of physical intimacy (亲密). So, is the Internet bad for relationships? Obviously not. But for the net, I could have never kept in touch withor met my high school friend after a quarter of a century. But even if there is no physical separation, the digital native seems to find online interactions with real-life friends beneficial. 83% of teen social media users believe that social media makes them feel more connected to their friends’ lives. 78% of online gaming teens (mostly boys) feel more connected to existing friends with whom they play games. However, online interactions can have an adverse effect on existing relationships. 68% of teen social media users report having experienced unpleasant feelings toward their friends on social media and 26% of all teens have had an argument with a friend over something that happened online or over text messages. The Internet is undoubtedly an invaluable link between people separated by distance. But this link must be based on intimacy and familiarity and a balance of online and offline interactions will pave the way for better relationships in the world. 3．What does the underlined word “adverse” in paragraph 5 mean? A．Lasting. B．Harmful. C．Decisive. D．Noticeable. 02 句意猜测题 句意猜测题通常是一个具有概括性的句子，或是格言、谚语等，通过阅读文章，对其进行直接的或解 释性的描述。 主要设题形式： The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means ____． The underlined words in Paragraph 1 probably mean that a book helps to __________. 【2022年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】We journalists live in a new age of storytelling, with many new multimedia tools. Many young people don’t even realize it’s new. For them, it’s just normal. This hit home for me as I was sitting with my 2-year-old grandson on a sofa over the Spring Festival holiday. I had brought a children’s book to read. It had simple words and colorful pictures — a perfect match for his age. Picture this: my grandson sitting on my lap as I hold the book in front so he can see the pictures. As I read, he reaches out and pokes (戳) the page with his finger. 4. What do the underlined words “hit home for me” mean in paragraph 2? A. Provided shelter for me. B. Became very clear to me. C. Took the pressure off me. D. Worked quite well on me. （2024·江西·一模）One of China’s first female sea-rescue pilots looks back in pride at 300-plus missions and promises to save more lives. When the perfect storm brews(酝酿) over the boundless sea and lives are in danger, a crew of highly trained professionals embarks on a mission impossible to search for and rescue survivors from the rough waters. Wan Qiuwen is one of them. And, she’s a woman.The 36-year-old from Shanghai has broken the glass ceiling to become one of China’s first two female rescue helicopter pilots who respond to search and rescue missions involving cargo ship snags(货船遇险), vessel accidents, medical emergencies and special marine operations. The demanding nature of the profession had always favored male candidates until the rules were changed for the first and only time. She says, “Rescue at sea can be both challenging and terrifying. If you don’t think and act fast, people may die.” On Aug 20,2020, an oil tanker ferrying 3,000 metric tons of gasoline collided with a cargo ship loaded with sand and gravel about 1.5 nautical miles (2,778 meters) southeast of the Yangtze River estuary, sparking a fire on the deck of the oil tanker and causing the latter to sink. Wan was among the first respondents. She flew to the site from Gaodong helicopter airport, which is the country’s first-of-its-kind marine rescue launchpad(发射台). “The tanker was still burning and there was a thick envelope of smoke, reducing visibility to near zero.” she recalls. And yet, with her sea wisdom, Wan spotted a survivor and executed a successful rescue operation. She hovered above the troubled waters for a couple of minutes to estimate the best extraction point, and then threw down a rope and pulled up a seriously injured crew member. Now, a mother of a boy, when people ask her if she will continue to fly once her child grows up, Wan’s response is affirmative. “This profession is about saving lives and I am a rescue pilot, once and always.” 9．What do the underlined words “broken the glass ceiling” probably mean? A．Winning wide praise. B．Making a personal breakthrough. C．Disobeying rules of her career. D．Breaking barriers preventing women’s advancement. 03 代词指代题 代词指代题要求考生根据一定的语境推测代词（如 that, this, it, they, them, one等）所指代的内容。此类题 目主要考查考生整体理解语篇的能力，理解相关句子的意义及上下文之间的逻辑关系是解这类题目的关键。 解答代词指代题时，也可按照上期所讲的解答名词（短语）指代题的步骤，将选项代入划线词所在句，看 句意是否符合上下文逻辑。此外，了解一定的语篇照应（指用代词等语法手段来表示语义关系）知识也有 助于解答代词指代题。比如，一般来说，this和these既可用于前照应，又可用于后照应，但that和those 通常只用于前照应。因此，寻找that和those指代的内容时，只需要关注上文内容即可。 1.【2024浙江1月卷】When was the last time you used a telephone box? I mean to make an actual phone call — , not to shelter from the rain. Ages ago right? The last time I used a phone box for its intended purpose was…2006. I was conducting auditions (试演) for my play in my tiny old shared house in London. Hoping to impress some talented actors to come and work for me for nothing, I spread some throws over the sofas and lit candles to make it seem a bit more ”young professional”. As I rushed outdoors to empty the wastepaper baskets, the door swung shut behind me. Suddenly I was locked outside. My mobile phone was inside, but luckily there was a telephone box across the street. So, I called Directory Assistance, got put through to our landlady’s managing agent, and had a spare key sent to me with just enough timeto get back in before the actors arrived. As it has been many years since I last used one, I should hardly be surprised that then are no longer any public telephones near my house. The last one standing has just been turn into a “mini community library”: any passer-by can “borrow” a book from its shelves return it later, or replace it with another title from their own collection. For a few months after the “library” opened, I didn’t bother taking a look, as I had assumed that it would be stuffed full of cheese love stories. Then I noticed fork conducting spring cleans dropping boxes of voluminous books on various subjects there. And these books were free. This unbeatable price-point encouraged me to experiment with dozens of titles that I would never normally consider buying. And I’ve discovered some great books! If I ever get trapped outside my house again, my local telephone box will, sadly no longer be able to connect me with my keys. But it can certainly keep me entertained while I wait for my wife to rescue me. 4. What does the underlined word “it” in the first paragraph refer to? A. The play. B. The shared house. C. The sofa. D. The telephone box. 2.(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷·C篇节选) An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer.It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity.The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York’s hands-free driving laws. “We need something on the books that can change people’s behavior,” said Félix W.Ortiz, who pushed for the state’s 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers.If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said,“people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone.” 31.What does the underlined word “something” in the last paragraph refer to? A.Advice. B.Data.C.Tests. D.Laws. 04 词义猜测题难点--词义的推测依据远离划线部分 通常词义的推测依据划线部分的前后内容基本可以推断出答案，有的就在划线词语所在的句子，有的 在前面的句子，有的在后面的句中。但是有时候仅仅靠划线部分词汇的前后内容依然得不出正确答案， 这需要在文章前面的段落，或者是后面的段落里找，也有可能需要通读全文才可以总结出合适的意思， 此时题目的考查偏向于主旨大意的考查。 [1] Big Brothers Big Sisters is based on the simplicity and power of friendship．It is a program which provides friendship and fun by matching vulnerable young people (ages 7-17) with a volunteer adult who can be both a role model and a supportive friend. [2] …[8] Big Brothers Big Sisters has been of great benefit and enjoyment to both Emily and Sarah. They love and look forward to their time together and the partnership has certainly helped Emily be more comfortable in being the wonderful, happy and unique girl she is! 1．According to the passage, “vulnerable young people” are probably those who are _________. A．popular at school B．rather weak physically C．easily hurt emotionally D．confident in themselves （最新模拟试题演练） Passage 1 【2024届安徽省皖北协作区高三下学期 3月模拟】The Dutch Headwind Time Trial Championship is only 8.5 kilometers long, but it is considered one of the hardest cycling challenges in the world. If you’ve ever ridden a bike against a reasonably strong wind, you know just how difficult dealing with the extra drag can be. However, the Dutch Headwind Time Trial Championship only takes place during storms, when the wind force is expected to be at least 7, on the Oosterscheldekering storm barrier, which faces the North Sea. The Dutch Headwind Time Trial Championship has been held almost every year on the Oosterscheldekering since 2013, gathering hundreds of cycling enthusiasts from all over the Netherlands. Participants are limited to 300, all of whom start in the same place, 30 seconds apart from each other. The cyclist who completes the 8.5-kilometer course first is declared the winner. With weather conditions as bad as they are during this unique race, any kind of technical advantage can make a huge difference. Therefore, organizers try to level the playing field by ensuring that all participants use the same equipment — a single-speed aluminum Gazelle city bike with back-pedal brakes. The only things that can provide an advantage are fitness and endurance (忍耐力). You might be wondering why anyone would want to torture their legs by pedaling against winds that could sweep a person off their feel, and that’s a valid question, but the point is that many Dutch do. You may get a glimpse of the reason for their enthusiasm from the interview of a professional athlete, Lisa Scheenaard, who has won the last three editions in the women's category. As she put it, “For me, it’s not just to win the champion but to push myself physically and mentally. It inspires and changes me as a person. As a cyclist, that’s the biggest part.” 24．What makes the Championship so challenging? A．The length. B．The wind. C．The procedure. D．The equipment. 25．What do the underlined words “level the playing field” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Keep the race fair. B．Grade the race. C．Make the field flat. D．Hold the competition.26．What can be learned from the text? A．Participants with determination are more likely to win. B．Whoever has an interest in cycling can take part in it. C．The Championship has been organized every other year. D．All participants are required to start in the same place at the same time. 27．Why are so many Dutch enthusiastic about the Championship? A．To compete and win the award. B．To seek their fortune. C．To challenge and improve themselves. D．