文档内容
新东方在线 [ www.koolearn.com] CET4高分班网络课堂电子教材系列 阅读
CET4 阅读高分班电子教材
主讲：陈科
欢迎使用新东方在线电子教材
教材说明：
本电子教材word文档下面的页码跟教材完全一样，学员只需根据老师说的多少页找到相
应的页面学习即可。
请提前预习、认真学习、及时复习，祝广大学子考试取得成功！第一部分 阅读理解全真试题
Unit 1
Part II Reading Comprehension
(35 minutes)
Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or
unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)
and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on
the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Passage One
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.
The biggest safety threat facing airlines today may not be a terrorist with a gun, but the man
with the portable computer in business class. In the last 15 years, pilots have reported well over
100 incidents that could have been caused by electromagnetic interference. The source of this
interference remains unconfirmed, but increasingly, experts are pointing the blame at portable
electronic device such as portable computers, radio and cassette players and mobile telephones.
RTCA, an organization which advises the aviation (航空) industry, has recommended that all
airlines ban (禁止) such devices from being used during ―critical‖ stages of flight, particularly
take-off and landing. Some experts have gone further, calling for a total ban during all flights.
Currently, rules on using these devices are left up to individual airlines. And although some
airlines prohibit passengers from using such equipment during take-off and landing, most are
reluctant to enforce a total ban, given that many passengers want to work during flights.
The difficulty is predicting how electromagnetic fields might affect an aircraft‘s computers.
Experts know that portable device emit radiation which affects those wavelengths which aircraft
use for navigation and communication. But, because they have not been able to reproduce these
effects in a laboratory, they have no way of knowing whether the interference might be dangerous
or not.
The fact that aircraft may be vulnerable (易受损的) to interference raises the risk that
terrorists may use radio systems in order to damage navigation equipment. As worrying, though, is
the passenger who can‘t hear the instructions to turn off his radio because the music‘s too loud.
21. The passage is mainly about ________.
1A) a new regulation for al airlines
B) the defects of electronic devices
C) a possible cause of aircraft crashes
D) effective safety measures for air flight
22. What is said about the over 100 aircraft incidents in the past 15 years?
A) They may have been caused by the damage to the radio systems.
B) They may have taken place during take-off and landing.
C) They were proved to have been caused by the passengers‘ portable computers.
D) They were suspected to have resulted from electromagnetic interference.
23. Few airlines want to impose a total ban on their passengers using electronic devices because
________.
A) they don‘t believe there is such a danger as radio interference
B) the harmful effect of electromagnetic interference is yet to be proved
C) most passengers refuse to take a plane which bans the use of radio and cassette players
D) they have other effective safety measures to fall back on
24. Why is it difficult to predict the possible effects of electromagnetic fields on an airplane‘s
computers?
A) Because it is extremely dangerous to conduct such research on an airplane.
B) Because it remains a mystery what wavelengths are liable to be interfered with.
C) Because research scientists have not been able to produce the same effects in labs.
D) Because experts lack adequate equipment to do such research.
25. It can be inferred from the passage that the author ________.
A) is in favor of prohibiting passengers‘ use of electronic devices completely
B) has overestimated the danger of electromagnetic interference
C) hasn‘t formed his own opinion on this problem
D) regards it as unreasonable to exercise a total ban during flight
Passage Two
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.
The rise of multinational corporations (跨国公司), global marketing, new communications
technologies, and shrinking cultural differences have led to an unparalleled increase in global
public relations or PR.
Surprisingly, since modern PR was largely an American invention, the U.S. leadership in
public relations is being threatened by PR efforts in other countries. Ten years ago, for example,
the world‘s top five public relations agencies were American-owned. In 1991, only one was. The
British in particular are becoming more sophisticated and creative. A recent survey found that
more than half of all British companies include PR as part of their corporate (公司的) planning
activities, compared to about one-third of U.S. companies. It may
not be long before London replaces New York as the capital of PR.
2Why is America lagging behind in the global PR race? First, Americans as a whole tend to be
fairly provincial and take more of an interest in local affairs. Knowledge of world geography, for
example, has never been strong in this country. Secondly, Americans lag behind their European
and Asian counterparts (相对应的人) in knowing a second language. Less than 5 percent of
Burson—Marshall‘s U.S. employees know two languages. Ogilvy and Mather has about the same
percentage. Conversely, some European firms have half or more of their employees fluent in a
second language. Finally, people involved in PR abroad tend to keep a closer eye on international
affairs. In the financial PR area, for instance, most Americans read the Wall Street Journal.
Overseas, their counterparts read the Journal as well as the Financial Times of London and The
Economist, publications not often read in this country.
Perhaps the PR industry might take a lesson from Ted Turner of CNN (Cable News Network).
Turner recently announced that the word ―foreign‖ would no longer be used on CNN news
broadcasts. According to Turner, global communications have made the nations of the world so
interdependent that there is no longer any such things as foreign.
26. According to the passage, U.S. leadership in public relations is being threatened because of
________.
A) an unparalleled increase in the number of public relations companies
B) shrinking cultural differences and new communications technologies
C) the decreasing number of multinational corporations in the U.S.
D) increased efforts of other countries in public relations
27. London could soon replace New York as the center of PR because ________.
A) British companies are more ambitious than U.S. companies
B) British companies place more importance on PR than U.S. companies
C) British companies are heavily involved in planning activities
D) four of the world‘s top public relations agencies are British-owned
28. The word ―provincial‖ (Line 2, Para. 3) most probably means ―________‖.
A) limited in outlook
B) like people from the provinces
C) rigid in thinking
D) interested in world financial affairs
29. We learn from the third paragraph that employees in the American PR industry ________.
A) speak at least one foreign language fluently
B) are ignorant about world geography
C) are not as sophisticated as their European counterparts
D) enjoy reading a great variety of English business publications
30. What lesson might the PR industry take from Ted Turner of CNN?
A) American PR companies should be more internationally-minded.
3B) The American PR industry should develop global communications technologies.
C) People working in PR should be more fluent in foreign languages.
D) People involved in PR should avoid using the word ―foreign‖.
Passage Three
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.
Brazil has become one of the developing world‘s great successes at reducing population
growth-but more by accident than design. While countries such as India have made joint efforts to
reduce birth rates, Brazil has had better result without really trying, says George Martine at
Harvard.
Brazil‘s population growth rate has dropped from 2.99% a year between 1951 and 1960 to
1.93% a year between 1981 and 1990, and Brazilian women now have only 2.7 children on
average. Martine says this figure may have fallen still further since 1990, an achievement that
makes it the envy of many other Third World countries.
Martine puts it down to, among other things, soap operas (通俗电视连续剧) and installment
(分期付款) plans introduced in the 1970s. Both played an important, although indirect, role in
lowering the birth rate. Brazil is one of the world‘s biggest producers of soap operas. Globo,
Brazil‘s most popular television network, shows three hours of soaps six nights a week, while
three others show at least one hour a night. Most soaps are based on wealthy characters living the
high life in big cities.
―Although they have never really tried to work in a message towards the problems of
reproduction, they describe middle and upper class values-not many children, different attitudes
towards sex, women working,‖ says Martine. ―They sent this image to all parts of Brazil and made
people conscious of other patterns of behavior and other values, which were put into a very
attractive package.‖
Meanwhile, the installment plans tried to encourage the poor to become consumers. ―This led
to an enormous change in consumption patterns and consumption was incompatible (不相容的)
with unlimited reproduction,‖ says Martine.
31. According to the passage, Brazil has cut back its population growth ________.
A) by educating its citizens
B) by careful family planning
C) by developing TV programmes
D) by chance
32. According to the passage, many Third World countries ________.
A) haven‘t attached much importance to birth control
B) would soon join Brazil in controlling their birth rate
C) haven‘t yet found an effective measure to control their population
D) neglected the role of TV plays in family planning
433. The phrase ―puts it down to‖ (Line 1, Para. 3) is closest in meaning to ―________‖.
A) attributes it to
B) finds it a reason for
C) sums it up as
D) compares it to
34. Soap operas have helped in lowering Brazil‘s birth rate because ________.
A) they keep people sitting long hours watching TV
B) they have gradually changed people‘s way of life
C) people are drawn to their attractive package
D) they popularize birth control measures
35. What is Martine‘s conclusion about Brazil‘s population growth?
A) The increase in birth rate will promote consumption.
B) The desire for consumption helps to reduce birth rate.
C) Consumption patterns and reproduction patterns are contradictory.
D) A country‘s production is limited by its population growth.
Passage Four
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.
There seems never to have been a civilization without toys, but when and how they developed
is unknown. They probably came about just to give children something to do.
In the ancient world, as is today, most boys played with some kinds of toys and most girls
with another. In societies where social roles are rigidly determined, boys pattern their play after
the activities of their fathers and girls after the tasks of their mothers. This is true because boys
and girls are being prepared, even in play, to step into the roles and responsibilities of the adult
world.
What is remarkable about the history of toys is not so much how they changed over the
centuries but how much they have remained are same. The changes have been mostly in terms of
craftsmanship, mechanics, and technology. It is the universality of toys with regard to their
development in all parts of the world and their persistence to the present that is amazing. In Egypt,
the Americas, China, Japan and among the Arctic (北极的) peoples, generally the same kinds of
toys appeared. Variations depended on local customs and ways of life because toys imitate their
surroundings. Nearly every civilization had dolls, little weapons, toy soldiers, tiny animals and
vehicles.
Because toys can be generally regarded as a kind of art form, they have not been subject to
technological leaps that characterize inventions for adult use. The progress from the wheel to the
oxcart to the automobile is a direct line of ascent (进步). The progress from a rattle (拨浪鼓) used
by a baby in 3000 BC to one used by an infant today, however, is not characterized by
inventiveness. Each rattle is the product of the artistic tastes of the times and
subject to the limitations of available materials.
536. The reason why the toys most boys play with are different from those that girls play with is
that ________.
A) their social roles are rigidly determined
B) most boys would like to follow their fathers‘ professions
C) boys like to play with their fathers while girls with their mothers
D) they like challenging activities
37. One aspect of ―the universality of toys‖ lies in the fact that ________.
A) technological advances have greatly improved the durability of toys
B) the improvement of craftsmanship in making toys depends on the efforts of universities
C) the exploration of the universe had led to the creation of new kinds of toys
D) the basic characteristics of toys are the same the world over
38. Which of the following is the author‘s view on the historical development of toys?
A) The craftsmanship in toy-making has remained essentially unchanged.
B) Toys have remained basically the same all through the centuries.
C) The toy industry has witnessed great leaps in technology in recent years.
D) Toys are playing an increasingly important role in shaping a child‘s character.
39. Regarded as a kind of art form, toys ________.
A) follow a direct line of ascent
B) also appeal greatly to adults
C) are not characterized by technological progress
D) reflect the pace of social progress
40. The author uses the example of rattle to show that ________.
A) in toy-making there is a continuity in the sue of materials
B) even the simplest toys can reflect the progress of technology
C) even the simplest toys can reflect the progress of technology
D) even a simple toy can mirror the artistic tastes of the time
Unit 2
Part II Reading Comprehension
(35 minutes)
Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or
unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)
and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on
the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
6Passage One
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.
Unless we spend money to spot and prevent asteroids (小行星) now, one might crash into
Earth and destroy life as we know it, say some scientists.
Asteroids are bigger versions of the meteoroids (流星) that race across the night sky. Most
orbit the sun far from Earth and don‘t threaten us. But there are also thousands of asteroids whose
orbits put them on a collision course with Earth.
Buy $50 million worth of new telescopes right now. Then spend $10 million a year for the
next 25 years to locate most of the space rocks. By the time we spot a fatal one, the scientists say,
we‘ll have a way to change its course.
Some scientists favor pushing asteroids off course with nuclear weapons. But the cost
wouldn‘t be cheap.
Is it worth it? Two things experts consider when judging any risk re: 1) How likely the event
is; and 2) How bad the consequences if the event occurs. Experts think an asteroid big enough to
destroy lots of life might strike Earth once every 500,000 years. Sounds pretty rare—but if one did
fall, it would be the end of the world. ―If we don‘t take care of these big asteroids, they‘ll take care
of us,‖ says one scientist. ―It‘s that simple.‖
The cure, though, might be worse than the disease. Do we really want fleets of nuclear
weapons sitting around on Earth? ―The world has less to fear from doomsday (毁灭性的) rocks
than from a great nuclear fleet set against them,‖ said a New York Times article.
21. What does the passage say about asteroids and meteoroids?
A) They are heavenly bodies different in composition.
B) They are heavenly bodies similar in nature.
C) There are more asteroids than meteoroids.
D) Asteroids are more mysterious than meteoroids.
22. What do scientists say about the collision of an asteroid with Earth?
A) It is very unlikely but the danger exists.
B) Such a collision might occur once every 25 years.
C) Collisions of smaller asteroids with Earth occur more often than expected.
D) It‘s still too early to say whether such a collision might occur.
23. What do people think of the suggestion of using nuclear weapons to alter the courses of
asteroids?
A) It sounds practical but it may not solve the problem.
B) It may create more problems than it might solve.
C) It is a waste of money because a collision of asteroids with Earth is very unlikely.
D) Further research should be done before it is proved applicable.
24. We can conclude from the passage that ________.
7A) while pushing asteroids off course nuclear weapons would destroy the world
B) asteroids racing across the night sky are likely to hit Earth in the near future
C) the worry about asteroids can be left to future generations since it is unlikely to happen
in our lifetime
D) workable solutions still have to be found to prevent a collision of asteroids with Earth
25. Which of the following best describes the author‘s tone in this passage?
A) Optimistic. B) Critical. C) Objective. D) Arbitrary.
Passage Two
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.
Believe it or not, optical illusion (错觉) can cut highway crashes.
Japan is a case in point. It has reduced automobile crashes on some roads by nearly 75
percent using a simple optical illusion. Bent stripes, called chevrons (人字形), painted on the
roads make drivers think that they are driving faster than they really are, and thus drivers slow
down.
Now the American Automobile Association Foundation for Traffic Safety in Washington D.C.
is planning to repeat Japan‘s success. Starting next year, the foundation will paint chevrons and
other patterns of stripes on selected roads around the country to test how well the patterns reduce
highway crashes.
Excessive speed plays a major role in as much as one fifth of all fatal traffic accidents,
according to the foundation. To help reduce those accidents, the foundation will conduct its tests in
areas where speed-related hazards are the greatest—curves, exit slopes, traffic circles, and bridges.
Some studies suggest that straight, horizontal bars painted across roads can initially cut the
average speed of drivers in half. However, traffic often returns to full speed within months as
drivers become used to seeing the painted bars.
Chevrons, scientists say, not only give drivers the impression that they are driving faster than
they really are but also make a lane appear to be narrower. The result is a longer lasting reduction
in highway sped and the number of traffic accidents.
26. The passage mainly discusses ________.
A) a new way of highway speed control
B) a new pattern for painting highways
C) a new approach to training drivers
D) a new type of optical illusion
27. On roads painted with chevrons, drivers tend to feel that ________.
A) they should avoid speed-related hazards
B) they are driving in the wrong lane
C) they should slow down their speed
8D) they are approaching the speed limit
28. The advantage of chevrons over straight, horizontal bars is that the former ________.
A) can keep drivers awake
B) can cut road accidents in half
C) will have a longer effect on drivers
D) will look more attractive
29. The American Automobile Association Foundation for Traffic Safety plans to ________.
A) try out the Japanese method in certain areas
B) change the road signs across the country
C) replace straight, horizontal bars with chevrons
D) repeat the Japanese road patterns
30. What does the author say about straight, horizontal bars painted across roads?
A) They are falling out of use in the United States.
B) They tend to be ignored by drivers in a short period of time.
C) They are applicable only on broad roads.
D) They cannot be applied successfully to traffic circles.
Passage Three
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.
Amtrak (美国铁路客运公司) was experiencing a downswing in ridership (客运量) along the
lines comprising its rail system. Of major concern to Amtrak and its advertising agency DDB
Needham, were the long-distance western routes where ridership had been declining significantly.]
At one time, trains were the only practical way to cross the vast areas of the west. Trains were fast,
very luxurious, and quite convenient compared to other forms of transportation existing at the time.
However, times change and the automobile became America‘s standard of convenience. Also, air
travel had easily established itself as the fastest method of traveling great distances. Therefore, the
task for DDB Needham was to encourage consumers to consider other aspects of train travel in
order to change their attitudes and increase the likelihood that trains would be considered for
travel in the west.
Two portions of the total market were targeted: 1) anxious fliers—those concerned with
safety, relaxation, and cleanliness and 2) travel-lovers—those viewing themselves as relaxed,
casual, and interested in the travel experience as part of their vacation. The agency then developed
a campaign that focused on travel experiences such as freedom, escape, relaxation, and enjoyment
of the great western outdoors. It stressed experiences gained by using the trains and portrayed
western train trips as wonderful adventures.
Advertisements showed pictures of the beautiful scenery that could be enjoyed along some of
the more famous western routes and emphasized the romantic names of some of these trains
(Empire Builder, etc.). These ads were strategically placed among family-oriented
9TV shows and programs involving nature and America in order to most effectively reach target
audiences. Results were impressive. The Empire Builder, which was focused on in one ad, enjoyed
a 15 percent increase in profits on its Chicago to Seattle route.
31. What‘s the author‘s purpose in writing this passage?
A) To show the inability of trains to compete with planes with respect to speed and convenience.
B) To stress the influence of the automobile on America‘s standard of convenience.
C) To emphasize the function of travel agencies in market promotion.
D) To illustrate the important role of persuasive communication in changing consumer attitudes.
32. It can be inferred from the passage that the drop in Amtrak ridership was due to the fact that
________.
A) trains were not suitable for short distance passenger transportation
B) trains were not the fastest and most convenient form of transportation
C) trains were not as fast and convenient as they used to be
D) trains could not compete with planes in terms of luxury and convenience
33. To encourage consumers to travel by train, DDB Needham emphasized ________.
A) the freedom and convenience provided on trains
B) the practical aspects of train travel
C) the adventurous aspects of train trips
D) the safety and cleanliness of train trips
34. The train ads were placed among family-oriented TV programs involving nature and America
because ________.
A) they could focus on meaningful travel experiences
B) they could increase the effectiveness of the TV programs
C) their profits could be increased by some 15 percent
D) most travel-lovers and nervous fliers were believed to be among the audiences
35. According to the passage, the Empire Builder enjoyed an increase in ridership and profits
because ________.
A) the attractiveness of its name and route was effectively advertised
B) it provided an exciting travel experience
C) its passengers could enjoy the great western outdoors
D) it was widely advertised in newspapers and magazines in Chicago and Seattle
Passage Four
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.
Why does cram go bad faster than butter? Some researchers think they have the answer, and
it comes down to the structure of the food, not its chemical composition—a finding
10that could help rid some processed foods of chemical preservatives.
Cream and butter contain pretty much the same substances, so why cream should sour much
faster has been a mystery. Both are emulsions—tiny globules (小球体) of one liquid evenly
distributed throughout another. The difference lies in what‘s in the globules and what‘s in the
surrounding liquid, says Brocklehurst, who led the investigation.
In cream, fatty globules drift about in a sea of water. In butter, globules of a watery solution
are locked away in a sea of fat. The bacteria which make the food go bad prefer to live in the
watery regions of the mixture. ―This means that in cream, the bacteria are free to grow throughout
the mixture,‖ he says.
When the situation is reversed, the bacteria are locked away in compartments (隔仓室)
buried deep in the sea of fat. Trapped in this way, individual colonies cannot spread and rapidly
run out of nutrients (养料). They also slowly poison themselves with their waste products. ―In
butter, you get a self-limiting system which stops the bacteria growing,‖ says Brocklehurst.
The researchers are already working with food companies keen to see if their products can be
made resistant to bacterial attack through alterations to the food‘s structure. Brocklehurst believes
it will be possible to make the emulsions used in salad cream, for instance, more like that in butter.
The key will be to do this while keeping the salad cream liquid and not turning it into a solid
lump.
36. The significance of Brocklehurst‘s research is that ________.
A) it suggested a way to keep some foods fresh without preservatives
B) it discovered tiny globules in both cream and butter
C) it revealed the secret of how bacteria multiply in cream and butter
D) it found that cream and butter share the same chemical composition
37. According to the researchers, cream sours fast than butter because bacteria ________.
A) are more evenly distributed in cream
B) multiply more easily in cream than in butter
C) live on less fat in cream than in butter
D) produce less waste in cream than in butter
38. According to Brocklehurst, we can keep cream fresh by ________.
A) removing its fat
B) killing the bacteria
C) reducing its water content
D) altering its structure
39. The word ―colonies‖ (Line 2, Para. 4) refers to ________.
A) tiny globules
B) watery regions
C) bacteria communities
11D) little compartments
40. Commercial application of the research finding will be possible if salad cream can be made
resistant to bacterial attack ________.
A) by varying its chemical composition
B) by turning it into a solid lump
C) while keeping its structure unchanged
D) while retaining its liquid form
Unit 3
Part II Reading Comprehension
(35 minutes)
Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or
unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)
and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on
the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Passage One
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.
Long after the 1998 World Cup was won, disappointed fans were still cursing the disputed
refereeing (裁判) decisions that denied victory to their team. A researcher was appointed to study
the performance of some top referees.
The researcher organized an experimental tournament (锦标赛) involving four youth teams.
Each match lasted an hour, divided into three periods of 20 minutes during which different
referees were in charge.
Observers noted down the referees‘ errors, of which there were 61 over the tournament.
Converted to a standard match of 90 minutes, each referee made almost 23 mistakes, a remarkably
high number.
The researcher then studied the videotapes to analyse the matches in detail. Surprisingly, he
found that errors were more likely when the referees were close to the incident. When the officials
got it right, they were, on average, 17 meters away from the action. The average distance in the
case of errors was 12 meters. The research shows the optimum (最佳的) distance is about 20
meters.
There also seemed to be an optimum speed. Correct decisions came when the referees were
moving at a speed of about 2 meters per second. The average speed for errors was 4 meters per
second.
If FIFA, football‘s international ruling body, wants to improve the standard of refereeing at
the next World Cup, it should encourage referees to keep their eyes on the action from a distance,
rather than rushing to keep up with the ball, the researcher argues.
12He also says that FIFA‘s insistence that referees should retire at age 45 may be misguided. If
keeping up with the action is not so important, their physical condition is less critical.
21. The experiment conducted by the researcher was meant to ________.
A) review the decisions of referees at the 1998 World Cup
B) analyse the causes of errors made by football referees
C) set a standard for football refereeing
D) reexamine the rules for football refereeing
22. The number of refereeing errors in the experimental matches was ________.
A) slightly above average
B) higher than in the 1998 World Cup
C) quite unexpected
D) as high as in a standard match
23. The findings of the experiment show that ________.
A) errors are more likely when a referee keeps close to the ball
B) the farther the referee is from the incident, the fewer the errors
C) the more slowly the referee runs, the more likely will errors occur
D) errors are less likely when a referee stays in one spot
24. The word ―officials‖ (Line 2, Para. 4) most probably refers to ________.
A) the researchers involved in the experiment
B) the inspectors of the football tournament
C) the referees of the football tournament
D) the observers at the site of the experiment
25. What is one of the possible conclusions of the experiment?
A) The ideal retirement age for an experienced football referee is 45.
B) Age should not be the chief consideration in choosing a football referee.
C) A football referee should be as young and energetic as possible.
D) An experienced football referee can do well even when in poor physical condition.
Passage Two
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.
While still in its early stages, welfare reform has already been judged a great success in many
states—at least in getting people off welfare. It‘s estimated that more than 2 million people have
left the rolls since 1994.
In the past four years, welfare rolls in Athens Country have been cut in half. But 70 percent
of the people who left in the past tow years took jobs that paid less than $6 an hour. The result:
The Athens County poverty rate still remains at more than 30 percent—twice the national average.
For advocates (代言人) for the poor, that‘s an indication much more needs to be done.
13―More people are getting jobs, but it‘s not making their lives any better,‖ says Kathy Lairn, a
policy analyst at the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities in Washington.
A center analysis of US Census data nationwide found that between 1995 and 1996, a greater
percentage of single, female-headed households were earning money on their own, but that
average income for these households actually went down.
But for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well without
government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory.
