文档内容
高考英语语法词汇专项突破:04 特殊句式之祈使句与省略句考点突破
考情速递 祈使句和省略句作为特殊句式在各类英语试题中频繁出现。从历年高考试题来看,祈使句
的主要考点在于:祈使句的谓语形式、祈使句表示条件、祈使句的反义疑问句等。而省略的考点一般有:
词的省略、句子成分的省略、多个成分的同时省略等,涉及到句式、非谓语动词、状语从句、虚拟语气
等。
●Part I 祈使句考点突破
一、对祈使句谓语动词形式的考查
祈使句表请求、命令、叮嘱、邀请、劝告等。祈使句用动词原形开头,省掉主语 you,有时候为了强
调也带上主语you,但是要注意谓语动词依然是动词原形,否定形式是:Don’t +动词原形。如:
【典例】Always keep in mind that your main task is to get this company running smoothly. (XXXX湖南
卷·31)
解析:that引导的是宾语从句,而主句没有主语,动词原形keep构成祈使句。句意:永远记住,你的
主要任务就是让这个公司平稳运行。
【典例】Make what you’re doing today important, because you’re trading a day of your life for it. (XXXX
湖南卷·30)
解析:because引导的是原因状语从句,主句没有主语,是祈使句,用动词原形开头。句意:要让你今
天所做之事成为重要之事,因为你是在用你生命中的一天在经营这一件事。
二、对祈使句的反义疑问句形式考查
当祈使句为肯定句式,其反意疑问句表示请求时,通常用will you;表示邀请、劝说时,用won’t you;
祈使句为否定句式,其反意疑问句通常只用will you; Let开头的祈使句构成反意疑问句时,除Let’s用shall
we外,其他均用will you。如:
【典题】----- Alice, you feed the bird today, _________ you?
----- But I fed it yesterday.
答案与解析:will/ won't。从答句“我昨天喂过了”看出问句是一个带主语的祈使句, 主语you不省略
是为了指明向谁提出请求、命令或劝说。
三、对“祈使句+and/or+表结果的陈述句”考查“祈使句+and+表结果的陈述句”中的祈使句用来叙述肯定的条件,“祈使句+and”相当与 “If you …”
的条件状语从句。“祈使句+or+表结果的陈述句” 中的祈使句用来叙述否定的条件,相当于“Unless
you…”的条件状语从句,其中陈述句部分多用将来时。考点设置:①动词原形开头;②连词and或or;③
后一分句时态。有时候,有些祈使句以一个名词短语来充当,且后接一个带有并列连接词的分句。实际
上,这个充当祈使句的名词短语相当于一个条件状语从句。如:
More water and the young trees couldn’t have died. =If you had given them more water, the young trees
couldn’t have died. 如果你给那些小树多浇点水,他们就不会死了。
One more step, and I’ll shoot you.= Walk one more step, and I’ll shoot you.= If you walk one more step, I’ll
shoot you. 再走一步,我就开枪打死你。
【典题】Give me a chance, _______ I’ll give you a wonderful surprise. (改编自XXXX天津卷·1)
答案与解析:and。前面是祈使句,后面是陈述句,而且前后句子是“条件→结果”,因此是并列
句,根据肯定意思确定用表示递进关系的 and。相当于:If you give me a chance, I’ll give you a wonderful
surprise.。
祈使句易与不定式、分词或条件状语从句相混淆,稍不留神,就会出错。解题时要认真审题,认真分
析句子结构,并根据上下文语境,作出正确判断。比较:
①Checking your composition carefully, you can avoid some spelling mistakes.
②Checked carefully, some spelling mistakes can be avoided in your composition.
③Check your composition carefully, and some spelling mistakes can be avoided.
④Check your composition carefully, or some spelling mistakes can’t be avoided.
⑤If you check your composition carefully, some spelling mistakes can be avoided.
●Part II 省略句考点突破
一、对承前省略考查
所谓承前省略指的是当前后两句结构相同时,通常可将后一结构与前一结构相同的部分省略,从而使
句子更简洁。一般说来,这种省略考生是可以根据上下文的语境做出正确理解的,尤其要注意前后句子的
结构。如:
【典例】—What should I do with this passage?