To keep their figure. Passage 2 【2024届东北三省四市教研联合体高考模拟（二）】When floods completely destroyed Bangkok more than a decade ago, Thai landscape architect, Kotchakorn Voraakhom became determined to help her sinking hometown fight this deadly climate threat. “The floods changed my life,” said Voraakhom, who studied at Harvard University’s Graduate School of Design. “It was the turning point, when I started using the tools of landscape architecture to cope with climate change.” Voraakhom’s fantastic projects in Bangkok include a park that can hold up to one million gallons of water, Asia’s largest rooftop farm, an elevated walkway installed on a bridge and a lush (草木繁茂的) canal park in the city center. One of Voraakhom’s most innovative designs is Centenary Park in Chulalongkorn University. The park stores large amounts of rainwater and prevents the surrounding streets from flooding. Built on an incline (斜坡), it directs runoff water through inclined gardens and artificial wetlands. From there, water flows into a retention pond (澄清的) with a capacity of nearly 480,000 gallons. Beneath the soil is an additional water tank which can hold nearly 160,000 gallons. The entire park can store up to one million gallons of water. Voraakhom also created Asia’s largest rooftop farm, Siam Green Sky, transforming 22,400 square meters (241,000 square feet) into a lush field. The farm, which recycles food waste from restaurants in the building below and uses it as plant fertilizer (肥料), also slows down, soaks up and stores large amounts of rainwater. It is then used to grow vegetables, herbs and fruit, as well as rice. The architect said she integrates nature and water into her designs to create landscapes that help alleviate flooding and add greenery to densely populated cities. The central question sinking cities like Bangkok need to focus on is: “how are we going to live with the water, without fear?” said Voraakhom. This idea of “living with the water” lies at the heart of her design approach. 12．What did Kotchakorn focus on to cope with flooding? A．Green coverage. B．Soil conservation. C．Architecture design. D．Alternative resources. 13．Which is not included in the architect’s projects? A．Centenary Park. B．Siam Green Sky. C．An elevated walkway. D．Chulalongkorn University.14．What does the underlined word “alleviate” in paragraph 5 refer to? A．Make less severe. B．Get better. C．Adapt itself to. D．Take in. 15．What effect would Centenary Park have on viewers? A．Calming. B．Disturbing. C．Refreshing. D．Challenging. Passage 3 【2024届广东省大湾区高三下学期二模联考】Cities, often seen as ecological wastelands, actually have the potential to produce exceptional biologists. While traditional biologists typically come from rural backgrounds, urban residents possess diverse skill sets that make them better ones. Take myself as an example. Growing up in Philadelphia provided me with a unique angle to look at urban ecology. The city’s distinct seasons, plentiful squirrels, row homes, and festivals served as my first ecological classroom. It was there that I witnessed wild cats eating birds and rats, people driving bats from their homes, and snakes being killed by lawn mowers (割草机). This was ecology in action, as real as any observation in fields and forests. The unique environment of urban areas encourages wildlife there to develop distinct feature s and behaviors that set them apart from their rural counterparts: they may be larger in size, be active at different times of the day, move differently, and even display different personalities. Some biologists argue they are even “smarter” because they balance more risks, such as exposure to roads, poisonous chemicals and diseases from domestic animals — with rewards, of course, like inhabitable parks and human-provided food. As human residents of cities, we too adapt to the risks and challenges of urban living. This adaptation sharpens our intuition (直觉) — we learn which streets to avoid and lock our doors for safety. Our ability to assess threats and our awareness regarding safety influence our behaviors and choices, much as they do for urban wildlife. Shared experiences such as these enable us to better understand and appreciate urban wildlife. Most of the world’s population now accesses green and blue spaces, as well as wildlife, within urban neighborhoods. Nature is no longer only untouched wilderness; it includes sounds of human laughter, trash trucks and fire alarms. We urban residents are resourceful and imaginative. We need more capacity, more participation, more energy and more innovation in science to create solutions to fight environmental degradation and reduce biodiversity loss. Identifying this talent across cities presents a practical approach. 12．What did growing up in Philadelphia teach the author? A．Philadelphia is uniquely rich in wildlife. B．Studying biology at school helps greatly. C．Urban wild creatures need protection too. D．Cities are far from ecological wastelands. 13．What does the underlined word “counterparts” in paragraph 3 most likely mean? A．Similar species. B．Potential enemies. C．Natural resources. D．Qualified biologists.14．What experiences help urban residents understand wildlife better? A．Eco-friendly habits. B．Risk-aware behaviors. C．Ill-informed choices. D．Fast-paced urban life. 15．What is the best title for this passage? A．Cities Build Better Biologists B．What Makes Smarter Residents? C．Urban Areas Encourage Wildlife D．Who Saves Ecological Wastelands? Passage 4 【2024届广东省高三下学期二模】As most Americans spend at least 50% of their food budget dining out, public criticism falls on restaurants to help consumers make healthier food choices. The Menu Labeling Final Rule has come into effect, requiring restaurants with more than 20 locations to show the calories of food on menus. By representing these values in a discrepant way — using physically larger numbers on the page for lower- calorie options, and smaller numbers for high-calorie foods — businesses can shift customers’ preferences toward healthier food, according to Ruiying Cai from the Washington State University. In their study, Cai and her colleagues asked participants to choose between a less healthy item and a healthier option after randomly assigning them to two groups. In the first group, calorie counts and font sizes rose and fell together. In the second group, the size became larger as the calorie count fell. Researchers also asked participants questions to assess their health-consciousness. Results showed participants in the second group, who saw low calorie counts printed in large sizes, were more likely to adopt the healthier option. Moreover, less health- conscious participants were the most affected, while people with more health awareness were less influenced since they already favored healthier food. This research adjusted customer behaviors by creating a Stroop effect. Named after psychologist J. Ridley Stroop, the Stroop effect refers to a delay in reaction to mismatch in its classic form. For example, if the word “purple” is written in green, it takes respondents longer time to identify the color than if the word and the color match. Similarly, the effect is observed when the physical size of the number does not match its number in this study. “Restaurants are interested in encouraging customers to make healthier choices,” Cai said. However, simply labeling the food as healthy may not have the intended effect. “Healthy food items could be profitable for restaurants, but whenever a ‘healthy’ label is attached, people may assume it does not taste good,” she explained. “We’re trying to provide restaurants with indirect suggestions, rather than saying it out loud.” 12．What does the underlined word “discrepant” in paragraph 2mean? A．Creative. B．Relative C．Conflicting D．Misleading 13．Which of the following type of customers would be affected most from the research? A．Strict diet followers. B．Convenience food fans. C．Homema de meal lovers. D．Health magazine readers. 14．What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A．The significance of research results. B．The measurement of response delays. C．The psychological basis of the study design. D．The influential variations of the Stroop effect.15．Which of the following might be Cai’s suggestion for restaurants? A．Use font magic to drive healthier choices. B．Pay more attention to the taste of the food. C．Create a quiet dining atmosphere for customers. D．Attach “healthy” labels to the food on the menu. Passage 5 【2024届河北省高三下学期大数据应用调研联合测评七】 Despite his complex mind, Einstein was known to be a lot of fun. You must have seen his iconic (标志性的) photo, but you might not know the backstory. The photo was taken by Arthur Sasse, on March 14, 1951, Einstein’s seventy-second birthday. In the photo, we can see Einstein sitting in a car, between his wife, Elsa, and Dr. Frank Aydelotte, the head of the Institute for Advanced Study. The story goes that as they were leaving his birthday celebration for their home in Princeton, New Jersey, Einstein was repeatedly asked to smile at the camera. But when Snsse asked for one last photo he made a funny face. Einstein liked the resulting image so much, that he immediately ordered multiple copies so he could sign and send them to friends as a joke. Later on, he used this photo to make greeting cards. Einstein rarely let others get in the way of his fun. He was quick to joke. He rarely wore socks thinking that the shoes should do the job. He let his mustache and hair grow and gave interviews on his porch (门廊) in pink slippers. His commitment to fun ran deep — and yet when Sasse sent his photo to editors for publication, they debated whether it was even appropriate to make it public, given Einstein’s eminence. It only saw the light of day because Sasse related how much the great scientist himself loved the image. According to Walter Isaacson’s biography, Einstein: His Life and Universe, the personalities that contributed most to Einstein’s greatness were curiosity and non-conformism (不墨守成规). Scientific Lo studies suggest that humor and intelligence are associated. People who show a gift for lun also seem have superior cognitive abilities. Fun has so many levels. The best part is that no matter what fun means to you, it can lead you to stand out from the ordinary. 24．What was Einstein doing when the iconic photo was taken? A．He was joking about Sasse. B．He was making a funny face. C．He was celebrating his birthday. D．He was smiling at the camera. 25．What does the underlined word “eminence” mean in Paragraph 3? A．Being loving and caring. B．Being humorous and funny. C．Being famous and respected. D．Being sharp-minded and considerate. 26．What can we know about the iconic photo? A．It was taken to record his life. B．It was not published until years later. C．It shows Einstein being interviewed on the porch. D．It was taken to celebrate an instance birthday. 27．What might be Walter Isaacson’s agree? A．Best humor means high-level fun. B．Curiosity leads to non-conformism.C．Humorous people tend to be intelligent. D．