―Welfare was a poison. It was a toxin (毒素) that was poisoning the family,‖ says Robert
Rector, a welfare-reform policy analyst. ―The reform in changing the moral climate in low-income
communities. It‘s beginning to rebuild the work ethic (道德观), which is much more important.‖
Mr. Rector and others argued that once ―the habit of dependency is cracked,‖ then the country
can make other policy changes aimed at improving living standards.
26. From the passage, it can be seen that the author ________.
A) believes the reform has reduced the government‘s burden
B) insists that welfare reform is doing little good for the poor
C) is overenthusiastic about the success of welfare reform
D) considers welfare reform to be fundamentally successful
27. Why aren‘t people enjoying better lives when they have jobs?
A) Because many families are divorced.
B) Because government aid is now rare.
C) Because their wages are low.
D) Because the cost of living is rising.
28. What is worth noting from the example of Athens County is that ________.
A) greater efforts should be made to improve people‘s living standards
B) 70 percent of the people there have been employed for two years
C) 50 percent of the population no longer relies on welfare
D) the living standards of most people are going down
29. From the passage we know that welfare reform aims at ________.
A) saving welfare funds
B) rebuilding the work ethic
C) providing more jobs
D) cutting government expenses
30. According to the passage before the welfare reform was carried out, ________.
A) the poverty rate was lover
B) average living standards were higher
C) the average worker was paid higher wages
D) the poor used to rely on government aid
14Passage Three
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.
Americans are pound of their variety and individuality, yet they love and respect few things
more than a uniform, whether it is the uniform of an elevator operator or the uniform of a five-star
general. Why are uniforms so popular in the United States?
Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they
look more professional than civilian (百姓的) clothes. People have become conditioned to expect
superior quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repairman who wears uniform
tends to inspire more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the skill of a garage
mechanic is increased by a uniform. What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or
a waiter to lose professional identity (身份) than to step out of uniform?
Uniforms also have many practical benefits. They save on other clothes. They save on
laundry bills. They are tax-deductible (可减税的). They are often more comfortable and more
durable than civilian clothes.
Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent
loss of individuality experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of
uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without change, until
retirement. When people look alike, they tend to think, speak, and act similarly, on the job at least.
Uniforms also give rise to some practical problems. Though they are long-lasting, often their
initial expense is greater than the cost of civilian clothes. Some uniforms are also expensive to
maintain, requiring professional dry cleaning rather than the home laundering possible with many
types of civilian clothes.
31. It is surprising that Americans who worship variety and individuality ________.
A) still judge a man by his clothes
B) hold the uniform in such high regard
C) enjoy having a professional identity
D) will respect an elevator operator as much as a general in uniform
32. People are accustomed to think that a man in uniform ________.
A) suggests quality work
B) discards his social identity
C) appears to be more practical
D) looks superior to a person in civilian clothes
33. The chief function of a uniform is to ________.
A) provide practical benefits to the wearer
B) make the wearer catch the pubic eye
15C) inspire the wearer‘s confidence in himself
D) provide the wearer with a professional identity
34. According to the passage, people wearing uniforms ________.
A) are usually helpful
B) have little or no individual freedom
C) tend to lose their individuality
D) enjoy greater popularity
35. The best title for this passage would be ________.
A) Uniforms and Society
B) The Importance of Wearing a Uniform
C) Practical Benefits of Wearing a Uniform
D) Advantages and Disadvantages of Uniforms
Passage Four
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.
Since we are social beings, the quality of our lives depends in large measure on our
interpersonal relationships. One strength of the human condition is our tendency to give and
receive support from one another under stressful circumstances. Social support consists of the
exchange of resources among people based on their interpersonal ties. Those of us with strong
support systems appear better able to cope with major life changes and daily hassles (困难).
People with strong social ties live longer and have better health than those without such ties.
Studies over a range of illnesses, from depression to heart disease, reveal that the presence of
social support helps people fend off (挡开) illness, and the absence of such support makes poor
health more likely.
Social support cushions stress in a number of ways. First, friends, relatives, and co-workers
may let us know that they value us. Our self-respect is strengthened when we feel accepted by
others despite our faults and difficulties. Second, other people often provide us with informational
support. They help us to define and understand our problems and find solutions to them. Third, we
typically find social companionship supportive. Engaging in leisure-time activities with others
helps us to meet our social needs while at the same time distracting (转移„注意力) us from our
worries and troubles. Finally, other people may give us instrumental support—financial aid,
material resources, and needed services—that reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with
our problems.
36. Interpersonal relationships are important because ________.
A) they are indispensable to people‘s social well-being
B) they awaken people‘s desire to exchange resources
C) they help people to cope with life in the information era
D) they can cure a range of illnesses such as heart disease, etc
1637. Research shows that people‘s physical and mental health ________.
A) relies on the social welfare systems which support them
B) has much to do with the amount of support they get from others
C) depends on their ability to deal with daily worries and troubles
D) is closely related to their strength for coping with major changes in their lives
38. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word ―cushions‖ (Line 1, Para. 2)?
A) Adds up to.
B) Does away with.
C) Lessens the effect of.
D) Lays the foundation for.
39. Helping a sick neighbor with some repair work is an example of ________.
A) instrumental support
B) informational support
C) social companionship
D) the strengthening of self-respect
40. Social companionship is beneficial in that ________.
A) it helps strengthen our ties with relatives
B) it enables us to eliminate our faults and mistakes
C) it makes our leisure-time activities more enjoyable
D) it draws our attention away from our worries and troubles
Unit 4
Part II Reading Comprehension
(35 minutes)
Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or
unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)
and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on
the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Passage One
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.
Dogs are social animals and without proper training, they will behave like wild animals. They
will soil your house, destroy your belongings, bark excessively, fight other dogs and even bite you.
Nearly all behavior problems are perfectly normal dog activities that occur at the wrong time or
place or are directed at the wrong thing. The key to preventing or treating behavior problems is
learning to teach the dog to redirect its normal behavior to outlets that are acceptable in the
domestic setting.
17One of the best things you can do for your dog and yourself is to obedience train it.
Obedience training doesn‘t solve all behavior problems, but it is the foundation for solving just
about any problem. Training pens up a line of communication between you and your dog.
Effective communication is necessary to instruct your dog about what you want it to do.
Training is also an easy way to establish the social rank order. When your dog obeys a simple
request of ―come here, sit,‖ it is showing obedience and respect for you. It is not necessary to
establish yourself as top dog or leader of the pack (群) by using extreme measure. You can teach
your dog its subordinate (从属的) role by teaching it to show submission to you. Most dogs love
performing tricks for you to pleasantly accept that you are in charge.
Training should be fun and rewarding for you and your dog. It can enrich your relationship
and make living together more enjoyable. A well-trained dog is more confident and can more
safely be allowed a greater amount of freedom than an untrained animal.
21. Behavior problems of dogs are believe to ________.
A) be just part of their nature
B) worsen in modern society
C) occur when they go wild
D) present a threat to the community
22. The primary purpose of obedience training is to ________.
A) teach the dog to perform clever tricks
B) make the dog aware of its owner‘s authority
C) provide the dog with outlets for its wild behavior
D) enable the dog to regain its normal behavior
23. Effective communication between a dog and its owner is ________.
A) essential to solving the dog‘s behavior problems
B) the foundation for dogs to perform tasks
C) a good way to teach the dog new tricks
D) an extreme measure in obedience training
24. Why do pet dogs love performing tricks for their masters?
A) To avoid being punished.
B) To show their affection for their masters.
C) To win leadership of the dog pack.
D) To show their willingness to obey.
25. When a dog has received effective obedience training, its owner ________.
A) can give the dog more rewards
B) will enjoy a better family life
C) can give the dog more freedom
D) will have more confidence in himself
18Passage Two
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.
Engineering students are supposed to be examples of practicality and rationality, but when it
comes to my college education I am an idealist and a fool. In high school I wanted to be an
electrical engineer and, of course, any sensible student with my aims would have chosen a college
with a large engineering department, famous reputation and lots of good labs and research
equipment. But that‘s not what I did.
I chose to study engineering at a small liberal-arts (文科) university that doesn‘t even offer a
major in electrical engineering. Obviously, this was not a practical choice; I came here for more
noble reasons. I wanted a broad education that would provide me with flexibility and a value
system to guide me in my career. I wanted to open my eyes and expand my vision by interacting
with people who weren‘t studying science or engineering. My parents, teachers and other adults
praised me for such a sensible choice. They told me I was wise and mature beyond my 18 years,
and I believed them.
I headed off to college sure I was going to have an advantage over those students who went
to big engineering ―factories‖ where they didn‘t care if you have values or were flexible. I was
going to be a complete engineer: technical genius and sensitive humanist (人文学者) all in one.
Now I‘m not so sure. Somewhere along the way my noble ideals crashed into reality, as all
noble ideals eventually do. After three years of struggling to balance math, physics and
engineering courses with liberal-arts courses, I have learned there are reasons why few
engineering students try to reconcile (协调) engineering with liberal-arts courses in college.
The reality that has blocked my path to become the typical successful student is that
engineering and the liberal arts simply don‘t‘ mix as easily as I assumed in high school.
Individually they shape a person in very different ways; together they threaten to confuse. The
struggle to reconcile the two fields of study is difficult.
26. The author chose to study engineering at a small liberal-arts university because he ________.
A) wanted to be an example of practicality and rationality
B) intended to be a combination of engineer and humanist
C) wanted to coordinate engineering with liberal-arts courses in college
D) intended to be a sensible student with noble ideals
27. According to the author, by interacting with people who study liberal arts, engineering
students can ________.
A) balance engineering and the liberal arts
B) receive guidance in their careers
C) become noble idealists
D) broaden their horizons
28. In the eyes of the author, a successful engineering student is expected ________.
19A) to have an excellent academic record
B) to be wise and mature
C) to be imaginative with a value system to guide him
D) to be a technical genius with a wide vision
29. The author‘s experience shows that he was ________.
A) creative
B) ambitious
C) unrealistic
D) irrational
30. The word ―they‖ in ―...together they threaten to confuse.‖ (Line 3, Para. 5) refers to
________.
A) engineering and the liberal arts
B) reality and noble ideals
C) flexibility and a value system
D) practicality and rationality
Passage Three
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.
Priscilla Ouchida‘s ―energy-efficient‖ house turned out to be a horrible dream. When she and
her engineer husband married a few years ago, they built a $100,000, three-bedroom home in
California. Tightly sealed to prevent air leaks, the house was equipped with small double-paned
(双层玻璃的) windows and several other energy-saving features. Problems began as soon as the
couple moved in, however. Priscilla‘s eyes burned. Her throat was constantly dry. She suffered
from headaches and could hardly sleep. It was as though she had suddenly developed a strange
illness.
Experts finally traced the cause of her illness. The level of formaldehyde (甲醛) gas in her
kitchen was twice the maximum allowed by federal standards for chemical workers. The source of
the gas? Her new kitchen cabinets and wall-to-wall carpeting.
The Ouchidas are victims of indoor air pollution, which is not given sufficient attention
partly because of the nation‘s drive to save energy. The problem itself isn‘t new. ―The indoor
environment was dirty long before energy conservation came along,‖ says Moschandreas, a
pollution scientist at Geomet Technologies in Maryland. ―Energy conservation has tended to
accentuate the situation in some cases.‖
The problem appears to be more troublesome in newly constructed homes rather than old
ones. Back in the days when energy was cheap, home builders didn‘t worry much about unsealed
cracks. Because of such leaks, the air in an average home was replaced by fresh outdoor air about
once an hour. As a result, the pollutants generated in most households seldom build up to
dangerous levels.
31. It can be learned from the passage that the Ouchidas‘ house ________.
20A) is well worth the money spent on its construction
B) is almost faultless from the point of energy conservation
C) failed to meet energy conservation standards
D) was designed and constructed in a scientific way
32. What made the Ouchidas‘ new house a horrible dream?
A) Lack of fresh air.
B) Poor quality of building materials.
C) Gas leakage in the kitchen.
D) The newly painted walls.
33. The word ―accentuate‖ (Line 4, Para. 3) most probably means ―________‖.
A) relieve
B) accelerate
C) worsen
D) improve
34. Why were cracks in old houses not a big concern?
A) Because indoor cleanliness was not emphasized.
B) Because energy used to be inexpensive.
C) Because environmental protection was given top priority.
D) Because they were technically unavoidable.
35. This passage is most probably taken from an article entitled ―________‖.
A) Energy Conservation
B) Houses Building Crisis
C) Air Pollution Indoors
D) Traps in Building Construction
Passage Four
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.
In 1993. New York State ordered stores to charge a deposit on beverage (饮料) containers.
Within a year. Consumers had returned millions of aluminum cans and glass and plastic bottles.
Plenty of companies were eager to accept the aluminum and glass as raw materials for new
products. But because few could figure out what to do with the plastic, much of it wound up
buried in landfills (垃圾填埋场). The problem was not limited to New York. Unfortunately, there
were too few uses for second-hand plastic.
Today, one out of five plastic soda bottles is recycled (回收利用) in the United States. The
reason for the change is that now there are dozens of companies across the country buying
discarded plastic soda bottles and turning them into fence posts, paint brushes, etc.
As the New York experience shows, recycling involves more than simply separating valuable
materials from the rest of the rubbish. A discard remains a discard until somebody figures out how
to give it a second life-and until economic arrangements exist to give that second life value.
Without adequate markets to absorb materials collected for recycling,
21throwaways actually depress prices for used materials.
Shrinking landfill space, and rising costs for burying and burning rubbish are forcing local
governments to look more closely at recycling. In many areas, the East Coast especially, recycling
is already the least expensive waste-management option. For every ton of waste recycled, a city
avoids paying for its disposal, which, in parts of New York, amounts to saving of more than $100
per ton. Recycling also stimulates the local economy by creating jobs and trims the pollution
control and energy costs of industries that make recycled products by giving them a more refined
raw material.
36. What regulation was issued by New York State concerning beverage containers?
A) Beverage companies should be responsible for collecting and reusing discarded plastic soda
bottles.
B) Throwaways should be collected by the state for recycling.
C) A fee should be charged on used containers for recycling.
D) Consumers had to pay for beverage containers and could get their money back on returning
them.
37. The returned plastic bottles in New York used to ________.
A) end up somewhere underground
B) be turned into raw materials
C) have a second-life value
D) be separated from other rubbish
38. The key problem in dealing with returned plastic beverage containers is ________.
A) to sell them at a profitable price
B) how to turn them into useful things
C) how to reduce their recycling costs
D) to lower the prices for used materials
39. Recycling ahs become the first choice for the disposal of rubbish because ________.
A) local governments find it easy to manage
B) recycling ahs great appeal for the jobless
C) recycling causes little pollution
D) other methods are more expensive
40. It can be concluded from the passage that ________.
A) rubbish is a potential remedy for the shortage of raw materials
B) local governments in the U.S. can expect big profits from recycling
C) recycling is to be recommended both economically and environmentally
D) landfills will still be widely used for waste disposal
22Unit 5
Part II Reading Comprehension
(35 minutes)
Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or
unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)
and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on
the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Passage One
Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.
People living on parts of the south coast of England face a serious problem. In 1993, the
owners of a large hotel and of several houses discovered, to their horror, that their gardens had
disappeared overnight. The sea had eaten into the soft limestone cliffs on which they had been
built. While experts were studying the problem, the hotel and several houses disappeared
altogether, sliding down the cliff and into the sea.
Erosion (侵蚀) of the white cliffs along the south coast of England has always been a
problem but it has become more serious in recent years. Dozens of homes have had to be
abandoned as the sea has crept farther and farther inland. Experts have studied the areas most
affected and have drawn up a map for local people, forecasting the year in which their homes will
be swallowed up by the hungry sea.
Angry owners have called on the Government to erect sea defenses to protect their homes.
Government surveyors have pointed out that in most cases, this is impossible. New sea walls
would cost hundreds of millions of pounds and would merely make the waves and currents go
further along the coast, shifting the problem from one area to another. The danger is likely to
continue, they say, until the waves reach an inland area of hard rock which will not be eaten as
limestone is. Meanwhile, if you want to buy a cheap house with an uncertain future, apply to a
house agent in one of the threatened areas on the south coast of England. You can get a house for a
knockdown price but it may turn out to be a knockdown home.
11. What is the cause of the problem that people living on parts of the south coast of England
face?
A) The disappearance of hotels, houses and gardens.
B) The experts‘ lack of knowledge.
C) The rising of the sea level.
D) The washing-away of limestone cliffs.
12. The erosion of the white cliffs in the south of England ________.
A) will soon become a problem for people living in central England
23B) has now become a threat to the local residents
C) is quickly changing the map of England
D) can be stopped if proper measures are taken
13. The experts‘ study on the problem of erosion can ________.
A) lead to its eventual solution
B) provide an effective way to slow it down
C) help to prevent it from worsening
D) warn people whose homes are in danger
14. It is not feasible to build sea defenses to protect against erosion because ________.
A) it is too costly and will endanger neighbouring areas
B) the government is too slow in taking action
C) they will be easily knocked down by waves and currents
D) house agents along the coast do not support the idea
15. According to the author, when buying a house along the south coast of England, people
should ________.
A) be aware of the potential danger involved
B) guard against being cheated by the house agent
C) take the quality of the house into consideration
D) examine the house carefully before making a decision
Passage Two
Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.
Sport is not only physically challenging, but it can also be mentally challenging. Criticism
from coaches, parents, and other teammates, as well as pressure to win can create an excessive
amount of anxiety or stress for young athletes (运动员). Stress can be physical, emotional, or
psychological, and research has indicated that it can lead to burnout. Burnout has been described
as dropping or quitting of an activity that was at one time enjoyable.
The early years of development are critical years for learning abut oneself. The sport setting
is one where valuable experiences can take place. Young athletes can, for example, learn how to
cooperate with others, make friends, and gain other social skills that will be used throughout their
lives. Coaches and parents should be aware, at all times, that their feedback to youngsters can
greatly affect their children. Youngsters may take their parents‘ and coaches‘ criticisms to heart
and find a flaw (缺陷) in themselves.
Coaches and parents should also be cautious that youth sport participation does not become
work for children. The outcome of the game should not be more important than the process of
learning the sport and other life lessons. In today‘s youth sport setting, young athletes may be
worrying more about who will win instead of enjoying themselves and the sport. Following a
game, many parents and coaches focus on the outcome and find fault with youngsters‘
performances. Positive reinforcement should be provided regardless of the outcome. Research
indicates that positive reinforcement motivates and has a greater effect
24on learning than criticism. Again, criticism can create high levels of stress, which can lead to
burnout.
16. An effective way to prevent the burnout of young athletes is ________.
A) to make sports less competitive
B) to make sports more challenging
C) to reduce their mental stress
D) to increase their sense of success
17. According to the passage sport is positive for young people in that ________.
A) it can help them learn more about society
B) it teaches them how to set realistic goals for themselves
C) it enables them to find flaws in themselves
D) it can provide them with valuable experiences
18. Many coaches and parents are in the habit of criticizing young athletes ________.
A) without realizing criticism may destroy their self confidence
B) in order to make them remember life‘s lessons
C) believing that criticism is beneficial for their early development
D) so as to put more pressure on them
19. According to the passage parents and coaches should ________.
A) help children to win every game
B) pay more attention to letting children enjoy sports
C) enable children to understand the positive aspect of sports
D) train children to cope with stress
20. The author‘s purpose in writing the passage is ________.
A) to persuade young children not to worry about criticism
B) to stress the importance of positive reinforcement to children
C) to discuss the skill of combining criticism with encouragement
D) to teach young athletes how to avoid burnout
Passage Three
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.
Humanity uses a little less than half the water available worldwide. Yet occurrences of
shortages and droughts (干旱) are causing famine and distress in some areas, and industrial and
agricultural by-products are polluting water supplies. Since the world‘ population is expected to
double in the next 50 years, many experts think we are on the edge of a widespread water crisis.
But that doesn‘t have to be the outcome. Water shortages do not have to trouble the world—if
we start valuing water more than we have in the past. Just as we began to appreciate petroleum
more after the 1970s oil crises, today we must start looking at water from a fresh economic
perspective. We can no longer afford to consider water a virtually free
25resource of which we can use as much as we like in any way we want.
Instead, for all uses except the domestic demand of the poor, governments should price water
to reflect its actual value. This means charging a fee for the water itself as well as for the supply
costs.
Governments should also protect this resource by providing water in more economically and
environmentally sound ways. For example, often the cheapest way to provide irrigation (灌溉)
water in the dry tropics is through small-scale projects, such as gathering rainfall in depressions
(凹地) and pumping it to nearby cropland.
No matter what steps governments take to provide water more efficiently, they must change
their institutional and legal approaches to water sue. Rather than spread control among hundreds
or even thousands of local, regional, and national agencies that watch various aspects of water use,
countries should set up central authorities to coordinate water policy.
21. What is the real cause of the potential water crisis?
A) The world population is increasing faster and faster.
B) Half of the world‘s water resources have been seriously polluted.
C) Humanity has not placed sufficient value on water resources.
D) Only half of the world‘s water can be used.
22. As indicated in the passage, the water problem ________.
A) has been exaggerated by some experts in the field
B) is underestimated by government organizations at different levels
C) poses a challenge to the technology of building reservoirs
D) is already serious in certain parts of the world
23. According to the author, the water price should ________.
A) correspond to its real value
B) be reduced to the minimum
C) stimulate domestic demand
D) take into account the occurrences of droughts
24. The author says that in some hot and dry areas it is advisable to ________.
A) build big lakes to store water
B) construct big pumping stations
C) channel water from nearby rivers to cropland
D) build small and cheap irrigation systems
25. In order to raise the efficiency of the water supply, measures should be taken to ________.
A) centralize the management of water resources
B) increase the sense of responsibility of agencies at all levels
C) guarantee full protection of the environment
D) encourage local and regional control of water resources
26Passage Four
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.
We can see how the product life cycle works by looking at the introduction of instant coffee.
When it was introduced, most people did not like it as well as ―regular‖ coffee, and it took several
years to gain general acceptance (introduction stage). At one point, though, instant coffee grew
rapidly in popularity, and many brands were introduced (stage of rapid growth). After a while,
people became attached to one brand and sales leveled off (stage of maturity). Sales went into a
slight decline (衰退) when freeze-dried coffees were introduced (stage of decline).
The importance of the product life cycle to marketers is this: Different stages in the product
life cycle call for different strategies. The goal is to extend product life so that sales and profits do
not decline. One strategy is called market modification. It means that marketing managers look for
new users and market sections. Did you know, for example, that the backpacks that so many
students carry today were originally designed for the military?
Market modification also means searching for increased usage among present customers or
going for a different market, such as senior citizens. A marketer may re-position the product to
appeal to new market sections.
Another product extension strategy is called product modification. It involves changing
product quality, features, or style to attract new users or more usage from present users. American
auto manufacturers are using quality improvement as one way to recapture world markets. Note,
also, how auto manufacturers once changed styles dramatically from year to year to keep demand
from falling.
26. According to the passage, when people grow fond of one particular brand of a product, its
sales will ________.
A) decrease gradually
B) remain at the same level
C) become unstable
D) improve enormously
27. The first paragraph tells us that a new product is ________.
A) not easily accepted by the public
B) often inferior to old ones at first
C) often more expensive than old ones
D) usually introduced to satisfy different tastes
28. Marketers need to know which of the four stages a product is in so as to ________.
A) promote its production
B) work out marketing policies
C) speed up its life cycle
D) increase its popularity
29. The author mentions the example of ―backpacks‖ (Line 4, Para. 2) to show the importance
27of ________.
A) pleasing the young as well as the old
B) increasing usage among students
C) exploring new market sections
D) serving both military and civil needs
30. In order to recover their share of the world market, U.S. auto makers are ________.
A) improving product quality
B) increasing product features
C) modernizing product style
D) re-positioning their product in the market
Unit 6
Part II Reading Comprehension
(35 minutes)
Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or
unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)
and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on
the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Passage one
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.
Some pessimistic experts feel that the automobile is bound to fall into disuse. They see a day
in the not-too-distant future when all autos will be abandoned and allowed to rust. Other
authorities, however, think the auto is here to stay. They hold that the car will remain a leading
means of urban travel in the foreseeable future.
The motorcar will undoubtedly change significantly over the next 30 years. It should become
smaller, safer, and more economical, and should not be powered by the gasoline engine. The car of
the future should be far more pollution-free than present types.
Regardless of its power source, the auto in the future will still be the main problem in urban
traffic congestion (拥挤). One proposed solution to this problem is the automated highway
system.
