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高考英语语法词汇专项突破：05定语从句难点全解读+巩固练习+答案(2-1)
在英语语法中，定语从句是一个非常重要的概念，它可以用来修饰名词或代词，让句子更加准确和清
晰。定语从句通常由关系代词或关系副词引导，其中最常用的关系代词有 who, whom, whose, that, which和
as。而关系副词则包括 where, when,和 why。关系代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语，关系副词在
从句中作状语。
在实际的使用中，定语从句可以用来进一步描述人和事物，提供更多的细节和信息，使句子更加精准
和有力。例如，我们可以用一个定语从句来描述一个人的特征，或者用它来解释一个事件的原因。
总之，英语语法定语从句是一个非常实用的语法结构，它可以帮助我们更好地表达自己的思想，让我
们的英语表达更加准确、清晰和生动。
但是，在实际运用中并不容易。看似那么几个关系词，在不同的语境不同的句子结构中却又是比较复
杂的。下面就根据常遇到的定语从句的难点进行解析。
难点一、whose用法
1、whose既可以指代“……人的”，也可以指代“……物的”，其本身在定语从句中作定语，引导限
制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。可以与表示所属关系的of whom/ of which互换。如：
I stayed with my uncle whose house was opposite where my grandfather lived, and walking home
with him one day we met the doctor. （先行词指人，表示“......人的”，引导限制性定语从句）
我还去了外公住处对面的舅舅家，陪他呆了些时日，回家时，我们问了医生。
I am a junior student coming from Arts & Metiers ParisTech in France which is a mechanical
engineering school and whose main task is cultivating general engineer.
我是一名大三的学生在法国巴黎高科艺术和特长的一个机械工程学校，其主要任务是培养总工程师到
来。（先行词指物，表示“......物的”，引导限制性定语从句）
Mrs. Dodd wanted a special day to honor her father William, whose wife died while giving birth to
their sixth child.
多德夫人希望有一个特殊的日子来向她的父亲———威廉．斯玛特表示敬意。 他的妻子在生他们第
六个孩子时因难产而死。（先行词指物，表示“......人的”，引导非限制性定语从句）
【考例1】（2020年新课标Ⅲ）In ancient China lived an artist ______ paintings were almost lifelike. The
artist’s reputation had made him proud.答案与解析：whose。考查定语从句中作定语的关系代词。此处为定语从句修饰先行词 artist，且先行
词在从句中作定语，可以理解为“the artist’s paintings…”，故应用关系代词 whose 表示“这位画家
的……”。故填whose引导限制性定语从句。句意：中国古代有一位画家，他的画几乎栩栩如生。
【考例2】（2020天津卷·第二次）Dr. Rowan, ______ secretary resigned two weeks ago, has
had to do all his own typing.
A. whose B. of whom C. of which D. which
答案与解析：A 。考查定语从句关系代词。分析句子的结构和句意看出是定语从句，先行词是名词
Dr. Rowan，根据定语从句的主语 secretary与先行词之间的关系看出应该是“Dr. Rowan的秘
书”，所以用作定语的关系代词whose。B答案的of whom虽然可以与whose转换，但是题干
的 secretary 前面应该加上作为限定词的定冠词 the，即 of whom the secretary，或 the
secretary of whom。句意是：罗文博士所有的打字都得自己做，他的秘书两周前辞职了。
【考例3】（上海XXXX) Have you seen the film “ Titanic”, _____ leading actor is world-famous?
A. its B. it’s C. whose D. which
答案与解析：C。主要难点是whose表示“……的、谁的”的意思在一些同学的印象中已经根深蒂
固，而忽视它还可以指“……物的”这一用法。根据前后两个谓语动词可以看出是两个句子，需要用连词
连接，可排除A、B，因为它们不具有连接句子的作用，所以只能从C、D中选。根据句意看出是“影片
《泰坦尼克号》的主演”，因此是定语从句，先行词是名词 the film “ Titanic”，表示“……的”用关系代
词whose，应选C，此处whose引导非限制性定语从句，表示“物的”。句意是：你看过《泰坦尼克号》
吗？片中的男主角是世界著名的演员。
2、whose可与表所属关系的of which或of whom相互转换，其语序是：名词/代词+of+which / whom
结构：whose name =the name of which/whom=of which/whom the name
【考例】(上海XXXX) Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _____ was very reasonable.
A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of whose
答案与解析：由句中的“，”可知本题是一个复合句，应用连词才能把这两个句子连接起来，先排
除C；D项中的whose在介词of的后面，不可选，因为whose不能作宾语，故选B。本句可以转换成：
Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, whose price was very reasonable.
【考例】(XXXX四川卷) For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread our further, _______ New
York is an example.
A. for which B. in which C. of which D. from which答案与解析：C。考查定语从句。本题的定语从句的先行词是many cities，which指代先行词在句中作
为of的宾语，of表示所属关系，of which放在an example的后面。故C正确．句意是：对于世界上的很
多城市而言，没有空间可继续发展了，纽约就是其中的一个例子。
【考例】 Our English teacher lives in that house, ______ windows face to the north.
答案与解析：whose。考查定语从句。本句所含定语从句的关系词表示所属关系，所以用whose。也可
以转换成… of which the windows face to the north./ the windows of which face to the north.。句意是：我们的
英语老师就住在那座房子里，房子的窗户朝北。
3、 如果of不表所属关系则of which(whom)不可与whose转换。
【考例】Although the baby ______ is not hers, she loves him as if he were her own child.
A. of that she is taking good care B. who she is taking good care
C. of whom she is taking good care D. whose she is talking good care
答案与解析：C。考查定语从句。take care of的意思是“照顾、照看”，是一固定短语，关系代词
that前不可以用介词，排除A; B项缺少介词of；由于介词of在本题不表示所属关系，所以“of+关系代
词”不可转换成whose，本题只能选C。
【考例】At last I passed the final examination, _______ I was proud. So it was with my parents and
teachers.
A. whose B. of whom C. which D. of which
答案与解析：D。考查定语从句。定语从句包含短语be proud of“以……而骄傲（自豪）”，句中的介
词of属于短语be proud of，也就是说，of which在此不表示“所属关系”，所以只能选D，不可以选A。
本题句意是：最终我通过了期末考试，为此我感到骄傲。
难点二、抽象意义的地点或时间名词作先行词用关系副词 where
1. 关系副词where的先行词是指地点的名词或代词，也可以是 case，situation, state，point，job,
stage等表示情况、状态、程度等的名词，引导词本身在从句中作状语，句中的先行词基本上都可以与at
或 in 搭配成表示地点的短语。如：
I have heard of a case where a soldier riding a bus did not offer his seat to a woman with a baby even when it
began to cry. 有个战士坐车，一位妇女抱着娃娃，他不让座，娃娃哭了他也不理。
He's got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane. 他使自己陷入一
个似乎要失去对飞机控制的危险处境。Imagine a situation where two strangers are talking to each other after someone they both know has left the
room, or the cafe or party, etc.（外研版第六册第一模块）
想像这样一个情景：在两个陌生人都认识的某一个人离开房间、咖啡馆或聚会后，他们继续交谈。
They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other. 他们已经到了必须彼此分手的地
步。
This is a difficult and stressful job, but one where you can really help people.（外研版第五册第二模块)
这是一份很困难而且很有压力的工作，但却是一份能真正帮助别人的工作。
One day, the school held a party, where I was invited to talk about Tianjin.（08天津试题改错）
有一天，学校举办了一次聚会。在聚会上，邀请我谈一谈天津。
The great mathematician John von Neumann was one of the founders of game theory. In particular, he showed
that all games fall into two classes: there are what he called games of "perfect information", games like chess,
where the players can't hide anything or play tricks; they don't win by chance but by means of logic and skills.