Greatness should be defined by scientific standards. Passage 6 【2024届河北省高三下学期大数据应用调研联合测评七】 It was an innocent little detail, backed by centuries of science, in a chemistry book about tea, something American author Michelle Francl never anticipated would cause a stir among the British. In her new book, Steeped: The Chemistry of Tea, Francl analyzed caffeine levels and studied the molecules that give tea its good smell. She uncovered the little-known presence in tea of other chemicals, including fluoride and aluminum. And she also mentioned a careful study of an 8th-century Chinese article that called for salt to be added to the boiling water. “The sodium ions (钠离子) in the salt block our sense of bitterness,” says Francl, a chemistry professor at Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania. “So if you put a tiny bit of salt in — not enough to taste — you make the cup of tea or coffee smoother and less bitter.” The recipe for a perfect cup of tea, she wrote in her book, includes a little salt. And for tea with milk, Francl recommends warming the milk first, so that it doesn’t curdle (凝结) when it hits the hot water. Sounds harmless, right? But anyone with British friends and loved ones — or who’s spent more than five minutes in the United Kingdom — will know that recipe amounts to blasphemy. Within hours of the publication of Francl’s book, face palm emojis (捂脸表情) were appearing across the British Isles. “Hot milk and salt!? Who is this person?” radio host Toni McDonald shouted on his program. “This scientist supposes that the only way to have a decent cup of tea is with a little salt? That’s foolish!” another radio host, Vic Minett, said. To respond to these complaints, the U.S. Embassy’s public affairs officer, Rodney Ford told the press, “We want to say to the good people of the U.K. that the unthinkable idea of adding salt to Britain’s national drink is not official United States policy — and never will be.” 24．Why is the Chinese article mentioned in paragraph 2? A．To tell us where Francl got her idea. B．To prove tea making enjoys a time-honored history. C．To introduce the social background of Francl’s book. D．To explain how tea-making was brought to Britain from China. 25．What can reduce the bitter taste in the tea according to the text? A．Salt. B．Boiling water. C．Curdled milk. D．An unknown chemical. 26．What does the underlined word “blasphemy” in paragraph 5 mean? A．Embarrassment. B．Unbalance. C．Disrespect. D．Desperation. 27．What did Francl’s book cause in Britain? A．Tea craze. B．Heated discussion. C．Policy change. D．Public anger. Passage 7【2024届湖北省高三下学期五月联考二模】I’m in a coffee shop in Manhattan and I’m about to become the most disliked person in the room. First, I’m going to interrupt the man reading quietly near the window and ask for a drink of his latte. Next, I’m going to ask the line of people waiting to pay if I can cut to the front of the queue. This is how I chose to spend my last vacation. Here’s why. Growing up, all I ever heard about was “EQ.” It was the mid-1990s, and psychologist Daniel Goleman had just popularized the concept of emotional intelligence. Unlike IQ, which tracked conventional measures of intelligence like reasoning and recall, EQ measured the ability to understand other people — to listen, to empathize (共情), and to appreciate. My mother, an elementary school principal, prized brains and hard work, but she placed a special emphasis on Goleman’s new idea. To her, EQ was the elixir (万能药) that separated the good students from the great after they left school. She was determined to send me into the adult world with as much of this elixir as possible. But when I finally began my first job, I noticed a second elixir in the pockets of some of my colleagues. It gave their opinions extra weight and their decisions added impact. Strangest of all, it seemed like the anti-EQ: Instead of knowing how to make others feel good, this elixir gave people the courage to do the opposite — to say things others didn’t want to hear. This was assertiveness (魄力). It boiled down to the command of a single skill: the ability to have uncomfortable conversations. Assertive people — those with high “AQ”— ask for things they want, decline things they don’t, provide constructive feedback, and engage in direct confrontation (对峙) and debate. A lifetime improving my EQ helped me empathize with others, but it also left me overly sensitive to situations where I had to say or do things that might make others unhappy. While I didn’t avoid conflict, I was always frustrated by my powerlessness when I had to say or do something that could upset someone. This is my problem and I’m working on it. 4．Why did the author act that way in the coffee shop? A．To improve a skill. B．To test a concept. C．To advocate a new idea. D．To have a unique vacation. 5．What do we know about the author’s mother? A．She thought little of IQ. B．She popularized Goleman’s idea. C．She was a strict mother and principal. D．She valued EQ as the key to greatness. 6．What does the word “it” underlined in the fourth paragraph refer to? A．EQ. B．AQ. C．Empathy. D．Courage. 7．According to the passage, those with high EQ but low AQ are likely to be ______. A．successful leaders B．people pleasers C．terrible complainers D．pleasure seekers Passage 8【2024届湖北省十堰市高三下学期 5月份大联考】The birth of a male white-tailed eagle signals the success of the Roy Dennis Wildlife Foundation (RDWF) and Forestry England project to return these iconic birds to their original widespread locations along the southern coast of England. The last time a white-tailed eagle chick grew in England, Mozart was working on his opera Idomeneo in Germany For two centuries these amazing birds were missing from most of the UK, having been wiped out by human persecution by the early 20th century. In 2020, the parents of the landmark bird were translocated from the Outer Hebrides and north-west Sutherland in Scotland to the Isle of Wight. This is an area with plentiful food to sustain them. It is also a location from which the birds could spread out to cliffs, lakes and forests. Female G405 and male G471 were two of 25 eagles (16 are still alive) released by the RDWF and Forestry England as part of the ongoing project. And they are one of three pairs to have now established breeding territories in the south of England. The chick hatched earlier this summer at a nest on private land, the exact location of which is being kept a secret to ensure the welfare of the young bird. “This is a very special moment for everyone who has worked on, supported and followed this ground- breaking project,” Roy Dennis says, founder of the RDWF. “Restoring a breeding population in southern England, where the species was once widespread, has been our ultimate goal. Seeing the first pair reach this stage is truly incredible.” The young white-tailed eagle has now been ringed and fitted with a satellite tag (标签) so that its progress can be tracked. A further release of young white-tailed eagles is planned for late summer from the project team’s base on the Isle of Wight. 28．What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Mozart in paragraph 1? A．To admire the musician’s great works. B．To celebrate the birth of the white-tailed eagle. C．To compare the situations of England and Germany. D．To emphasize white-tailed eagles’ centuries-long absence. 29．Which word can replace the underlined word “persecution” in paragraph 2? A．Hunt. B．Exploration. C．Disturbance. D．Training. 30．Why is the accurate position of the chick kept secret? A．For privacy. B．For safety. C．For territory. D．For support. 31．Which may be a suitable title for the text? A．A Splendid Bird B．A Successful Wildlife Project C．Milestone for White-tailed Eagles D．Restoring a Breeding Population Passage 9 【2024届湖南省衡阳市高三第二次联考（二模）】 “What beautiful music!”I shout loudly as my 9-year-old son practices playing the violin. He’s used to this praise; I give rewards like that most days. But every once in a while, I skip it, and when I do, I can see thedisappointment on his face when he’s finished. Am I a bad mom? Conventional wisdom says that consistency is key to parenting since it enables your child to predict how you’ll react, leading to good behavior. And it’s true that children need some level of predictability in their lives, particularly when it comes to discipline. But research suggests that inconsistent gifts and praise can have a greater effect on motivation. While we all like to live in a predictable world, we often respond more strongly to unpredictable rewards. In one experiment, my colleagues and I told participants they’d be paid if they could drink about one-and-a- half quarts of water in two minutes or less. In one condition, we offered people a $2 fixed reward. In another, there was an uncertain reward of either $2 or $1. The certain reward was a better deal, yet many more people successfully met the challenge when assigned an uncertain reward. Resolving the uncertainty — whether they would win $1 or $2 — was significantly more motivating than winning $2 for sure. Here is one of the reasons why uncertainty is motivating. What scientists call “intermittent ( 间歇性) reinforcement” — rewarding behavior on some but not all occasions — makes it more arduous to know when rewards will show up. If you very often, but don’t always, praise your child for completing their chores, they’ll keep up the good behavior in the hope of receiving praise the next time. So don’t assume that if kids are always praised for finishing their homework, they’ll be more likely to do it. Do praise young people for a job well done, just not every time. And pick rewards out of a hat when they complete chores—the surprise prize might keep everyone motivated to get things done. 12．Why does the author mention her kid’s story in the first paragraph? A．To display the conclusion of her research. B．To show that her kid is very smart. C．To explain that she is a good mom. D．To lead in the topic. 13．Why did more participants choose an uncertain reward in the experiment? A．It was more inspiring. B．It was more demanding. C．It was fair to all participants. D．It was easy to get more rewards. 14．What does the underlined word “arduous” in paragraph 5 mean? A．Convenient. B．Popular. C．Flexible. D．Difficult. 15．What is the best title for the text? A．Why Consistency Is Critical to Parenting B．Why Resolving Uncertainty Is Rewarding C．How Inconsistent Praise Affects Motivation D．