When the auto enters the highway system, a retractable (可伸缩的) arm will drop from the
auto and make contact with a rail, which is similar to those powering subway trains electrically.
Once attached to the rail, the car will become electrically powered from the system, and control of
the vehicle will pass to a central computer. The computer will then monitor all of the car‘s
movements.
The driver will use a telephone to dial instructions about his destination into the system. The
computer will calculate the best route, and reserve space for the car all the way to the correct exit
from the highway. The driver will then be free to relax and wait for the buzzer
28(蜂鸣器) that will warn him of his coming exit. It is estimated that an automated highway will be
able to handle 10,000 vehicles per hour, compared with the 1,500 to 2,000 vehicles that can be
carried by a present-day highway.
21. One significant improvement in the future car will probably be ________.
A) its power source
B) its driving system
C) its monitoring system
D) its seating capacity
22. What is the author‘s main concern?
A) How to render automobiles pollution-free.
B) How to make smaller and safer automobiles.
C) How to solve the problem of traffic jams.
D) How to develop an automated subway system.
23. What provides autos with electric power in an automated highway system?
A) A rail.
B) An engine.
C) A retractable arm.
D) A computer controller.
24. In an automated highway system, all the driver needs to do is ________.
A) keep in the right lane
B) wait to arrive at his destination
C) keep in constant touch with the computer center
D) inform the system of his destination by phone
25. What is the author‘s attitude toward the future of autos?
A) Enthusiastic.
B) Pessimistic.
C) Optimistic.
D) Cautious.
Passage Two
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.
Foxes and farmers have never got on well. These small dog-like animals have long been
accused of killing farm animals. They are officially classified as harmful and farmers try to keep
their numbers down by shooting or poisoning them.
Farmers can also call on the services of their local hunt to control the fox population. Hunting
consists of pursuing a fox across the countryside, with a group of specially trained dogs, followed
by men and women riding horses. When the dogs eventually catch the fox they kill it or a hunter
shoots it.
People who take part in hunting think of as a sport; they wear a special uniform of red
29coats and white trousers, and follow strict codes of behavior. But owning a horse and hunting
regularly is expensive, so most hunters are wealthy.
It is estimated that up to 100,000 people watch or take part in fox hunting. But over the last
couple of decades the number of people opposed to fox hunting, because they think it is brutal (残
酷的), has risen sharply. Nowadays it is rare for a hunt to pass off without some kind of
confrontation (冲突) between hunters and hunt saboteurs (阻拦者). Sometimes these incidents
lead to violence, but mostly saboteurs interfere with the hunt by misleading riders and disturbing
the trail of the fox‘s smell, which the dogs follow.
Noisy confrontations between hunters and saboteurs have become so common that they are
almost as much a part of hunting as the pursuit of foxes itself. But this year supporters of fox
hunting face a much bigger threat to their sport. A Labour Party Member of the Parliament, Mike
Foster, is trying to get Parliament to approve a new law which will make the hunting of wild
animals with dogs illegal. If the law is passed, wild animals like foxes will be protected under the
ban in Britain.
26. Rich people in Britain have been hunting foxes ________.
A) for recreation
B) in the interests of the farmers
C) to limit the fox population
D) to show off their wealth
27. What is special about fox hunting in Britain?
A) It involves the use of a deadly poison.
B) It is a costly event which rarely occurs.
C) The hunters have set rules to follow.
D) The hunters have to go through strict training.
28. Fox hunting opponents often interfere in the game ________.
A) by resorting to violence
B) by confusing the fox hunters
C) by taking legal action
D) by demonstrating on the scene
29. A new law may be passed by the British Parliament to ________.
A) prohibit farmers from hunting foxes
B) forbid hunting foxes with dogs
C) stop hunting wild animals in the countryside
D) prevent large-scale fox hunting
30. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.
A) killing foxes with poison is illegal
B) limiting the fox population is unnecessary
C) hunting foxes with dogs is considered cruel and violent
D) fox-hunting often leads to confrontation between the poor and the rich
30Passage Three
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.
For an increasing number of students at American universities, Old is suddenly in. The reason
is obvious: the graying of America means jobs, coupled with the aging of the baby-boom (生育高
峰) generation, a longer life span means that the nation‘s elderly population is bound to expand
significantly over the next 50 years. By 2050, 25 percent of all Americans will be older than 65,
up from 14 percent in 1995. The change poses profound questions for government and society, of
course. But it also creates career opportunities in medicine and health professions, and in law and
business as well. ―In addition to the doctors, we‘re going to need more sociologists, biologists,
urban planners and specialized lawyers,‖ says Professor Edward Schneider of the University of
Southern California‘s (USC) School of Gerontology (老年学).
Lawyers can specialize in ―elder law,‖ which covers everything from trusts and estates to
nursing-home abuse and age discrimination (歧视). Businessmen see huge opportunities in the
elder market because the baby boomers, 74 million strong, are likely to be the wealthiest group of
retirees in human history. ―Any student who combines an expert knowledge in gerontology with,
say, an MBA or law degree will have a license to print money,‖ one professor says.
Margarite Santos is a 21-year-old senior at USC. She began college as a biology major but
found she was ―really bored with bacteria.‖ So she took a class in gerontology and discovered that
she lied it. She says, ―I did volunteer work in retirement homes and it was very satisfying.‖
31. ―...Old is suddenly in‖ (Line 1, Para. 1) most probably means ―________‖.
A) America has suddenly become a nation of old people
B) gerontology has suddenly become popular
C) more elderly professors are found on American campuses
D) American colleges have realized the need of enrolling older students
32. With the aging of America, lawyers can benefit ________.
A) from the adoption of the ―elder law‖
B) from rendering special services to the elderly
C) by enriching their professional knowledge
D) by winning the trust of the elderly to promote their own interests
33. Why can businessmen make money in the emerging elder market?
A) Retirees are more generous in spending money.
B) They can employ more gerontologists.
C) The elderly possess an enormous purchasing power.
D) There are more elderly people working than before.
34. Who can make big money in the new century according to the passage?
31A) Retirees who are business-minded.
B) The volunteer workers in retirement homes.
C) College graduates with an MBA or law degree.
D) Professionals with a good knowledge of gerontology.
35. It can be seen from the passage that the expansion of America‘s elderly population ________.
A) will provide good job opportunities in many areas
B) will impose an unbearable burden on society
C) may lead to nursing home abuse and age discrimination
D) will create new fields of study in universities
Passage Four
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.
The decline in moral standards—which has long concerned social analysts—has at last
captured the attention of average Americans. And Jean Bethke Elshtain, for one, is glad.
The fact the ordinary citizens are now starting to think seriously about the nation‘s moral
climate, says this ethics (伦理学) professor at the University of Chicago, is reason to hope that
new ideas will come forward to improve it.
But the challenge is not to be underestimated. Materialism and individualism in American
society are the biggest obstacles. ―The thought that ‗I‘m in it for me‘ has become deeply rooted in
the national consciousness,‖ Ms. Elshtain says.
Some of this can be attributed to the disintegration of traditional communities, in which
neighbors looked out for one another, she says. With today‘s greater mobility and with so many
couples working, those bonds have been weakened, replaced by a greater emphasis on self.
In a 1996 poll of Americans, loss of morality topped the list of the biggest problems facing
the U.S. and Elshtain says the public is correct to sense that: Data show that Americans are
struggling with problems unheard of in the 1950s, such as classroom violence and a high rate of
births to unmarried mothers.
The desire for a higher moral standard is not a lament (挽歌) for some nonexistent ―golden
age,‖ Elshtain says, nor is it a wishful (一厢情愿的) longing for a time that denied opportunities to
women and minorities. Most people, in fact, favor the lessening of prejudice.
Moral decline will not be reversed until people find ways to counter the materialism in
society, she says. ―Slowly, you recognize that the things that matter are those that cant‘ be
bought.‖
36. Professor Elshtain is pleased to see that Americans ________.
A) have adapted to a new set of moral standards
B) are longing for the return of the good old days
32C) have realized the importance of material things
D) are awakening to the lowering of their moral standards
37. The moral decline of American society is caused manly by ________.
A) its growing wealth
B) the self-centeredness of individuals
C) underestimating the impact of social changes
D) the prejudice against women and minorities
38. Which of the following characterizes the traditional communities?
A) Great mobility.
B) Concern for one‘s neighbors.
C) Emphasis on individual effort.
D) Ever-weakening social bonds.
39. In the 1950s, classroom violence ________.
A) was something unheard of
B) was by no means a rare occurrence
C) attracted a lot of pubic attention
D) began to appear in analysts‘ data
40. According to Elshtain, the current moral decline may be reversed ________.
A) if people can return to the ―golden age‖
B) when women and mean enjoy equal rights
C) when people rid themselves of prejudice
D) if less emphasis is laid on material things
Unit 7
Part II Reading Comprehension
(35 minutes)
Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or
unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)
and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on
the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Passage One
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.
In the 1960s, medical researchers Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe developed a checklist of
stressful events. They appreciated the tricky point that any major change can be stressful. Negative
events like ―serious illness of a family member‖ were high on the list, but so were some positive
life-changing events, like marriage. When you take the Holmes-Rahe test you must remember that
the score does not reflect how you deal with stress—it
33only shows how much you have to deal with. And we now know that the way you handle these
events dramatically affects your chances of staying healthy.
By the early 1970s, hundreds of similar studies had followed Holmes and Rahe. And millions
of Americans who work and live under stress worried over the reports. Somehow, the research got
boiled down to a memorable message. Women‘s magazines ran headlines like ―Stress causes
illness!‖ If you want to stay physically and mentally healthy, the articles said, avoid stressful
events.
But such simplistic advice is impossible to follow. Even if stressful events are dangerous,
many—like the death of a loved one—are impossible to avoid. Moreover, any warning to avoid all
stressful events is a prescription (处方) for staying away from opportunities as well as trouble.
Since any change can be stressful, a person who wanted to be completely free of stress would
never marry, have a child, take a new job or move.
The notion that all stress makes you sick also ignores a lot of what we know about people. It
assumes we‘re all vulnerable (脆弱的) and passive in the face of adversity (逆境). But what about
human initiative and creativity? Many come through periods of stress with more physical and
mental vigor than they had before. We also know that a long time without change or challenge can
lead to boredom, and physical and metal strain.
21. The result of Holmes-Rahe‘s medical research tells us ________.
A) the way you handle major events may cause stress
B) what should be done to avoid stress
C) what kind of event would cause stress
D) how to cope with sudden changes in life
22. The studies on stress in the early 1970‘s led to ________.
A) widespread concern over its harmful effects
B) great panic over the mental disorder it could cause
C) an intensive research into stress-related illnesses
D) popular avoidance of stressful jobs
23. The score of the Holmes-Rahe test shows ________.
A) how much pressure you are under
B) how positive events can change your life
C) how stressful a major event can be
D) how you can deal with life-changing events
24. Why is ―such simplistic advice‖ (Line 1, Para. 3) impossible to follow?
A) No one can stay on the same job for long.
B) No prescription is effective in relieving stress.
C) People have to get married someday.
D) You could be missing opportunities as well.
25. According to the passage people who have experienced ups and downs may become ____.
34A) nervous when faced with difficulties
B) physically and mentally strained
C) more capable of coping with adversity
D) indifferent toward what happens to them
Passage Two
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.
Most episodes of absent-mindedness—forgetting where you left something or wondering
why you just entered a room—are caused by a simple lack of attention, says Schacter. ―You‘re
supposed to remember something, but you haven‘t encoded it deeply.‖
Encoding, Schacter explains, is a special way of paying attention to an event that has a major
impact on recalling it later. Failure to encode properly can create annoying situations. If you put
your mobile phone in a pocket, for example, and don‘t pay attention to what you did because
you‘re involved in a conversation, you‘ll probably forget that the phone is in the jacket now
hanging in you wardrobe (衣柜). ―Your memory itself isn‘t failing you,‖ says Schacter. ―Rather,
you didn‘t give your memory system the information it needed.‖
Lack of interest can also lead to absent-mindedness. ―A man who can recite sports statistics
from 30 years ago,‖ says Zelinski, ―may not remember to drop a letter in the mailbox.‖ Women
have slightly better memories than men, possibly because they pay more attention to their
environment, and memory relies on just that.
Visual cues can help prevent absent-mindedness, says Schacter. ―But be sure the cue is clear
and available,‖ he cautions. If you want to remember to take a medication (药物) with lunch, put
the pill bottle on the kitchen table—don‘t leave it in the medicine chest and write yourself a note
that you keep in a pocket.
Another common episode of absent-mindedness: walking into a room and wondering why
you‘re there. Most likely, you were thinking about something else. ―Everyone does this from time
to time,‖ says Zelinski. The best thing to do is to return to where you were before entering the
room, and you‘ll likely remember.
26. Why does the author think that encoding properly is very important?
A) It helps us understand our memory system better.
B) It enables us to recall something form our memory.
C) It expands our memory capacity considerably.
D) It slows down the process of losing our memory.
27. One possible reason why women have better memories than men is that ________.
A) they have a wider range of interests
B) they are more reliant on the environment
C) they have an unusual power of focusing their attention
D) they are more interested in what‘s happening around them
28. A note in the pocket can hardly serve as a reminder because ________.
35A) it will easily get lost
B) it‘s not clear enough for you to read
C) it‘s out of your sight
D) it might get mixed up with other things
29. What do we learn from the last paragraph?
A) If we focus our attention on one thing, we might forget another.
B) Memory depends to a certain extent on the environment.
C) Repetition helps improve our memory.
D) If we keep forgetting things, we‘d better return to where we were.
30. What is the passage mainly about?
A) The process of gradual memory loss.
B) The causes of absent-mindedness.
C) The impact of the environment on memory.
D) A way if encoding and recalling.
Passage Three
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.
It is hard to track the blue whale, the ocean‘s largest creature, which has almost been killed
off by commercial whaling and is now listed as an endangered species. Attaching radio devices to
it is difficult, and visual sightings are too unreliable to give real insight into its behavior.
So biologists were delighted early this year when, with the help of the Navy, they were able
to track a particular blue whale for 43 days, monitoring its sounds. This was possible because of
the Navy‘s formerly top-secret system of underwater listening devices spanning the oceans.
Tracking whales is but one example of an exciting new world just opening to civilian
scientists after the cold war as the Navy starts to share and partly uncover its global network of
underwater listening system built over the decades to track the ships of potential enemies.
Earth scientists announced at a news conference recently that they had used the system for
closely monitoring a deep-sea volcanic eruption (爆发) for the first time and that they plan similar
studies.
Other scientists have proposed to use the network for tracking ocean currents and measuring
changes in ocean and global temperatures.
The speed of sound in water is roughly one mile a second—slower than through land but
faster than through air. What is most important, different layers of ocean water can act as channels
for sounds, focusing them in the same way a stethoscope (听诊器) does when it carries faint
noises from a patient‘s chest to a doctor‘s ear. This focusing is the main reason that even relatively
weak sounds in the ocean, especially low-frequency ones, can often travel thousands of miles.
3631. The passage is chiefly about ________.
A) an effort to protect an endangered marine species
B) the civilian use of a military detection system
C) the exposure of a U.S. Navy top-secret weapon
D) a new way to look into the behavior of blue whales
32. The underwater listening system was originally designed ________.
A) to trace and locate enemy vessels
B) to monitor deep-sea volcanic eruptions
C) to study the movement of ocean currents
D) to replace the global radio communications network
33. The deep-sea listening system makes use of ________.
A) the sophisticated technology of focusing sounds under water
B) the capability of sound to travel at high speed
C) the unique property of layers of ocean water in transmitting sound
D) low-frequency sounds traveling across different layers of water
34. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.
A) new radio devices should be developed for tracking the endangered blue whales
B) blue whales are no longer endangered with the use of the new listening system
C) opinions differ as to whether civilian scientists should be allowed to use military technology
D) military technology has great potential in civilian use
35. Which of the following is true about the U.S. Navy underwater listening network?
A) It is now partly accessible to civilian scientists.
B) It has been replaced by a more advanced system.
C) It became useless to the military after the cold war.
D) It is indispensable in protecting endangered species.
Passage Four
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.
The fitness movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s centered around aerobic
exercise (有氧操). Millions of individuals became engaged in a variety of aerobic activities, and
literally thousands of health spas developed around the country to capitalize (获利) on this
emerging interest in fitness, particularly aerobic dancing for females. A number of fitness spas
existed prior to this aerobic fitness movement, even a national chain with spas in most major cities.
However, their focus was not on aerobics, but rather on weight-training programs designed to
develop muscular mass, strength, and endurance in their primarily male enthusiasts. These fitness
spas did not seem to benefit financially form the aerobic fitness movement to better health, since
medical opinion suggested that weight-training programs offered few, if any, health benefits. In
recent years, however, weight training has again become increasingly popular for males and for
females. Many current programs focus
37not only on developing muscular strength and endurance but on aerobic fitness as well.
Historically, most physical-fitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength
and endurance, not for health-related reasons, but primarily because such fitness components have
been related to performance in athletics. However, in recent years, evidence has shown that
training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also
offer some health benefits as well. The American College of Sports Medicine now recommends
that weight training be part of a total fitness program for healthy Americans. Increased
participation in such training is one of the specific physical activity and fitness objectives of
Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives.
36. The word ―spas‖ (Line 3, Para. 1) most probably refers to ________.
A) sports activities
B) places for physical exercise
C) recreation centers
D) athletic training programs
37. Early fitness spas were intended mainly for ________.
A) the promotion of aerobic exercise
B) endurance and muscular development
C) the improvement of women‘s figures
D) better performance in aerobic dancing
38. What was the attitude of doctors towards weight training in health improvement?
A) Positive.
B) Indifferent.
C) Negative.
D) Cautious.
39. People were given physical fitness tests in order to find out ________.
A) how ell they could do in athletics
B) what their health condition was like
C) what kind of fitness center was suitable for them
D) whether they were fit for aerobic exercise
40. Recent studies have suggested that weight training ________.
A) has become an essential part of people‘s life
B) may well affect the health of the trainees
C) will attract more people in the days to come
D) contributes to health improvement as well
38Unit 8
Part II Reading Comprehension
(35 minutes)
Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or
unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)
and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on
the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Passage One
Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.
Like many of my generation, I have a weakness for hero worship. At some point, however,
we all begin to question our heroes and our need for them. This leads us to ask: What is a hero?
Despite immense differences in cultures, heroes around the world generally share a number
of characteristics that instruct and inspire people.
A hero does something worth talking about. A hero has a story of adventure to tell and a
community who will listen. But a hero goes beyond mere fame.
Heroes serve powers or principles larger than themselves. Like high-voltage transformers,
heroes take the energy of higher powers and step it down so that it can be used by ordinary people.
The hero lives a life worthy of imitation. Those who imitate a genuine hero experience life
with new depth, enthusiasm, and meaning. A sure test for would-be heroes is what or whom do
they serve? What are they willing to live and die for? If the answer or evidence suggests they
serve only their own fame, they may be famous persons but not heroes. Madonna and Michael
Jackson are famous, but who would claim that their fans find life more abundant?
Heroes are catalysts (催化剂) for change. They have a vision from the mountaintop. They
have the skill and the charm to move the masses. They create new possibilities. Without Gandhi,
India might still be part of the British Empire. Without Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King, Jr., we
might still have segregated (隔离的) buses, restaurants, and parks. It may be possible for
large-scale change to occur without leaders with magnetic personalities, but the pace of change
would be slow, the vision uncertain, and the committee meetings endless.
11. Although heroes may come from different cultures, they ________.
A) generally possess certain inspiring characteristics
B) probably share some weaknesses of ordinary people
C) are often influenced by previous generations
39D) all unknowingly attract a large number of fans
12. According to the passage, heroes are compared to high-voltage transformers in that
________.
A) they have a vision from the mountaintop
B) they have warm feelings and emotions
C) they can serve as concrete examples of noble principles
D) they can make people feel stronger and more confident
13. Madonna and Michael Jackson are not considered heroes because ________.
A) they are popular only among certain groups of people
B) their performances do not improve their fans morally
C) their primary concern is their own financial interests
D) they are not clear about the principles they should follow
14. Gandhi and Martin Luther King are typical examples of outstanding leaders who ________.
A) are good at demonstrating their charming characters
B) can move the masses with their forceful speeches
C) are capable of meeting all challenges and hardships
D) can provide an answer to the problems of their people
15. The author concludes that historical changes would ________.
A) be delayed without leaders with inspiring personal qualities
B) not happen without heroes making the necessary sacrifices
C) take place ff there were heroes to lead the people
D) produce leaders with attractive personalities
Passage Two
Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.
According to a survey, which was based on the responses of over 188,000 students, today‘s
traditional-age college freshmen are ―more materialistic and less altruistic (利他主义的)‖ than at
any time in the 17 years of the poll.
Not surprising in these hard times, the student‘s major objective ―is to be financially well off.
Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life.‖ It follows then that today
the most popular course is not literature or history but accounting.
Interest in teaching, social service and the ―altruistic‖ fields is at a low. On the other hand,
enrollment in business programs, engineering and computer science is way up.
That‘s no surprise either. A friend of mine (a sales representative for a chemical company)
was making twice the salary of her college instructors her first year on the job—even before she
completed her two-year associate degree.
While it‘s true that we all need a career, it is equally true that our civilization has
accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge in fields far removed from our own and that we
are better for our understanding of these other contributions—be they scientific or artistic.
40It is equally true that, in studying the diverse wisdom of others, we learn how to think. More
important, perhaps, education teaches us to see the connections between things, as well as to see
beyond our immediate needs.
Weekly we read of unions who went on strike for higher wages, only to drive their employer
out of business. No company; no job. How shortsighted in the long run!
But the most important argument for a broad education is that in studying the accumulated
wisdom of the ages, we improve our moral sense. I saw a cartoon recently which shows a group of
businessmen looking puzzled as they sit around a conference table; one of them is talking on the
intercom (对讲机): ―Miss Baxter,‖ he says, ―could you please send in someone who can
distinguish right from wrong?‖
From the long-term point of view, that‘s what education really ought to be about.
16. According to the author‘s observation, college students ________.
A) have never been so materialistic as today
B) have never been so interested in the arts
C) have never been so financially well off as today
D) have never attached so much importance to moral sense
17. The students‘ criteria for selecting majors today have much to do with ________.
A) the influences of their instructors
B) the financial goals they seek in life
C) their own interpretations of the courses
D) their understanding of the contributions of others
18. By saying ―While it‘s true that... be they scientific or artistic‖ (Lines 1-3, Para. 5), the author
means that ________.
A) business management should be included in educational programs
B) human wisdom has accumulated at an extraordinarily high speed
C) human intellectual development has reached new heights
D) the importance of a broad education should not be overlooked
19. Studying the diverse wisdom of others can ________.
A) create varying artistic interests
B) help people see things in their right perspective
C) help improve connections among people
D) regulate the behavior of modern people
20. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?
A) Businessmen absorbed in their career are narrow-minded.
B) Managers often find it hard to tell right from wrong.
C) People engaged in technical jobs lead a more rewarding life.
D) Career seekers should not focus on immediate interests only.
41Passage Three
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.
New technology links the world as never before. Our planet has shrunk. It‘s now a ―global
village‖ where countries are only seconds away by fax or phone or satellite link. And, of course,
our ability to benefit from this high-tech communications equipment is greatly enhanced by
foreign language skills.
Deeply involved with this new technology is a breed of modern businesspeople who have a
growing respect for the economic value of doing business abroad. In modern markets, success
overseas often helps support domestic business efforts.
Overseas assignments are becoming increasingly important to advancement within executive
ranks. The executive stationed in another country no longer need fear being ―out of sight and out
of mind.‖ He or she can be sure that the overseas effort is central to the company‘s plan for
success, and that promotions often follow or accompany an assignment abroad. If an employee
can succeed in a difficult assignment overseas, superiors will have greater confidence in his or her
ability to cope back in the United States where cross-cultural considerations and foreign language
issues are becoming more and more prevalent (普遍的).
Thanks to a variety of relatively inexpensive communications devices with business
applications, even small businesses in the United States are able to get into international markets.
English is still the international language of business. But there is an ever-growing need for
people who can speak another language. A second language isn‘t generally required to get a job in
business, but having language skills gives a candidate the edge when other qualifications appear to
be equal
The employee posted abroad who speaks the country‘s principal language has an opportunity
to fast-forward certain negotiations, and cam have the cultural insight to know when it is better to
move more slowly. The employee at the home office who can communicate well with foreign
clients over the telephone or by fax machine is an obvious asset to the firm.