(2000高考全国试题)
大数学家约翰-冯-纽曼是棋牌理论的奠基者之一。特别是他证明了所有的游戏都可被分成两类：一类是
他称作“完全信息”游戏，比如下棋。在棋盘上，玩家不可能隐藏任何东西或做手脚；他们赢棋靠的不是
运气，而是逻辑和技巧。
In the USA, conversation is less lively than in many other cultures, where everyone talks at the same time.（外
研版第六册第一模块）
与很多其他的文化不同，在美国，交谈不是很热烈；在很多其他文化中，大家都在同时谈话。
【考例】（2019年天津卷）Their child is at the stage__________ she can say individual words but
not full sentences.
A. why B. where C. which D. what
答案与解析：B。考查定语从句。句中she can say individual words but not full sentences是一个定
语从句，先行词是the stage，关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，用关系副词 where，故选B。句意：他
们的孩子正处于能说单个单词而不能说完整句子的阶段。
【考例】（2015天津卷）The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere ______
his employees enjoy their work.
A. where B. which C. when D. who
答案与解析：A。本题考查定语从句的关系词，从句中缺少状语，atmosphere表示抽象地点的范
畴，所以选择where。句意为：这个公司的老板在努力营造一个轻松的氛围，在这个轻松的氛围中，他的员工享受着他们的工作。考查定语从句时，首先要分析从句中的句子成分，要看是否缺少主语或宾
语、表语，如果缺少主语或宾语、表语，则用关系代词，如果缺少状语，则用关系副词．
【考例】（2007 陕西卷）Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases beginners of English fail to
use the language properly.
A. which B. as C. why D. where
答案与解析：D。根据句意和先行词case看出意思是“在这些案例中”，即in the cases，因此可以看
出用in which可以，但是没有此备选项，A少介词in。as作为连接词引导原因状语从句，主从句又
没有因果关系；作为关系代词，as作所引导定语从句的主语或宾语等，但是实际上从句主
语、宾语成分具备。D项where表示“在....地方”，相当于in which，在句中作关系副词。
故选D。句意是：今天，我们要讨论一些案例，在这些案例中，英语初学者们没有恰当地使
用语言。 所以，最佳答案为选项D。
【考例】（XXXX浙江）I have reached a point in my life ______ I am supposed to make decisions of my
own.
A. which B. where C. how D. why （选B）
答案与解析： a point是先行词，把它放入定语从句I am supposed to make decisions of my own中,
可以看出其不能单独充当某一成分，但是可以加入介词at, 则构成状语at a point, 意思是“在一个阶段”,
在定语从句中明显充当（引申的）地点状语，所以，关系词应该选用 at which（即at a point），或直接使
用关系副词where。如果which代替a point, 则必须在定语从句中直接充当成分，否则排除；而 how不能
用于引导定语从句, 且从句也不缺少方式状语；why引导定语从句时, 在从句中充当原因状语，先行词通常
是why，都不符合该句句意要求。B。此题考查定语从句的关系词的用法。句意是：我已经达到了我人生
中的一个阶段---（在这个阶段）我应该做出自己的决定。
【考例2】（XXXX四川卷）She’ll never forget her stay there ________ she found her son who had gone
missing two years before.
A. that B. which C. where D. when
答案与解析：D。her stay为先行词，可以理解为抽象的一段时间（她呆在那里期间），when指代her
stay在定语从句中做时间状语。句意是：她永远也忘不了她在那儿逗留期间, 在那时她找到了两年前走失
的儿子。根据先行词her stay看出此处的关系副词when相当于during which。故选D。
难点三、reason作为先行词时引导定语从句的关系词与其他从句的引导词的判定1. 关系副词why引导的定语从句的先行词是指原因的名词（reason）或代词，引导词本身在从句中作
状语，why从句的内容表示结果。可以与“介词+关系代词”的for which转换。注意关系副词why一般
不引导非限制性定语从句，如需要则用for which。如：
Can you tell me the reason why he didn't attend the meeting last week？
能告诉我他上周没有参加会议的原因吗？
The reason why he was chosen remains unknown. 他为什么被选上的原因还是不清楚。
A thought crossed my mind that maybe this was the reason why everyone was avoiding her and did not try to
help.
我突然想到，也许这就是每个人对她避而远之，不愿帮她的原因。
I want to apologize for not coming to your birthday party. The reason why I didn't show up was that I
had to do some work for my teacher.
我想为没来参加你的生日聚会而道歉。我没能到场的原因是我必须帮我的老师做一些事情。
关系副词why在所引导的定语从句中作原因状语，先行词通常是 reason，可以与for which转换。
如：
The reason why her brother is fired is that he is often late for work.
他哥哥被炒鱿鱼的原因是他经常迟到。
可以转换成：The reason for which her brother is fired is that he is often late for work.
Write down symptoms you're experiencing, including any that may seem unrelated to the reason for which
you scheduled the appointment.
记下你正在经历的症状，包括任何症状，就算症状好像与你预约医生的原因不相关联也要记下。
可以转换成：Write down symptoms you're experiencing, including any that may seem unrelated to the
reason why you scheduled the appointment.
2. reason作为先行词的定语从句引导词并不总是用why，如果其在所引导的定语从句中作主语、表语、
定语等，则应该用关系代词如that, which, whose，of which等。如：
When we consider IQ, we find that this is the reason that can explain about 50% of the difference.
当我们考虑到智商的时候，我们发现这是能够解释大约50%差异的原因。
Then what’s the reason that promoted you to leave Southeast Company？
那是什么原因促使你离开东南公司呢？
Recently some American scientists have found the reason that/ which can clearly explain the
disappearance of all different kinds of living things on the earth.
最近，美国科学家发现了能够解释清楚地球上各种生物灭绝的原因。The college students' lack of basic legal quality leads to legal and social problems, the reason of which /
whose reason is that legal education in colleges is quite insufficient.
大学生基本法律素质的缺乏，引发许多法律问题和社会问题。导致此现象的主要原因是高校法制教育
力度不够。
【考例】（上海春招XXXX）Is this the reason ______ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?
A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained
答案与解析：本题由于先行词是reason，不少考生想当然地选D作为正确选项，实际上正确答案应该
是A。为什么呢？我们要先从定语从句的谓语动词看起，那么就会发现谓语动词 explain是及物动词，而这
个及物动词没有宾语，由此可以推断出所填的关系词作定语从句的宾语，所以用关系代词，排除B、C、
D，A项认为是省去了作宾语的关系代词。句意是：这就是他在会上解释他工作粗心的原因吗？
3. reason后跟that引导的同位语从句时候，从句说明reason的具体内容，表示原因或目的，that与
引导定语从句不同，其本身在所引导的同位语从句中不做任何成分，只起连接作用，不可以用 which代
替。如：
Some people dislike it because of its bitter taste, but more and more people are becoming interested in
traditional Chinese medicine for the reason that it's an effective way to cure illnesses.
有些人不喜欢它，因为它的味道很苦，但是越来越多的人开始对中药感兴趣，因为它是治疗疾病的有
效方法。
Which is not the reason that the Forbidden City attracts more visitors from abroad?