—______(find) out the main idea of each paragraph.
答案与解析:Find。容易误用Finding或To find,误认为这是考查非谓语动词。根据问句可知,完整
的答语应是You should find out...,此处是承前省略了You should,所以就是Find out。【典例】—Who has eaten all the cake,Jim?
—Oh,______ must be your two pet dogs.
答案与解析:it。根据句意可以看出此句实为强调句型 It must be your pet dogs that have eaten all the
cake 的省略形式。
二、对状语从句省略部分考查
为了简洁起见,当表示时间、条件、让步、方式等的状语从句,尤其是当从句主语与主句主语一致,
且从句谓语包括有动词 be 时,可以省略从句的主语和部分谓语,而留下“连词(when,while,if,as if,
though/although,as,until,once,whether,unless,where等)+现在分词、过去分词/形容词等”。其中as
if有时可以跟动词不定式。如:
Henry looked about as if (he were) in search of something/as if searching for something.
亨利向四周环视,似乎在寻找什么。
Collins had taken Karen's hand, as if (she was) to share his upset with her, when he saw the President
signaling him. 柯林斯握着凯伦的手,好象这样就可以让她分担自己的不安似的,这时,他发现总统在招呼
他。
【典题】If ___ (accept) for the job, you’ll be informed soon. (改编自XXXX北京卷·31)
答案与解析:accepted。本句if条件状语从句中省略了主语you,与accept构成被动关系,用过去分词
accepted。
【典题】Children,when _______ (accompany) by their parents, are allowed to enter the stadium. (改编自
XXXX湖南卷·21)
答案与解析:accompanied。根据连词when看出从句的主语应该是句子的主语Children,补全句子则
是when children are accompanied by their parents, 所以用省略结构“连词+过去分词”,故用accompanied。
【典题】He may be busy. If ______, I’ll call later. If not, can I see him now?
答案与解析:so。根据后面If not的提示可以看出前面的条件句也是省略结构,即If so=If it is so,与
后面的If not=If it is not so相对应。句意是:他可能很忙,要是这样,我以后再来拜访。要是不忙,我现在
可以见他吗?
三、对虚拟语气中的从句省略部分考查
(一)在虚拟条件句中,如果if引导的虚拟条件句有were,should,had,可以将引导条件从句的连词
if 省略,而将从句中的were/should/had提到句首。注意:若条件从句为否定句,否定词not应置于主语之后,而不能与were,should,had 等缩略成 Weren’t,Shouldn’t,Hadn’t 而置于句首。如:
【典题】It would be very silly to argue any more against each other about it _____ that be true.
答案与解析:should。根据主句的would be 和any more看出是表示将来的虚拟语气,后面的句子主语
是that,谓语部分只有动词be,所以要填的应该是助动词或者情态动词。考虑到虚拟表示语气,则填
should,相当于if that should be。省略if时用部分倒装结构。
【典题】Had it_____ been for the captain, the ship would have sunk.
答案与解析:not。根据would have sunk推出从句是表示与过去事实相反的假设,主句补全是If it
hadn’t been for…。故填not。句意是:要不是船长,船就沉了。
【典题】 there no modern telecommunications, we would have to wait for weeks to get news from
around the world. (改编自XXXX福建卷·32)
答案与解析:Were。根据后面句子的谓语部分would have to wait看出是虚拟语气,再根据句意知道从
句应该是表示“有“的there be 句型,由此可以推出从句部分是If there were..,但是there已经在be动词之
后,所以是省略且倒装。故用Were。
(二)表示建议advise, suggest, propose, recommend;命令order, command;请求ask, demand, require,
request;指示direct;督促urge;提议move, vote;希望desire;坚持insist;打算intend;安排arrange等词
后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气,构成形式是“should +动词原形”,其中should可以省掉。其对应的名词作
主语跟表语从句,或者其名词形式跟同位语从句时,其中的should也可以省掉。如:
My suggestion is / What I suggest is/ I suggest that we (should) have a personal talk about this matter. 我的
建议是大家面谈此事。
My suggestion that we (should) have a personal talk about this matter hasn’t been accepted.