21. What is the author‘s attitude toward high-tech communications equipment?
A) Critical.
B) Prejudiced.
C) Indifferent.
D) Positive.
22. With the increased use of high-tech communications equipment, businesspeople ________.
A) have to get familiar with modern technology
B) are gaining more economic benefits from domestic operations
C) are attaching more importance to their overseas business
D) are eager to work overseas
23. In this passage, ―out of sight and out of mind‖ (Lines 2-3, Para. 3) probably means ________.
42A) being unable to think properly for lack of insight
B) being totally out of touch with business at home
C) missing opportunities for promotion when abroad
D) leaving all care and worry behind
24. According to the passage, what is an important consideration of international corporations in
employing people today?
A) Connections with businesses overseas.
B) Ability to speak the client‘s language.
C) Technical know-how.
D) Business experience.
25. The advantage of employees having foreign language skills is that they can ________.
A) better control the whole negotiation process
B) easily find new approaches to meet market needs
C) fast-forward their proposals to headquarters
D) easily make friends with businesspeople abroad
Passage Four
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.
In recent years, Israeli consumers have grown more demanding as they‘ve become wealthier
and more worldly-wise. Foreign travel is a national passion; this summer alone, one in 10 citizens
will go abroad. Exposed to higher standards of service elsewhere, Israelis are returning home
expecting the same. American firms have also begun arriving in large numbers. Chains such as
KFC, McDonald‘s and Pizza Hut are setting a new standard of customer service, using strict
employee training and constant monitoring to ensure the friendliness of frontline staff. Even the
American habit of telling departing customers to ―Have a nice day‖ has caught on all over Israel.
―Nobody wakes up in the morning and says, ‗Let‘s be nicer,‘‖ says Itsik Cohen, director of a
consulting firm. ―Nothing happens without competition.‖
Privatization, or the threat of it, is a motivation as well. Monopolies (垄断者) that until
recently have been free to take their customers for granted now fear what Michael Perry, a
marketing professor, calls ―the revengeful (报复的) consumer.‖ When the government opened up
competition with Bezaq, the phone company, its international branch lost 40% of its market share,
even while offering competitive rates. Says Perry, ―People wanted revenge for all the years of bad
service.‖ The electric company, whose monopoly may be short-lived, has suddenly mopped
requiring users to wait half a day for a repairman. Now, appointments are scheduled to the
half-hour. The graceless El Al Airlines, which is already at auction (拍卖), has retrained its
employees to emphasize service and is boasting about the results in an ad campaign with the
slogan, ―You can feel the change in the air.‖ For the first time, praise outnumbers complaints on
customer survey sheets.
4326. It may be inferred from the passage that ________.
A) customer service in Israel is now improving
B) wealthy Israeli customers are hard to please
C) the tourist industry has brought chain stores to Israel
D) Israeli customers prefer foreign products to domestic ones
27. In the author‘s view, higher service standards are impossible in Israel ________.
A) if customer complaints go unnoticed by the management
B) unless foreign companies are introduced in greater numbers
C) if there‘s no competition among companies
D) without strict routine training of employees
28. If someone in Israel today needs a repairman in case of a power failure, ________.
A) they can have it fixed in no time
B) it‘s no longer necessary to make an appointment
C) the appointment takes only half a day to make
D) they only have to wait half an hour at most
29. The example of El A1 Airlines shows that ________.
A) revengeful customers are a threat to the monopoly of enterprises
B) an ad campaign is a way out for enterprises in financial difficulty
C) a good slogan has great potential for improving service
D) staff retraining is essential for better service
30. Why did Bezaq‘s international branch lose 40% of its market share?
A) Because the rates it offered were not competitive enough.
B) Because customers were dissatisfied with its past service.
C) Because the service offered by its competitors was far better.
D) Because it no longer received any support from the government.
Unit 9
Part II Reading Comprehension
(35 minutes)
Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or
unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)
and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on
the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Passage One
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.
On average, American kids ages 3 to 12 spent 29 hours a week in school, eight hours
44more that they did in 1981. They also did more household work and participated in more of such
organized activities as soccer and ballet (芭蕾舞). Involvement in sports, in particular, rose almost
50% from 1981 to 1997: boys now spend an average of four hours a week playing sports; girls log
hall that time. All in all, however, children‘s leisure time dropped from 40% of the day in 1981 to
25%
―Children are affected by the same time crunch (危机) that affects their parents,‖ says Sandra
Hofferth, who headed the recent study of children‘s timetable. A chief reason, she says, is that
more mothers are working outside the home. (Nevertheless, children in both double-income and
―male breadwinner‖ households spent comparable amounts of time interacting with their parents
19 hours and 22 hours respectively. In contrast, children spent only 9 hours with their single
mothers.)
All work and no play could make for some very messed-up kids. ―Play is the most powerful
way a child explores the world and learns about himself,‖ says T. Berry Brazelton, professor at
Harvard Medical School Unstructured play encourages independent thinking and allows the young
to negotiate their relationships with their peers, but kids ages 3 to 12 spent only 12 hours a week
engaged in it.
The children sampled spent a quarter of their rapidly decreasing ―free time‖ watching
television. But that, believe it or not, was one of the findings parents might regard as good news. If
they‘re spending less time in front of the TV set, however, kids aren‘t replacing it with reading.
Despite efforts to get kids more interested in books, the children spent just over an hour a week
reading. Let‘s face it, who‘s got the time?
21. By mentioning ―the same time crunch‖ (Line 1, Para. 2) Sandra Hofferth means ________.
A) children have little time to play with their parents
B) children are not taken good care of by their working parents
C) both parents and children suffer from lack of leisure time
D) both parents and children have trouble managing their time
22. According to the author, the reason given by Sandra Hofferth for the time crunch is
________.
A) quite convincing
B) partially true
C) totally groundless
D) rather confusing
23. According to the author a child develops better if ________.
A) he has plenty of time reading and studying
B) he is left to play with his peers in his own way
C) he has more time participating in school activities
D) he is free to interact with his working parents
24. The author is concerned about the fact that American kids ________.
45A) are engaged in more and more structured activities
B) are increasingly neglected by their working mothers
C) are spending more and more time watching TV
D) are involved less and less in household work
25. We can infer from the passage that ________.
A) extracurricular activities promote children‘s intelligence
B) most children will turn to reading with TV sets switched off
C) efforts to get kids interested in reading have been fruitful
D) most parents believe reading to be beneficial to children
Passage Two
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.
Henry Ford, the famous U.S. inventor and car manufacturer, once said, ―The business of
America is business.‖ By this he meant that the U.S. way of life is based on the values of the
business world.
Few would argue with Ford‘s statement. A brief glimpse at a daily newspaper vividly shows
how much people in the United States think about business. For example, nearly every newspaper
has a business section, in which the deals and projects, finances and management, stock prices and
labor problems of corporations are reported daily. In addition, business news can appear in every
other section. Most national news has an important financial aspect to it. Welfare, foreign aid, the
federal budget, and the policies of the Federal Reserve Bank are all heavily affected by business.
Moreover, business news appears in some of the unlikeliest places. The world of arts and
entertainment is often referred to as ―the entertainment industry‖ or ―show business.‖
The positive side of Henry Ford‘s statement can be seen in the prosperity that business has
brought to U.S. life. One of the most important reasons so many people from all over the world
come to live in the United States is the dream of a better job. Jobs are produced in abundance (大
量地) because the U.S. economic system is driven by competition. People believe that this system
crates more wealth, more jobs, and a materially better way of life.
The negative side of Henry Ford‘s statement, however, can be seen when the word business is
taken to mean big business. And the term big business—referring to the biggest companies, is seen
in opposition to labor. Throughout U.S. history working people have had to fight hard for higher
wages, better working conditions, and the fight to form unions. Today, many of the old labor
disputes are over, but there is still some employee anxiety. Downsizing—the laying off of
thousands of workers to keep expenses low and profits high—creates feelings of insecurity for
many.
26. The United States is a typical country ________.
A) which encourages free trade at home and abroad
B) where people‘s chief concern is how to make money
46C) where all businesses are managed scientifically
D) which normally works according to the federal budget
27. The influence of business in the U.S. is evidenced by the fact that ________.
A) most newspapers are run by big businesses
B) even public organizations concentrate on working for profits
C) Americans of all professions know how to do business
D) even arts and entertainment are regarded as business
28. According to the passage, immigrants choose to settle in the U.S., dreaming that ________.
A) they can start profitable businesses there
B) they can be more competitive in business
C) they will make a fortune overnight there
D) they will find better chances of employment
29. Henry Ford‘s statement can be taken negatively because ________.
A) working people are discouraged to fight for their fights
B) there are many industries controlled by a few big capitalists
C) there is a conflicting relationship between big corporations and labor
D) public services are not run by the federal government
30. A company‘s efforts to keep expenses low and profits high may result in ________.
A) reduction in the number of employees
B) improvement of working conditions
C) fewer disputes between labor and management
D) a rise in workers‘ wages
Passage Three
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.
Professor Smith recently persuaded 35 people, 23 of them women, to keep a diary of all their
absent-minded actions for a fortnight. When he came to analyse their embarrassing lapses (差错)
in a scientific report, he was surprised to find that nearly all of them fell into a few groupings, Nor
did the lapses appear to be entirely random (随机的).
One of the women, for instance, on leaving her house for work one morning threw her dog
her earrings and tried to fix a dog biscuit on her ear. ―the explanation for this is that the brain is
like a computer,‖ explains the professor. ―People programme themselves to do certain activities
regularly. It was the woman‘s custom every morning to throw her dog two biscuits and then put on
her earrings. But somehow the action got reversed in the programme,‖ About one in twenty of the
incidents the volunteers reported were these ―programme assembly failures.‖
Altogether the volunteers logged 433 unintentional actions that they found themselves doing
—an average of twelve each, There appear to be peak periods in the day when we are at our
zaniest (荒谬可笑的). These are two hours some time between eight a.m. and noon,
47between four and six p.m. with a smaller peak between eight and ten p.m. ―Among men the peak
seems to be when a changeover in brain ‗programmes‘ occurs, as for instance between going to
and from work.‖ Women on average reported slightly more lapses—12.5 compared with 10.9 for
men—probably because they were more reliable reporters.
A startling finding of the research is that the absent-minded activity is a hazard of doing
things in which we are skilled. Normally, you would expect that skill reduces the number of errors
we make. But trying to avoid silly slips by concentrating more could make things a lot worse—
even dangerous.
31. In his study Professor Smith asked the subjects ________.
A) to keep track of people who tend to forget things
B) to report their embarrassing lapses at random
C) to analyse their awkward experiences scientifically
D) to keep a record of what they did unintentionally
32. Professor Smith discovered that ________.
A) certain patterns can be identified in the recorded incidents
B) many people were too embarrassed to admit their absent-mindedness
C) men tend to be more absent-minded than women
D) absent-mindedness is an excusable human weakness
33. ―Programme assembly failures‖ (Line 6, Para. 2) refers to the phenomenon that people
________.
A) often fail to programme their routines beforehand
B) tend to make mistakes when they are in a hurry
C) unconsciously change the sequence of doing things
D) are likely to mess things up if they are too tired
34. We learn from the third paragraph that ________.
A) absent-mindedness tends to occur during certain hours of the day
B) women are very careful to perform actions during peak periods
C) women experience more peak periods of absent-mindedness
D) men‘s absent-mindedness often results in funny situations
35. It can be concluded from the passage that ________.
A) people should avoid doing important things during peak periods of lapses
B) hazards can be avoided when people do things they are good at
C) people should be careful when programming their actions
D) lapses cannot always be attributed to lack of concentration
Passage Four
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.
It‘s no secret that many children would be healthier and happier with adoptive parents than
with the parents that nature dealt them. That‘s especially true of children who remain
48in abusive homes because the law blindly favors biological parents. It‘s also true of children who
suffer for years in foster homes (收养孩子的家庭) because of parents who can‘t or won‘t care for
them but refuse to give up custody (监护) rights.
Fourteen-year-old Kimberly Mays fits neither description, but her recent court victory could
eventually help children who do. Kimberly has been the object of an angry custody baffle between
the man who raised her and her biological parents, with whom she has never lived. A Florida
judge ruled that the teenager can remain with the only father she‘s ever known and that her
biological parents have ―no legal claim‖ on her.
The ruling, though it may yet be reversed, sets aside the principle that biology is the primary
determinant of parentage. That‘s an important development, one that‘s long overdue.
Shortly after birth in December 1978, Kimberly Mays and another infant were mistakenly
switched and sent home with the wrong parents. Kimberly‘s biological parents, Ernest and Regina
Twigg, received a child who died of a heart disease in 1988. Medical tests showed that the child
wasn‘t the Twiggs‘ own daughter, but Kimt only was, thus sparking a custody battle with Robert
Mays. In 1989, the two families agreed that Mr. Mays would maintain custody with the Twiggs
getting visiting fights. Those rights were ended when Mr. Mays decided that Kimberly was being
harmed.
The decision to leave Kimberly with Mr. Mays rendered her suit debated. But the judge made
clear that Kimberly did have standing to sue (起诉) on her own behalf. Thus he made clear that
she was more than just property to be handled as adults saw fit.
Certainly, the biological link between parent and child is fundamental. But biological parents
aren‘t always preferable to adoptive ones, and biological parentage does not convey an absolute
ownership that cancels all the rights of children.
36. What was the primary consideration in the Florida judge‘s ruling?
A) The biological link.
B) The child‘s benefits.
C) The traditional practice.
D) The parents‘ feelings.
37. We can learn from the Kimberly case that ________.
A) children are more than just personal possessions of their parents
B) the biological link between parent and child should be emphasized
C) foster homes bring children more pain and suffering than care
D) biological parents shouldn‘t claim custody rights after their child is adopted
38. The Twiggs claimed custody rights to Kimberly because ________.
A) they found her unhappy in Mr. Mays‘ custody
B) they regarded her as their property
C) they were her biological parents
D) they felt guilty about their past mistake
39. Kimberly had been given to Mr. Mays ________.
49A) by sheer accident
B) out of charity
C) at his request
D) for better care
40. The author‘s attitude towards the judge‘s ruling could be described as ________.
A) doubtful
B) critical
C) cautious
D) supportive
Unit 10
Part II Reading Comprehension
(35 minutes)
Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or
unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)
and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on
the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Passage One
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.
I‘m usually fairly skeptical about any research that concludes that people are either happier or
unhappier or more or less certain of themselves than they were 50 years ago. While any of these
statements might be true, they are practically impossible to prove scientifically. Still, I was struck
by a report which concluded that today‘s children are significantly more anxious than children in
the 1950s. In fact, the analysis showed, normal children ages 9 to 17 exhibit a higher level of
anxiety today than children who were treated for mental illness 50 years ago.
Why are America‘s kids so stressed? The report cites two main causes: increasing physical
isolation—brought on by high divorce rates and less involvement in community, among other
things—and a growing perception that the world is a more dangerous place.
Given that we can‘t turn the clock back, adults can still do plenty to help the next generation
cope.
At the top of the list is nurturing (培育) a better appreciation of the limits of individualism.
No child is an island. Strengthening social ties helps build communities and protect individuals
against stress.
To help kids build stronger connections with others, you can pull the plug on TVs and
computers. Your family will thank you later. They will have more time for face-to-face
relationships, and they will get more sleep.
Limit the amount of virtual (虚拟的) violence your children are exposed to. It‘s not just
video games and movies; children see a lot of murder and crime on the local news.
50Keep your expectations for your children reasonable. Many highly successful people never
attended Harvard or Yale.
Make exercise part of your daily routine. It will help you cope with your own anxieties and
provide a good model for your kids. Sometimes anxiety is unavoidable. But it doesn‘t have to ruin
your life.
21. The author thinks that the conclusions of any research about people‘s state of mind are
________.
A) surprising B) confusing C) illogical D) questionable
22. What does the author mean when he says, ―we can‘t turn the clock back‖ (Line 1, Para. 3)?
A) It‘s impossible to slow down the pace of change.
B) The social reality children are facing cannot be changed.
C) Lessons learned from the past should not be forgotten.
D) It‘s impossible to forget the past.
23. According to an analysis, compared with normal children today, children treated as mentally
ill 50 years ago ________.
A) were less isolated physically
B) were probably less self-centered
C) probably suffered less from anxiety
D) were considered less individualistic
24. The first and most important thing parents should do to help their children is ________.
A) to provide them with a safer environment
B) to lower their expectations for them
C) to get them more involved socially
D) to set a good model for them to follow
25. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?
A) Anxiety, though unavoidable, can be coped with.
B) Children‘s anxiety has been enormously exaggerated.
C) Children‘s anxiety can be eliminated with more parental care.
D) Anxiety, if properly controlled, may help children become mature.
Passage Two
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.
It is easier to negotiate initial salary requirement because once you are inside, the
organizational constraints (约束) influence wage increases. One thing, however, is certain: your
chances of getting the raise you feel you deserve are less if you don‘t at least ask for it. Men tend
to ask for more, and they get more, and this holds true with other resources, not just pay increases.
Consider Beth‘s story:
I did not get what I wanted when I did not ask for it. We had cubicle (小隔间) offices
51and window offices. I sat in the cubicles with several male colleagues. One by one they were
moved into window offices, while I remained in the cubicles, several males who were hired after
me also went to offices. One in particular told me he was next in line for an office and that it had
been part of his negotiations for the job. I guess they thought me content to stay in the cubicles
since I did not voice my opinion either way.
It would be nice if we all received automatic pay increases equal to our merit, but ―nice‖ isn‘t
a quality attributed to most organizations. If you feel you deserve a significant raise in pay, you‘ll
probably have to ask for it.
Performance is your best bargaining chip (筹码) when you are seeking a raise. You must be
able to demonstrate that you deserve a raise. Timing is also a good bargaining chip. If you can
give your boss something he or she needs (a new client or a sizable contract, for example) just
before merit pay decisions are being made, you are more likely to get the raise you want.
Use information as a bargaining chip too. Find out what you are worth on the open market.
What will someone else pay for your services?
Go into the negotiations prepared to place your chips on the table at the appropriate time and
prepared to use communication style to guide the direction of the interaction.
26. According to the passage, before taking a job, a person should ________.
A) demonstrate his capability
B) give his boss a good impression
C) ask for as much money as he can
D) ask for the salary he hopes to get
27. What can be inferred from Beth‘s story?
A) Prejudice against women still exists in some organizations.
B) If people want what they deserve, they have to ask for it.
C) People should not be content with what they have got.
D) People should be careful when negotiating for a job.
28. We can learn from the passage that ________.
A) unfairness exists in salary increases
B) most people are overworked and underpaid
C) one should avoid overstating one‘s performance
D) most organizations give their staff automatic pay raises
29. To get a pay raise, a person should ________.
A) advertise himself on the job market
B) persuade his boss to sign a long-term contract
C) try to get inside information about the organization
D) do something to impress his boss just before merit pay decisions
5230. To be successful in negotiations, one must ________.
A) meet his boss at the appropriate time
B) arrive at the negotiation table punctually
C) be good at influencing the outcome of the interaction
D) be familiar with what the boss likes and dislikes
Passage Three
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.
When families gather for Christmas dinner, some will stick to formal traditions dating back to
Grandma‘s generation. Their tables will be set with the good dishes and silver, and the dress code
will be Sunday-best.
But in many other homes, this china-and-silver elegance has given way to a stoneware (粗
陶)-and-stainless informality, with dresses assuming an equally casual-Friday look. For hosts and
guests, the change means greater simplicity and comfort. For makers of fine china in Britain, it
spells economic hard times.
Last week Royal Doulton, the largest employer in Stoke-on-Trent, announced that it is
eliminating 1,000 jobs—one-fifth of its total workforce. That brings to more than 4,000 the
number of positions lost in 18 months in the pottery (陶瓷) region. Wedgwood and other pottery
factories made cuts earlier.
Although a strong pound and weak markets in Asia play a role in the downsizing, the layoffs
in Stoke have their roots in earthshaking social shifts. A spokesman for Royal Doulton admitted
that the company ―has been somewhat slow in catching up with the trend‖ toward casual dining.
Families eat together less often, he explained, and more people eat alone, either because they are
single or they eat in front of television;
Even dinner parties, if they happen at all, have gone casual. In a time of long work hours and
demanding family schedules, busy hosts insist, rightly, that it‘s better to share a takeout pizza on
paper plates in the family room than to wait for the perfect moment or a ―real‖ dinner party. Too
often, the perfect moment never comes. Iron a fine-patterned tablecloth? Forget it. Polish the silver?
Who has time?
Yet the loss of formality has its down side. The fine points of etiquette (礼节) that children
might once have learned at the table by observation or instruction from parents and grandparents
(―Chew with your mouth closed.‖ ―Keep your elbows off the table.‖) must be picked up elsewhere.
Some companies now offer etiquette seminars for employees who may be competent
professionally but clueless socially.
31. The trend toward casual dining has resulted in ________.
A) bankruptcy of fine china manufacturers
B) shrinking of the pottery industry
C) restructuring of large enterprises
D) economic recession in Great Britain
5332. Which of the following may be the best reason for casual dining?
A) Family members need more time to relax.
B) Busy schedules leave people no time for formality.
C) People want to practice economy in times of scarcity.
D) Young people won‘t follow the etiquette of the older generation.
33. It can be learned from the passage that Royal Doulton is ________.
A) a retailer of stainless steel tableware
B) a dealer in stoneware
C) a pottery chain store
D) a producer of fine china
34. The main cause of the layoffs in the pottery industry is ________.
A) the increased value of the pound
B) the economic recession in Asia
C) the change in people‘s way of life
D) the fierce competition at home and abroad
35. Refined table manners, though less popular than before in current social life ________.
A) are still a must on certain occasions
B) axe bound to return sooner or later
C) are still being taught by parents at home
D) can help improve personal relationships
Passage Four
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.
Some houses are designed to be smart. Others have smart designs. An example of the second
type of house won an Award of Excellence from the American Institute of Architects.
Located on the shore of Sullivan‘s Island off the coast of South Carolina, the award-winning
cube-shaped beach house was built to replace one smashed to pieces by Hurricane (飓风) Hugo
10 years ago. In September 1989, Hugo struck South Carolina, killing 18 people and damaging or
destroying 36,000 homes in the state.
Before Hugo, many new houses built along South Carolina‘s shoreline were poorly
constructed, and enforcement of building codes wasn‘t strict, according to architect Ray Huff, who
created the cleverly-designed beach house. In Hugo‘s wake, all new shoreline houses are required
to meet stricter, better-enforced codes. The new beach house on Sullivan‘s Island should be able to
withstand a Category 3 hurricane with peak winds of 179 to 209 kilometers per hour.
At first sight, the house on Sullivan‘s Island looks anything but hurricane-proof. Its redwood
shell makes it resemble ―a large party lantern (灯笼)‖ at night, according to one observer. But
looks can be deceiving. The house‘s wooden frame is reinforced with long
54steel rods to give it extra strength.
To further protect the house from hurricane damage, Huff raised it 2.7 meters off the ground
on timber pilings—long, slender columns of wood anchored deep in the sand. Pilings might
appear insecure, but they are strong enough to support the weight of the house. They also elevate
the house above storm surges. The pilings allow the surges to run under the house instead of
running into it. ―These swells of water come ashore at tremendous speeds and cause most of the
damage done to beach-front buildings,‖ said Huff.
Huff designed the timber pilings to be partially concealed by the house‘s ground-to-roof shell.
―The shell masks the pilings so that the house doesn‘t look like it‘s standing with its pant legs
pulled up,‖ said Huff. In the event of a storm surge, the shell should break apart and let the waves
rush under the house, the architect explained.
36. After the tragedy caused by Hurricane Hugo, new houses built along South Carolina‘s shore
line are required ________.
A) to be easily reinforced
B) to look smarter in design
C) to meet stricter building standards
D) to be designed in the shape of cubes
37. The award-winning beach house is quite strong because ________.
A) it is strengthened by steel rods
B) it is made of redwood
C) it is in the shape of a shell
D) it is built with timber and concrete
38. Huff raised the house 2.7 meters off the ground on timber pilings in order to ________.
A) withstand peak winds of about 200 km/hr
B) anchor stronger pilings deep in the sand
C) break huge sea waves into smaller ones
D) prevent water from rushing into the house
39. The main function of the shell is ________.
A) to strengthen the pilings of the house
B) to give the house a better appearance
C) to protect the wooden frame of the house
D) to slow down the speed of the swelling water
40. It can be inferred from the passage that the shell should be ________.
A) fancy-looking
B) waterproof
C) easily breakable
D) extremely strong
55Unit 11
Part II Reading Comprehension
(35 minutes)
Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or
unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)
and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on
the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Passage One
Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.
