文档内容
2022年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Harlan Coben believes that if you’re a writer, you’ll find the time; and that if
you can’t find the time, then writing isn’t a priority and you’re not a writer. For him
writing is a
1
job—a job like any other. He has
2
it with plumbing, pointing out that a plumber doesn’t wake up and
say that he can’t work with pipes today.
3
, like most writers these days, you’re holding down a job to
pay the bills, it’s not
4
to find the time to write. But
it’s not impossible. It requires determination and single-mindedness.
5
that most bestselling authors began writing when they were doing other
things to earn a living. And today, even writers who are fairly
6
often
have to do other work to
7
their writing income.
As Harlan Coben has suggested, it’s a
8
of priorities. To make writing a priority, you’ll have to
9
第 1 页 共 15 页some of your
day-to-day activities and some things you really enjoy. Depending on your
10
and your lifestyle, that might mean
spending less time watching television or listening to music, though some people
can write
11
they listen to music. You might have to
12
the amount of exercise
or sport you do. You’ll have to make social media an
13
activity rather than a
daily, time-consuming
14
. There’ll probably have to be less socialising with your friends and
less time with your family. Ifs a
15
learning curve and it won’t always make you popular.
There’s just one thing you should try to keep at least some time for,
16
your writing—and that’s reading. Any writer
needs to read as much and as widely as they can; it’s the one
17
supporter—something you can’t do without.
Time is finite. The older you get, the
18
it seems to go. We need to use it as carefully and as
19
as we can, that means prioritising our activities so that we spend most time
on the things we really want to do. If you're a writer, that means—
20
writing.
1. [A]difficult [B]normal [C]steady [D]pleasant
第 2 页 共 15 页2. [A]combined [B]compared [C]confused [D]confronted
3. [A]If [B]Though [C]Once [D]Unless
4. [A]enough [B]strange [C]wrong [D]easy
5. [A]Accept [B]Explain [C]Remember [D]Suppose
6. [A]well-known [B]well-advised [C]well-informed [D]well-chosen
7. [A]donate [B]generate [C]supplement [D]calculate
8. [A]cause [B]purpose [C]question [D]condition
9. [A]highlight [B]sacrifice [C]continue [D]explore
10. [A]relations [B]interests [C]memories [D]skills
11. [A]until [B]because [C]while [D]before
12. [A]put up with [B]make up for [C]hang on to [D]cut down on
13. [A]intelligent [B]occasional [C]intensive [D]emotional
14. [A]habit [B]test [C]decision [D]plan
15. [A]tough [B]gentle [C]rapid [D]funny
16. [A]in place of [B]in charge of [C]in response to [D]in addition to
17. [A]indispensable [B]innovative [C]invisible [D]instant
18. [A]duller [B]harder [C]quieter [D]quicker
19. [A]peacefully [B]generously [C]productively [D]gratefully
20. [A]at most [B]in turn [C]on average [D]above all
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,
B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
第 3 页 共 15 页Text 1
On a recent sunny day, 13,000 chickens roam over Larry Brown’s 40 windswept
acres in Shiner, Texas. Some rest in the shade of a parked car. Others drink water
with the cows. This all seems random, but it's by design, part of what the $ 6.1 billion
U.S. egg industry bets will be its next big thing: climate-friendly eggs.
These eggs, which are making their debut now on shelves for as much as $ 8 a
dozen, are still labeled organic and animal-friendly, but they’re also from birds that
live on farms using regenerative agriculture—special techniques to cultivate rich soils
that can trap greenhouse gases. Such eggs could be marketed as helping to fight
climate change.
“I’m excited about our progress,” says Brown, who harvests eggs for Denver-
based Nest Fresh Eggs and is adding more cover crops that draw worms and crickets
for the chickens to eat. The birds’ waste then fertilizes fields. Such improvements
“allow our hens to forage for higher-quality natural feed that will be good for the
land, the hens, and the eggs that we supply to our customers.”