How Parents’ Behaviors Affect Their Children Passage 10 【2024 届江西省部分重点中学高三下学期第二次联考】The National Heritage Responders is a volunteer network of around 100 experts in cultural heritage conservation from around Puerto Rico. They assistindividuals and institutions in figuring out how to save important objects and buildings after disasters. Their crisis hotline has been busier than ever in recent years because of more frequent and severe weather brought on by climate change. In 2023, there have been around 70 calls so far, up from fewer than 10 in 2008, when the hotline first appeared. Ann Frellsen, the Atlanta-based book and paper conservator, is a longtime heritage responder volunteer with more than three decades of experience in helping out cultural institutions after disasters. She was among those sent to Puerto Rico over several visits starting a couple of months after two hurricanes hit it in 2017. After providing initial support via the phone, Frellsen and her team came in to help La Casa del Libro and other local institutions in crisis with equipment, supplies and advice. In fact, much of the advice the hotline provides is via phone or video-chat; volunteers are sent out into the field in certain cases, on an as-needed basis. “There were no stoplights and signs on the highways because they’d all been blown away,” Frellsen said. She added that figuring out how to reach the more than 20 institutions that needed assistance in Puerto Rico was challenging—not to mention the on-the-job hazards. When Frellsen isn’t heading into disaster zones to help save artifacts (文物) from fires, hurricanes and floods, she trains others in the heritage conservation field to do the same. Some of the participants may eventually take the test to become National Heritage Responders. But at this moment, they are deep in a hands-on training exercise, based on an imaginary situation cooked up by Frellsen and her co-trainers. 24．What can we say about Puerto Rico? A．It calls on people to keep in contact. B．Natural disasters are increasing there. C．It works hard to build highways. D．The weather is really nice there. 25．What can be learned about the National Heritage Responders? A．It teaches individuals how to protect themselves. B．New volunteers can join it with no tests required. C．Victims all over the world can contact it by hotline. D．It sends experts to the disaster areas when necessary. 26．What does the underlined word “hazards” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Dangers. B．Skills. C．Trainings. D．Rights. 27．What are Frellsen and her team busy doing at present? A．Taking various tests. B．Entering a new disaster area. C．Conducting a practical exercise. D．Restoring priceless artifacts. 2024年 Passage 1 【2024 浙江 1 月卷】When was the last time you used a telephone box? I mean to make an actual phone , call — not to shelter from the rain. Ages ago right? The last time I used a phone box for its intended purpose was…2006. I was conducting auditions (试演) for my play in my tiny old shared house in London. Hoping to impress some talented actors to come and work for me for nothing, I spread some throws over the sofas and litcandles to make it seem a bit more ”young professional”. As I rushed outdoors to empty the wastepaper baskets, the door swung shut behind me. Suddenly I was locked outside. My mobile phone was inside, but luckily there was a telephone box across the street. So, I called Directory Assistance, got put through to our landlady’s managing agent, and had a spare key sent to me with just enough time to get back in before the actors arrived. As it has been many years since I last used one, I should hardly be surprised that then are no longer any public telephones near my house. The last one standing has just been turn into a “mini community library”: any passer-by can “borrow” a book from its shelves return it later, or replace it with another title from their own collection. For a few months after the “library” opened, I didn’t bother taking a look, as I had assumed that it would be stuffed full of cheese love stories. Then I noticed fork conducting spring cleans dropping boxes of voluminous books on various subjects there. And these books were free. This unbeatable price-point encouraged me to experiment with dozens of titles that I would never normally consider buying. And I’ve discovered some great books! If I ever get trapped outside my house again, my local telephone box will, sadly no longer be able to connect me with my keys. But it can certainly keep me entertained while I wait for my wife to rescue me. 4. What does the underlined word “it” in the first paragraph refer to? A. The play. B. The shared house. C. The sofa. D. The telephone box. 5. Why did the author use the telephone box in 2006? A. To place an urgent call. B. To put up a notice. C. To shelter from the rain. D. To hold an audition. 6. What do we know about the “mini community library”? A. It provides phone service for free. B. Anyone can contribute to its collection. C. It is popular among young readers. D. Books must be returned within a month. 7. Why did the author start to use the “library”? A. He wanted to borrow some love stories. B. He was encouraged by a close neighbour. C. He found there were excellent free books. D. He thought it was an ideal place for reading. Passage 2 【2024全国甲卷】Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed. Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a placeto relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like. Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it! 4. What can be learned about cats' meowing from the first paragraph? A. It's a survival skill. B. It's taught by mother cats. C. It's hard to interpret. D. It's getting louder with age. 5. How does a pet cat assess different situations? A. By listening for sounds. B. By touching familiar objects. C. By checking on smells. D. By communicating with other cats. 6. Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up notch" in paragraph 3? A. Perform appropriately. B. Move faster. C. Act strangely. D. Do better. 7. What is a suitable title for the text? A. Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B. Understanding Your Cat's Behavior C. Have Fun with Your Cat D. How to Keep Your Cat Healthy Passage 3 【2024新课标Ⅰ卷】Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper? And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material? The answers to both questions are often “no”. The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content. When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text. The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties. With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page. But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print. Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or viewidentical pieces. Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words. 28. What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean? . A Seem unlikely to last. B. Seem hard to explain. C. Become ready to use. D. Become easy to notice. 29. What does the shallowing hypothesis assume? A. Readers treat digital texts lightly. B. Digital texts are simpler to understand. C. People select digital texts randomly. D. Digital texts are suitable for social media. 30. Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers? A. They can hold students' attention. B. They are more convenient to prepare. C. They help develop advanced skills. D. They are more informative than text. 31. What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A. Students should apply multiple learning techniques. B. Teachers should produce their own teaching material. C. Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education. D. Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored. Passage 4 【2024北京卷】The notion that we live in someone else’s video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation —— a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge. The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box. So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation?” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation? ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics. Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing,virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise. 28. What does the author intend to do by challenging a hypothesis? A. Make an assumption. B. Illustrate an argument. C. Give a suggestion. D. Justify a comparison. 29. What does the phrase “contingent on” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Accepted by. B. Determined by. C. Awakened by. D. Discovered by. 30. As for Kant’s argument, the author is _________. A. appreciative B. doubtful C. unconcerned D. disapproving 31. It is implied in this passage that we should _________. A. compare the current models with the previous ones B. continue exploring the classical models in history C. stop arguing whether the universe is a simulation D. turn simulations of the universe into realities up. Passage 5 【2024新课标ⅠⅠ卷】Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革). In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now-several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI-the technology companies and world leaders-so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with Al to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall.AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it. 12. What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A. If read by someone poorly educated. B. If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned. C. If written by someone less competent. D. If translated by someone unacademic. 13. What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text? A. It is packed with complex codes. B. It adopts a down-to-earth writing style. C. It provides step-by-step instructions. D. It is intended for AI professionals. 14. What does Campbell urge people to do regarding AI development? A. Observe existing regulations on it. B. Reconsider expert opinions about it. C. Make joint efforts to keep it under control. D. Learn from prior experience to slow it down. 15. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A. To recommend a book on AI. B. To give a brief account of AI history. C. To clarify the definition of AI. D. To honor an outstanding AI expert. 2023年 Passage 1 【2023年全国甲卷】Terri Bolton is a dab hand when it comes to DIY (do-it-yourself). Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture, she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself. She credits these skills to her late grandfather and builder Derek Lloyd. From the age of six, Terri, now 26, accompanied Derek to work during her school holidays. A day’s work was rewarded with £5 in pocket money. She says: “I’m sure I wasn’t much of a help to start with, painting the rooms and putting down the flooring throughout the house. It took weeks and is was backbreaking work, but I know he was proud of my skills.” Terri, who now rents a house with friends in Wandsworth, South West London, says DIY also saves her from losing any deposit when a tenancy (租期) comes to an end. She adds: “I’ve moved house many times and I always like to personalise my room and put up pictures, so, it’s been useful to know how to cover up holes and repaint a room to avoid any charges when I’ve moved out.” With millions of people likely to take on DIY projects over that coming weeks, new research shows that more than half of people are planning to make the most of the long, warm summer days to get jobs done. The average spend per project will be around £823. Two thirds of people aim to improve their comfort while at home. Two fifth wish to increase the value of their house. Though DIY has traditionally been seen as male hobby, the research shows it is women now leading the charge. 