A is for always getting to work on time.
B is for being extremely busy.
C is for the conscientious (勤勤恳恳的) way you do your job.
You may be all these things at the office, and more. But when it comes to getting ahead,
experts say, the ABCs of business should include a P, for politics, as in office politics.
Dale Carnegie suggested as much more than 50 years ago: Hard work alone doesn‘t ensure
career advancement. You have to be able to sell yourself and your ideas, both publicly and behind
the scenes. Yet, despite the obvious rewards of engaging in office politics—a better job, a raise,
praise—many people are still unable—or unwilling—to ―play the game.‖
―People assume that office politics involves some manipulative (工于心计的) behavior,‖
says Deborah Comer, an assistant professor of management at Hofstra University. ―But politics
derives from the word ‗polite‘. It can mean lobbying and forming associations. It can mean being
kind and helpful, or even trying to please your superior, and then expecting something in return.‖
In fact, today, experts define office politics as proper behavior used to pursue one‘s own
self-interest in the workplace. In many cases, this involves some form Of Socializing within the
office environment—not just in large companies, but in small workplaces as well.
―The first thing people are usually judged on is their ability to perform well on a consistent
basis,‘‖ says Neil P Lewis, a management psychologist. ―But if two or three candidates are up for
a promotion, each of whom has reasonably similar ability, a manager is going to promote the
person he or she likes best. It‘s simple human nature.‖
Yet, psychologists say, many employees and employers have trouble with the concept of
politics in the office. Some people, they say, have an idealistic vision of work and what it takes to
succeed. Still others associate politics with flattery (奉承), fearful that, if they speak up for
themselves, they may appear to be flattering their boss for favors.
Experts suggest altering this negative picture by recognizing the need for some
self-promotion.
5611. ―Office politics‖ (Line 2, Para. 4) is used in the passage to refer to ________.
A) the code of behavior for company staff
B) the political views and beliefs of office workers
C) the interpersonal relationships within a company
D) the various qualities required for a successful career
12. To get promoted, one must not only be competent but ________.
A) give his boss a good impression
B) honest and loyal to his company
C) get along well with his colleagues
D) avoid being too outstanding
13. Why are many people unwilling to ―play the game‖ (Line 4, Para. 5)?
A) They believe that doing so is impractical.
B) They feel that such behavior is unprincipled.
C) They are not good at manipulating colleagues.
D) They think the effort will get them nowhere.
14. The author considers office politics to be ________.
A) unwelcome at the workplace
B) bad for interpersonal relationships
C) indispensable to the development of company culture
D) an important factor for personal advancement
15. It is the author‘s view that ________.
A) speaking up for oneself is part of human nature
B) self-promotion does not necessarily mean flattery
C) hard work contributes very little to one‘s promotion
D) many employees fail to recognize the need of flattery
Passage Two
Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.
As soon as it was revealed that a reporter for Progressive magazine had discovered how to
make a hydrogen bomb, a group of firearm (火器) fans formed the National Hydrogen Bomb
Association, and they are now lobbying against any legislation to stop Americans from owning
one.
―The Constitution,‖ said the association‘s spokesman, ―gives everyone the right to own arms.
It doesn‘t spell out what kind of arms. But since anyone can now make a hydrogen bomb, the
public should be able to buy it to protect themselves.‖
―Don‘t you think it‘s dangerous to have one in the house, particularly where there are
children around?‖
―The National Hydrogen Bomb Association hopes to educate people in the safe handling of
this type of weapon. We are instructing owners to keep the bomb in a locked cabinet
57and the fuse (导火索) separately in a drawer.‖
―Some people consider the hydrogen bomb a very fatal weapon which could kill somebody.‖
The spokesman said, ―Hydrogen bombs don‘t kill people—people kill people. The bomb is
for self-protection and it also has a deterrent effect. If somebody knows you have a nuclear
weapon in your house, they‘re going to think twice about breaking in.‖
―But those who want to ban the bomb for American citizens claim that if you have one
locked in the cabinet, with the fuse in a drawer, you would never be able to assemble it in time to
stop an intruder (侵入者).‖
―Another argument against allowing people to own a bomb is that at the moment it is very
expensive to build one. So what your association is backing is a program which would allow the
middle and upper classes to acquire a bomb while poor people will be left defenseless with just
handguns.‖
16. According to the passage, some people started a national association so as to ________.
A) block any legislation to ban the private possession of the bomb
B) coordinate the mass production of the destructive weapon
C) instruct people how to keep the bomb safe at home
D) promote the large-scale sale of this newly invented weapon
17. Some people oppose the ownership of H-bombs by individuals on the grounds that
________.
A) the size of the bomb makes it difficult to keep in a drawer
B) most people don‘t know how to handle the weapon
C) people‘s lives will be threatened by the weapon
D) they may fall into the hands of criminals
18. By saying that the bomb also has a deterrent effect the spokesman means that it ________.
A) will frighten away any possible intruders
B) can show the special status of its owners
C) will threaten the safety of the owners as well
D) can kill those entering others‘ houses by force
19. According to the passage, opponents of the private ownership of H-bombs are very much
worried that ________.
A) the influence of the association is too powerful for the less privileged to overcome
B) poorly-educated Americans will find it difficult to make use of the weapon
C) the wide use of the weapon will push up living expenses tremendously
D) the cost of the weapon will put citizens on an unequal basis
20. From the tone of the passage we know that the author is ________.
A) doubtful about the necessity of keeping H-bombs at home for safety
58B) unhappy with those who vote against the ownership of H-bombs
C) not serious about the private ownership of H-bombs
D) concerned about the spread of nuclear weapons
Passage Three
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.
Sign has become a scientific hot button. Only in the past 20 years have specialists in
language study realized that signed languages are unique—a speech of the hand. They offer a new
way to probe how the brain generates and understands language, and throw new light on an old
scientific controversy: whether language, complete with grammar, is something that we are born
With, or whether it is a learned behavior. The current interest in sign language has roots in the
pioneering work of one rebel teacher at Gallaudet University in Washington, D. C., the world‘s
only liberal arts university for deaf people.
When Bill Stokoe went to Gallaudet to teach English, the school enrolled him in a course in
signing. But Stokoe noticed something odd: among themselves, students signed differently from
his classroom teacher.
Stokoe had been taught a sort of gestural code, each movement of the hands representing a
word in English. At the time, American Sign Language (ASL) was thought to be no more than a
form of pidgin English (混杂英语). But Stokoe believed the ―hand talk‖ his students used looked
richer. He wondered: Might deaf people actually: have a genuine language? And could that
language be unlike any other on Earth? It was 1955, when even deaf people dismissed their
signing as ―substandard‖. Stokoe‘s idea was academic heresy (异端邪说).
It is 37 years later. Stokoe—now devoting his time to writing and editing books and journals
and to producing video materials on ASL and the deaf culture—is having lunch at a cafe near the
Gallaudet campus and explaining how he started a revolution. For decades educators fought his
idea that signed languages are natural languages like English, French and Japanese. They assumed
language must be based on speech, the modulation (调节) of sound. But sign language is based on
the movement of hands, the modulation of space. ―What I said,‖ Stokoe explains, ―is that language
is not mouth stuff—it‘s brain stuff.‖
21. The study of sign language is thought to be ________.
A) a new way to look at the learning of language
B) a challenge to traditional, views on the nature of language
C) an approach: to simplifying the grammatical structure of a language
D) an attempt to clarify misunderstanding about the origin of language
22. The, present growing interest in sign language was stimulated by ________.
A) a famous scholar in the study of the human brain
B) a leading specialist in the study of liberal arts
59C) an English teacher in a university for the deaf
D) some senior experts in American Sign Language
23. According to Stokoe, sign language is ________.
A) a Substandard language
B) a genuine language
C) an artificial language
D) an international language
24. Most educators objected to Stokoe‘s idea because they thought ________.
A) sign language was not extensively used even by deaf people
B) sign language was too artificial to be widely accepted
C) a language should be easy to use and understand
D) a language could only exist in the form of speech sounds
25. Stokoe‘s argument is based on his belief that ________.
A) sign language is as efficient as any other language
B) sign language is derived from natural language
C) language is a system of meaningful codes
D) language is a product of the brain
Passage Four
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.
It came as something of a surprise when Diana, Princess of Wales, made a trip to Angola in
1997, to support the Red Cross‘s campaign for a total ban on all anti-personnel landmines. Within
hours of arriving in Angola, television screens around the World were filled with images of her
comforting victims injured in explosions caused by landmines. ―I knew the statistics,‖ she said.
―But putting a face to those figures brought the reality home to me; like When I met Sandra, a
13-year-old girl who had lost her leg, and people like her.‖
The Princess concluded, with a simple message: ―We must stop landmines‖. And she used
every opportunity during her visit to repeat this message.
But, back in London, her views were not shared by some members of the British government,
which refused to support a ban on these weapons. Angry politicians launched an, attack on the
Princess in the press. They described her as ―very ill-informed‖ and a ―loose cannon (乱放炮的
人).‖
The Princess responded by brushing aside the criticisms: ―This is a distraction (干扰) we do
not need. All I‘m trying to do is help.‖
Opposition parties, the media and the Public immediately voiced their support for the
Princess. To make matters worse for the government, it soon emerged that the Princess‘s trip had
been approved by the Foreign Office, and that she was in fact very well-informed about both the
situation in Angola and the British government‘s policy regarding landmines. The result was a
severe embarrassment for the government.
60To try and limit the damage, the Foreign Secretary, Malcolm Rifkind, claimed that the
Princess‘s views on landmines were not very different from government policy, and that it was
―working towards‖ a worldwide ban. The Defense Secretary, Michael Portillo, claimed the matter
was ―a misinterpretation or misunderstanding.‖
For the Princess, the trip to this war-torn country was an excellent opportunity to use her
popularity to show the world how much destruction and suffering landmines can cause. She said
that the experience had also given her the Chance to get closer to people and their problems.
26. Princess Diana paid a visit to Angola in 1997 ________.
A) to voice her support for a total ban of landmines
B) to clarify the British government‘s stand on landmines
C) to investigate the sufferings of landmine victims there
D) to establish her image as a friend of landmine victims
27. What did Diana mean when she said ―... putting a face to those figures brought the reality
home to me‖ (Line 5, Para. 1)?
A) She just couldn‘t bear to meet the landmine victims face to face.
B) The actual situation in Angola made her feel like going back home.
C) Meeting the landmine victims in person made her believe the statistics.
D) Seeing the pain of the victims made her realize the seriousness of the situation.
28. Some members of the British government criticized Diana because ________.
A) she was ill-informed of the government‘s policy
B) they were actually opposed to banning landmines
C) she had not consulted the government before the visit
D) they believed that she had misinterpreted the situation in Angola
29. How did Diana respond to the criticisms?
A) She paid no attention to them.
B) She made more appearances on TV.
C) She met the 13-year-old girl as planned.
D) She rose to argue with her opponents.
30. What did Princess Diana think of her visit to Angola?
A) It had caused embarrassment to the British government.
B) It had brought her closer to the ordinary people.
C) It had greatly promoted her popularity.
D) It had affected her relations with the British government.
61Unit 12
Part II Reading Comprehension
(35 minutes)
Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or
unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)
and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on
the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Passage One
Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.
Scratchy throats, stuffy noses and body aches all spell misery, but being able to tell if the
cause is a cold or flu (流感) may make a difference in how long the misery lasts.
The American Lung Association (ALA) has issued new guidelines on combating colds and
the flu, and one of the keys is being able to quickly tell the two apart. That‘s because the
prescription drugs available for the flu need to be taken soon after the illness sets in. As for colds,
the sooner a person starts taking over-the-counter remedy, the sooner relief will come.
The common cold and the flu are both caused by viruses. More than 200 viruses can cause
cold symptoms, while the flu is caused by three viruses—flu A, B and C. There is no cure for
either illness, but the flu can be prevented by the flu vaccine (疫苗), which is, for most people, the
best way to fight the flu, according to the ALA.
But if the flu does strike, quick action can help. Although the flu and common cold have
many similarities, there are some obvious signs to look for.
Cold symptoms such as stuffy nose, runny nose and scratchy throat typically develop
gradually, and adults and teens often do not get a fever. On the other hand, fever is one of the
characteristic features of the flu for all ages. And in general, flu symptoms including fever and
chills, sore throat and body aches come on suddenly and are more severe than cold symptoms.
The ALA notes that it may be particularly difficult to tell when infants and preschool age
children have the flu. It advises parents to call the doctor if their small children have flu-like
symptoms.
Both cold and flu symptoms can be eased with over-the-counter medications as well.
However, children and teens with a cold or flu should not take aspirin for pain relief because of
the risk of Reye syndrome (综合症)，a rare but serious condition of the liver and central nervous
system.
There is, of course, no vaccine for the common cold. But frequent hand washing and
avoiding close contact with people who have colds can reduce the likelihood of catching
62one.
11. According to the author, knowing the cause of the misery will help ________.
A) shorten the duration of the illness
B) the patient buy medicine over the counter
C) the patient obtain cheaper prescription drugs
D) prevent people from catching colds and the flu
12. We learn from the passage that ________.
A) one doesn‘t need to take any medicine if he has a cold or the flu
B) aspirin should not be included in over-the-counter medicines for the flu
C) delayed treatment of the flu will harm the liver and central nervous system
D) over-the-counter drugs can be taken to ease the misery caused by a cold or the flu
13. According to the passage, to combat the flu effectively, ________.
A) one should identify the virus which causes it
B) one should consult a doctor as soon as possible
C) one should take medicine upon catching the disease
D) one should remain alert when the disease is spreading
14. Which of the following symptoms will distinguish the flu from a cold?
A) A stuffy nose.
B) A high temperature.
C) A sore throat.
D) A dry cough
15. If children have flu-like symptoms, their parents ________.
A) are advised not to give them aspirin
B) should watch out for signs of Reye syndrome
C) are encouraged to take them to hospital for vaccination
D) should prevent them from mixing with people running a fever
Passage Two
Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.
In a time of low academic achievement by children in the United States, many Americans are
turning to Japan, a country of high academic achievement and economic success, for possible
answers. However, the answers provided by Japanese preschools are not the ones Americans
expected to find. In most Japanese preschools, surprisingly little emphasis is put on academic
instruction. In one investigation, 300 Japanese and 210 American preschool teachers, child
development specialists, and parents were asked about various aspects of early childhood
education. Only 2 percent of the Japanese respondents (答问卷者) listed ―to give children a good
start academically‖ as one of their top three reasons for a society to have preschools. In contrast,
over half the American respondents chose this
63as one of their top three choices. To prepare children for successful careers in first grade and
beyond, Japanese schools do not teach reading, writing, and mathematics, but rather skills such as
persistence, concentration, and the ability to function as a member of a group. The vast majority of
young Japanese children are taught to read at home by their parents.
In the recent comparison of Japanese and American preschool education, 91 percent of
Japanese respondents chose providing children with a group experience as one of their top three
reasons for a society to have preschools. Sixty-two percent of the more individually oriented (强
调个性发展的) Americans listed group experience as one of their top three choices. An emphasis
on the importance of the group seen in Japanese early childhood education continues into
elementary school education.
Like in America, there is diversity in Japanese early childhood education. Some Japanese
kindergartens have specific aims, such as early musical training or potential development. In large
cities, some kindergartens are attached to universities that have elementary and secondary schools.
Some Japanese parents believe that if their young children attend a university-based program, it
will increase the children‘s chances of eventually being admitted to top-rated schools and
universities. Several more progressive programs have introduced free play as a way out for the
heavy intellectualizing in some Japanese kindergartens.
16. We learn from the first paragraph that many Americans believe ________.
A) Japanese parents are more involved in preschool education than American parents
B) Japan‘s economic success is a result of its scientific achievements
C) Japanese preschool education emphasizes academic instruction
D) Japan‘s higher education is superior to theirs
17. Most Americans surveyed believe that preschools should also attach importance to ________.
A) problem solving
B) group experience
C) parental guidance
D) individually-oriented development
18. In Japan‘s preschool education, the focus is on ________.
A) preparing children academically
B) developing children‘s artistic interests
C) tapping children‘s potential
D) shaping children‘s character
19. Free play has been introduced in some Japanese kindergartens in order to ________.
A) broaden children‘s horizon
B) cultivate children‘s creativity
C) lighten children‘s study load
64D) enrich children‘s knowledge
20. Why do some Japanese parents send their children to university-based kindergartens?
A) They can do better in their future studies.
B) They can accumulate more group experience there.
C) They can be individually oriented when they grow up.
D) They can have better chances of getting a first-rate education.
Passage Three
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.
Lead deposits, which accumulated in soil and snow during the 1960‘s and 70‘s, were
primarily the result of leaded gasoline emissions originating in the United States. In the twenty
years that the Clean Air Act has mandated unleaded gas use in the United States, the lead
accumulation worldwide has decreased significantly.
A study published recently in the journal Nature shows that air-borne leaded gas emissions
from the United States were the leading contributor to the high concentration of lead in the snow
in Greenland. The new study is a result of the continued research led by Dr. Charles Boutron, an
expert on the impact of heavy metals on the environment at the National Center for Scientific
Research in France. A study by Dr. Boutron published in 1991 showed that lead levels in arctic
(北极的) snow were declining.
In his new study, Dr. Boutron found the ratios of the different forms of lead in the leaded
gasoline used in the United States were different from the ratios of European, Asian and Canadian
gasolines and thus enabled scientists to differentiate (区分) the lead sources. The dominant lead
ratio found in Greenland snow matched that found in gasoline from the United States.
In a study published in the journal Ambio, scientists found that lead levels in soil in the
Northeastern United States had decreased markedly since the introduction of unleaded gasoline.
Many scientists had believed that the lead would stay in soil and snow for a longer period.
The authors of the Ambio study examined samples of the upper layers of soil taken from the
same sites of 30 forest floors in New England, New York and Pennsylvania in 1980 and in 1990.
The forest environment processed and redistributed the lead faster than the scientists had expected.
Scientists say both studies demonstrate that certain parts of the ecosystem (生态系统)
respond rapidly to reductions in atmospheric pollution, but that these findings should not be used
as a license to pollute.
21. The study published in the journal Nature indicates that ________.
A) the Clean Air Act has not produced the desired results
65B) lead deposits in arctic snow are on the increase
C) lead will stay in soil and snow longer than expected
D) the US is the major source of lead pollution in arctic snow
22. Lead accumulation worldwide decreased significantly after the use of unleaded gas in the US
________.
A) was discouraged
B) was enforced by law
C) was prohibited by law
D) was introduced
23. How did scientists discover the source of lead pollution in Greenland?
A) By analyzing the data published in journals like Nature and Ambio.
B) By observing the lead accumulations in different parts of the arctic area.
C) By studying the chemical elements of soil and snow in Northeastern America.
D) By comparing the chemical compositions of leaded gasoline used in various countries.
24. The authors of the Ambio study have found that ________.
A) forests get rid of lead pollution faster than expected
B) lead accumulations in forests are more difficult to deal with
C) lead deposits are widely distributed in the forests of the US
D) the upper layers of soil in forests are easily polluted by lead emissions
25. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that scientists ________.
A) are puzzled by the mystery of forest pollution
B) feel relieved by the use of unleaded gasoline
C) still consider lead pollution a problem
D) lack sufficient means to combat lead pollution
Passage Four
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.
Exercise is one of the few factors with a positive role in long-term maintenance of body
weight. Unfortunately, that message has not gotten through to the average American, who would
rather try switching to ―light‖ beer and low-calorie bread than increase physical exertion. The
Centers for Disease Control, for example, found that fewer than one-fourth of overweight adults
who were trying to shed pounds said they were combining exercise with their diet.
In rejecting exercise, some people may be discouraged too much by caloric-expenditure
charts: for example, one would have to briskly walk three miles just to work off the 275 calories in
one delicious Danish pastry (小甜饼). Even exercise professionals concede half a point here.
―Exercise by itself is a very tough way to lose weight,‖ says York Onnen, program director of the
President‘s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports.
Still, exercise‘s supporting role in weight reduction is vital. A study at the Boston University
Medical Center of overweight police officers and other public employees confirmed
66that those who dieted without exercise regained almost all their old weight, while those who
worked exercise into their daily routine maintained their new weight.
If you have been sedentary (极少活动的) and decide to start walking one mile a day, the
added exercise could burn an extra 100 calories daily. In a year‘s time, assuming no increase in
food intake, you could lose ten pounds. By increasing the distance of your walks gradually and
making other dietary adjustments, you may lose even more weight.
26. What is said about the average American in the passage?
A) They tend to exaggerate the healthful effect of ―light‖ beer.
B) They usually ignore the effect of exercise on losing weight.
C) They prefer ―light‖ beer and low-calorie bread to other drinks and food.
D) They know the factors that play a positive role in keeping down body weight.
27. Some people dislike exercise because ________.
A) they think it is physically exhausting
B) they find it hard to exercise while on a diet
C) they don‘t think it possible to walk 3 miles every day
D) they find consulting caloric-expenditure charts troublesome
28. ―Even exercise professionals concede half a point here‖ (Line 3, Para. 2) means ―They
________‖.
A) agree that the calories in a small piece of pastry can be difficult to work off by exercise
B) partially believe diet plays a supporting role in weight reduction
C) are not fully convinced that dieting can help maintain one‘s new weight
D) are not sufficiently informed of the positive role of exercise in losing weight
29. What was confirmed by the Boston University Medical Center‘s study?
A) Controlling one‘s calorie intake is more important than doing exercise.
B) Even occasional exercise can help reduce weight.
C) Weight reduction is impossible without exercise.
D) One could lose ten pounds in a year‘s time if there‘s no increase in food intake.
30. What is the author‘s purpose in writing this article?
A) To justify the study of the Boston University Medical Center.
B) To stress the importance of maintaining proper weight.
C) To support the statement made by York Onnen.
D) To show the most effective way to lose weight.
67Unit 13
Part II Reading Comprehension
(35 minutes)
Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or
unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)
and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on
the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Passage One
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.
Is there enough oil beneath the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (保护区) (ANWR) to help
secure America‘s energy future? President Bush certainly thinks so. He has argued that tapping
ANWR‘s oil would help ease California‘s electricity crisis and provide a major boost to the
country‘s energy independence. But no one knows for sure how much crude oil lies buried beneath
the frozen earth with the last government survey, conducted in 1998, projecting output anywhere
from 3 billion to 16 billion barrels.
The oil industry goes with the high end of the range, which could equal as much as 10% of
U.S. consumption for as long as six years. By pumping more than 1 million barrels a day from the
reserve for the next two three decades, lobbyists claim, the nation could cut back on imports
equivalent to all shipments to the U.S. from Saudi Arabia. Sounds good. An oil boom would also
mean a multibillion-dollar windfall (意外之财) in tax revenues, royalties (开采权使用费) and
leasing fees for Alaska and the Federal Government. Best of all, advocates of drilling say, damage
to the environment would be insignificant. ―We‘ve never had a document case of oil rig chasing
deer out onto the pack ice.‖ says Alaska State Representative Scott Ogan.
Not so far, say environmentalists. Sticking to the low end of government estimates, the
National Resources Defense Council says there may be no more than 3.2 billion barrels of
economically recoverable oil in the coastal plain of ANWR, a drop in the bucket that would do
virtually nothing to ease America‘s energy problems. And consumers would wait up to a decade to
gain any benefits, because drilling could begin only after much bargaining over leases,
environmental permits and regulatory review. As for ANWR‘s impact on the California power
crisis, environmentalists point out that oil is responsible for only 1% of the Golden State‘s
electricity output—and just 3% of the nation‘s.
21. What does President Bush think of tapping oil in ANWR?
A) It will exhaust the nation‘s oil reserves.
B) It will help secure the future of ANWR.
68C) It will help reduce the nation‘s oil imports.
D) It will increase America‘s energy consumption.