The egg industry’s push is the first major test of whether animal products from
regenerative farms can become the next premium offering. In barely more than a
decade, organic eggs went from being dismissed as a niche product in natural foods
stores to being sold at Walmart. More recently there were similar doubts about
probiotics and plant-based meats, but both have exploded into major supermarket
categories. If the sustainable-egg rollout is successful, it could open the floodgates
for regenerative beef, broccoli, and beyond.
Regenerative products could be a hard sell, because the concept is tough to
define quickly, says Julie Stanton, associate professor of agricultural economics at
Pennsylvania State University Brandywine. Such farming also brings minimal, if
any, improvement to the food products (though some producers say their eggs have
more protein).
The industry is betting that the same consumers paying more for premium
attributes such as free-range, non-GMO, and pasture-raised eggs will embrace
sustainability. Surveys show that younger generations are more concerned about
climate change, and some of the success of plant-based meat can be chalked up to
shoppers wanting to signal their desire to protect the environment. Young adults “
really care about the planet,” says John Brunnquell, president of Egg
第 4 页 共 15 页Innovations. “ They are absolutely altering the food chain beyond
what I think even they understand what they’re doing.”
21. The climate-friendly eggs are produced
[A]at a considerably low cost.
[B]at the demand of regular shoppers.
[C]as a replacement for organic eggs.
[D]on specially designed farms.
22. Larry Brown is excited about his progress in
[A]reducing the damage of worms.
[B]accelerating the disposal of waste.
[C]creating a sustainable system.
[D]attracting customers to his products.
23. The example of organic eggs is used in Paragraph 4 to suggest
[A]the doubts over natural feeds.
[B]the setbacks in the egg industry.
[C]the potential of regenerative products.
[D]the promotional success of supermarkets.
24. It can be learned from the last paragraph that young people
[A]are reluctant to change their diet.
[B]are likely to buy climate-friendly eggs.
[C]are curious about new food.
[D]are amazed at agriculture advances.
25. John Brunnquell would disagree with
Julie Stanton
over regenerative products’
[A]market prospects.
[B]standard definition.
[C]nutritional value.
[D]moral implication.
Text 2
第 5 页 共 15 页More Americans are opting to work well into retirement, a growing trend that
threatens to upend the old workforce model.
One in three Americans who are at least 40 have or plan to have a job in
retirement to prepare for a longer life, according to a survey conducted by Harris Poll
for TD Ameritrade. Even more surprising is that more than half of “unretirees”—those
who plan to work in retirement or went back to work after retiring—said they would be
employed in their later years even if they had enough money to settle down, the survey
showed.
Financial needs aren’t the only culprit for the “unretirement” trend. Other
reasons, according to the study, include personal fulfillment such as staying mentally
fit, preventing boredom or avoiding depression. About 72% of “ unretiree”
respondents said that they would return to work once retired to keep mentally fit
while 59% said it would be tied to making ends meet.
“The concept of retirement is evolving,” said Christine Russell, senior manager
of retirement at TD Ameritrade. “It’s not just about finances. The value of work is
also driving folks to continue working past retirement.”
One reason for the change in retirement patterns: Americans are living longer.
The share of the population 65 and older was 16% in 2018, up 32% from the prior
year, according to the US. Census Bureau. That’s also up 302% since 2010. Older
Americans are also the fastest-growing segment of the US. workforce, and boomers
are expected to live longer than previous generations. The percentage of retirement-
age people in the labor force has doubled over the past three decades. About 20% of
people 65 and older were in the workforce in February, up from an all-time low of
10% in January 1985, according to money manager United Income.
Because of longer life spans, Americans are also boosting their savings to
preserve their nest eggs, the TD Ameritrade study showed, which surveyed 2000
adults between 40 to 79. Six in 10 “unretirees” are increasing their savings in
anticipation of a longer life, according to the survey. Among the most popular ways
they are doing this, the company said, is by reducing their overall expenses, securing
life insurance or maximizing their contributions to retirement accounts.