我提出大家面谈此事的建议还没有被采纳。
【典题】(改错) Eye doctors recommend that a child’s first eye exam shall be at the age of six months old. (改
编自XXXX浙江卷·8)
答案与解析:shall改为should或删掉shall。根据recommend及其句意看出 that从句的谓语动词用
“should+动词原形”的虚拟语气形式,其中should可以省掉。
四、对不定式小品词to省略考查
下列情况中的不定式标志 to常省掉:①作介词but, expect, besides的宾语,前面又有实意动词do时,
不定式通常省去to;②在would rather…than…结构中,不定式符号常常要省略;③在see, watch, notice,
hear, listen to, look at, feel, have, make, let, observe等词后作宾语补足语时省略不定式符号to;④why (not) do结构中, 不定式不带to。
【典题】I couldn’t be like the other girls in my class, who did nothing but _____ (watch) others all day long,
observing what other people ate, what they wore, what they said.
答案与解析:watch。此处but是介词,根据括号内的动词看出是用不定式作宾语,但是前面有实意动
词do,因此to省掉。故填watch。句意是:我不像那些女同学,她们一天到晚注意别人,别人吃了什么,
穿了什么,说了什么。
【典题】Let those in need (understand) that we will go all out to help them. (改编自XXXX陕西
卷·13)
答案与解析:understand。根据let看出是let sb. do sth.结构,其中need的干扰性强,考生可能会误以
为是need to do或need doing结构,关键是正确理解句意。此处的不定式作宾补要省掉 to,故用动词原形
understand。
五、对一些固定短语中某些介词的省略考查
有些固定结构中的介词可以省掉,当然也可以不省掉。但是,作为语法填空题要求只填一个词的时
候,这个介词就不能省掉,如果是填介词后面所给括号内的动词正确形式,则用动名词形式。这样的结构
有:have trouble/difficulty /bother/ a problem / a hard time (in) doing sth.; be busy (in) doing sth. ; prevent/stop sb.
(from) doing sth.; there is no use (in) doing sth.; sb. spend/waste time/money (in) doing sth.; have fun/a good time
(in) doing sth.; there is no point (in) doing sth.; have luck (in) doing sth等。如:
February and March will be your big months for a major career success, but this month you will
have luck (in) acquiring the very best possible day-to-day assignments.
今年二月和三月将会是你的大个月主要的事业成功,但这个月你会有好运的最好的可能因此日常作
业。
She tried to send the dog away from the hospital, but there was no use doing that.
她试图把狗从医院送走,但没有用。
For example, if a man breaks up with his girlfriend and she says terrible things about him, there is
no point in telling the man.
例如,有个男的和女朋友分手了,如果这个女友说了一些他的坏话,那么告诉那个男的这件事根本就
没什么意义。
Jim wrote to Dr. Green because he had trouble getting on with his friends.吉姆写信给格林医生,因为他与朋友相处时遇到了困难。
We bought the house without reading the small print and found later that the contract prevented us
from building a garage.
我们在没读小体字部分的情况下买下了房子,事后却发现契约上不允许我们修建车库。
【典题】Much time spent _____(sit) at a desk, office workers are generally troubled by health problems. (改
编自XXXX江苏·24)
答案与解析:sitting。本题是独立主格结构“名词+过去分词”,其中包含spend time (in) doing sth.结
构,所以用sitting,其前的介词in被省掉。
【典题】We’ve been spending a lot of time sing in karaoke bars. (XXXX四川卷 短文改错·64)
答案与解析:sing改为singing。本句属于句型sb. spend time (in) doing sth. 。
【典题】Carbon dioxide, which makes a barrier between us and the sun, prevents heat ______ (get)
getting out of the atmosphere easily, so the earth is becoming warmer. (改编自XXXX湖北卷·22)
答案与解析:getting。根据动词prevents和句意看出是preven sb. (from) doing sth.结构,此处from省
掉,但是依然用动名词作宾语。