22. We learn from the second paragraph that the American oil industry ________.
A) believes that drilling for oil in ANWR will produce high yields
B) tends to exaggerate America‘s reliance on foreign oil
C) shows little interest in tapping oil in ANWR
D) expects to stop oil imports from Saudi Arabia
23. Those against oil drilling in ANWR argue that ________.
A) it can cause serious damage to the environment
B) it can do little to solve U.S. energy problems
C) it will drain the oil reserves in the Alaskan region
D) it will not have much commercial value
24. What do the environmentalists mean by saying ―Not so fast‖ (Line 1, Para. 3)?
A) Oil exploitation takes a long time
B) The oil drilling should be delayed
C) Don‘t be too optimistic
D) Don‘t expect fast returns
25. It can be learned from the passage that oil exploitation beneath ANWR‘s frozen earth
________.
A) remains a controversial issue
B) is expected to get under way soon
C) involves a lot of technological problems
D) will enable the U.S. to be oil independent
Passage Two
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.
―Tear ‗em apart!‖ ―Kill the fool!‖ ―Murder the referee (裁判)!‖
These are common remarks one may hear at various sporting events. At the time they are
made, they may seem innocent enough. But let‘s not kid ourselves. They have been known to
influence behavior in such a way as to lead to real bloodshed. Volumes have been written about
the way words affect us. It has been shown that words having certain connotations (含义) may
cause us to react in ways quite foreign to what we consider to be our usual humanistic behavior. I
see the term ―opponent‖ as one of those words. Perhaps the time has come to delete it from sports
terms.
The dictionary meaning of the term ―opponent ―is ―adversary ―: ―enemy ―; ―one who opposes
your interests.‖ ―Thus, when a player meets an opponent, he or she may tend to treat that opponent
as an enemy. At such times, winning may dominate one‘s intellect, and every action, no matter
how gross, may be considered justifiable. I recall an incident in a handball game when a referee
refused a player‘s request for a time out for a glove change
69because he did not considered then wet enough. The player proceeded to rub his gloves across his
wet T-shirt and then exclaimed. ―Are they wet enough now?‖
In the heat of battle, players have been observed to throw themselves across the court without
considering the consequences that such a move might have on anyone in their way. I have also
witnessed a player reacting to his opponent‘s international and illegal blocking by deliberately
hitting him with the ball as hard as he could during the course of play. Off the court, they are good
friends. Does that make any sense? It certainly gives proof of a court attitude which departs from
normal behavior.
Therefore, I believe it is time we elevated (提升) the game to the level where it belongs
thereby setting an example to the rest of the sporting world. Replacing the term ―opponent‖ with
―associate‖ could be an ideal way to start.
The dictionary meaning of the term ―associate‖ is ―colleague‖; ―friend‖; ―companion.‖
Reflect a moment! You may soon see and possibly feel the difference in your reaction to the term
―associate‖ rather than ―opponent.‖
26. Which of the following statements best expresses the author‘s view?
A) Aggressive behavior in sports can have serious consequences.
B) The words people use can influence their behavior.
C) Unpleasant words in sports are often used by foreign athletes.
D) Unfair judgments by referees will lead to violence on the sports field.
27. Harsh words are spoken during games because the players ________.
A) are too eager to win
B) are usually short-tempered and easily offended
C) cannot afford to be polite in fierce competition
D) treat their rivals as enemies
28. What did the handball player do when he was not allowed a time out to change his gloves?
A) He refused to continue the game.
B) He angrily hit the referee with a ball.
C) He claimed that the referee was unfair.
D) He wet his gloves by rubbing them across his T-shirt.
29. According to the passage, players, in a game, may ________.
A) deliberately throw the ball at anyone illegally blocking their way
B) keep on screaming and shouting throughout the game
C) lie down on the ground as an act of protest
D) kick the ball across the court with force
30. The author hopes to have the current situation in sports improved by ________.
A) calling on players to use clean language on the court
B) raising the referee‘s sense of responsibility
70C) changing the attitude of players on the sports field
D) regulating the relationship between players and referees
Passage Three
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.
Consumers are being confused and misled by the hodge-podge (大杂烩) of environmental
claims made by household products, according to a ―green labeling‖ study published by
Consumers International Friday.
Among the report‘s more outrageous (令人无法容忍的) findings-a German fertilizer
described itself as ―earthworm friendly‖ a brand of flour said it was ―non-polluting‖ and a British
toilet paper claimed to be ―environmentally friendlier‖
The study was written and researched by Britain‘s National Consumer Council (NCC) for
lobby group Consumer International. It was funded by the German and Dutch governments and
the European Commission.
― While many good and useful claims are being made, it is clear there is a long way to go in
ensuring shoppers are adequately informed about the environmental impact of products they buy,‖
said Consumers International director Anna Fielder.
The 10-country study surveyed product packaging in Britain, Western Europe, Scandinavia
and the United States. It found that products sold in Germany and the United Kingdom made the
most environmental claims on average.
The report focused on claims made by specific products, such as detergent (洗涤剂) insect
sprays and by some garden products. It did not test the claims, but compared them to labeling
guidelines set by the International Standards Organization (ISO) in September, 1999.
Researchers documented claims of environmental friendliness made by about 2,000 products
and found many too vague or too misleading to meet ISO standards.
―Many products had specially-designed labels to make them seem environmentally friendly,
but in fact many of these symbols mean nothing,‖ said report researcher Philip Page.
―Laundry detergents made the most number of claims with 158. Household cleaners were
second with 145 separate claims, while paints were third on our list with 73. The high numbers
show how very confusing it must be for consumers to sort the true from the misleading.‖ he said.
The ISO labeling standards ban vague or misleading claims on product packaging, because
terms such as ―environmentally friendly‖ and ―non-polluting‖ cannot be verified. ―What we are
now pushing for is to have multinational corporations meet the standards set by the ISO.‖ said
Page.
31. According to the passage, the NCC found it outrageous that ________.
A) all the products surveyed claim to meet ISO standards
71B) the claims made by products are often unclear or deceiving
C) consumers would believe many of the manufactures‘ claim
D) few products actually prove to be environment friendly
32. As indicated in this passage, with so many good claims, the consumers ________.
A) are becoming more cautious about the products they are going to buy
B) are still not willing to pay more for products with green labeling
C) are becoming more aware of the effects different products have on the environment
D) still do not know the exact impact of different products on the environment
33. A study was carried out by Britain‘s NCC to ________.
A) find out how many claims made by products fail to meet environmental standards
B) inform the consumers of the environmental impact of the products they buy
C) examine claims made by products against ISO standards
D) revise the guidelines set by the International Standards Organization
34. What is one of the consequences caused by the many claims of household products?
A) They are likely to lead to serious environmental problems.
B) Consumers find it difficult to tell the true from the false.
C) They could arouse widespread anger among consumer.
D) Consumers will be tempted to buy products they don‘t need.
35. It can be inferred from the passage that the lobby group Consumer International wants to
________.
A) make product labeling satisfy ISO requirements
B) see all household products meet environmental standards
C) warn consumers of the danger of so-called green products
D) verify the efforts of non-polluting products
Passage Four
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.
Two hours from the tall buildings of Manhattan and Philadelphia live some of the world‘s
largest black bears. They are in northern Pennsylvania‘s Pocono Mountains, a home they share
with an abundance of other wildlife.
The streams, lakes, meadows (草地), mountain ridges and forests that make the Poconos an
ideal place for black bears have also attracted more people to the region. Open spaces are
threatened by plans for housing estates and important habitats (栖息地) are endangered by
highway construction. To protect the Poconos natural beauty from irresponsible development, the
Nature Conservancy (大自然保护协会) named the area one of America‘s ―Last Great Places‖.
Operating out of a century-old schoolhouse in the village of Long Pond, Pennsylvania, the
conservancy‘s bud Cook is working with local people and business leaders to balance economic
growth with environmental protection. By forging partnerships with people like
72Francis Altemose, the Conservancy has been able to protect more than 14,000 acres of
environmentally important land in the area.
Altemose‘s family has farmed in the Pocono area for generations. Two years ago Francis
worked with the Conservancy to include his farm in a county farmland protection program. As a
result, his family‘s land can be protected from development and the Altemoses will be better able
to provide a secure financial future for their 7-year-old grandson.
Cook attributes the Conservancy‘s success in the Poconos to having a local presence and a
commitment to working with local residents
―The key to protecting these remarkable lands is connecting with the local community,‖ Cook
said. ―The people who live there respect the land. They value quiet forests, clear streams and
abundant wildlife. They are eager to help with conservation effort.
For more information on how you can help the Nature Conservancy protect the Poconos and
the world‘s other ―Last Great Places,‖ please call 1-888-564 6864 or visit us on the World Wide
Web at www.tnc.org.
36. The purpose in naming the Poconos as one of America‘s ―Last Great Places‖ is to ________.
A) gain support from the local community
B) protect it from irresponsible development
C) make it a better home for black bears
D) provide financial security for future generations
37. We learn from the passage that ________.
A) the population in the Pocono area is growing
B) wildlife in the Pocono area is dying out rapidly
C) the security of the Pocono residents is being threatened
D) farmlands in the Pocono area are shrinking fast
38. What is important in protecting the Poconos according to Cook?
A) The setting up of an environmental protection website
B) Support from organizations like The Nature Conservancy
C) Cooperation with the local residents and business leaders
D) Inclusion of farmlands in the region‘s protection program
39. What does Bud Cook mean by ―having a local presence‖ (Line 1, Para. 5)?
A) Financial contributions from local business leaders
B) Consideration of the interests of the local residents
C) The establishment of a wildlife protection foundation in the area
D) The setting up of a local Nature Conservancy branch in the Pocono area
40. The passage most probably is ________.
A) an official document
B) a news story
73C) an advertisement
D) a research report
Unit 14
Part II Reading Comprehension
(35 minutes)
Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or
unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)
and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on
the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Passage One
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.
Just five one-hundredths of an inch thick, light golden in color and with a perfect ―saddle
curl,‖ the Lay‘s potato chip seems an unlikely weapon for global domination. But its maker.
Frito-Lay. Thinks otherwise. ―Potato chips are a snack food for the world,‖ said Salman Amin, the
company‘s head of global marketing. Amin believes there is no corner of the world that can resist
the charms of a Frito-Lay potato chip.
Frito-Lay is the biggest snack maker in America, owned by PepsiCo. And accounts for over
half of the parent company‘s $3 billion annual profits. But the U.S. snack food market is largely
saturated, and to grow, the company has to look overseas.
Its strategy rests on two beliefs: first a global product offers economies of scale with which
local brands cannot compete. And second, consumers in the 21st century are drawn to ―global‖ as
a concept. ―Global‖ does not mean products that are consciously identified as American, but ones
than consumes-especially young people-see as part of a modem, innovative (创新的) world in
which people are linked across cultures by shared beliefs and tastes. Potato chips are an American
invention, but most Chinese, for instance, do not know than Frito-Lay is an American company.
Instead, Riskey, the company‘s research and development head, would hope they associate the
brand with the new world of global communications and business.
With brand perception a crucial factor, Riskey ordered a redesign of the Frito-Lay logo (标
识). The logo, along with the company‘s long-held marketing image of the ―irresistibility‖ of its
chips, would help facilitate the company‘s global expansion.
The executives acknowledge that they try to swing national eating habits to a food created in
America, but they deny that amounts to economic imperialism. Rater, they see Frito-Lay as
spreading the benefits of free enterprise across the world. ―We‘re making products in those
countries, we‘re adapting them to the tastes of those countries, building businesses and employing
people and changing lives,‖ said Steve Reinemund, PepsiCo‘s
74chief executive.
21. It is the belief of Frito-Lay‘s head of global marking that ________.
A) potato chips can hardly be used as a weapon to dominate the world market
B) their company must find new ways to promote domestic sales
C) the light golden color enhances the charm of their company‘s potato chips
D) people the world over enjoy eating their company‘s potato chips
22. What do we learn about Frito-Lay from Paragraph 2?
A) Its products use to be popular among overseas consumers.
B) Its expansion has caused fierce competition in the snack marker.
C) It gives half of its annual profits to its parent company.
D) It needs to turn to the word market for development.
23. One of the assumptions on which Frito-Lay bases its development strategy is that ________.
A) consumers worldwide today are attracted by global brands
B) local brands cannot compete successfully with American brands
C) products suiting Chinese consumers‘ needs bring more profits
D) products identified as American will have promising market value
24. Why did Riskey have the Frito-Lay logo redesigned?
A) To suit changing tastes of young consumers.
B) To promote the company‘s strategy of globalization.
C) To change the company‘s long-held marketing image.
D) To compete with other American chip producers.
25. Frito-Lay‘s executives claim that the promoting of American food in the international market
________.
A) won‘t affect the eating habits of the local people
B) will lead to economic imperialism
C) will be in the interest of the local people
D) won‘t spoil the taste of their chips
Passage Two
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.
In communities north of Denver, residents are pitching in to help teachers and administrators
as the Vrain school District tries to solve a $13.8 million budget shortage blamed on
mismanagement. ―We‘re worried about our teachers and principals, and we really don‘t want to
lose them because of this,‖ one parent sail. ―If we can help ease their financial burden, we will. ―
Teachers are grateful, but know it may be years before the district is solvent (有综合能力的).
They feel really good about the parent support, but they realize it‘s impossible for then to solve
this problem.
The 22,000-student district discovered the shortage last month. ―It‘s extraordinary.
75Nobody would have imagined something happening like this at this level,‖ said State Treasurer
Mike Coffman.
Coffman and district officials last week agreed on a state emergency plan freeing yp a $9.8
million loan that enabled the payroll (工资单) to be met for 2,700 teachers and staff in time for the
holidays.
District officials also took $1.7 million from student-activity accounts its 38 schools.
At Coffman‘s request, the District Attorney has begun investigating the district‘s finances.
Coffman says he wants to know whether district officials hid the budget shortage until after the
November election, when voters approved a $212 million bond issue for schools.
In Frederick, students‘ parents are buying classroom supplies and offering to pay for
groceries and utilities to keep first-year teachers and principals in their jobs.
Some $36,000 has been raised in donations from Safeway. A Chevrolet dealership donated
$10,000 and forgave the district‘s $10,750 bill for renting the driver educating cars. IBM
contributed 4,500 packs of paper.
―We employ thousands of people in this community,‖ said Mitch Carson, a hospital chief
executive, who helped raise funds. ―We have children in the school, and we see how they could be
affected.‖
At Creek High School, three students started a website that displays newspaper articles,
district information and an email forum (论坛)。 ―Rumors about what‘s happening to the district
are moving at lighting speed,‖ said a student. ―We wanted to know the truth, and spread that
around instead.‖
26. What has happened to the Vrain School District?
A) A huge financial problem has arisen.
B) Many schools there are mismanaged.
C) Lots of teachers in the district are planning to quit.
D) Many administrative personnel have been laid off.
27. How did the residents in the Vrain School District respond to the budget shortage?
A) They felt somewhat helpless about it.
B) They accused those responsible for it.
C) They pooled their efforts to help solve it.
D) They demanded a through investigation.
28. In the view of State Treasurer Mike Coffman, the educational budget shortage is ________.
A) unavoidable
B) unthinkable
C) insolvable
D) irreversible
29. Why did Coffman request an investigation?
A) To see if there was a deliberate cover-up of the problem.
76B) To find out the extent of the consequences of the case.
C) To make sure that the school principals were innocent.
D) To stop the voters approving the $212 million bong issue.
30. Three high school students started a website in order to ________.
A) attract greater public attention to their needs
B) appeal to the public for contributions and donations
C) expose officials who neglected their duties
D) keep people properly informed of the crisis
Passage Three
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.
―Humans should not try to avoid stress any more than they would shun food, love or
exercise.‖ Said Dr. Hans Selye, the first physician to document the effects of stress on the body.
While here‘s on question that continuous stress is harmful, several studies suggest that challenging
situations in which you‘re able to rise to the occasion can be good for you.
In a 2001 study of 158 hospital nurses, those who faced considerable work demands but
coped with the challenge were more likely to say they were in good health than those who felt
they stress that you can manage also boost immune (免疫的) function. In a study at the Academic
Center for Dentistry in Amsterdam, researchers put volunteers through two stressful experiences.
In the first, a timed task that required memorizing a list followed by a short test, subjects through a
gory (血淋淋的) video on surgical procedures. Those who did well on the memory test had an
increase in levels of immunoglobulin A, an antibody that‘s the body‘s first line of defense against
germs. The video-watchers experienced a downturn in the antibody.
Stress prompts the body to produce certain stress hormones. In short bursts these hormones
have a positive effect, including improved memory function. ―They can help nerve cells handle
information and put it into storage,‖ says Dr. Bruce McEwen of Rockefeller University in New
York. But in the long run these hormones can have a harmful effect on the body and brain.
―Sustained stress is not good for you,‖ says Richard Morimoto, a researcher at Northwestern
University in Illinois studying the effects of stress on longevity, ―It‘s the occasional burst of stress
or brief exposure to stress that could be protective.‖
31. The passage is mainly about ________.
A) the benefits of manageable stress
B) how to cope with stress effectively
C) how to avoid stressful
D) the effect of stress harmonies on memory
32. The word ―shun‖ (Line 1, Para. 1) most probably means ________.
A) cut down on
77B) stay away from
C) run out of
D) put up with
33. We can conclude from the study of the 158 nurses in 2001 that ________.
A) people under stress tend to have a poor memory
B) people who can‘t get their job done experience more stress
C) doing challenging work may be good for one‘s health
D) stress will weaken the body‘s defense against germs
34. In the experiment described in Paragraph 3, the video-watchers experienced a downturn in
the antibody because ________.
A) the video was not enjoyable at all
B) the outcome was beyond their control
C) they knew little about surgical procedures
D) they felt no pressure while watching the video
35. Dr. Bruce McEwen of Rockefeller University believes that ________.
A) a person‘s memory is determined by the level of hormones in his body
B) stress hormones have lasting positive effects on the brain
C) short bursts of stress hormones enhance memory function
D) a person‘s memory improves with continued experience of stress
Passage Four
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.
If you want to teach your children how to say sorry, you must be good at saying it yourself,
especially to your own children. But how you say it can be quite tricky.
If you say to your children ―I‘m sorry I got angry with you, but ...‖ what follows that ―but‖
can render the apology ineffective: ―I had a bad day‖ or ―your noise was giving me a headache‖
leaves the person who has been injured feeling that he should be apologizing for his bad behavior
in expecting an apology.
Another method by which people appear to apologize without actually doing so is to say ―I‘m
sorry you‘re upset‖; this suggests that you are somehow at fault for allowing yourself to get upset
by what the other person has done.
Then there is the general, all covering apology, which avoids the necessity of identifying a
specific act that was particularly hurtful or insulting, and which the person who is apologizing
should promise never to do again. Saying ―I‘m useless as a parent‖ does not commit a person to
any specific improvement.
These pseudo-apologies are used by people who believe saying sorry shows weakness,
Parents who wish to teach their children to apologize should see it as a sign of strength, and
therefore not resort to these pseudo-apologies.
But even when presented with examples of genuine contrition, children still need
78help to become a ware of the complexities of saying sorry. A three-year-old might need help in
understanding that other children feel pain just as he does, and that hitting a playmate over the
head with a heavy toy requires an apology. A six-year-old might need reminding that spoiling
other children‘s expectations can require an apology. A 12-year-old might need to be shown that
raiding the biscuit tin without asking permission is acceptable, but that borrowing a parent‘s
clothes without permission is not.
36. If a mother adds ―but‖ to an apology, ________.
A) she doesn‘t feel that she should have apologized
B) she does not realize that the child has been hurt
C) the child may find the apology easier to accept
D) the child may feel that he owes her an apology
37. According to the author, saying ―I‘m sorry you‘re upset‖ most probably means ―________‖.
A) You have good reason to get upset
B) I‘m aware you‘re upset, but I‘m not to blame
C) I apologize for hurting your feelings
D) I‘m at fault for making you upset
38. It is not advisable to use the general, all-covering apology because ________.
A) it gets one into the habit of making empty promises
B) it may make the other person feel guilty
C) it is vague and ineffective
D) it is hurtful and insulting
39. We learn from the last paragraph that in teaching children to say sorry ________.
A) the complexities involved should be ignored
B) their ages should be taken into account
C) parents need to set them a good example
D) parents should be patient and tolerant
40. It can be inferred from the passage that apologizing properly is ________.
A) a social issue calling for immediate attention
B) not necessary among family members
C) a sign of social progress
D) not as simple as it seems
Unit 15
Part II Reading Comprehension
(35 minutes)
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or
unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)
79and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on
Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
―Tear ‗em apart!‖ ―Kill the fool!‖ ―Murder the referee (裁判)!‖
These are common remarks one may hear at various sporting events. At the time they are
made, they may seem innocent enough. But let‘s not kid ourselves. They have been known to
influence behavior in such a way as to lead to real bloodshed. Volumes have been written about
the way words affect us. It has been shown that words having certain connotations (含义) may
cause us to react in ways quite foreign to what we consider to be our usual humanistic behavior. I
see the term ―opponent‖ as one of those words. Perhaps the time has come to delete it from sports
terms.
The dictionary meaning of the term ―opponent ―is ―adversary ―: ―enemy ―; ―one who opposes
your interests.‖ ―Thus, when a player meets an opponent, he or she may tend to treat that opponent
as an enemy. At such times, winning may dominate one‘s intellect, and every action, no matter
how gross, may be considered justifiable. I recall an incident in a handball game when a referee
refused a player‘s request for a time out for a glove change because he did not considered then wet
enough. The player proceeded to rub his gloves across his wet T-shirt and then exclaimed. ―Are
they wet enough now?‖
In the heat of battle, players have been observed to throw themselves across the court without
considering the consequences that such a move might have on anyone in their way. I have also
witnessed a player reacting to his opponent‘s international and illegal blocking by deliberately
hitting him with the ball as hard as he could during the course of play. Off the court, they are good
friends. Does that make any sense? It certainly gives proof of a court attitude which departs from
normal behavior.
Therefore, I believe it is time we elevated (提升) the game to the level where it belongs
thereby setting an example to the rest of the sporting world. Replacing the term ―opponent‖ with
―associate‖ could be an ideal way to start.
The dictionary meaning of the term ―associate‖ is ―colleague‖; ―friend‖; ―companion.‖
Reflect a moment! You may soon see and possibly feel the difference in your reaction to the term
―associate‖ rather than ―opponent.‖
57. Which of the following statements best expresses the author‘s view?
A) Aggressive behavior in sports can have serious consequences.
B) The words people use can influence their behavior.
C) Unpleasant words in sports are often used by foreign athletes.
D) Unfair judgments by referees will lead to violence on the sports field.
58. Harsh words are spoken during games because the players ________.
A) are too eager to win
80B) are usually short-tempered and easily offended
C) cannot afford to be polite in fierce competition
D) treat their rivals as enemies
59. What did the handball player do when he was not allowed a time out to change his gloves?
A) He refused to continue the game.
B) He angrily hit the referee with a ball.
C) He claimed that the referee was unfair.
D) He wet his gloves by rubbing them across his T-shirt.
60. According to the passage, players, in a game, may ________.
A) deliberately throw the ball at anyone illegally blocking their way
B) keep on screaming and shouting throughout the game
C) lie down on the ground as an act of protest
D) kick the ball across the court with force
61. The author hopes to have the current situation in sports improved by ________.
A) calling on players to use clean language on the court
B) raising the referee‘s sense of responsibility
C) changing the attitude of players on the sports field
D) regulating the relationship between players and referees
Passage Two
Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.
Is there enough oil beneath the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (保护区) (ANWR) to help
secure America‘s energy future? President Bush certainly thinks so. He has argued that tapping
ANWR‘s oil would help ease California‘s electricity crisis and provide a major boost to the
country‘s energy independence. But no one knows for sure how much crude oil lies buried beneath
the frozen earth with the last government survey, conducted in 1998, projecting output anywhere
from 3 billion to 16 billion barrels.
The oil industry goes with the high end of the range, which could equal as much as 10% of
U.S. consumption for as long as six years. By pumping more than 1 million barrels a day from the
reserve for the next two three decades, lobbyists claim, the nation could cut back on imports
equivalent to all shipments to the U.S. from Saudi Arabia. Sounds good. An oil boom would also
mean a multibillion-dollar windfall (意外之财) in tax revenues, royalties (开采权使用费) and
leasing fees for Alaska and the Federal Government. Best of all, advocates of drilling say, damage
to the environment would be insignificant. ―We‘ve never had a document case of oil rig chasing
deer out onto the pack ice.‖ says Alaska State Representative Scott Ogan.