24. Which is closest in meaning to “a dab hand” in paragraph 1? A. An artist. B. A winner. C. A specialist. D. A pioneer. 25. Why did Terri’s grandfather give her £5 a day? A. For a birthday gift. B. As a treat for her work.C. To support her DIY projects. D. To encourage her to take up a hobby. 26. How did Terri avoid losing the deposit on the house she rented? A. By making it look like before. B. By furnishing it herself. C. By splitting the rent with a roommate. D. By cancelling the rental agreement. 27. What trend in DIY does the research show? A. It is becoming more costly. B. It is getting more time-consuming. C. It is turning into a seasonal industry. D. It is gaining popularity among females. Passage 2 【2023 年浙江 1 月卷】Live with roommates? Have friends and family around you? Chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon. I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago, as I was living with my parents, and I continue to experience this with my husband, as he is not completely zero waste like me. I’ve learned a few things along the way though, which I hope you’ll find encouraging if you’re doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household. Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back. I remember showing my parents a video of Bea Johnson, sharing how cool I thought it would be to buy groceries with jars, and have so little trash! A few days later, I came back with my first jars of zero waste groceries, and my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere. It came off as a bit discouraging. Yet as the months of reducing waste continued, I did what I could that was within my own reach. I had my own bedroom, so I worked on removing things I didn’t need. Since I had my own toiletries (洗漱用品), I was able to start personalising my routine to be more sustainable. I also offered to cook every so often, so I portioned out a bit of the cupboard for my own zero waste groceries. Perhaps your household won’t entirely make the switch, but you may have some control over your own personal spaces to make the changes you desire. As you make your lifestyle changes, you may find yourself wanting to speak up for yourself if others comment on what you’re doing, which can turn itself into a whole household debate. If you have individuals who are not on board, your words probably won’t do much and can often leave you feeling more discouraged. So here is my advice: Lead by action. 24．What do the underlined words “jump on that bandwagon” mean in the first paragraph? A．Share an apartment with you. B．Join you in what you’re doing. C．Transform your way of living. D．Help you to make the decision. 25．What was the attitude of the author’s father toward buying groceries with jars? A．He disapproved of it. B．He was favorable to it. C．He was tolerant of it. D．He didn’t care about it. 26．What can we infer about the author? A．She is quite good at cooking. B．She respects others’ privacy. C．She enjoys being a housewife. D．She is a determined person. 27．What is the text mainly about?A．How to get on well with other family members. B．How to have one’s own personal space at home. C．How to live a zero waste lifestyle in a household. D．How to control the budget when buying groceries. Passage 3 【2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you. To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy. Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid. The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances. 8. What is the book aimed at? A. Teaching critical thinking skills. B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle. C. Solving philosophical problems. D. Promoting the use of a digital device. 9. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over. 10. What is presented in the final chapter of part one? A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods. C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses. 11. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two? A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends. C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them. Passage 4 【2023年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — thebook, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’ representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time. In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses — absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to. Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect (才智), wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks — transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures. Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity. 8. Where is the text most probably taken from? A. An introduction to a book. B. An essay on the art of writing. C. A guidebook to a museum. D. A review of modern paintings. 9. What are the selected artworks about? A. Wealth and intellect. B. Home and school. C. Books and reading. D. Work and leisure. 10. What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Understand. B. Paint. C. Seize. D. Transform. 11. What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader? A. The printed book is not totally out of date. B. Technology has changed the way we read. C. Our lives in the 21st century are networked. D. People now rarely have the patience to read. Passage 5 , 【2023年北京卷】What is life? Like most great questions this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer. The reason is simple: we know of just one type of life and it’s challenging to do science with a sample size of one. The field of artificial life-called ALife for short — is the systematic attempt to spell out life’s fundamental principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to really understand what life is.So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’” As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化). This is the capacity for a system to create essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth’s biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life’s endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines. Compared with the developments of Al, advances in ALife are harder to recognize. One reason is that ALife is a field in which the central concept — life itself — is undefined. The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn’t help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. For better or worse, ALife mirrors the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混乱的) progression is a striking parallel (平行线) to the evolutionary struggles that have shaped Earth biosphere. Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generated novelty. It may be, of course, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising or singular. They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something：perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable. 31. Regarding Alan Smith’s defence of ALife, the author is . A. supportive B. puzzled C. unconcerned D. doubtful 32. What does the word “enamored” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. Shocked. B. Protected. C. Attracted. D. Challenged. 33. What can we learn from this passage? A. ALife holds the key to human future. B. ALife and AI share a common feature. C. AI mirrors the developments of ALife. D. AI speeds up the process of human evolution. 34. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out? B. Life Evolves. Can AI Help ALife Evolve, Too? C. Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day? D. Life Evolves. Can Attempts to Create ALife Evolve, Too? Passage 6 【2023年全国乙卷】If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that,but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports. In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. 12. What is the first paragraph mainly about? A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about. C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable. 13. What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2? A. His report was scientific. B. He represented the local people. C. He ruled over Botany Bay. D. His record was one-sided. 14. What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to? A. Problem. B. History. C. Voice. D. Society. 15. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from? A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World B. A Short History of Australia C. A History of the World in 100 Objects D. How Art Works Tell Stories 2022年阅读理解 Passage1 【2022年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】We journalists live in a new age of storytelling, with many new multimedia tools. Many young people don’t even realize it’s new. For them, it’s just normal. This hit home for me as I was sitting with my 2-year-old grandson on a sofa over the Spring Festival holiday. I had brought a children’s book to read. It had simple words and colorful pictures — a perfect match for his age. Picture this: my grandson sitting on my lap as I hold the book in front so he can see the pictures. As I read, he reaches out and pokes (戳) the page with his finger. What’s up with that? He just likes the pictures, I thought. Then I turned the page and continued. He poked the page even harder. I nearly dropped the book. I was confused: Is there something wrong with this kid? Then I realized what was happening. He was actually a stranger to books. His father frequently amused the boy with a tablet computer which was loaded with colorful pictures that come alive when you poke them. He thought my storybook was like that.Sorry, kid. This book is not part of your high-tech world. It’s an outdated, lifeless thing. An antique, like your grandfather. Well, I may be old, but I’m not hopelessly challenged, digitally speaking. I edit video and produce audio. I use mobile payment. I’ve even built websites. There’s one notable gap in my new-media experience, however: I’ve spent little time in front of a camera, since I have a face made for radio. But that didn’t stop China Daily from asking me last week to share a personal story for a video project about the integration of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei province. Anyway, grandpa is now an internet star — two minutes of fame! I promise not to let it go to my head. But I will make sure my 2-year-old grandson sees it on his tablet. 