哪个不是紫禁城吸引更多外国游客的原因？
Some people dislike it because of its bitter taste, but more and more people are becoming interested in
traditional Chinese medicine for the reason that it's an effective way to cure illnesses.
有些人不喜欢它，因为它的味道很苦，但是越来越多的人开始对中药感兴趣，因为它是治疗疾病的有
效方法。
难点四、先行词是the way的情况
1. the way后面的定语从句，关系词若在从句中作状语，相当于“用这种方式/方法(=in this way)”时，
通常不用关系词，偶尔用that，此时的that属于关系副词，在较正式的文体里用in which来引导。如：
I don't like the way (that/ in which) you treat your mother. 我不喜欢他对待他母亲的方式。
I didn’t like the way (that/in which) he talked to me. 我不喜欢他跟我讲话的样子。The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr. Menand, is to alter the way in which "the producers of
knowledge are produced".
莫南德先生总结道，改革高等教育的关键，在于改变 “培养知识分子 ” 的方式。
What better word to describe the way in which we have been forced to live?
还有什么更好的字眼能用来描述我们被迫选择的生活方式呢？
Firstly, it provides vital information about the way that people evolved—information not always easily
obtainable from excavated artefacts alone.
首先，它提供了关于人类进化方式的重要信息——仅从出土文物中很难获得这些信息。
【考例】(XXXX湖北卷) What surprised me was not what he said but _____he said it.
A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which
答案与解析：A。考查含有way作为先行词从定语从句。根据题干的并列连词not…but…看出是与前
面的表语从句what he said并列，具有名词性，所以不可以是介词短语，排除B和C。the way是先行词，
he said it为定语从句，逻辑语序为he said it ______，引导词为从句的方式状语，可用in which、that或省
略。D项的错误在于把引导词误用为从句的宾语。句意为“令我吃惊的不是他说的话，而是他说话的方
式”。
注意：如果way作为从句的主语、动词或者介词的宾语时，则可以用关系代词 that或者which引导。
如：
Can you tell me the way that/which can be used to solve the problem?
你能告诉我解决这个问题的办法吗？
Judging from Kelly's and Maria's study habits, the best way to study is the way that works for you.
从凯利和玛丽亚的学习习惯来看，适合自己的学习方式才是最好的学习方式。
that可以作关系副词，但是在中学阶段一般不提倡使用，只是在几个较为特殊的情况下才提到。way
作为先行词时就是其中一例，表示用某种方法与介词in搭配，如in this way，在定语从句中用in which，而
in which可以用关系副词that代替，由于此时的that在所引导的从句中不作主语，所以又可以省掉，那么
就会有三个答案：in which, that或省掉。考例：
难点五、“介词+关系代词”结构中的介词和关系代词的选用
（一）介词的选用要考虑
1. 先行词的需要。
注意介词与先行词之间的搭配关系，像具体日期用on，年份、月份、世纪用in等。如：
Life is a hospital in which every patient wants to change his bed.人生是一所病院，每一个住院患者都一心想换自己的床。（in a hospital）
He will never forget the day on which they once stayed together.
他永远也忘不了他们曾一起呆过的那一天。(on the day)
1997 was the last year in which she brought together distant branches of her family for a celebration of
life.
1997年是她最后一年把家里的远亲都请来庆祝生日的宴会。(in the year)
The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the jobs for which they
are being trained.
学校本身承认，并不是所有的孩子都能在他们所接受的培训的职业取得成功。(be trained for the
jobs)
The English play in which my students acted at the New Year’s party was a great success.
我学生在新年晚会上表演的那场英语剧很成功。(in the play)
【考例】（XXXX 重庆卷）Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree ______
they can be controlled on purpose.
A. with which B. to which C. of which D. for （选B）
答案与解析：考查定语从句“介词+关系代词”结构。在本句中先行词为degree, 将其代入定语从句后
应为: They (Human facial expressions)can be controlled on purpose to a degree.to a degree — partly, not
very much 部分地, 有点, 在某种程度上。句意: 人的面部表情在某种程度上不同于动物的面部表情, 人类
在某种程度上可以有意地控制自己的面部表情。
2. 与定语从句中谓语动词搭配。
谓语动词跟介词的搭配的关系密切时，介词不可与动词拆开，如果关系不密切，则可以把介词放在关系
代词前。像look after, hear from, look for, look after的等不可以拆开。如：
She paid the man from whom she had borrowed some money(=She paid the man．She had borrowed some
money from him．)（borrow sth．from sb．意思是“向某人借东西”。）
Who's the man with whom you just shook hands? =Who's the man (that/whom) you just shook hands with?
刚才你与他握手的那个人是谁?
Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from whose effects the people are still
suffering.
上个月，东南亚的部分地区发生洪水，人们还在遭受着洪水所带来的影响。（suffer from sth.）
Is this the book you are looking for? 这是你找的书吗？（此处的for不可以拆开）【考例】（2021天津卷·第一次）William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of
past mistakes we can learn without repeating them.
A. from which B. in which C. with whom D. for whom
答案与解析：考查定语从句。分析句子可知，past mistakes为现行词，_____ we can learn without
repeating them.为定语从句，从句中谓语动词can learn可知，要从过去的错误中学习，learn from“从……
中学习”，可知应用from which引导定语从句。故选A。句意：威廉·哈斯蒂曾经说过，历史会告诉我们
过去的错误，我们可以从中学习避免重复犯错。
【考例】 (XXXX上海卷) Wind power is an ancient source of energy we may return in the near
future.
A. on which B. by which C. to which D. from which
答案与解析：C。考查定语从句的“介词+关系代词”。根据所给的备选项可以看出是“介词+关系代
词”结构，关键是从句不及物动词return与哪个介词搭配，短语return to的意思是“回到, 恢复”。故选
C。句意是：风能是我们在不久的将来恢复利用的一种古老的能源。
【考例】(XXXX陕西) Gun control is a subject ____ Americans have argued for a long time.
A．of which B．with which C．about which D．into which
答案与解析：C。动词短语argue about的意思是“为……争吵 /争论”，其中的about是介词，根据
动词argue和subject可以看出选C，which代词subject，是定语从句, 关键要走注意介词与从句中谓语动词
的搭配关系。句意是：枪支控制是美国人好长时间以来争论的问题。
3. 定语从句中的形容词的需要。如：
China is a large country with a long history of which we are greatly proud．
中国是一个有着悠久历史的大国，我们对此感到非常自豪。（be/feel proud of以……为自豪）
The West Lake, for which Hangzhou is famous, is a beautiful place worth visiting once more.
杭州著名的西湖是一个美丽的地方，值得再去一趟。(be famous for)
The woman to whom Spieberg is married is an actress.
与斯皮尔伯格结婚的女人是一名演员。（be married to）
4. 若表示“所有关系”或“整体中的一部分”，则用介词of，即：数词(不定量数词)/含所属关系名词
（many, most, all, none, each, one, the majority, the rest, some, any, half, x%...）+of whom/which引
导定语从句。如：
There are over 3,000 workers in that factory, eighty-five percent of whom are women．=There are…, and 85％
of them are women．（表示“整体中的一部分”）She has many books, only one of which is interesting. 她有许多书,只有一本是有趣的。
【考例】（2022年北京卷）That includes cups, bottles, and bags, most of _______ are only good
for one use.
答案与解析：考查定语从句。分析可知，most of ______are only good for one use在句中为非限制
性定语从句；先行词为cups, bottles, and bags，在从句中作介词of的宾语，所以此处用关系代词which。
故填which。句意：这包括杯子、瓶子和袋子，其中大多数（东西）只有一种用途。
【考例】（2016年江苏卷）Many young people, most _________ were well-educated, headed for remote
regions to chase their dreams.