Not so far, say environmentalists. Sticking to the low end of government estimates, the
National Resources Defense Council says there may be no more than 3.2 billion barrels of
economically recoverable oil in the coastal plain of ANWR, a drop in the bucket that would
81do virtually nothing to ease America‘s energy problems. And consumers would wait up to a
decade to gain any benefits, because drilling could begin only after much bargaining over leases,
environmental permits and regulatory review. As for ANWR‘s impact on the California power
crisis, environmentalists point out that oil is responsible for only 1% of the Golden State‘s
electricity output—and just 3% of the nation‘s.
62. What does President Bush think of tapping oil in ANWR?
A) It will exhaust the nation‘s oil reserves.
B) It will help secure the future of ANWR.
C) It will help reduce the nation‘s oil imports.
D) It will increase America‘s energy consumption.
63. We learn from the second paragraph that the American oil industry ________.
A) believes that drilling for oil in ANWR will produce high yields
B) tends to exaggerate America‘s reliance on foreign oil
C) shows little interest in tapping oil in ANWR
D) expects to stop oil imports from Saudi Arabia
64. Those against oil drilling in ANWR argue that ________.
A) it can cause serious damage to the environment
B) it can do little to solve U.S. energy problems
C) it will drain the oil reserves in the Alaskan region
D) it will not have much commercial value
65. What do the environmentalists mean by saying ―Not so fast‖ (Line 1, Para. 3)?
A) Oil exploitation takes a long time
B) The oil drilling should be delayed
C) Don‘t be too optimistic
D) Don‘t expect fast returns
66. It can be learned from the passage that oil exploitation beneath ANWR‘s frozen earth
________.
A) remains a controversial issue
B) is expected to get under way soon
C) involves a lot of technological problems
D) will enable the U.S. to be oil independent
Unit 16
Part II Reading Comprehension
(35 minutes)
Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or
unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)
82and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on
the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Passage one
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.
Interest in pursuing international careers has soared in recent years, enhanced by chronic (长
久的) personnel shortages that are causing companies to search beyond their home borders for
talent.
Professionals seek career experience outside of their home countries for a variety of reasons.
They may feel the need to recharge their batteries with a new challenge. They may want a position
with more responsibility that encourages creativity and initiative. Or they may wish to expose
their children to another culture, and the opportunity to learn a second language.
When applying for a job, one usually has to submit a resume or curriculum vitae (CV). The
two terms generally mean the same thing: a one-or two-page document describing one‘s
educational qualifications and professional experience. However, guidelines for preparing a
resume are constantly changing. The best advice is to find out what is appropriate regarding the
corporate (公司) culture, the country culture, and the culture of the person making the hiring
decision. The challenge will be to embrace two or more cultures in one document. The following
list is a good place to start.
● ―Educational requirements differ from country to country. In almost every case of
‗cross-border‘ job hunting, just stating the title of your degree will not bean adequate description.
Provide the reader with details about your studies and any related experience.‖
● Pay attention to the resume format you use-chronological or reverse-chronological order.
Chronological order means listing your ‗oldest‘ work experience first. Reverse-chronological
order means listing your current or most recent experience first. Most countries have preferences
about which format is most acceptable. If you find no specific guidelines, the general preference is
for the reverse-chronological format.‖
● If you are submitting your resume in English, find out if the recipient (收件人) uses
British English or American English because there are variations between the two versions. For
example, university education is often referred to as ‗tertiary education‘ in the United Kingdom,
but this term is almost never used in the United States. A reader who is unfamiliar with these
variations may assume that your resume contains errors.
21. Companies are hiring more foreign employees because ________.
A) they find foreign employees are usually more talented
B) they need original ideas from employees hired overseas
C) they want to expand their business beyond home borders
D) they have difficulty finding qualified personnel at home
8322. The author believes that an individual who applies to work overseas ________.
A) is usually creative and full of initiative
B) aims to improve his foreign language skills
C) is dissatisfied with his own life at home
D) seeks either his own or his children‘s development
23. When it comes to resume writing, it is best to ________.
A) take cultural factors into consideration
B) learn about the company‘s hiring process
C) follow appropriate guidelines for job hunting
D) know the employer‘s personal likes and dislikes
24. When writing about qualifications, applicants are advised to ________.
A) stress their academic potential to impress the decision maker
B) give the title of the university degree they have earned at home
C) provide a detailed description of their study and work experiences
D) highlight their keen interest in pursuing a ‗cross-border‘ career
25. According to the author‘s last piece of advice, the applicants should be aware of ________.
A) the different educational systems in the US and the UK
B) the differences between the varieties of English
C) the recipient‘s preference with regard to the format
D) the distinctive features of American and British cultures
Passage Two
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.
Educating girls quite possibly yields a higher rate of return than any other investment
available in the developing world. Women‘s education may be unusual territory for economists,
but enhancing women‘s contribution to development is actually as much an economic as a social
issue. And economics, with its emphasis on incentives (激励), provides guideposts that point to an
explanation for why so many girls are deprived of an education.
Parents in low-income countries fail to invest in their daughters because they do not expect
them to make an economic contribution to the family: girls grow up only to marry into somebody
else‘s family and bear children. Girls are thus seen as less valuable than boys and art kept at home
to do housework while their brothers are sent to school-the prophecy (预言) becomes
self-fulfilling, trapping women in a vicious circle (恶性循环) of neglect.
An educated mother, on the other hand, has greater earning abilities outside the home and
faces an entirely different set of choices. She is likely to have fewer but healthier children and can
insist on the development of all her children, ensuring that her daughters are given a fair chance.
The education of her daughters then makes it much more likely that the
84next generation of girls, as well as of boys, will be educated and healthy. The vicious circle is thus
transformed into a virtuous circle.
Few will dispute that educating women has great social benefits. But it has enormous
economic advantages as well. Most obviously, there is the direct effect of education on the wages
of female workers. Wages rise by 10 to 20 per cent for each additional year of schooling. Such big
returns are impressive by the standard of other available investments, but they are just the
beginning. Educating women also has a significant impact on health practices, including family
planning.
26. The author argues that educating girls in developing countries is ________.
A) troublesome
B) labor-saving
C) rewarding
D) expensive
27. By saying ―... the prophecy becomes self-fulfilling...‖ (Lines 45, Para. 2). the author means
that ________.
A) girls will turn out to be less valuable than boys
B) girls will be capable of realizing their own dreams
C) girls will eventually find their goals in life beyond reach
D) girls will be increasingly discontented with their life at home
28. The author believes that a vicious circle can turn into a virtuous circle when ________.
A) women care more about education
B) girls can gain equal access to education
C) a family has fewer but healthier children
D) parents can afford their daughters‘ education
29. What does the author say about women‘s education?
A) It deserves greater attention than other social issues.
B) It is now given top priority in many developing countries.
C) It will yield greater returns than other known investments.
D) It has aroused the interest of a growing number of economists.
30. The passage mainly discusses ________.
A) unequal treatment of boys and girls in developing countries
B) the potential earning power of well-educated women
C) the major contributions of educated women to society
D) the economic and social benefits of educating women
Passage Three
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.
Speeding off in a stolen car, the thief thinks he has got a great catch. But he is in for an
85unwelcome surprise. The car is fitted with a remote immobiliser (锁止器), and a radio signal from
a control centre miles away will ensure that once the thief switches the engine off, he will not be
able to start it again.
The idea goes like this. A control box fitted to the car contains a mini-cellphone, a
micro-processor and memory, and a GPS (全球定位系统) satellite positioning receiver. If the car
is stolen, a coded cellphone signal will tell the control centre to block the vehicle‘s engine
management system and prevent the engine being restarted.
In the UK, a set of technical fixes is already making life harder for car thieves. ‗The pattern
of vehicle crime has changed,‘ says Martyn Randall, a security expert. He says it would only take
him a few minutes to teach a person how to steal a car, using a bare minimum of tools. But only if
the car is more than 10 years old.
Modern cars are far tougher to steal, as their engine management computer won‘t allow them
to start unless they receive a unique ID code beamed out by the ignition (点火) key. In the UK,
technologies like this have helped achieve a 31% drop in vehicle-related crime since 1997.
But determined criminals are still managing to find other ways to steal cars, often by getting
bold of the owner‘s keys. And key theft is responsible for 40% of the thefts of vehicles fitted with
a tracking system.
If the car travels 100 metres without the driver confirming their ID, the system will send a
signal to an operations centre that it has been stolen. The hundred metres minimum avoids false
alarms due to inaccuracies in the GPS signal.
Staff at the centre will then contact the owner to confirm that the car really is missing, and
keep police informed of the vehicle‘s movements via the car‘s GPS unit.
31. What‘s the function of the remote immobilizer fitted to a car?
A) To help the police make a surprise attack on the car thief.
B) To allow the car to lock automatically when stolen.
C) To prevent the car thief from restarting it once it stops.
D) To prevent car theft by sending a radio signal to the car owner.
32. By saying ―The pattern of vehicle crime has changed‖ (Lines 1-2. Para. 3), Martyn Randall
suggests that ________.
A) it takes a longer time for the car thief to do the stealing
B) self-prepared tools are no longer enough for car theft
C) the thief has to make use of computer technology
D) the thief has lost interest in stealing cars over 10 years old
33. What is essential in making a modem car tougher to steal?
A) A coded ignition key.
B) A unique ID card.
C) A special cellphone signal.
86D) A GPS satellite positioning receiver.
34. Why does the tracking system set a 100-metre minimum before sending an alarm to the
operations centre?
A) To leave time for the operations centre to give an alarm.
B) To keep police informed of the car‘s movements.
C) To give the driver time to contact the operations centre.
D) To allow for possible errors in the GPS system.
35. What will the operations centre do first after receiving an alarm?
A) Start the tracking system.
B) Contact the car owner.
C) Block the car engine.
D) Locate the missing car.
Passage Four
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.
Psychiatrists (精神病专家) who work with older parents say that maturity can be an asset in
child rearing-older parents are more thoughtful, use less physical discipline and spend more time
with their children. But raising kids takes money and energy. Many older parents find themselves
balancing their limited financial resources, declining energy and failing health against the growing
demands of an active child. Dying and leaving young children is probably the older parents‘
biggest, and often unspoken, fear. Having late-life children, says an economics professor, often
means parents, particularly fathers, ―end up retiring much later.‖ For many, retirement becomes an
unobtainable dream.
Henry Metcalf, a 54-year-old journalist, knows it takes money to raise kids. But he‘s also
worried that his energy will give out first. Sure, he can still ride bikes with his athletic fifth grader,
but he‘s learned that young at heart doesn‘t mean young. Lately he‘s been taking afternoon naps
(午睡) to keep up his energy. ―My body is aging,‖ says Metcalf. ―You can‘t get away from that.‖
Often, older parents hear the ticking of another kind of biological clock. Therapists who work
with middle-aged and older parents say fears about aging are nothing to laugh at. ―They worry
they‘ll be mistaken for grandparents, or that they‘ll need help getting up out of those little chairs in
nursery school,‖ says Joann Galst, a New York psychologist. But at the core of those little fears
there is often a much bigger one: ―that they won‘t be alive long enough to support and protect
their child,‖ she says.
Many late-life parents, though, say their children came at just the right time. After marrying
late and undergoing years of fertility (受孕) treatment, Marilyn Nolen and her husband. Randy,
had twins. ―We both wanted children,‖ says Marilyn, who was 55 when she gave birth. The twins
have given the couple what they desired for years, ―a sense of family.‖ Kids of older dads are
often smarter, happier and more sociable because their fathers are more involved in their lives.
―The dads are older, more mature,‖ says Dr. Silber,
87―and more ready to focus on parenting.‖
36. Why do psychiatrists regard maturity as an asset in child rearing?
A) Older parents are often better prepared financially.
B) Older parents can take better care of their children.
C) Older parents are usually more experienced in bringing up their children.
D) Older parents can better balance their resources against children‘s demands.
37. What does the author mean by saying ―For many, retirement becomes an unobtainable
dream‖ (Lines 7-8, Para. 1)?
A) They are reluctant to retire when they reach their retirement age.
B) They can‘t obtain the retirement benefits they have dreamed of.
C) They can‘t get full pension unless they work some extra years.
D) They have to go on working beyond their retirement age.
38. The author gives the example of Henry Metcalf to show that ________.
A) older parents should exercise more to keep up with their athletic children
B) many people are young in spirit despite their advanced age
C) older parents tend to be concerned about their aging bodies
D) taking afternoon naps is a good way to maintain energy
39. What‘s the biggest fear of older parents according to New York psychologist Joan Galst?
A) Approaching of death.
B) Slowing down of their pace of life.
C) Being laughed at by other people.
D) Being mistaken for grandparents.
40. What do we learn about Marilyn and Randy Nolen?
A) They thought they were an example of successful fertility treatment.
B) Not until they reached middle age did they think of having children.
C) Not until they had the twins did they feel they had formed a family.
D) They believed that children born of older parents would be smarter.
Unit 17
Part II Reading Comprehension
(35 minutes)
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or
unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)
and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on
Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
88Passage One
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
Communications technologies are far from equal when it comes to conveying the truth. The
first study to compare honesty across a range of communication media has fund that people are
twice as likely to tell lies in phone conversations as they are in emails. The fact that emails are
automatically recorded—and can come back to haunt (困扰) you—appears to be the key to the
finding.
Jeff Hancock of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, asked 30 students to keep a
communications diary for a week. In it they noted the number of conversations or email exchanges
they had lasting more than 10 minutes, and confessed to how many lies they told. Hancock then
worked out the number of lies per conversation for each medium. He found that lies made up 14
per cent of emails, 21 per cent of instant messages, 27 per cent of face-to-face interactions and an
astonishing 37 per cent of phone calls.
His results to be presented at the conference on human-computer interaction in Vienna,
Austria, in April, have surprised psychologists. Some expected emailers to be the biggest liars,
reasoning that because deception makes people uncomfortable, the detachment (非直接接触) of
emailing would make it easier to lie. Others expected people to lie more in face-to-face exchanges
because we are most practised at that form of communication.
But Hancock says it is also crucial whether a conversation is being recorded and could be
reread, and whether it occurs in real time. People appear to be afraid to lie when they know the
communication could later be used to hold them to account, he says. This is why fewer lies appear
in email than on the phone.
People are also more likely to lie in real time—in a instant message or phone call, say—than
if they have time to think of a response, says Hancock. He found many lies are spontaneous (脱口
而出的) responses to an unexpected demand, such as: ―Do you like my dress?‖
Hancock hopes his research will help companies work our the best ways for their employees
to communicate. For instance, the phone might be the best medium foe sales where employees are
encouraged to stretch the truth. But, given his result, work assessment where honesty is a priority,
might be best done using email.
57. Hancock‘s study focuses on ________.
A) the consequences of lying in various communications media
B) the success of communications technologies in conveying ideas
C) people are less likely to lie in instant messages
D) people‘s honesty levels across a range of communications media
58. Hancock‘s research finding surprised those who believed that ________.
A) people are less likely to lie in instant messages
B) people are unlikely to lie in face-to-face interactions
C) people are most likely to lie in email communication
89D) people are twice as likely to lie in phone conversations
59. According to the passage, why are people more likely to tell the truth through certain media
of communication?
A) They are afraid of leaving behind traces of their lies.
B) They believe that honesty is the best policy.
C) They tend to be relaxed when using those media.
D) They are most practised at those forms of communication.
60. According to Hancock the telephone is a preferable medium for promoting sales because
________.
A) salesmen can talk directly to their customers
B) salesmen may feel less restrained to exaggerate
C) salesmen can impress customers as being trustworthy
D) salesmen may pass on instant messages effectively
61. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.
A) honesty should be encouraged in interpersonal communications
B) more employers will use emails to communicate with their employees
C) suitable media should be chosen for different communication purposes
D) email is now the dominant medium of communication within a company
Passage Two
Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.
In a country that defines itself by ideals, not by shared blood, who should be allowed to come
work and live here? In the wake of the Sept. 11 attacks these questions have never seemed more
pressing.
On Dec. 11, 2001, as part of the effort to increase homeland security, federal and local
authorities in 14 states staged ―Operation Safe Travel‖—raids on airports to arrest employees with
false identification (身份证明). In Salt Lake City there were 69 arrests. But those captured were
anything but terrorists, most of them illegal immigrants from Central or South America.
Authorities said the undocumented workers‘ illegal status made them open to blackmail (讹诈) by
terrorists.
Many immigrants in Salt Lake City were angered by the arrests and said they felt as if they
were being treated like disposable goods.
Mayor Anderson said those feelings were justified to a certain extent. ―We‘re saying we want
you to work in these places, we‘re going to look the other way in terms of what our laws are, and
then when it‘s convenient for us, or when we can try to make a point in terms of national security,
especially after Sept. 11, then you‘re disposable. There are whole families being uprooted for all
of the wrong reasons,‖ Anderson said.
If Sept. 11 had never happened, the airport workers would not have been arrested and could
have gone on quietly living in America, probably indefinitely. Ana Castro, a manager
90at a Ben & Jerry‘s ice cream shop at the airport had been working 10 years with the same false
Social Security card when she was arrested in the December airport raid. Now she and her family
are living under the threat of deportation (驱逐出境). Castro‘s case is currently waiting to be
settled. While she awaits the outcome, the government has granted her permission to work here
and she has returned to her job at Ben & Jerry‘s.
62. According to the author, the United States claims to be a nation ________.
A) composed of people having different values
B) encouraging individual pursuits
C) sharing common interests
D) founded on shared ideals
63. How did the immigrants in Salt Lake City feel about ―Operation Safe Travel‖?
A) Guilty.
B) Offended.
C) Disappointed.
D) Discouraged.
64. Undocumented workers became the target of ―Operation Safe Travel‖ because ________.
A) evidence was found that they were potential terrorists
B) most of them worked at airports under threat of terrorists
C) terrorists might take advantage of their illegal status
D) they were reportedly helping hide terrorists around the airport
65. By saying ―...we‘re going to look the other way in terms of what our laws are‖ (Line 2, Para.
4), Mayor Anderson means ―________‖.
A) we will turn a blind eye to your illegal status
B) we will examine the laws in a different way
C) there are other ways of enforcing the law
D) the existing laws must not be ignored
66. What do we learn about Ana Castro from the last paragraph?
A) She will be deported sooner or later.
B) She is allowed to stay permanently.
C) Her case has been dropped.
D) Her fate remains uncertain.
Unit 18
Part II Reading Comprehension
(35 minutes)
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or
91unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)
and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on
Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
Reaching new peaks of popularity in North America is Iceberg Water, which is harvested
from icebergs off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada.
Arthur von Wiesenberger, who carries the title Water Master, is one of the few water critics in
North America. As a boy, he spent time in the larger cities of Italy, France and Switzerland, where
bottled water is consumed daily. Even then, he kept a water journal, noting the brands he liked
best. ―My dog could tell the difference between bottled and tap water,‖ He says.
But is plain tap water all that bad? Not at all. In fact, New York‘s municipal water for more
than a century was called the champagne of tap water and until recently considered among the best
in the world in terms of both taste and purity. Similarly, a magazine in England found that tap
water from the Thames River tasted better than several leading brands of bottled water that were
400 times more expensive.
Nevertheless, soft-drink companies view bottled water as the next battle-ground for market
share—this despite the fact that over 25 percent of bottled water comes from tap water: PepsiCo‘s
Aquafina and Coca-Cola‘s Dasani are both purified tap water rather than spring water.
As diners thirst for leading brands, bottlers and restaurateurs salivate (垂涎) over the profits.
A restaurant‘s typical mark-up on wine is 100 to 150 percent, whereas on bottled water it‘s often
300 to 500 percent. But since water is much cheaper than wine, and many of the fancier brands
aren‘t available in stores, most diners don‘t notice or care.
As a result, some restaurants are turning up the pressure to sell bottled water. According to an
article in The Street Journal, some of the more shameless tactics include placing attractive bottles
on the table for a visual sell, listing brands on the menu without prices, and pouring bottled water
without even asking the diners if they want it.
Regardless of how it‘s sold, the popularity of bottled water taps into our desire for better
health, our wish to appear cultivated, and even a longing for lost purity.
57. What do we know about Iceberg Water from the passage?
A) It is a kind of iced water.
B) It is just plain tap water.
C) It is a kind of bottled water.
D) It is a kind of mineral water.
58. By saying ―My dog could tell the difference between bottled and tap water‖ (Line 4 Para.
922), von Wiesenberger wants to convey the message that ________.
A) plain tap water is certainly unfit for drinking
B) bottled water is clearly superior to tap water
C) bottled water often appeals more to dogs taste
D) dogs can usually detect a fine difference in taste
59. The ―fancier brands‖ (Line 3 Para. 5) refers to ________.
A) tap water from the Thames River
B) famous wines not sold in ordinary stores
C) PepsiCo‘s Aquafina and Coca-Cola‘s Dasani
D) expensive bottled water with impressive names
60. Why are some restaurants turning up the pressure to sell bottled water?
A) Bottled water brings in huge profits.
B) Competition from the wine industry is intense.
C) Most diners find bottled water affordable.
D) Bottled water satisfied diners‘ desire to fashionable.
61. According to passage, why is bottled water so popular?
A) It is much cheaper than wine.
B) It is considered healthier.
C) It appeals to more cultivated people.
D) It is more widely promoted in the market.
Passage Two
Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.
As we have seen, the focus of medical care in our society has been shifting from curing
disease to preventing disease—especially in terms of changing our many unhealthy behaviors,
such as poor eating habits, smoking, and failure to exercise. The line of thought involved in this
shift can be pursued further. Imagine a person who is about the right weight, but does not eat very
nutritious (有营养的) foods, who feels OK but exercises only occasionally, who goes to work
every day, but is not an outstanding worker, who drinks a few beers at home most nights but does
not drive while drunk, and who has no chest pains or abnormal blood counts, but sleeps a lot and
often feels tired. This person is not ill. He may not even be at risk for any particular disease. But
we can imagine that this person could be a lot healthier.
The field of medicine has not traditionally distinguished between someone who is merely
―not ill‖ and someone who is in excellent health and pays attention to the body‘s special needs.
Both types have simply been called ―well.‖ In recent years, however, some health specialists have
begun to apply the terms ―well‖ and ―wellness‖ only to those who are actively striving to maintain
and improve their health. People who are well are concerned with nutrition and exercise, and they
make a point of monitoring their body‘s
93condition. Most important, perhaps, people who are well take active responsibility for all matters
related to their health. Even people who have a physical disease or handicap (缺陷) may be
―well,‖ in this new sense, if they make an effort to maintain the best possible health they can in the
face of their physical limitations. ―Wellness‖ may perhaps best be viewed not as a state that people
can achieve, but as an ideal that people can strive for. People who are well are likely to be better
able to resist disease and to fight disease when it strikes. And by focusing attention on healthy
ways of living, the concept of wellness can have a beneficial impact on the ways in which people
face the challenges of daily life.
62. Today medical care is placing more stress on ________.
A) keeping people in a healthy physical condition
B) monitoring patients‘ body functions
C) removing people‘s bad living habits
D) ensuring people‘s psychological well-being
63. In the first paragraph, people are reminded that ________.
A) good health is more than not being ill
B) drinking, even if not to excess, could be harmful
C) regular health checks are essential to keeping fit
D) prevention is more difficult than cure
64. Traditionally, a person is considered ―well‖ if he ________.
A) does not have any unhealthy living habits
B) does not have any physical handicaps
C) is able to handle his daily routines
D) is free from any kind of disease
65. According to the author, the true meaning of ―wellness‖ is for people ________.
A) to best satisfy their body‘s special needs
B) to strive to maintain the best possible health
C) to meet the strictest standards of bodily health
D) to keep a proper balance between work and leisure
66. According to what the author advocates, which of the following groups of people would be
considered healthy?
A) People who have strong muscles as well as slim figures.
B) People who are not presently experiencing any symptoms of disease.
C) People who try to be as possible, regardless of their limitations.
D) People who can recover from illness even without seeking medical care.
94Unit 19
Part II Reading Comprehension
(35 minutes)
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or
unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)
and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on
Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
I‘ve been writing for most of my life. The book Writing Without Teachers introduced me to
one distinction and one practice that has helped my writing processes tremendously. The
distinction is between the creative mind and the critical mind. While you need to employ both to
get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think
so.
Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most
of us encounter. If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct your grammar while
you are trying to capture a fleeting (稍纵即逝的) thought, the thought will die. If you capture the
fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form, no one is likely to understand.
You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking
that it is.