4. What do the underlined words “hit home for me” mean in paragraph 2? A. Provided shelter for me. B. Became very clear to me. C. Took the pressure off me. D. Worked quite well on me. 5. Why did the kid poke the storybook? A. He took it for a tablet computer. B. He disliked the colorful pictures. C. He was angry with his grandpa. D. He wanted to read it by himself. 6. What does the author think of himself? A. Socially ambitious. B. Physically attractive. C. Financially independent. D. Digitally competent. 7. What can we learn about the author as a journalist? A. He lacks experience in his job. B. He seldom appears on television. C. He manages a video department. D. He often interviews internet stars. Passage 2 【2022 年浙江卷 1 月】 For nearly a decade now, Merebeth has been a self-employed pet transport specialist. Her pet transport job was bom of the financial crisis （危机）in the late 2000s. The downturn hit the real estate （房地产）firm where she had worked for ten years as an office manager. The firm went broke and left her looking for a new job. One day, while driving near her home, she saw a dog wandering on the road, clearly lost. She took it home, and her sister in Denver agreed to take it. This was a loving home for sure, but 1, 600 miles away. It didn't take long for Merebeth to decide to drive the dog there herself. It was her first road trip to her new job. Merebeth*s pet delivery service also satisfies her wanderlust. It has taken her to every state in the US except Montana, Washington and Oregon, she says proudly. If she wants to visit a new place, she will simply find a pet with transport needs there. She travels in all weathers. She has driven through 55 mph winds in Wyoming, heavy flooding and storms in Alabama and total whiteout conditions in Kansas. This wanderlust is inherited from her father, she says. She moved their family from Canada to California when she was one year old, because he wanted them to explore a new place together. As soon as she graduated from high school she left home to live on Catalina Island off the Californian coast, away from her parents, where she enjoyed a life of sailing and off-road biking. It turns out that pet transporting pays quite well at about $30, 000 per year before tax. She doesn't work in summer, as it would be unpleasantly hot for the animals in the car, even with air conditioning. As autumn comes, she gets restless—the same old wanderlust returning. It’s a call she must heed alone, though. Merebeth says,*'When I am on the road, I'm just in my own world. I've always been independent-spirited and I just feel strongly that I mush help animals. 1. Why did Merebeth changed her job? A. She wanted to work near her home. B. She was tired of working in the office. C. Her sister asked her to move to Denver. D. Her former employer was out of business. 2. The word "wanderlust" in paragraph 2 means a desire to ? A. make money. B. try various jobs. C. be close to nature. D. travel to different places. 3 What can we learn about Merebeth in her new job? A. She has chances to see rare animals. B. She works hard throughout the year. C. She relies on herself the whole time. D. She earns a basic and tax-free salary. Passage 3 【2022年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷】The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling lonely. The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s wellbeing, It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use. Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used to keep hens when I was younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school. ” “I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there again at night to see they’ve gone to bed.” “It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful.” There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has been given financial support to roll it out countrywide. Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: “Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.” Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.” 8. What is the purpose of the project? A. To ensure harmony in care homes. B. To provide part-time jobs for the aged.C. To raise money for medical research. D. To promote the elderly people’s welfare. 9. How has the project affected Ruth Xavier? A. She has learned new life skills. B. She has gained a sense of achievement. C. She has recovered her memory. D. She has developed a strong personality. 10. What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7? A. Improve. B. Oppose. C. Begin. D. Evaluate. 11. What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs? A. It is well received. B. It needs to be more creative. C. It is highly profitable. D. It takes ages to see the results. Passage 4 【2022年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel. Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply. That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was "only increasing, unfortunately. " "Big change requires big ideas. " he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving. An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws. "We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone. " 8. Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers' texting in the US? A. Ineffective. B. Unnecessary. C. Inconsistent. D. Unfair. 9. What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out? A. Where a driver came from. B. Whether a driver used their phone. C. How fast a driver was going. D. When a driver arrived at the scene. 10. What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to? A. Advice. B. Data. C. Tests. D. Laws. 11. What is a suitable title for the text? A. To Drive or Not to Drive? Think Before You StartB. Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer C. New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers. D. The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer- Passage 5 【2022年全国乙卷】Can a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis. Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient(高效)across the board. That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts. By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time. 8. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible? A. The use of drones in checking on power lines. B. Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes. C. The reduction of cost in designing drones. D. Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas. 9. What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to? A. Personnel safety. B. Assistance from drones. C. Inspection and repair. D. Construction of infrastructure. 10. What function is expected of the rail drones? . A To provide early warning. B. To make trains run automatically. C. To earn profits for the crews. D. To accelerate transportation. 11. Which is the most suitable title for the text? A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones B. How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded C. What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face . D How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways Passage 6 【2022年全国甲卷】As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of littleGentoo penguins(企鹅) longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget. Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career(职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge. After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South American mainland. “I just decided wanted to go,” she says. “I had no idea about what I’d find there and I wasn’t nervous, I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.” In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met before, to begin the journey towards Antarctica. “From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impression on me that no other place has,” Ginni says. “I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us. You could still hear the operatic sounds it was making underwater.” The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni. 8. Which of the following best explains “take the plunge” underlined in paragraph 2? A. Try challenging things. B. Take a degree. C. Bring back lost memories. D. Stick to a promise. 9. What made Ginni decide on the trip to Antarctica? A. Lovely penguins. B. Beautiful scenery. C. A discount fare. D. A friend’s invitation. 10. What does Ginni think about Antarctica after the journey? A. It could be a home for her. B. It should be easily accessible. C. It should be well preserved. D. It needs to be fully introduced. . 11 What is the text mainly about? A. A childhood dream. B. An unforgettable experience. C. Sailing around the world. D. Meeting animals in Antarctica. Passage 7 【2022 年浙江卷 6 月】Many people believe that working to the maximum is the secret to success, but research has found that moderation(适度) also gets results on the job. In a study led by Ellen Langer of Harvard University, researchers asked people to translate sentences into a new a made-up language. Subjects who practiced the language moderately beforehand made fewer errors than those who practiced extensively or not at all. High levels of knowledge can make people too attached to traditional ways of viewing problems across fields the arts, sciences, and politics. High conscientiousness is related to lower job performance, especially in simple jobs where it doesn’t pay to be a perfectionist. How long we stay on the clock and how we spend that time are under careful examination in manyworkplaces. The young banker who eats lunch at his desk is probably seen as a go-getter, while his colleagues who chat over a relaxed conference-room meal get dirty looks from the corner office. “People from cultures that value relationships more than ours does are shocked by the thought of eating alone in front of a computer”, says Art Markman, a professor of psychology at the University of Texas, Austin. Social interaction has been shown to lift mood(情绪) and get people thinking in new directions and in ways that could help improve any post-lunch effort. Markman also promotes off-task time. “Part of being a good thinker is experiencing things that are seemingly unrelated to what you are working on at the moment but give you fresh ideas about your work,” he says. “Also, there is a lot of research showing that a positive mood leads to higher levels of productivity and creativity. So, when people do things to increase their life satisfaction, they also make themselves more effective at work.” 7. What does Ellen Langer’s study show? A. It is worthwhile to be a perfectionist B. Translation makes people knowledgeable. C. Simpler jobs require greater caution. D. Moderate effort produces the best result. 8. The underlined word “go-getter” in paragraph 3 refers to someone Who_______. A. is good at handling pressure B. works hard to become successful C. a has a natural talent for his job. D. gets on well with his co-workers 9. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. A good thinker is able to inspire other people. B. Experience unrelated to your job is useless. C. A cheerful mood helps make a creative mind. D. Focusing on what you do raises productivity. 