A. of which B. of them C. of whom D. of those
答案与解析：C。考查定语从句。本题定语从句的先行词是 Many young people，关系代词whom指代
先行词，在定语从句中作介词of的宾语。故C项正确。句意是：许多年轻人前往偏远地区追逐梦想，其中
大多数受过良好教育。
【考例】（2014 年天津卷）English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, _________ uses it
differently.
A. all of which B. each of which C. all of them D. each of them
答案与解析：B。考查定语从句。逗号后面是非限制性定语从句，所以排除C、D 选项；A. all of which 中
的all强调整体，谓语用复数形式；B.each of which 则强调固个体，谓语用单数形式。非限制性定语从句中
的谓语动词是uses ,是动词的单三形式，所以选B。如果逗号后有and，则选D，前后构成并列句。句意：
英语是一种被被几个不同的文化共享的语言，每种语言都有不同的用法。
【考例】（XXXX浙江卷）The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of left their village
homes for a better life in the city.
A．whom B．which C．them D．those
答案与解析：A。由many之后的逗号和选项特征，此处是主从句关系，排除C、D项。由于先行词是
“1,000 people”，表示人，故用whom。句意为：这里居住着将近1000人，他们中的许多人都背井离乡去
城市追求更好的生活。句意是：该定居点居住着近1000人，其中许多人离开了农村的家，到城市过上了更
好的生活。
(二)复杂介词+whom/which引导定语从句
在“介词+关系代词”结构中，有时候介词用的是复杂介词，从而形成了“复杂介词+关系代词”结
构。常用的复杂介词有as a result of“由于……的结果，因为……”, at the back of“在……的后面”, becauseof“因为”, by means of“通过……的手段”, for want of“因需要……”, in front of“在……的前面”, on account
of “因为……”等。如：
I stay at the hotel at the back of which is a small garden.
我住在后面有一座花园的旅馆。
There was a wall, in front of which sat a boy of not more than seventeen.
那里有一堵墙，在墙的前面坐着一个不到十七岁的男孩。
As I think about this more carefully, I see plainly that there are never any sure signs by means of
which being awake can be distinguished from being asleep.
当我更仔细地思考这个问题时，我清楚地看到，根本没有任何可靠的迹象能够将醒着和睡着区分开
来。
We may define chemistry as the science in which we deal with the chemical change in matter as a
result of which it is possible to form a new substance.
作为一门科学来给化学下定义就是，物质发生了化学变化，这种变化的结果就是不是有可能产生了新
的物资。
难点六、“介词+which/whose+名词”
其中的关系代词which和whose在定语从句中作定语，宾语应该是其所修饰的名词。其实“介词
+which+名词”结构是代替一些特殊的形式中的指示代词this或that。如：
Mr. Little, in whose department I worked, often helped me.
利特先生常常帮助我， 我在他负责的那个部门工作。
The UN sets up the World Food Programme, one of whose purposes is to relieve worldwide
starvation.
联合国设立了世界粮食计划署，其宗旨之一是缓解全世界的饥饿问题。
She may fall ill, in which case she will have to be taken to the hospital at once.
她可能病了。如果是这样，就得马上送她上医院。（in which case来自于in that case短语，意思是
“那样的话”）
Parsons graduated with a BA in theater from the University of Houston, during which time he
helped create a not-for-profit theatre company.
帕森斯毕业于休斯顿大学戏剧专业，获得文学学士学位，在此期间，他帮助创建了一家非营利性戏
剧公司。（during which time 本来是during that time ,这里的that time指的是上文中的在 the University
of Houston读书期间。）难点七、“介词+关系代词”与关系副词的转换
由于两个结构都在所引导的定语从句中作状语，所以有时可以互换。表示地点的 where=in/on which，
表示时间的when= on/in/at which，表示原因的why=for which。
I’ll never forget the hour when/at which Chang'e-2 was sent off on Friday from the southwestern city of
Xichang.
我永远不会忘记“嫦娥二号”卫星星期五从西南城市西昌发射的时刻。
This is the room where / in which he lives.这是他住的房间。
I don’t know the reason why/for which the house is so dirty. 我不知道房间为什么那么脏。
In the old days,when/ in which I was a little girl,the city had no environmental pollution to speak
of.
在过去，我还是小女孩的时候，这个城市没有环境污染可言。
They came to the hotel,where/in which they stayed for two nights.
他们来到那个宾馆，并在那里住了两晚。
注意：（1）如果不是表示时间、地点或原因的“介词+关系代词”结构，则不可以转换为关系副词的；
（2）有些介词的意思比较具体，不宜转换。如：
The gold watch of which he was proud/ in which he took pride would be sold.
他为之自豪的金表要卖掉了。（其中的of which不表示所有关系，不可以用关系代词whose，其中的in
which不表示地点，不可以用where）
Mr.Fang, for whom I was working, is very cautious about every detail.(work for...)
我为之工作的方先生对每个细节都很谨慎。
The naughty boy made a hole in the wall through which he could see what is happening outside.
那个顽皮的男孩在墙上打了一个洞，通过这个洞他可以看到外面发生的事情。（through which 穿过某
处，如果换成关系副词where则意思体现不出来，只能体现“在墙上”，没有“穿过”之意。）
难点八、“介词+关系代词+不定式”
“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句有时可紧缩成“介词+关系代词+不定式”结构。如：
There the children had a garden in which to play. 在那儿孩子们有个玩耍的花园。
（= There the children had a garden in which they could play.）
Tomorrow would be Christmas Day, and she had only $1.87 with which to buy Jim a present.
明天就是圣诞节，她只有一元八角七给吉姆买一份礼物。注：这类“介词+关系代词+不定式”结构中的介词不能没有，也不能放在句末。如不能说 There the
children had a garden which to play in.
【典题】When she was alone at home, Mary needed a friend _____.
A. playing with B. having played with
C. with whom to play with D. with whom to play
答案与解析：D。with whom to play为“介词+关系代词+不定式”结构，在句中作定语，其相当于一个
定语从句(with whom she could play)。
难点九、“介词+关系副词”引导定语从句
.“介词+关系副词”引导定语从句时，关系副词只能用 when 或 where。“介词+关系副词”的用
法与“介词+关系代词”的根本区别在于，“介词+关系副词”中的关系副词代指的是一个副词或者介词短
语，相当于代指的there或then；而“介词+关系代词”中的关系代词代指的是一个名词或代词。具体用哪
一种，在句中的具体用法要看句子的意思了。如：
We went up to the roof of the temple, from where we had a good view of the procession.
我们上了寺庙的屋顶，从那里我们可以清楚地看到游行的队伍。
解读：介词短语to the roof of the temple可以看作是先行词，where代替介词短语先行词to the
roof of the temple，即where指的是屋顶所在的地方，而非屋顶本身，to the roof of the temple就相当于
there，句子可以转换为：We went up to the roof of the temple, and from there we had a good view of
the procession.
They stood near the north window, from where they could see the whole garden.
他们站在靠近北窗的地方，从那里可以看到整个花园。
解读：先行词为介词短语 near the north window，where 代替介词短语先行词，near the north
window=there, 句子可以理解为：They stood near the north window, and from there they could see the
whole garden.。
Look over there! Some people are standing under the tree on the hill, from where you can enjoy
the whole view.