Unfortunately, many people who are opting to work in retirement are preparing to
do so because they are worried about making ends meet in their later years, said Brent
Weiss, a co-founder at Baltimore-based financial-planning firm Facet Wealth. He
suggested that preretirees should speak with a financial adviser to set long-term
financial goals.
“The most challenging moments in life are getting married, starting a family and
ultimately retiring,” Weiss said. “It’s not just a financial decision, but an emotional
one. Many people believe they can’t retire”
26. The survey conducted by Harris Poll indicates that
第 6 页 共 15 页[A]over half of the retirees are physically fit for work.
[B]the old workforce is as active as the younger one.
[C]one in three Americans enjoy earlier retirement.
[D]more Americans are willing to work in retirement.
27. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that Americans tend to think that
[A]retirement may cause problems for them.
[B]boredom can be relieved after retirement.
[C]the mental health of retirees is overlooked.
[D]“unretirement” contributes to the economy.
28. Retirement patterns are changing partly due to
[A]labor shortage.
[B]population growth.
[C]longer life expectancy.
[D]rising living costs.
29. Many “ unretirees ” are increasing their savings
by
[A]investing more in stocks.
[B]taking up odd jobs.
[C]getting well-paid work.
[D]spending less.
30. With regard to retirement, Brent Weiss thinks that many people are
[A]unprepared.
[B]unafraid.
[C]disappointed.
[D]enthusiastic.
Text 3
We have all encountered them, in both our personal and professional lives.
Think about the times you felt tricked or frustrated by a membership or subscription
that had a seamless sign-up process but was later difficult to cancel. Something that
should be simple and transparent can be complicated, intentionally or
unintentionally, in ways that impair consumer choice. These are examples of dark
第 7 页 共 15 页patterns.
First coined in 2010 by user experience expert Harry Brignull, “ dark patterns”
is a catch-all term for practices that manipulate user interfaces to influence the
decision-making ability of users. Brignull identifies 12 types of common dark
patterns, ranging from misdirection and hidden costs to “roach motel,” where a
user experience seems easy and intuitive at the start, but turns difficult when the
user tries to get out.
In a 2019 study of 53,000 product pages and 11,000 websites, researchers found
that about one in 10 employs these design practices. Though widely prevalent, the
concept o f dark patterns is still not well understood. Business and nonprofit leaders
should be aware of dark patterns and try to avoid the gray areas they engender.
Where is the line between ethical, persuasive design and dark patterns?
Businesses should engage in conversations with IT, compliance, risk, and legal
teams to review their privacy policy, and include in the discussion the customer/user
experience designers and coders responsible for the company’s user interface, as
well as the marketers and advertisers responsible for sign-ups, checkout baskets,
pricing, and promotions. Any or all these teams can play a role in creating or
avoiding “digital deception.”
Lawmakers and regulators are slowly starting to address the ambiguity around
dark patterns, most recently at the state level. In March, the California Attorney
General announced the approval of additional regulations under the California
Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) that “ensure that consumers will not be confused or
misled when seeking to exercise their data privacy rights.” The regulations aim to ban
dark patterns—this means prohibiting companies from using u confusing language or
unnecessary steps such as forcing them to click through multiple screens or listen to
reasons why they shouldn’t opt out.”
As more states consider promulgating additional regulations, there is a need for
greater accountability from within the business community. Dark patterns also can be
addressed on a self-regulatory basis, but only if organizations hold themselves
accountable, not just to legal requirements but also to industry best practices and
standards.
