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16 字征服四六级汉译英之一:合理断并
《大学英语四级汉译英16字真经》、《大学英语六级汉译英16字真经》编写团队供稿
汉语句子结构较为松散,存在许多流水句,句与句之间多用逗号来连接。汉语中逗号的
大量使用乃至随意使用给汉译英翻译带来很大困难。我们注意到,不少考生索性将汉语原文
中的逗号完全原封不动地转移到英译文之中,严重违背了英语作文的基本规范。此外,汉语
短句多且断句间往往不添加关联词以彰显逻辑关系,但译为英文时完全可以将某些汉语短句
合并起来。在实际汉英操作中,考生应在研读原文和考虑自身语言能力的基础上,首先做出
是断还是并的决策。以下分别就断句和并句提出一些方法。
一、断句
对于语言驾驭能力有待提高的同学而言,尽量采取简单的方法来翻译,当断即断,以绝
后患。一般情况下,可采用如下方法来断句。
(一)在原文主语变化处断句
【例1】在明清期间,茶馆遍布全国,/饮茶在六世纪传到日本,但直到18世纪才传到欧美,
/如今,茶是世界上最流行的饮料(beverage)之一。(CET-4:1312)
【参考译文】In the Ming and Qing dynasties, tea houses spread all over the country. Tea drinking
was introduced into Japan in the 6th century while it had not been introduced into Europe or the
United States until the 18th century. Nowadays, tea is one of the most popular beverages in the
world.
【解析】这是一个典型的流水句,类似句子在汉语中可谓俯拾皆是。大体而言,原文可分为
三个部分。第一部分谈茶馆,第二部分谈饮茶这一习俗的对外传播,第三部分谈茶的现状。
鉴于此,可将这段中文处理为三个英文小句。
【例2】同样,中国的丝绸、茶叶和瓷器也传遍各地,/欧洲也是通过丝绸之路出口各种商
品和植物,满足中国市场的需要。(CET-6:13-12)
【参考译文】Similarly, Chinese silk, tea and porcelain were also spread to the rest of the world
through the Silk Road. And Europe exported all kinds of goods and plants through the Silk Road
to meet the needs of the Chinese market.【例 3】许多人喜欢中餐,/在中国,烹饪不仅被视为一种技能,而且也被视为一种艺术。
(CET-4:1312)
【参考译文】Many people love Chinese food. In China, cooking is regarded not only as a skill,
but also as an art.
(二)在时间或地点状语处断句
【例4】中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史,/在明朝和清朝时期特别流行。(CET-4:样题)
【参考译文】Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years. It was widespread
particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
【例5】中国结(the Chinese knot)最初是由手工艺人发明的,/经过数百年不断改进,已经成
为一种优雅多彩的艺术和工艺。(CET-4:1312)
【参考译文】The Chinese knot was originally invented by the craftsmen. After hundreds of years
of continuous improvement, it has become a kind of elegant and colorful art and craft.
【例6】2006年,中秋节被列为中国的文化遗产,/2008年又被定为公共假日。(CET-6:13-12)
【参考译文】In 2006, the festival was listed as one of China's cultural heritage. In 2008, it was
designated as a public holiday.
【例7】土豪以前指欺压佃户和仆人的乡村地主,/现在用于指花钱如流水或喜欢炫耀财富的
人, /也就是说,土豪有钱,但是没有品位。(CET-6:14-06)
【参考译文】Tuhao used to refer to a rural landlord who liked to bully his tenants or servants.
Now it is used to describe a Chinese person who spends money thoughtlessly or who is rich and
likes to show off their wealth. In other words, a Tuhao is rich but lacks taste.
【例8】土豪和大妈可能会被收入新版的牛津(Oxford)英语词典,/至今约有120中文加进了
牛津英语词典,成了英语语言的一部分。(CET-6:14-06)
【参考译文】Both Tuhao and Dama are likely to be included into the new edition of the Oxford
English Dictionary. To date, some 120 words of Chinese origin have been added to the Oxford
English Dictionary and have become part of the English speaker's language.
【例9】中国新年是中国最重要的传统节日,/在中国也被称为春节。(CET-6:样题)
【参考译文】Chinese New Year is the most important traditional Chinese holiday. In China, it is
also known as the Spring Festival.(三)在逻辑关系词处断句
【例 10】在古代,人们用它(中国结)来记录事件,/但现在主要是用于装饰的目的。
(CET-4:1312)
【参考译文】In ancient times,people used it to record events. But now it is used mainly for
decorative purposes.