看那边!有些人站在山上的树下，从那里你可以欣赏到整个景色。
解读：先行词为介词短语under the tree on the hill（=there）, where代替介词短语先行词under
the tree on the hill。相当于：Look over there! Some people are standing under the tree on the hill, and
from there you can enjoy the whole view.The volcano made it above that surface only a million or so years ago, since when the island has
grown to about 100 square kilometres.
火山喷发使这座岛屿露出水面距今大概只有一万年左右，自那以后，这座岛屿生长到了大约100平
方公里。
解读：先行词为a million or so years ago，即then， since when中的的关系副词when指的是a
million or so years ago，可以转换为：...., and since then...。
I went to bed at ten, before when I was reading for an hour.
解读：先行词为介词短语at ten，before when中的关系副词when代替介词短语先行词at ten，句
子可以转换为：I went to bed at ten, and before then I was reading for an hour.。
They left on Monday, since when we have heard nothing.
他们是星期一走的，从那以后我们再没有听到任何消息。
解读：先行词为介词短语on Monday, when代替介词短语先行词on Monday，句子可以转换为：
Next summer, by when the house should be ready.明年夏天，到那时候房子应该准备好了。
解读：先行词Next summer为省略in的介词短语，by when中的when代替介词短语先行词Next
summer，可以转换为：Next summer, by then the house should be ready.
【考例】(2007山东)The book was written in 1946, _________ the education system has witnessed great
changes.
A.when B.during which C.since then D.since when
答案与解析：D。考查定语从句。根据后面句子的完成时排除A和B。如果选择选项A的when，那么
when指的是in 1946，此时句意就变成了教育体制的改变只是发生在1946年，此时定语从句应该用一般过
去时态witnessed。由此可见，when与定语从句中的现在完成时态has witnessed有时间冲突，故选项A是
错误的。如果选择选项B的during which，那么during which可以理解成during the year of 1946，此时定
语从句也要用一般过去时态。选项C的since then不是连词，不能引导从句，前后句子都有谓语动词，所
以是两个句子，用连词连接。若该题填入 since then，就会导致逗号分隔两个独立句子的错误，这种错误
在英语中被称作run-on sentence （“连写句”）。如果将题目中的逗号改为分号或句号，或者加上并列连
词and，那么句子空格处就可以并且只能填入since then了。
根据句子的意思看出是指“自从那本书写的时候”，then指的就是in 1946，所以该用定语从句，since
when引导定语从句，关系副词when指的就是先行词in 1946。故选D。句意是：那本书写于1946年，从
那以来教育体制发生了很大变化。比较：If we look at a star in January—when Earth is at one point in its orbit—it will seem to be
in a different position from where it appears six months later. 如果我们在一月份观察一颗恒星——那时地
球在其轨道上的一个点——它的位置似乎会与六个月后它出现的位置不同。（此处介词from后跟where引
导的宾语从句，from与前面的形容词different一起构成短语be different from“与......不同”。）
难点十、如何确定用关系代词还是关系副词
选用关系副词还是关系代词，主要看定语从句的主体成分是否完整。如果主体成分完整就用关系副词
（when, where, why），如果主体成分残缺，缺少主语、宾语、表语或者定语，则用关系代词 (that, which,
who, whom, whose, as)。也就是说先行词并不是确定关系词的惟一依据。如：
This is the room in which he used to live. = This is the room (which / that) he used to live in. =This is the
room where he used to live.这是他过去居住过的房间。（live是不及物动词，跟宾语需要介词in表示“居
住”才可以跟宾语，此时用关系代词that或which作宾语，也可以省去。如果不需要宾语则为不用带有介
词，那么用关系副词。）
I’ll never forget the days (that/ which) we spent together. 我永远不会忘记我们一起度过的日子。（spend
是及物动词，用关系代词that或which作宾语，也可以省去。）
Do you still remember the days when/in which we worked together? 你还记得我们在一起工作的日子
吗？（work是不及物动词，用关系副词where作地点状语）
He gave the reason that / which was unreasonable. 他给出一个没道理的理由。（关系代词在定语从句中
作主语）
【考例】（2022年浙江1月）Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is
one of a small but growing minority of academics __________ are cutting back on their air travel because of
climate change.
答案与解析：that/who。考查定语从句。名词academics后为定语从句且在从句中作主语，应使用关系
代词替代，故填that/who。句意：亚特兰大佐治亚科技研究院的教授Kim Cobb是一个少数但是不断增加的
少数学者中的一员，因为气候变化，他们正在削减他们的飞机旅行。
【 考 例 】 （ 2021.3 天 津 卷 ） At the Chinese art festival, there are different
stands artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors.
A.where B.which C. that D. when
答案与解析：A。考查定语从句。句意︰在中国艺术节上有不同的展台，在那里艺术家可以展示他们
的技巧并教给参观者。分析句子成分结构可知，stands 作先行词，空格后的句子为定语从句来修饰stands ，从句中不缺主宾表，故选关系副词，先行词 stands在从句中作地点状语，所以应用 where。故
选：A。
【考例】 （2020年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷（山东卷））The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane,
for example, formed the core collection of the British Museum _____ opened in 1759.
答案与解析：考查定语从句。此处是限定性定语从句，先行词是the British Museum，虽然先行词
是指地点的名词，但是关系词所指代的先行词在所引导的定语从句中做主语，应使用关系代词which/ that
引导。故填which/that。句意：例如，汉斯•斯隆爵士的8万件藏品构成了1759年开馆的大英博物馆的核心
藏品。
【考例】（XXXX天津）---- Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut?
---- You should try the barber’s I go. It’s only 15.
A. as B. which C. where D. that
答案与解析：C。题干的先行词the barber’s的意思是“理发店”，是指地点的名词，从句的 go是不
及物动词，所以不可以用关系代词，应该用关系副词。故选 C。句意是：—你能相信我理一次发得花20美
元吗？—你应该到我去的那家理发店试试，只需要15美元。
【考例】（XXXX福建卷）Stephen Hawking believes that earth is unlikely to be the only planet_____ life
has developed gradually.
A. that B. where C. which D. whose
答案与解析：B。考查定语从句关系词。先行词为planet，表示地点，从句是“主语+不及物动词”，
不需要宾语，用关系副词，再结合先行词是指地点的名词。故用where。有同学可能以为先行词被the only
修饰了，只用that不用which，但是要注意的是这里不是用关系代词，解题的第一步是分析句子，看看关
系词在所引导的定语从句中到底做什么成分，然后再看先行词确定具体的关系词。句意是：史蒂芬·霍金认
为，地球不太可能是唯一一个生命逐渐发展的星球。
【考例】He was blown off course and found himself in an unknown land, from _______ he eventually
reached Greenland.
答案与解析：where。考查定语从句的“介词+关系副词”。分析句子发现前句有并列的谓语动词was
blown off course and found，后句reached也是谓语动词，这样就是两个句子。再根据句子的逗号确定用连
词才可以把句子连接起来。再看句子的意思知道该用定语从句，从 from的提示看出应该指from there，
there就是in an unknown land，由于需要连词，所以用where代替there，即用from where引导非限制性定
语从句。故填where。句意是：他被吹离了航线，发现自己到了一个未知的地方，从那里他最终到达了格
陵兰岛。再看下面一组对比解析：
①This is the factory______he visited when he was a junior middle school student.
②This is the factory______he worked when he was a junior middle school student.
③This is the factory_____he worked in when he was a junior middle school student.