31. It can be learned from the first two paragraphs that dark patterns
[A]improve user experiences
[B]leak user information for profit
第 8 页 共 15 页[C]undermine users’ decision-making
[D]remind users of hidden costs
32. The 2019 study on dark patterns is mentioned to show
[A]their major flaws
[B]their complex designs
[C]their severe damage
[D]their strong presence
33. To handle digital deception, businesses should
[A]listen to customer feedback
[B]talk with relevant teams
[C]turn to independent agencies
[D]rely on professional training
34. The additional regulations under the CCPA are intended to
[A]guide users through opt-out processes
[B]protect consumers from being tricked
[C]grant companies data privacy rights
[D]restrict access to problematic content
35. According to the last paragraph, a key to coping with dark patterns is
[A]new legal requirements
[B]businesses’ self-discipline
[C]strict regulatory standards
[D]consumers’ safety awareness
第 9 页 共 15 页Text 4
Although ethics classes are common around the world, scientists are unsure if
their lessons can actually change behavior; evidence either way is weak, relying on
contrived laboratory tests or sometimes unreliable self-reports. But a new study
published in Cognition found that, in at least one real-world situation, a single ethics
lesson may have had lasting effects.
The researchers investigated one class session’s impact on eating meat. They
chose this particular behavior for three reasons, according to study co-author Eric
Schwitzgebel, a philosopher at the University of California, Riverside: students’
attitudes on the topic are variable and unstable, behavior is easily measurable, and
ethics literature largely agrees that eating less meat is good because it reduces
environmental harm and animal suffering. Half of the students in four large
philosophy classes read an article on the ethics of factory-farmed meat, optionally
watched an 11-minute video on the topic and joined a 50-minute discussion. The
other half focused on charitable giving instead. Then, unknown to the students, the
researchers studied their anonymized meal-card purchases for that semester—nearly
14,000 receipts for almost 500 students.
Schwitzgebel predicted the intervention would have no effect; he had previously
found that ethics professors do not differ from other professors on a range of
behaviors, including voting rates, blood donation and returning library books. But
among student subjects who discussed meat ethics, meal purchases containing meat
decreased from 52 to 45 percent—and this effect held steady for the study’s duration
of several weeks. Purchases from the other group remained at 52 percent.
“That’s actually a pretty large effect for a pretty small intervention,”
Schwitzgebel says. Psychologist Nina Strohminger at the University of Pennsylvania,
who was not involved in the study, says she wants the effect to be real but cannot
rule out some unknown confounding variable. And if real, she notes, it might be
reversible by another nudge: “Easy come, easy go.”
Schwitzgebel suspects the greatest impact came from social influence-
classmates or teaching assistants leading the discussions may have shared their own
vegetarianism, showing it as achievable or more common. Second, the video may
have had an emotional impact. Least rousing, he thinks, was rational argument,
although his co-authors say reason might play a bigger role. Now the researchers are
probing the specific effects of teaching style, teaching assistants’ eating habits and
students’ video exposure. Meanwhile, Schwitzgebel—who had predicted no effect—
will be eating his words.
36. Scientists generally believe that the effects of ethics classes are
第 10 页 共 15 页[A]hard to determine.
[B]narrowly interpreted.
[C]difficult to ignore.
[D]poorly summarized.
37. Which of the following is a reason for the researchers to study meat eating?
[A]It is common among students.
[B]It is a behavior easy to measure.
[C]It is important to students’ health.
[D]It is a hot topic in ethics classes.
38. Eric Schwitzgebel’s previous findings suggest that ethics professors
[A]are seldom critical of their students.
[B]are less sociable than other professors.
[C]are not sensitive to political issues.
[D]are not necessarily ethically better.
39. Nina Strohminger thinks that the effect of the intervention is
[A]permanent.
[B]predictable.
[C]uncertain.
[D]unrepeatable.
40. Eric Schwitzgebel suspects that the students’ change in behavior
[A]can bring psychological benefits.
[B]can be analyzed statistically.
[C]is a result of multiple factors.
[D]is a sign of self-development.