【例11】各地欢度春节的习俗和传统有很大差异,/但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚,一
起吃年夜饭。(CET-6:样题)
【参考译文】Customs and traditions concerning the celebration of the Chinese New Year vary
widely from place to place. However, all members within a family usually reunite and enjoy the
annual reunion dinner together on the New Year’s Eve.
【例12】这一新公布的计划旨在减少四种主要污染源,包括500万辆机动车的尾气排放、
周边地区燃煤、来自北方的沙尘暴和本地的建筑灰尘,/另外850亿元用于新建或升级城市
垃圾处理和污水处理设施,/加上300亿元投资未来三年的植树造林。(CET-6:14-06)
【参考译文】This newly announced plan is aimed at reducing four main sources of pollution,
including exhaust from 5 million vehicles, coal burning in surrounding areas, sandstorms from the
north, and local construction dust. In addition, another 85 billion Yuan will be used to establish or
upgrade the facilities to treat municipal garbage and sewage. Moreover, 30 billion Yuan will be
invested in the afforestation program in the next three years.
(四)根据原文句子的结构来断句
1. 在句末处断句(针对汉语分总结构)
汉语一般先叙述,然后加以概括或评论,句子信息重心往往在句末。一般情况下,我们
需按照英文习惯,先译出重要信息。但如果汉语叙述部分过长或过于复杂时,不妨保留汉语
先分后总这一特征,在叙述和概括(评论)之间断开,分别翻译。
【例13】由于食物对健康至关重要,好的厨师总是努力在谷物、肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡,
/所以中餐美味又健康。(CET-4:13-12)
【参考译文】As food is vital for our health, good cooks always try to seek the balance between
grains, meats and vegetables. Therefore, Chinese food is both delicious and healthy.
【例14】一个人不论做什么事,都不要使自己的父母感到羞耻,/这就是真正的孝顺。
【参考译文】Whatever one does, he shall never make his parents feel ashamed. That is where thetrue filial piety lies.
【例15】人们必须通过对现象的解析和研究,才能了解事物的本质,/因此需要有科学。
【参考译文】It is by analyzing and studying the appearance of a thing that people come to know
its essence. That’s why science is needed.
2. 在句首处断句(针对汉语总分结构)
有时汉语句子也会采取总分结构。此处,可考虑在句首断开。
【例16】新年的早饭很特别,/北方人吃饺子,南方人吃糯米饭团。
【参考译文】Breakfast for the New Year’s Day is special. The northerners eat Jiaozi (dumplings)
and the southerners small sticky rice balls.
【例17】中国人有两点是靠得住的,/一是讲原则,二是说话算数。
【参考译文】Chinese people can be counted on. First, they uphold principles and second, they
honor their words.
【例18】各种人类文明在价值上是平等的,/各有千秋,也各有不足。
【参考译文】All human civilizations are equal in terms of value. They all have their respective
strengths and shortcomings.
二、并句
汉语逗号多,流水句多,不少句子一逗到底。如果完全按照汉语的形式来翻译,会出现
很多相当简单的句子,这样的译文不仅啰嗦杂乱,而且难言晓畅地道。翻译时要想拿出比较
理想的译文,就不能看一句译一句。很多时候译者需要花上一点时间去分析汉语数个小句的
内在关联,并采取合理手段将存在关系的几个小句合并起来。
(一) 根据汉语句子内在关联来并句
分析汉语句子中各部分的关系,是最根本和最有效的并句策略。
【例19】中文热词通常反映社会变化和文化,有些在外国媒体上愈来愈流行。(CET-6:14-06)
【参考译文】Chinese buzzwords normally reflect social changes and culture, and some of them
are increasingly popular in the foreign media.
【解析】两个小句之间呈并列关系,故先单独翻译两个小句,然后用and来衔接即可。
【例20】人们还会在门上粘贴红色的对联(couplets),对联的主题为健康、发财和好运。(CET-6:
样题)【参考译文】And doors will be decorated with red couplets, the themes of which are health,
wealth and good luck.