④This is the factory in______he worked when he was a junior middle school student.
⑤This is the very factory_____he visited when he was a junior middle school student.
【解析】
(1)看先行词：分析复合句的成分，可知主句的主语为this, the(very)factory为先行词，指地点；
(2)分析从句成分：
第①题定语从句中visited为及物动词且缺少宾语，故可填关系代词which/that,且口语中常可以省略；
第②题定语从句中worked为不及物动词，先行词在从句中作地点状语，故填关系副词where;
第③题定语从句中worked为不及物动词但其后有介词in,先行词在从句中作后置介词的宾语，故可填关
系代词which/that且口语中可以省略；
第④题定语从句中worked为不及物动词但其前有介词in,先行词在从句中作前置介词的宾语，故只能填
关系代词which且不可以省略；
第⑤题定语从句中visited为及物动词且缺少宾语，同时兼顾先行词factory被the very修饰，故只可填
关系代词that,且口语中可以省略。
根据以上分析，答案分别为：①which/that ②where ③which/that ④which ⑤that
难点十一、限制性定语从句中的间隔现象
定语从句一般紧跟在先行词的后面,但有时为了行文的需要,先行词和定语从句也会被同位语、状语、
谓语、其它定语等成分分隔。即我们平时所说的分隔式定语从句，解此类试题，找准先行词是关键。
A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German. 教我们德语的新老师明天就要来了。
（who引导定语从句的先行词是master）
Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond
necklace? 你还记得我到你家借项链十年前的一天下午么？（when引导定语从句的先行词是afternoon）
【考例】（2019年全国卷Ⅱ）Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in
Macclesfield，______ she opened with her late husband Les.
答案与解析：which。考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知，先行词为the pet shop，先行词与
空白处的关系词被in Macclesfield隔开了，所填关系词在非限制性定语从句中作及物动词opened一词的宾语，引导非限制性定语从句不用that。故用which。句意是：现在艾琳·阿斯特伯里每天早上9点到下午5
点在麦克尔斯菲尔德的宠物店里工作，这家店是她和已故丈夫莱斯一起开的。
【考例】 (XXXX 江苏) Because of the financial crisis, days are gone __________ local 5-star hotels
charged 6,000 yuan for one night.
A. if B. when C. which D. since
答案与解析：B。横线后面的内容是定语从句，与先行词days之间被谓语部分 are gone隔开，从句中
主语和宾语都有，所以关系词作状语，用关系副词，先行词是指时间的名词 days。故选B。句意是：由于
经济危机，当地的五星级宾馆每晚要价高达6000元的日期一去不复返了。
【考例】（XXXX浙江）I have reached a point in my life ______ I am supposed to make decisions of my
own.
A. which B. where C. how D. why （选B）
答案与解析：B。考查定语从句的关系词的用法。根据题干提供的信息本题考查定语从句，先行词
是point"转折点"，先行词point与所填引导定语从句的关系词被in my life隔开，所填关系词在定语从句"I
am supposed to make decisions of my own."中做状语，所以要用关系副词where引导。故选B。句意：我已
经到了我人生的转折点上，（在这个阶段）我应该做出自己的决定。
也可以用排除法解本题。先行词为a point,把它放入定语从句I am supposed to make decisions of
my own中,不能单独充当某一成分，不过可以加入介词at,构成状语at a point，意思是“在一个阶段”，
在定语从句中明显充当（引申的）地点状语，所以,关系词应该选用at which（即at a point），或直接使
用关系副词where。A项which代替a point，必须在定语从句中直接充当成分，排除；C项how不能用于
引导定语从句，且从句也不缺少方式状语；D项why引导定语从句时，在从句中充当原因状语，都不符合
该句句意要求，只有B符合。故选B。
难点十二、关系代词as
（一）as引导限制性定语从句
1、当先行词被the same, such, as, so修饰时，通常用as引导限制性定语从句。as在定语从句中可作
主语、宾语、表语、补足语。如：
(1) Our school isn’t the same (one) as it used to be. 我们的学校和过去不一样了。 (as在定语从句中作表
语)
(2) Such English as (English such as) is spoken here is not British. 这里说的那种英语不是英式英语。(as
在定语从句中作主语)(3) As many people as were present voted for the plan. 在场的人都投票赞成这个计划。(as在定语从句中
作主语)
(4) Here is so big a stone as no one can lift. 这里有一块大石头，没人能举起来。(as在定语从句中作宾
语)
(5) Electrons, as one kind of small particles is called, revolve around the nucleus. 电子，被称为一种小粒
子，围绕着原子核旋转。(as在定语从句中作主语补足语)
(6) The rating of doing work, or power as we call it, is measured in watts.做功的额定值，或我们所说的功
率，是以瓦为单位来测量的。(as在定语从句中作宾语补足语)
2、当the same与名词连用时，通常用 as引导定语从句，有时可代之以 that/who；但是在way（方
式）后面常用that/in which引导定语从句，此时that/ in which作状语，可省去。如：
(7) I had the same difficulty (as/that) you had last year.去年我遇到了和你一样的困难。
(8) I went out the same way (that/ in which) I’d got in.我从进来的原路出去的。
(9) She did up the buttons in such a way that one at the bottom was not done up. 她用那样的方式扣钮扣，
结果最下面的一个钮扣没有扣上。
3、在使用the same…as结构时，还须注意以下几点：
1） 当从句中省去谓语时，只能用as.如：
（10）We use the same book as you.我们和你用的是同一本书。
2） as在定语从句中作宾语时可以省去。见例(7).
3） the same 和as连在一起，the same就是as的先行词。见例(1)
4、such as连在一起使用时，可能会有四种情况：
1) such充当as的先行词。如:
（11）I don't have many reference books but I will send you such as I have.
我的参考书不多，但我愿把我手头有的那些寄给你。
2) 先行词是处于such之前被such修饰的名词。见例(2).
3) such as相当于like，用来列举事例。并且可以用逗号隔开，表示是句子的附加成分.如：
（12）They bought a lot of fruits, such as oranges and lemons. 他们买了很多水果，比如橙子和柠檬。
4) such as 一起引导限制性或非限制性定语从句，如果such修饰名词，则其结构又可以是“such+ a+
adj+名词+ as…或such+ adj+名词(复数或不可数)+ as…。如：
（13）【考例】（上海XXXX春）These houses are sold at such a low price ______ people expected.
A. like B. as C. that D. which (选B)答案与解析：B。考查定语从句。本句用一个定语从句修饰a low price，从句中谓语动词expect是及物
动词，缺宾语，因而要选关系代词，排除A项；由于先行词a low price有such这一词，such和as可构成
一固定结构；such…as…后面的as可作为关系代词引出一定语从句。句意：这些房子以人们所期望的那么
低的价格出售。
（14）Finally I left home with a weight on my mind such as I had never had before.