Part B
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable
subheading from the list A -G for each numbered paragraph (41 - 45). There are two
extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the
第 11 页 共 15 页ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
[A]Make It a Habit.
[B]Don’t Go It Alone.
[C]Start Low, Go Slow.
[D]Talk With Your Doctor.
［E］Listen to Your Body.
［F］Go Through the Motions.
［G］Round Out Your Routine.
How to Get Active Again
Getting back into exercise can be a challenge in the best of times, but with gyms
and in-person exercise classes off-limits to many people these days, it can be tricky to
know where to start. And it’s important to get the right dose of activity. “Too much
too soon either results in injury or burnout,” says Mary Yoke, PhD, a faculty
member in the kinesiology department at Indiana University in Bloomington. The
following simple strategies will help you return to exercise safely after a break.
41.
Don’t try to go back to what you were doing before your break. If you were
walking 3 miles a day, playing 18 holes of golf three times a week, or lifting 10-
pound dumbbells for three sets of 10 reps, reduce activity to half a mile every other
day, or nine holes of golf once a week with short walks on other days, or use 5-
pound dumbbells for one set of 10 reps. Increase time, distance, and intensity
gradually. “This isn’t something you can do overnight,” says Keri L. Denay, MD,
lead author of a recent American College of Sports Medicine advisory that
encourages Americans to not overlook the benefits of activity during the pandemic.
But you will reap benefits such as less anxiety and improve sleep right away.
42.
If you’re breathing too hard to talk in complete sentences, back off. If you feel
good, go a little longer or faster. Feeling wiped out after a session? Go easier next
time. And stay alert to serious symptoms, such as chest pain or pressure, severe
shortness of breath or dizziness, or faintness, and seek medical attention
immediately.
43.
Consistency is the key to getting stronger and building endurance and stamina.
第 12 页 共 15 页Ten minutes of activity per day is a good start, says Marcus Jackovitz, DPT, a
physical therapist at the University of Miami Hospital. All the experts we spoke with
highly recommend walking because ifs the easiest, most accessible form of exercise.
Althoughit can be a workout on its own, if your goal is to get back to Zumba classes,
tennis, cycling, or any other activity, walking is also a great first step.
44.
Even if you can’t yet do a favorite activity, you can practice the moves. With or
without a club or racket, swing like you’re hitting the ball. Paddle like you’re in a
kayak or canoe. Mimic your favorite swimming strokes. The action will remind you
of the joy the activity brought you and prime your muscles for when you can get out
there again.
45.
Exercising with others “can keep you accountable and make it more fun, so
you’re more likely to do it again,” Jackovitz says. You can do activities such as golf
and tennis or take a walk with others and still be socially distant. But when you can’t
connect in person, consider using technology. Chat on the phone with a friend while
you walk around your neighborhood. FaceTime with a relative as you strength train
or stretch at home. You can also join a livestream or on-demand exercise class.
第 13 页 共 15 页Section III Translation
46. Directions:
Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the
ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
Although we try our best, sometimes our paintings rarely turn out as originally
planned. Changes in the light, the limitations of your painting materials, and the lack
of experience and technique mean that what you start out trying to achieve may not
come to life the way that you expected.
Although this can be frustrating and disappointing, it turns out that this can
actually be good for you. Unexpected results have two benefits: you pretty quickly
learn to deal with disappointment, and realise that when one door closes, another
opens. You also quickly learn to adapt and come up with creative solutions to the
problems the painting presents, and thinking outside the box will become your
second nature.
In fact, creative problem-solving skills are incredibly useful in daily life, with
which you’re more likely to be able to find a solution when a problem arises.
Section III Writing
Part A
47. Directions:
Suppose you are planning a campus food festival. Write an e-mail to the
international students in your university to
1) introduce the food festival, and
2) invite them to participate.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)
Part B
48. Directions:
Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should
1) interpret the chart, and
2) give your comments.
第 14 页 共 15 页You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
第 15 页 共 15 页