【解析】汉语第一个小句的宾语与第二个小句的主语存在密切联系,可以考虑采用 whose
themes或the themes of which将两个部分连接起来,从而达到并句的目的。
【例 21】我们应该推动不同文明相互尊重、和谐共处,让文明交流互鉴成为增进各国人民
友谊的桥梁、推动人类社会进步的动力、维护世界和平的纽带。
【参考译文】We should encourage different civilizations to respect each other and live in
harmony, so that exchanges and mutual learning between civilizations will become a
bridge promoting friendship between people around the world, an engine driving
social progress, and a bond cementing world peace.
【解析】原文看似复杂,但其内部逻辑关系比较清晰,“让”字表示目的。据此,我们考虑
采用 so that 来将前后连接起来。
有时,可以摆脱中文句号的影响,将句号前后具有一定联系的两个句子作并句处理。例
如,
【例 22】中国人自古以来就在中秋时节庆祝丰收。这与北美地区庆祝感恩节的习俗十分相
似。(CET-6:13-12)
【参考译文】Since ancient times, the Chinese people have been celebrating harvest in the
Mid-Autumn festival, which is similar to the custom of celebrating Thanksgiving Day in the North
America.
【解析】汉语第二小句的主语是“这”的情况。“这”是对前面的句子进行的概括,可以考
虑采用关系代词 which ,翻译为非限制性定语从句。
(二) 通过统一汉语两个小句的主语来并句
如果相邻两个小句主语不一致但两个小句却又存在密切联系,可以考虑将两个小句的主
语统一起来。统一之后,往往会形成一个由连词连接起来的较为复杂的简单句。
【例23】他出现在台上,观众给予热烈鼓掌。
【参考译文】He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.
【解析】 原文是两个并列关系的小句,主语不同,但两句存在密切关联。可考虑将原文中
的第二个小句中的宾语(他,此处属于隐含的宾语)调整为对应的译文的主语,此时需要采
用被动句。经过这样的处理,两个译文小句的主语是相同的。而由于两个译文句子的主语是一致,在翻译时,可将译文第二个小句的主语省略,并采用 and 来与第一句的英译文连接,
构成一个稍显复杂的简单句。
【例 24】典型的中国园林四周有围墙,园内有池塘、假山、树木、花草以及各种各样由蜿
蜒 的小路和走廊连接的建筑 。(CET-6:13-12)
【参考译文】A typical Chinese garden is surrounded by walls and composed of ponds, rockeries,
trees, and flowers, and various buildings linked by winding paths and corridors.
【解析】此例涉及汉语第一个小句的主语与第二小句的状语成分存在关联时的并句处理。原
文第一个小句的主语是“园林”,而在第二个小句中,“园林”位于地点状语“园内”之中。
我们可以设法将园林处理为译文第二个小句的主语,从而顺利地将两句话接连起来。
(三) 熟练使用关系副词来并句
汉译英中应注意使用where和when等关系副词来并句,从而达到简化译文的目的。
【例 25】人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。特别是在春节和婚庆期间,剪纸被用来装饰门窗和
房间,以增加喜庆的气氛。(CET-4:样题)
【参考译文】People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings, especially during the Spring
Festival and wedding celebrations when paper cuttings are used to decorate doors, windows and
rooms for enhancing the joyous atmosphere.
【解析】关系副词 when 放在表时间的名词之后,可起到串接作用。同理,“我们都经历过
这样的日子,干什么事都出岔子。”译为:We have all experienced days when everything goes
wrong.
【例26】早在西汉时期,中国的船队就到达了印度和斯里兰卡(Sri Lanka),用中国的丝绸换
取了琉璃(colored glaze)、珍珠等物品。
【参考译文】As early in the Western Han Dynasty, China’s merchant fleets reached India and
Sri Lanka where they traded China’s silk for such goods as colored glaze and pearls.
【解析】关系副词where放在表地点的名词之后,后面接一个完整句子,可以达到并句的目
的。
【例 27】同时,中国是一个发展中大国,发展中不平衡、不协调、不可持续的问题还比较
严重。
【参考译文】At the same time, China is a large developing country where there are still some
serious problems of unbalanced, uncoordinated and unsustainable development.(更多内容请阅读西南交通大学出版社出版的《大学英语四级汉译英16字真经》、《大学英
语六级汉译英16字真经》)