最后，我带着从未有过的沉重心情离开了家。
要注意与such…that…所引导的结果状语从句之间的区别，如果从句中缺少主语、宾语或表语，就说
明所用的连词是关系代词，从而可以推断是定语从句，否则就视为状语从句。如：
（15）He made such rapid progress that before long he began to write articles in English for an American
newspaper. 他进步很快，不久就开始用英语为一家美国报纸写文章。（that后的句子很完整，因此that在
从句中不作成分，这与其引导定语从句必作成份不同，此处所引导的是结果状语从句。）
（二）as引导非限制性定语从句
as 引导非限制性定语从句的位置比较活，可置于主句的前、中、后，其先行词是整个主句或主句的一
部分。as在句中作主语、宾语、表语等，可以指人或物。as 有“正如，正像”之意，表示说话人的依据、
态度、评论和看法。常用的结构有：as we all know众所周知；正如我们所知; as is well known to…众所
周知; as is often the case情况常常如此，这是常有的事，通常就是这样; as is said/mentioned above如上
所述/提到的; as has been said before如前所述; as I told you before就像我之前告诉你的; as is evident
很明显; as often happens正如经常发生的那样，如同经常发生那样，这种情况常常发生; as can be seen
正如可以看到的那样，正如显而易见的那样; as is/was expected正如所料; as we expect正如我们所料; as
is often reported正如经常报道的那样; as I can remember正如我所记得的等。
【考例】（2023年全国甲卷）Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, _____ Rachel Carson says
in “A Fable for Tomorrow.”
答案与解析：考查定语从句。句意：然而，正如雷切尔·卡森在《明日寓言》中所说，寓言的形式在
今天仍然具有价值。引导非限定性定语从句，且有“正如”之意，用关系代词as引导。故填as。
【考例】(上海 XXXX)____ is mentioned above , the number of the students in high schools is increasing.
A. Which B. As C. That D. It
答案与解析：B。考查非限制性定语从句。根据两个句子前后关系看出前一个是定语从句，根据逗号
和句意看出是非限制性定语从句。备选项D不是连词，因此不可以连接句子；A项which引导的非限制性
定语从句不可置于句首；C项that不可以引导非选择性定语从句。关系代词 as引导定语从句有“正如......”之意，在所引导的定语从句中作主语、宾语等成分。故选B。句意：如上所述，高中学生的数量正
在增加。
(17) Taiwan, as you know, is inseparable part of China. 如你所知，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。(宾语)
(18) He seemed to be a foreigner, as he in fact was. 他似乎是个外国人，事实上他也是。(表语)
（三）as与which在非限制性定语从句中的区别
关系代词as与which均可引导非限制性定语从句，在非限制性定语从句中as 与which都可以替代整
个句子或句子一部分的含义，在所引导的从中充当主语、宾语、表语等。二者常可互换使用，但其主要区
别如下：
1.位置：在非限制性定语从中，which始终不能放在句首；而as引导非限制定语从句，可放在句首、
句中或句尾，位置比较灵活多样。
As is well-known to all, Zhong Nanshan is a hero fighting against Covid-19.
众所周知，钟南山是抗击疫情的英雄。
Zhong Nanshan, as is well-known to all, is a hero fighting against Covid-19.
Zhong Nanshan is a hero fighting against Covid-19, as is well-known to all.
钟南山是抗击新冠肺炎疫情的英雄，这是众所周知的。
2.含义：which既可代指先行词，又可代指整个主句的内容。相当于“and this” or “ and that”，可以翻
译为“这一点”。as 则只能代替整个句子的意思。经常翻译为“正如…..那样”，且已形成固定的结构：
as is known, as is said, as is reported, as is often the case（常有的事情，后常跟 with）, as is
expected. 。如：
The house, which was built 10 years ago, still looks very new. （先行词是the house）
The house built 10 years ago still looks very new, which is amazing. （先行词代指整个主句的内
容）
Bamboo is hollow inside, which makes it very light. 竹子内部是中空的，这使得它很轻。（先行词代指整
个主句的内容，非限制性定语从句表示结果，用which不用as）
【考例】（XXXX上海高考春招）______ has been announced, we shall have our final exam next month.
A. That B. As C. It D. What
答案与解析：B。考查非限制性定语从句。这是 as引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是后面的整个句
子，关系代词as指代后面的主句的内容，在定语从句中as作主语，意思是“正如”，选A。句意：正如宣
布的那样，下个月我们要举行期末考试。
【考例】(江苏XXXX) _______ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.
A. Which B. When C. What *D. As答案与解析：A。考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知，逗号之前是非限制性定语从句，逗号
之后是主句，从句中关系代词"as"作主语，意为"正如"，固定短语"as is often the case"，通常情况如此。
句意：正如通常情况，我们研究出了生产计划。故选A。解答此类题目首先要分析句子结构，非限制性定
语从句中逗号是一个明显的标志，然后分析非限制性定语从句中的成分，如果缺成分用关系代词，如果不
缺成分用关系副词。
3.句式：（1）从句式上来说，as引导的非限制性定语从句通常表示肯定意义，而不表示否定意义，对
主句起补充、辅助作用，不可与主句的意义相悖，as只能用于肯定句，表示意料之中的，which则不受此
限制，可用于肯定句或者否定句，用于否定句表示出乎意外的。（2）在“主＋谓＋宾＋补”结构的非限
制性定语从句中作主语或宾语时，通常用which而不用as。如：
He failed the exam, as/which we have expected. 如我们所料，他考试不及格。(as和which均可)
He failed the exam, which we hadn’t expected. 他考试不及格，这是我们没有预料到的。(不用as)
Mummy treats me like a baby, which I can ’t bear. 妈妈把我当婴儿对待，我无法忍受。 (不用as)
She married again, which was unexpected. 她又结婚了，这是出乎意料的。 (不用as)
Last winter was very cold in Shanghai, which people found unusual.(which在“主＋谓＋宾＋补”结构中作
宾语)
【考例】（天津XXXX）Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, _______, of course,
made the others envy him.
A. who B. that C. what D. which
答案与解析D。首先将of course 这种插入语还有其左右两个逗号都去掉，由于others后有一个逗
号，觉得了这个定语从句只能是非限制性定语从句，能引导非限制性的有who和which，现在就要搞清楚
这个引导词究竟是指人还是指物（或事情），结合句意，让其他的人嫉妒的是人还是事呢? 明显是一件
事：海伦对幼子要远远好于对其他人.在这which指代了前面整个句子, 整件事。另外也可以看出which所
在的定语从句是“主＋谓＋宾＋补”结构。句意：海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他人仁慈得多，当然，这让
其他的儿子嫉妒。
4.与介词关系：as 前面不得有介词，即不用于“介词+关系代词”结构，而which可以。
It happened that the plant downtown needed eight kids for temporary help during our spring
break, for which I had no plans beyond listening to my favorite records.
碰巧市中心的工厂在春假期间需要8个孩子来临时帮忙，而我在这期间除了听自己喜欢的唱片之外，
没有别的计划。As is advertised, there will be various Chinese paper-cutting on exhibition, and whoever present will
be given a work of a paper-cutting as a gift.
正如广告上所说，将会有各种各样的中国剪纸作品参与展出，到场参加的人都会得到一份剪纸作品作
为礼物。
5. 省略：as 后的be 动词可省略。as 引导的非限制性定语从句中be动词是否需要省略决定于谓语动
词的时态。如果是一般现在时或一般过去时通常可以省略，成为“as + 过去分词”结构。如果是其他时态
或与含有情态动词时， be不可省略的。如：
As (was) scheduled, we went separately. 按照计划，我们分开去了。
As (is) illustrated above, this means that the screen can show more colors and show them more accurately.