10. What does the text seem to advocate? A. Middle-of-the-road work habits. B. Balance between work and family. C. Long-standing cultural traditions. D. Harmony in the work environment. Passage 8 【2022 年北京卷】Quantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor. For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.” As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype,Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum. After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum. The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what we are doing with others.” Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson. 31. Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________. A. sympathetic B. unconcerned C. doubtful D. excited 32. What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing? A. His dominance in physics. B. The competition in the field. C. His confidence in PyQuantum. D. The investment of tech companies. 33. What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. Open. B. Cool. C. Useful. D. Resistant. 34. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor? B. Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology? C. Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being? D. Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype? 2021年阅读理解 Passage 1 【2021年新高考全国Ⅱ 卷】I have worked as a keeper at the National Zoo, Paris for 11 years. Spot and Stripe are the first tiger cubs that have ever been born here. Globally, a third of Sumatran cubs in zoos don't make it to adulthood, so I decided to give them round-the-clock care at home. I've got two children—the younger one, Kynan, was extremely happy about the tigers arriving - but all of us really looked forward to being part of their lives and watching them grow. I wasn't worried about bringing them into my home with my wife and kids. These were cubs. They weighed about 2.5 kg and were so small that there was absolutely no risk. As they grew more mobile, we let them move freely around the house during the day, but when we were asleep we had to contain them in a large room, otherwise they'd get up to mischief. We'd come down in the morning to find they'd turned the room upside down, and left it looking like a zoo. Things quickly got very intense due to the huge amount of energy required to look after them. There weresome tough times and I just felt extremely tired. I was grateful that my family was there to help. We had to have a bit of a production line going, making up “tiger milk”, washing baby bottles, and cleaning the floors. When Spot and Stripe were four months old, they were learning how to open doors and jump fences, and we knew it really was time for them to go. It was hard for us to finally part with them. For the first few days, Kynan was always a bit disappointed that the cubs weren't there. I'm not sad about it. I'm hands-on with them every day at the zoo, and I do look back very fondly on the time that we had them. 4. Why did the author bring the tiger cubs home? A. To ensure their survival. B. To observe their differences. C. To teach them life skills. D. To let them play with his kids. 5. What do the underlined words “get up to mischief” mean in paragraph 3? A. Behave badly. B. Lose their way. C. Sleep soundly. D. Miss their mom. 6. What did the author think of raising the tiger cubs at home? A. Boring. B. Tiring. C. Costly. D. Risky. 7. Why did the author decide to send Spot and Stripe back to the zoo? A. They frightened the children. B. They became difficult to contain. C. They annoyed the neighbours. D. They started fighting each other. Passage 2 【2021年新高考全国Ⅱ 卷】A British woman who won a S1 million prize after she was named the World's Best Teacher will use the cash to bring inspirational figures into UK schools. Andria Zafirakou,a north London secondary school teacher, said she wanted to bring about a classroom revolution (变革). “We are going to make a change, ”she said.“I’ve started a project to promote the teaching of the arts in our schools.” The project results from the difficulties many schools have in getting artists of any sort - whether an up-and- coming local musician or a major movie star - into schools to work with and inspire children. Zafirakou began the project at Alperton Community School, her place of work for the past twelve years. “I've seen those magic moments when children are talking to someone they are inspired by - their eyes are shining and their faces light up,” she said. “We need artists . more than ever in our schools." Artist Michael Craig-Martin said: “Andria's brilliant project to bring artists from all fields into direct contact with children is particularly welcome at a time when the arts are being downgraded in schools." It was a mistake to see the arts as unnecessary, he added. Historian Sir Simon Schama is also a supporter of the project. He said that arts education in schools was not just an add-on. “It is absolutely necessary. The future depends on creativity and creativity depends on the young. What will remain of us when artificial intelligence takes over will be our creativity, and it is our creative spirit, our visionary sense of freshness,that has been our strength for centuries." 8. What will Zafirakou do with her prize money? A. Make a movie. B. Build new schools. C. Run a project. D. Help local musicians.9. What does Craig-Martin think of the teaching of the arts in UK schools? A. It is particularly difficult. B. It increases artists' income. C. It opens children's mind. D. It deserves greater attention. 10. What should be stressed in school education according to Schama? A. Moral principles. B. Interpersonal skills. C. Creative abilities. D. Positive worldviews. 11. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A. Bring Artists to Schools B. When Historians Meet Artists C. Arts Education in Britain D. The World's Best Arts Teacher Passage 3 【2021年全国甲卷】When I was 9, we packed up our home in Los Angeles and arrived at Heathrow, London on a gray January morning. Everyone in the family settled quickly into the city except me. Without my beloved beaches and endless blue—sky days, I felt at a loss and out of place. Until I made a discovery. Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing .I loved it. I soon made friends with the local skaters. We spoke our own language. And my favorite: Safe. Safe meant cool. It meant hello. It meant don't worry about it. Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam（横杆）, I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Toby came over, helping me up: Safe, man. Safe. A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud, shouting: “ Safe! Safe! Safe!” And that's what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater. When I was 15, my family moved to Washington. I tried skateboarding there, but the locals were far less welcoming. Within a couple of years, I'd given it up. When I returned to London in 2004, I found myself wandering down to Southbank, spending hours there. I've traveled back several times since, most recently this past spring. The day was cold but clear: tourists and Londoners stopped to watch the skaters. Weaving（穿梭）among the kids who rushed by on their boards, I found my way to the beam. Then a rail—thin teenager, in a baggy white T—shirt, skidded（滑）up to the beam. He sat next to me. He seemed not to notice the man next to him. But soon I caught a few of his glances. “I was a local here 20 years ago,” I told him. Then, slowly, he began to nod his head. “Safe, man. Safe.” “Yeah,” I said. “Safe.” 8. What can we learn about the author soon after he moved to London? A. He felt disappointed. B. He gave up his hobby. C. He liked the weather there. D. He had disagreements with his family. 9. What do the underlined words “Safe! Safe! Safe!” probably mean? A. Be careful! B. Well done! C. No way! D. Don't worry! 10. Why did the author like to spend time in Southbank when he returned to London? A. To join the skateboarding. B. To make new friends. C. To learn more tricks. D. To relive his childhood days 11. What message does the author seem to convey in the text? A. Children should learn a second language.. B Sport is necessary for children's health. C. Children need a sense of belonging D. Seeing the world is a must for children. Passage 4 【2021年浙江卷6月】We live in a town with three beaches. There are two parts less than 10 minutes’ walk from home where neighborhood children gather to play. However, what my children want to do after school is pick up a screen — any screen — and stare at it for hours. They are not alone. Today's children spend an average of four and a half hours a day looking at screens, split between watching television and using the Internet. In the past few years, an increasing number of people and organisations have begun coming up with plans to counter this trend. A couple of years ago film-maker David Bond realised that his children, then aged five and three, were attached to screens to the point where he was able to say “chocolate” into his three-year-old son’s ear without getting a response. He realised that something needed to change, and, being a London media type, appointed himself “marketing director from Nature”. He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the World Network, a group of organisations with the common goal of getting children out into nature. “Just five more minutes outdoors can make a difference,” David Bond says. “There is a lot of really interesting evidence which seems to be suggesting that if children are inspired up to the age of seven, then being outdoors will be on habit for life.” His own children have got into the habit of playing outside now: “We just send them out into the garden and tell them not to come back in for a while.” Summer is upon us. There is an amazing world out there, and it needs our children as much as they need it. Let us get them out and let them play. 4. What is the problem with the author’s children? A. They often annoy their neighbours. B. They are tired of doing their homework. C. They have no friends to play with D. They stay in front of screens for too long. 5. How did David Bond advocate his idea? A. By making a documentary film. B. By organizing outdoor activities. C. By advertising in London media. D. By creating a network of friends. 6. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “charts” in paragraph 2? A. records B. predicts C. delays D. confirms 7. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Let Children Have Fun B. Young Children Need More Free Time C. Market Nature to Children D. David Bond: A Role Model for Children Passage5 【2021年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷】When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl ( 水 禽 ) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed andhouse the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat. In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory ( 迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources. About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures , this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934 better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated. 28. What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America? A. Loss of wetlands. B. Popularity of water sports. C. Pollution of rivers. D. Arrival of other wild animals. 29. What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph? A. Acquire. B. Export. C. Destroy. D. Distribute. 30. What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934? A. The stamp price has gone down. B. The migratory birds have flown away. C. The hunters have stopped hunting. D. The government has collected money. 31. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A. The Federal Duck Stamp Story B. The National Wildlife Refuge System C. The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl D. The History of Migratory Bird Hunting Passage6 【2021年北京卷】Hundreds of scientists, writers and academics sounded a warning to humanity in an open letter published last December: Policymakers and the rest of us must engage openly with the risk of global collapse. Researchers in many areas have projected the widespread collapse as “a credible scenario(情景) this century”. A survey of scientists found that extreme weather events, food insecurity, and freshwater shortages might create global collapse. Of course, if you are a non-human species, collapse is well underway. The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still- uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations. Not very long ago, it was also unthinkable that a virus would shut down nations and that safety nets would be proven so disastrously lacking in flexibility. The international scholars’ warning letter doesn't say exactly what collapse will look like or when it might happen. Collapseology, the study of collapse, is more concerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers of everyday civilization. Among the signatories(签署者) of the warning was Bob Johnson, the originator of the “ecological footprint” concept, which measures the total amount of environmental input needed to maintain a givenlifestyle. With the current footprint of humanity, “it seems that global collapse is certain to happen in some form, possibly within a decade, certainly within this century,” Johnson said in an email. “Only if we discuss the consequences of our biophysical limits,” the December warning letter says, “can we have the hope to reduce their speed, severity and harm”. And yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine. As a poet wrote, Man is a victim of dope(麻醉品) In the incurable form of hope. The hundreds of scholars who signed the letter are intent(执着) on quieting hope that ignores preparedness. “Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.” 28. What does the underlined word “germane” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Scientific. B. Credible. C. Original. D. Relevant. 29. As for the public awareness of global collapse, the author is________. A. worried B. puzzled C. surprised D. scared 30. What can we learn from this passage? A. The signatories may change the biophysical limits. B. The author agrees with the message of the poem. C. The issue of collapse is being prioritized. D. The global collapse is well underway. Passage7 【2021年浙江卷6月】If you ever get the impression that your dog can "tell" whether you look content or annoyed, you may be onto something. Dogs may indeed be able to distinguish between happy and angry human faces, according to a new study Researchers trained a group of 11 dogs to distinguish between images(图像)of the same person making either a happy or an angry face. During the training stage, each dog was shown only the upper half or the lower half of the person's face. The researchers then tested the dogs' ability to distinguish between human facial expressions by showing them the other half of the person's face on images totally different from the ones used in training. The researchers found that the dogs were able to pick the angry or happy face by touching a picture of it with their noses more often than one would expect by random chance. The study showed the animals had figured out how to apply what they learned about human faces during training to new faces in the testing stage. "We can rule out that the dogs simply distinguish between the pictures based on a simple cue, such as the sight of teeth," said study author Corsin Muller. "Instead, our results suggest that the successful dogs realized that a smiling mouth means the same thing as smiling eyes, and the same rule applies to an angry mouth having the same meaning as angry eyes." "With our study, we think we can now confidently conclude that at least some dogs can distinguish humanfacial expressions," Muller told Live Science. At this point, it is not clear why dogs seem to be equipped with the ability to recognize different facial expressions in humans. "To us, the most likely explanation appears to be that the basis lies in their living with humans, which gives them a lot of exposure to human facial expressions," and this exposure has provided them with many chances to learn to distinguish between them, Muller said. 8. The new study focused on whether dogs can_________. A. distinguish shapes B. make sense of human faces C. feel happy or angry D. communicate with each other 9. What can we learn about the study from paragraph 2? A. Researchers tested the dogs in random order. B. Diverse methods were adopted during training. C. Pictures used in the two stages were different D. The dogs were photographed before the lest. 10. What is the last paragraph mainly about? A. A suggestion for future studies. B. A possible reason for the study findings. C. A major limitation of the study D. An explanation of the research method. Passage8 【2021年浙江卷1月】 Researchers say they have translated the meaning of gestures that wild chimpanzees (黑猩猩) use to communicate. They say wild chimps communicate 19 specific messages to one another with a "vocabulary" of 66 gestures. The scientists discovered this by following and filming groups of chimps in Uganda, and examining more than 5,000 incidents of these meaningful exchanges. Dr Catherine Hobaiter, who led the research, said that this was the only form of intentional communication to be recorded in the animal kingdom. Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system of communication where they deliberately sent a message to another group member. "That's what's so amazing about chimp gestures," she said. "They're the only thing that looks like human language in that respect. ” Although previous research has shown that apes and monkeys can understand complex information from another animal's call, the animals do not appear to use their voices intentionally to communicate messages. This was a significant difference between calls and gestures, Dr Hobaiter said. Chimps will check to see if they have the attention of the animal with which they wish to communicate. In one case, a mother presents her foot to her crying baby, signaling:" Climb on me. " The youngster immediately jumps on to its mothers back and they travel off together. "The big message from this study is that there is another species (物种) out there. that is meaningful in its communication, so that's not unique to humans," said Dr Hobaiter. Dr Susanne Shultz, an evolutionary biologist from the University of Manchester, said the study was praiseworthy in seeking to enrich our knowledge of the evolution of human language. But, she added, the results were "a little disappointing". "The vagueness of the gesture meanings suggests either that the chimps have little to communicate, or we are still missing a lot of the information contained in their gestures and actions," she said. "Moreover, the meaningsseem to not go beyond what other animal convey with non-verbal communication. So, it seems the gulf remains. " 7．What do chimps and humans have in common according to Dr Hobaiter? A．Memorizing specific words. B．Understanding complex information. C．Using voices to communicate. D．Communicating messages on purpose. 8．What did Dr Shultz think of the study? A．It was well designed but poorly conducted. B．It was a good try but the findings were limited. C．It was inspiring but the evidence was unreliable. D．It was a failure but the methods deserved praise. 9．What does the underlined word "gulf" in the last paragraph mean? A．Difference. B．Conflict. C．Balance. D．Connection. 10．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Chimpanzee behaviour study achieved a breakthrough B．Chimpanzees developed specific communication skills C．Chimpanzees: the smartest species in the animal kingdom D．Chimpanzee language: communication gestures translated Passage 9 【2021年全国乙卷】When almost everyone has a mobile phone, why are more than half of Australian homes still paying for a landline（座机）? These days you’d be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn’t own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime. Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter （29%） rely only on their smartphones according to a survey （调查）. Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it’s not really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category. More than half of Australian homes are still choosing to stick with their home phone. Age is naturally a factor （因素）— only 58 percent of Generation Ys still use landlines now and then, compared to 84 percent of Baby Boomers who’ve perhaps had the same home number for 50 years. Age isn’t the only factor; I’d say it’s also to do with the makeup of your household. Generation Xers with young families, like my wife and I, can still find it convenient to have a home phone rather than providing a mobile phone for every family member. That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a game and guess who is calling before we pick up the phone（using Caller ID would take the fun out of it）. How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries? 24. What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones?A. Their target users. B. Their wide popularity. C. Their major functions. D. Their complex design. 25. What does the underlined word “concede” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Admit. B. Argue. C. Remember. D. Remark. 26. What can we say about Baby Boomers? A. They like smartphone games. B. They enjoy guessing callers’ identity. C. They keep using landline phones. D. They are attached to their family. 27. What can be inferred about the landline from the last paragraph? A. It remains a family necessity. B. It will fall out of use some day. C. It may increase daily expenses. D. It is as important as the gas light.