如上所述，这意味着屏幕可以显示更多颜色，并更准确地显示它们。
Gases, as (is) known to all, expand more rapidly than solid when they are heated. 众所周知，气体受热时
比固体膨胀得快。
As might be expected, the response to the question was very mixed. 正如预料的那样，对这个问题的回答
非常复杂。（有情态动词，不可以用省略。）
John got beaten in the game, as had been expected. 正如所预料的那样，约翰在比赛中输了。（不是一
般过去时，用的是过去完成时，不可以用省略。）
难点十三、关系代词和人称代词、指示代词
到底是选用关系代词还是人称代词或指示代词关键是分清句子结构。如果是非限制性定语从句（两
句之间用逗号隔开，且无连词），用关系代词，如果是并列句（全句中有连词，两句中间为句号或分
号），用人称代词或指示代词。关键所在：看句子是否有连词。如：
Mr. Green who is an architect, has three sons, none of whom is an architect.
格林先生是建筑师，他有三个儿子，没有一个是建筑师。
His colleague, Mr. Smith has three sons too, and all of them are architects.（=His colleague, Mr. Smith has
three sons too. All of them are architects.）
他的同事史密斯先生也有三个儿子，他们都是建筑师。
【考例】 (京皖春招XXXX) John said he’d been working in the office for an hour, _______ was true.
A. he B. this C. which D. who
答案与解析：C。考查非限制性定语从句：which引导非限制性定语从句指代John已经在办公室工作
了一小时这件事情。 选C。句意：John已经在办公室工作了一小时了，这件事是真的。
【考例】（上海春招XXXX）________ has been announced, we shall have our final exams next month.A. That B. As C. It D. What
答案与解析：B。本题考查非限制性定语从句。由题中的“，”可知所填的词应是连词才可以把两个
句子连接起来，排除C；what引导的是名词性从句，排除D；that不可以引导非限制性定语从句，所以选
B，关系代词as引导非限制性定语从句，修饰后面整个句子。句意是：正如已宣布的那样，我们下个月将
进行期末考试。
【考例】 (NMETXXXX) ______ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
A. It B. As C. That D. What
答案与解析：B。本题考查引导的非限制性定语从句。分析句子的结构看出是一个复合句，需要连词
连接句子，it不是连词要排除，that作为指示代词也不可以，但是看作是关系代词又不可以引导非限制性
定语从句，也应该排除。what不引导定语从句，这样就只有关系代词as。故选B。关系代词as引导非限制
性定语从句，且可以置于句首，关系代词as代指后面整个句子。句意是：众所周知，月球每个月绕地球运
行一次。
练习：
1.There are 52 students in the classroom, most of them are working carefully on their exercises.(改错1
处)
2.Many people crowed into the shopping mall, many of _______ are women.
3.They were all there, _____ none of them tried to help him out.
答案：1.them--whom或most前加and或去掉are(独立主格结构)
2. whom 3.but
附：品英语谚语 学定语从句
1．He who has a mind to beat his dog will easily find his stick.
欲加之罪，何患无辞。2．The fire which lights us at a distance will burn us when near.
火在远处是明灯， 火在近处烧灼人。
3．Everything is ready, and all that we need is an east wind.
万事俱备，只欠东风。
4．He who plays with fire gets burned.
玩火者必自焚。
5．He that serves God for money will serve the devil for better wages.
为金钱侍奉上当的人，必然会为更多的钱去替魔鬼效劳。
6．God helps those who help themselves.
自助者天助。
7．Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.
世上无难事，只怕有心人。
8．He that has been bitten by a serpent is afraid of rope.
一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳。
9．He who doesn’t play for the future will find trouble at his doorstep.
常将有日思无日，莫到无时思有时。
10． Those who submit will prosper, those who resist shall perish.
顺我者昌，逆我着亡。
11．He who laughs best laughs last.
最后笑的人笑得最好（谁笑在最后，谁笑得最好）（别高兴得太早）
12． He who laughs at crooked men should need to walk very straight.
要笑别人驼，自己就得挺起胸膛走路。
13． He that respects not is not respected.
不尊重别人者，也不会被别人尊重。
14． He that eats the king’s goose shall be choked with the feathers.
吃了别人的嘴软。
15． There are none so deaf as those who will not hear.
不肯听别人意见的人才是最聋的人。
16． One who never made a mistake never made anything.
不犯错误的人必然一事无成。
17． The mill cannot grind with water that is past.逝去的水不能再使磨轮转动。（机不可失，时不再来）
18． He lives long that lives well.
活得好就是活得长。（生活有价值就是长寿）
19． He who would climb the ladder must begin at the bottom.
千里之行始于足下。
20． He that is ill to himself will be good to nobody.
不能自爱，焉能爱人。
21． They (people) who live in glass houses should not throw stones.
自己有缺点，就别说别人的坏话。
22． They that reckon without their host are to reckon twice.
店主不在便结帐，还得再结第二遍。
23． One man may lead a horse to water, but ten men cannot make him drink.
一个人可以把马牵到河边，但是十人也无法逼它喝水。
24． He that desires honour is not worthy of honour.
想荣誉的人不值得尊重。
参考词汇：
1． devil 魔鬼,恶魔[C] 2. serpent n. 蛇(尤指大蛇、毒蛇)[C]
3. submit vt.使服从,使屈服4. prosper adj. 适合的,恰当的
5. resist vt. 抵抗,抗拒 6. crook vt. 使弯曲,使成钩形
7. grind vt. 磨(碎);磨成 8. reckon vt. 计算, 认为,把...看作
9. perish vi. 消灭;死去;暴卒
【牛刀小试】用适当的关系副词填空。
1. She is going to live in Macao，_____ she has some close friends.
2. The police officer asks him for the reason ______ he was late again.4. In Beijing, November and December are the months _________ the weather is quite cold.
5. Can you think out a situation ______ this word can be used?
6. Her illness has developed to the point ______ nobody can cure her.
7. The days are gone forever ______ the Chinese people used “foreign oil.
8. It's about a time ______ there were black slaves in North America.
9. Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases beginners of English fail to use the language properly.
10. Each summer millions of Americans drive to the countryside ____ they find places to camp.
参考答案：1. where 2. why 4. when 5. where 6. where 7. when 8. when 9. where 10.
where
【牛刀小试】在下列横线上填上适当的关系代词或“介词+关系代词”，使句子完整。每空一词。
1. What is the reason_____ (______) he raised?
2. Who's the man ______ ______ you just shook hands?
3. I was the only person in my office _______ was invited.
4. She is the girl to ______ father I talked yesterday.
5. This is the reason ______ he gave his boss in the office.
6. Do you still remember the day _____ _______(_____) we first met in Nantong?
7. Do you know the reason _____ ______ (______ ) he refused to go to Mary’s birthday party.
8. At night the soldiers got to a small hill, at the foot _____ _______ stood a farmhouse.
9. In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person _____ _______ she could turn for help.
10. Last Sunday my aunt bought me a telescope _____ ______ I could study the sky．
11. I was impressed by the way___ _____(____) she did it.
12. Mr. Jones, for _______ I was working, was very generous about overtime payments.
13. English is a useful tool in ______ I can communicate with foreign friends.
Keys:
1. that/which 2. with whom 3. who 4. whose
5. which/that 6. on which/when 7. for which/why 8. of which
9. to whom 10. through which 11. in which/that 12. whom
13. which
二、用“介词+关系词”完成下列句子。
1. There was no special reason _____(我想干这个活).
2.I shall never forget those years _______(我跟她生活的).
3. This is a hall _______(医学会议将在此召开).4. I wanted to find someone ________(找到一个可以和我谈书和音乐的).
5. I have five English dictionaries _______(其中最好的是朗文词典).
二、1. for which I wanted to take the job 2. in which / during which I lived with her
3. in which the medical conference will be held 4. with whom I could discuss books and music
5. of which Longman Dictionary is the best