The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is
what Elbow calls ―free writing.‖ In free writing, the objective is to get words down on paper
non-stop, usually for 15-20 minutes. No stopping, no going back, no criticizing. The goal is to get
the words flowing. As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come from the shadows and let
themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen.
Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that
you‘ve persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly. Most likely, you will believe that this will
take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the
deadline draws near.
Instead of staring at a blank start filling it with words no matter how bad. Halfway through
you available time, stop and rework your raw writing into something closer to finished product.
Move back and forth until you run out of time and the final result will most likely be far better
than your current practices.
57. When the author says the creative mind and the critical mind ―cannot work in parallel‖ (Line
4, Para. 1) in the writing process, he means ________.
95A) no one can be both creative and critical
B) they cannot be regarded as equally important
C) they are in constant conflict with each other
D) one cannot use them at the same time
58. What prevents people from writing on is ________.
A) putting their ideas in raw form
B) attempting to edit as they write
C) ignoring grammatical soundness
D) trying to capture fleeting thoughts
59. What is the chief objective of the first stage of writing?
A) To organize one‘s thoughts logically.
B) To choose an appropriate topic.
C) To get one‘s ideas down.
D) To collect raw materials.
60. One common concern of writers about ―free writing‖ is that ________.
A) it overstresses the role of the creative mind
B) it takes too much time to edit afterwards
C) it may bring about too much criticism
D) it does not help them to think clearly
61. In what way does the critical mind help the writer in the writing process?
A) It refines his writing into better shape.
B) It helps him to come up with new ideas.
C) It saves the writing time available to him.
D) It allows him to sit on the side and observe.
Passage Two
Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.
I don‘t ever want to talk about being a woman scientist again. There was a time in my life
when people asked constantly for stories about what it‘s like to work in a field dominated by men.
I was never very good at telling those stories because truthfully I never found them interesting.
What I do find interesting is the origin of the universe, the shape of space-time and the nature of
black holes.
At 19, when I began studying astrophysics, it did not bother me in the least to be the only
woman in the classroom. But while earning my Ph.D. at MIT and then as a post-doctor doing
space research, the issue started to bother me. My every achievement—jobs, research papers,
awards—was viewed through the lens of gender (性别) politics. So were my failures. Sometimes,
when I was pushed into an argument on left brain versus (相对于) right brain, or nature versus
nurture (培育), I would instantly fight fiercely on my behalf and all womankind.
96Then one day a few years ago, out of my mouth came a sentence that would eventually
become my reply to any and all provocations: I don‘t talk about that anymore. It took me 10 years
to get back the confidence I had at 19 and to realize that I didn‘t want to deal with gender issues.
Why should curing sexism be yet another terrible burden on every female scientist? After all, I
don‘t study sociology or political theory.
Today I research and teach at Barnard, a women‘s college in New York City. Recently,
someone asked me how may of the 45 students in my class were women. You cannot imagine my
satisfaction at being able to answer, 45. I know some of my students worry how they will manage
their scientific research and a desire for children. And I don‘t dismiss those concerns. Still, I don‘t
tell them ―war‖ stories. Instead, I have given them this: the visual of their physics professor
heavily pregnant doing physics experiments. And in turn they have given me the image of 45
women driven by a love of science. And that‘s a sight worth talking about.
62. Why doesn‘t the author want to talk about being a woman scientist again?
A) She feels unhappy working in male-dominated fields.
B) She is fed up with the issue of gender discrimination.
C) She is not good at telling stories of the kind.
D) She finds space research more important.
63. From Paragraph 2, we can infer that people would attribute the author‘s failures to ________.
A) the very fact that she is a woman
B) her involvement in gender politics
C) her over-confidence as a female astrophysicist
D) the burden she bears in a male-dominated society
64. What did the author constantly fight against while doing her Ph.D. and post-doctoral
research?
A) Lack of confidence in succeeding in space science.
B) Unfair accusations from both inside and outside her circle.
C) People‘s stereotyped attitude toward female scientists.
D) Widespread misconceptions about nature and nurtured.
65. Why does the author feel great satisfaction when talking about her class?
A) Female students no longer have to bother about gender issues.
B) Her students‘ performance has brought back her confidence.
C) Her female students can do just as well as male students.
D) More female students are pursuing science than before.
66. What does the image the author presents to her students suggest?
A) Women students needn‘t have the concerns of her generation.
B) Women have more barriers on their way to academic success.
97C) Women can balance a career in science and having a family.
D) Women now have fewer problems pursuing a science career.
Unit 20
Part II Reading Comprehension
(35 minutes)
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or
unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)
and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on
Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
By almost any measure, there is a boom in Internet-based instruction. In just a few years, 34
percent of American universities have begun offering some form of distance learning (DL), and
among the larger schools, it‘s close to 90 percent. If you doubt the popularity of the trend, you
probably haven‘t heard of the University of Phoenix. It grants degrees entirely on the basis of
online instruction. It enrolls 90,000 students, a statistic used to support its claim to be the largest
private university in the country.
While the kinds of instruction offered in these programs will differ, DL usually signifies a
course in which the instructors post syllabi (课程大纲), reading assignment, and schedules on
Websites, and students send in their assignments by e-mail. Generally speaking, face-to-face
communication with an instructor is minimized or eliminated altogether.
The attraction for students might at first seem obvious. Primarily, there‘s the convenience
promised by courses on the Net: you can do the work, as they say, in your pajamas (睡衣). But
figures indicate that the reduced effort results in a reduced commitment to the course. While
dropout rate for all freshmen at American universities is around 20 percent, the rate for online
students is 35 percent. Students themselves seem to understand the weaknesses inherent in the
setup. In a survey conducted for Cornell, the DL division of Cornell University, less than a third of
the respondents expected the quality of the online course to be as good as the classroom course.
Clearly, from the schools‘ perspective, there‘s a lot of money to be saved. Although some of the
more ambitious programs require new investments in servers and networks to support
collaborative software, most DL courses can run on existing or minimally upgraded (升级)
systems. The more students who enroll in a course but don‘t come to campus, the more school
saves on keeping the lights on in the classrooms, paying doorkeepers, and maintaining parking lots.
And, while there‘s evidence that instructors must work harder to run a DL course for a variety of
reasons, they won‘t be paid any more, and might well be paid less.
9857. What is the most striking feature of the University of Phoenix?
A) All its courses are offered online.
B) Its online courses are of the best quality.
C) It boasts the largest number of students on campus
D) Anyone taking its online courses is sure to get a degree.
58．According to the passage , distance learning is basically characterized by_____
A) a considerable flexibility in its academic requirements
B) the great diversity of students‘ academic backgrounds
C) a minimum or total absence of face-to-face instruction
D) the casual relationship between students and professors
59. Many students take Internet -based courses mainly because they can_____
A) earn their academic degrees with much less effort
B) save a great deal on traveling and boarding expenses
C) select courses from various colleges and universities
D) work on the required courses whenever and wherever
60. What accounts for the high drop-out rates for online students?
A) There is no strict control over the academic standards of the courses.
B) The evaluation system used by online universities is inherently weak.
C) There is no mechanism to ensure that they make the required effort.
D) Lack of classroom interaction reduces the effectiveness of instruction.
61. According to the passage, universities show great enthusiasm for DL programs for the purpose
of_____
A) building up their reputation
B) cutting down on their expenses
C) upgrading their teaching facilities
D) providing convenience for student
Passage Two
Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.
In this age of Internet chat, videogames and reality television, there is no shortage of mindless
activities to keep a child occupied. Yet, despite the competition, my 8-year-old daughter Rebecca
wants to spend her leisure time writing short stories. She wants to enter one of her stories into a
writing contest, a competition she won last year.
As a writer I know about winning contests, and about losing them. I know what it is like to
work hard on a story only to receive a rejection slip from the publisher. I also know the pressure of
trying to live up to a reputation created by previous victories. What if she doesn‘t win the contest
again? That‘s the strange thing about being a parent. So many of our own past scars and dashed
hopes can surface.
A revelation (启示) came last week when I asked her, ―Don‘t you want to win again?‖
99―No,‖ she replied, ―I just want to tell the story of an angel going to first grade.‖
I had just spent weeks correcting her stories as she spontaneously (自发地) told them. Telling
myself that I was merely an experienced writer guiding the young writer across the hall, I offered
suggestions for characters, conflicts and endings for her tales. The story about a fearful angel
starting first grade was quickly ―guided‖ by me into the tale of a little girl with a wild imagination
taking her first music lesson. I had turned her contest into my contest without even realizing it.
Staying back and giving kids space to grow is not as easy as it looks. Because I know very little
about farm animals who use tools or angels who go to first grade, I had to accept the fact that I
was co-opting (借用) my daughter‘s experience.
While stepping back was difficult for me, it was certainly a good first step that I will quickly
follow with more steps, putting myself far enough a way to give her room but close enough to
help if asked. All the while I will be reminding myself that children need room to experiment,
grow and find their own voices.
62. What do we learn from the first paragraph?
A) Children do find lots of fun in many mindless activites.
B) Rebecca is much too occupied to enjoy her leisure time.
C) Rebecca draws on a lot of online materials for her writing.
D) A lot of distractions compete for children‘s time nowadays.
63. What did the author say about her own writing experience?
A) She did not quite live up to her reputation as a writer.
B) Her way to success was full of pains and frustrations.
C) She was constantly under pressure of writing more.
D) Most of her stories had been rejected by publishers.
64. Why did Rebecca want to enter this year‘s writing contest?
A) She believed she possessed real talent for writing.
B) She was sure of winning with her mother‘s help.
C) She wanted to share her stories with readers.
D) She had won a prize in the previous contest.
65. The author took great pains to refine her daughter‘s stories because _______.
A) she believed she had the knowledge and experience to offer guidance
B) she did not want to disappoint Rebecca who needed her help so much
C) she wanted to help Rebecca realize her dream of becoming a writer
D) she was afraid Rebecca‘s imagination might run wild while writing.
66. What‘s the author‘s advice for parents?
A) A writing career, though attractive, is not for every child to pursue.
B) Children should be allowed freedom to grow through experience.
C) Parents should keep an eye on the activities their kids engage in.
D) Children should be given every chance to voice their opinions.
100第二部分 简答题全真试题
评分原则及标准
根据“通知”要求，简答题安排在“阅读理解”部分之后。
1. 简答题要求考生在读懂文章的基础上，用正确简短的语言回答问题。在评分时应同
时考虑内容和语言。每题满分2分，最低为0分。
2. 给分标准
2分——答出全部内容，语言正确
1分——答出部分内容，语言正确
0分——没有答对问题
3. 扣分标准
（1） 语言有错误扣0.5分（不包括引起歧义的，可以辨识的拼写错误），每题由
于语言错误扣分不能超过0.5分。
（2） 涉及无关内容者扣0.5分；其答案有相互矛盾的内容，则内容相互矛盾的
部分均不得分；
（3） 整句原封不动照搬应扣分；照搬一句扣0.5分；照搬两句及两句以上者扣
2分；
（4） 答案超过10个单词要扣分。
Unit 1
Part IV Short Answer Questions
(15 minutes)
Directions: In this part there is a short passage with five questions or incomplete statements.
Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in
the fewest possible words (not exceeding 10 words.)
In Britain, the old Road Traffic Act restricted speeds to 2 m.p.h. (miles per hour) in towns
and 4 m.p.h. in the country. Later Parliament increased the speed limit to 14 m.p.h. But by 1903
the development of the car industry had made it necessary to raise the limit to 20 m.p.h. By 1930,
however, the law was so widely ignored that speeding restrictions were done away with altogether.
For five years motorists were free to drive at whatever speeds they likes. Then in 1935 the Road
Traffic Act imposed a 30 m.p.h. speed limit in built-up areas, along with the introduction of
driving tests and pedestrian crossing.
Speeding is now the most common motoring offence in Britain. Offences for speeding fall
into three classes: exceeding the limit on a restricted road, exceeding on any road the
101limit for the vehicle you are driving, and exceeding the 70 m.p.h. limit on any road. A restricted
road is one where the street lamps are 200 yards apart, or more.
The main controversy (争论) surrounding speeding laws is the extent of their safety value.
The Ministry of Transport maintains that speed limits reduce accidents. It claims that when the 30
m.p.h. limit was introduced in 1935 there was a fall of 15 percent in fatal accidents. Likewise,
when the 40 m.p.h. speed limit was imposed on a number of roads in London in the late fifties,
there was a 28 percent reduction in serious accidents. There were also fewer casualties (伤亡) in
the year after the 70 m.p.h. motorway limit was imposed in 1966.
In America, however, it is thought that the reduced accident figures are due rather to the
increase in traffic density. This is why it has even been suggested that the present speed limits
should be done away with completely, or that a guide should be given to inexperienced drivers and
the speed limits made advisory, as is done in parts of the USA.
Questions: (注意：答题尽量简短，超过10个词要扣分。每条横线限写一个英语单词，
标点符号不占格。)
71. During which period could British motorists drive without speed limits?
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
72. What measures were adopted in 1935 in addition to the speeding restrictions?
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
73. Speeding is a motoring offence a driver commits when he ________.
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
74. What is the opinion of British authorities concerning speeding laws?
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
75. What reason do Americans give for the reduction in traffic accidents?
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
102Unit 2
Part IV Short Answer Questions
(15 minutes)
Directions: In this part there is a short passage with five questions or incomplete statements.
Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in
the fewest possible words (not exceeding 10 words.)
Would-be language teachers everywhere have one thing in common: they all want some
recognition of their professional status and skills, and a job. The former requirement is obviously
important on a personal level, but it is vital if you are to have any chance of finding work.
Ten years ago, the situation was very different. In virtually every developing country, and in
many developed countries as well, being a native English speaker was enough to get you
employed as an English teacher.
Now employers will only look at teachers who have the knowledge, the skills and attitudes to
teach English effectively. The result of this has been to raise non-native English teachers to the
same status as their native counterparts (相对应的人)—something they have always deserved but
seldom enjoyed. Non-natives are now happy—linguistic discrimination (语言上的歧视) is a thing
of the past.
An ongoing research project, funded by the University of Cambridge, asked a sample of
teachers, teacher educators and employers in more than 40 countries whether they regard the
native/non-native speakers distinction as being at all important. ―NO‖ was the answer. As long as
candidates could teach and had the required level of English, it didn‘t matter who they were and
where they came from. Thus, a new form of discrimination—this time justified because it singled
out the unqualified—liberated the linguistically oppressed (受压迫的). But the Cambridge project
did more than just that: it confirmed that the needs of native and non-native teachers are extremely
similar.
Questions: ( 注意：答题尽量简短，超过10个词要扣分。每条横线限写一个英语单词，
标点符号不占格。)
S1. The selection of English teachers used to be mainly based on ________.
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
S2. What did non-native English teachers deserve but seldom enjoy?
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
S3. What kind of people can now find a job as an English teacher?
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
103______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
S4. What is the result of the ―new form of discrimination‖ (Line 5, Para. 4)?
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
S5. The phrase ―the linguistically oppressed‖ (Line 6, Para. 4) refers to those who were _______.
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
Unit 3
Part IV Short Answer Questions
(15 minutes)
Directions: In this part there is a short passage with five questions or incomplete statements.
Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in
the fewest possible words (not exceeding 10 words.)
For many women choosing whether to work or not to work outside their home is a luxury:
they must work to survive. Others face a hard decision.
Perhaps the easiest choice has to do with economics. One husband said, ―Marge and I
decided after careful consideration that for her to go back to work at this moment was an
extravagance (奢侈) we couldn‘t afford.‖ With two preschool children, it soon became clear in
their figuring that with babysitters (临时照看小孩的人), transportation, and increased taxes,
rather than having more money, they might actually end up with less.
Economic factors are usually the first to be considered, but they are not the most important.
The most important aspects of the decision have to do with the emotional needs of each member
of the family. It is in this area that husbands and wives find themselves having to face many
confusing and conflicting feelings.
There are many women who find that homemaking is boring or who feel imprisoned (被囚禁)
if they have to stay home with a young child or several children. On the other hand, there are
women who think that homemaking gives them the deepest satisfaction.
From my own experience. I would like to suggest that sometime the decision to go back to
work is made in too much haste. There are few decisions that I now regret more. I wasn‘t mature
enough to see how much I could have gained at home. I regret my impatience to get on with my
career. I wish I had allowed myself the luxury of watching the world through my little girl‘s eyes.
Questions: ( 注意：答题尽量简短，超过10个词要扣分。每条横线限写一个英语单词，
标点符号不占格。)
10471. Which word in the first tow paragraphs best explains why many women have to work?
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
72. Why did Marge and her husband think it an extravagance for Marge to go back to work?
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
73. What are the two major considerations in deciding whether women should go out to work?
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
74. Some women would rather do housework and take care of their children than pursue a career
because they feel ________.
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
75. If given a second chance, the writer would probably choose to ________.
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
Unit 4
Part IV Short Answer Questions
(15 minutes)
Directions: In this part there is a short passage with five questions or incomplete statements.
Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in
the fewest possible words (not exceeding 10 words.)
Another thing to remember in connection with concrete is that you are not allowed very much
freedom for errors in either measurements or location. Once you have a solid mass of concrete set
in place, it is going to stay there. You have a difficult job ahead of you if you try to remedy a
mistake. Make very sure, before you fill the form, that everything is where and how you want it.
There are numerous rules regarding the proper mixing, handling, and finishing of concrete,
but the essential one concerns the amount of water to use. The less water in the mix, the less the
finished job will shrink. The less water used, the harder and more enduring the job after it has set.
The amateur concrete worker is annoyed with two desires. One is to use enough water to
have the concrete nice and soft and easy to push around. You have been warned against that. The
second is to take off the wooden forms too early, to see what the job looks like. That is really fatal.
If the forms are stripped off too soon, while the concrete is still "green", two things are likely to
happen — you are almost sure to break off corners or edges, and you are
105likely to cause a major crack or defect in the body of the work. An excellent rule is to wait until
you are sure the concrete is properly hardened, and then wait another day before removing the
forms.
Questions: ( 注意：答题尽量简短，超过10个词要扣分。每条横线限写一个英语单词，
标点符号不占格。)
1. What would be the title for the selection?
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
2. What does the essential rule concern?
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
3. What is one of the desires the amateur must resist?
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
4. Which of the following qualities is not essential in someone who works with concrete:
carefulness, diligence, patience, or self-control?
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
5. What does the author mean by saying the concrete is ―green‖?
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
Unit 5
Part IV Short Answer Questions
(15 minutes)
Directions: In this part there is a short passage with five questions or incomplete statements.
Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in
the fewest possible words (not exceeding 10 words.)
As researchers learn more about how children‘s intelligence develops, they are increasingly
surprised by the power of parents. The power of the school has been replaced by the home. To
begin with, all the factors which are part of intelligence—the child‘s understanding of language,
learning patterns, curiosity—are established well before the child enters school at the age of six.
Study after study has shown that even after school begins, children‘s achievements have been far
more influenced by parents than by teachers. This is particularly true about learning that is
language-related. The school rather than the home is given credit for variations in achievement in
subjects such as science.
In view of their power, it‘s sad to see so many parents not making the most of their child‘s
intelligence. Until recently parents had been warned by educators who asked them not to educate
their children. Many teachers now realize that children cannot be educated only at school and
parents are being asked to contribute both before and after the child enters school.
106Parents have been particularly afraid to teach reading at home. Of course, children shouldn‘t
be pushed to read by their parents, but educators have discovered that reading is best taught
individually—and the easiest place to do this is at home. Many four-and five-year-olds who have
been shown a few letters and taught their sounds will compose single words of their own with
them even before they have been taught to read.
Questions: ( 注意：答题尽量简短，超过10个词要扣分。每条横线限写一个英语单词，
标点符号不占格)
S1. What have researchers found out about the influence of parents and the school on children‘s
intelligence?
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
S2. What do researchers conclude about children‘s learning patterns?
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
S3. In which area may school play a more important role?
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
S4. Why did many parents fail to make the most of their children‘s intelligence?
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
S5. The author suggests in the last paragraph that parents should be encouraged to
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ _____________
Unit 6
Part IV Short Answer Questions
(15 minutes)
Directions: In this part there is a short passage with five questions or incomplete statements.
Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in
the fewest possible words (not exceeding 10 words.)
What personal qualities are desirable in a teacher? I think the following would be generally
accepted.
First, the teacher‘s personality should be lively and attractive. This does not rule out people
who are plain-looking, or even ugly, because many such people have great personal charm. But it
does rule out such types as the over-excitable, sad, cold, and frustrated.
Secondly, it is not merely desirable but essential for a teacher to have a genuine capacity for
sympathy, a capacity to understand the minds and feelings of other people, especially, since most
teachers are school teachers, the minds and feelings of children. Closely related with this is the
capacity to be tolerant—not, indeed, of what is wrong, but of the weaknesses and immaturity of
human nature which induce (诱导) people, and again
107especially children, to make mistakes.
Thirdly, I hold it essential for a teacher to be both intellectually and morally honest. This
means that he will be aware of his intellectual strengths and limitations, and will have thought
about and decided upon the moral principles by which his life shall be guided. There is no
contradiction in my going on to say that a teacher should be a bit of an actor. That is part of the
technique of teaching, which demands that every now and then a teacher should be able to put on
an act to enliven (使生动) a lesson, correct a fault, or award praise. Children, especially young
children, live in a world that is rather larger than life.
A teacher must be capable of infinite patience. This, I may say, is largely a matter of
self-discipline and self-training, for we are none of us born like that.
Finally, I think a teacher should have the kind of mind which always wants to go on learning.
Teaching is a job at which one will never be perfect; there is always something more to learn
about it. There are three principal objects of study: the subjects which the teacher is teaching; the
methods by which the subjects can best be taught to the particular pupils in the classes he is
teaching; and—by far the most important—the children, young people, or adults to whom the
subjects are to be taught. The two fundamental principles of British education today are that
education is education of the whole person, and that it is best acquired through full and active
co-operation between two persons, the teacher and the learner.
S1. Plain-looking teachers can also be admired by their students if they have
______________________________________________________________________
S2. The author says it is S2 that teachers be sympathetic with their students.
______________________________________________________________________
S3. A teacher should be tolerant because humans tend to have
______________________________________________________________________
and to be
______________________________________________________________________.
S4. A teacher who is S4 will be able to make his lessons more lively.
______________________________________________________________________
S5. How can a teacher acquire infinite patience?
______________________________________________________________________
S6. Since teaching is a job no one can be perfect at, it is necessary for teachers to keep improving
their knowledge of the subjects they teach and their
______________________________________________________________________
S7. Teachers‘ most important object of study is
______________________________________________________________________
S8. Education cannot be best acquired without S8 between the teacher and the learner
______________________________________________________________________
108第三部分 快速阅读
Unit 1
Part II Reading comprehension (skimming and scanning)
(15 minute)
Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minute to go over the passage quickly and answer the
questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, mark
Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given
in the passage;
N (for NO) if statement contradicts the information given
in the passage;
NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.
For question 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.
Landfills
You have just finished your meal at a fast food restaurant and you throw your uneaten food,
food wrappers, drink cups, utensils and napkins into the trash can. You don‘t think about that
waste again. On trash pickup day in your neighborhood, you push your can out to the curb, and
workers dump the contents into a big truck and haul it away. You don‘t have to think about that
waste again, either. But maybe you have wondered, as you watch the trash truck pull away, just
where that garbage ends up.
Americans generate trash at an Astonishing rate of four pounds per day per person; which
translates to 600,000 tons per day or 210 million tons per year! This is almost twice as much trash
per person as most other major countries. What happens to this trash? Some gets recycled (回收利
用) or recovered and some is burned, but the majority is buried in landfills.
How Much Trash Is Generated?
Of the 210 million tons of trash, or solid waste, generated in the United States annually, about 56
million tons, or 27 percent, is either recycled (glass, paper products, plastic, metals) or composted
(做成堆肥) (yard waste). The remaining trash, which is mostly unrecyclable, is discarded.
109How Is Trash Disposed of ?
The trash production in the United States has almost tripled since 1960. This trash is handled in
various ways. About 27 percent of the trash is recycled or composted, 16 percent is burned and 57
percent is buried in landfills. The amount of trash buried in landfills has doubled since 1960. The
United States ranks somewhere in the middle of the major countries (United Kingdom, Canada,
Germany, France and Japan) in landfill disposal. The United Kingdom ranks highest, burying
about 90 percent of its solid waste in landfills.
What Is a Landfill?
There are two ways to bury trash:
Dump—an open hole in the ground where trash is buried and that is full of various animals
(rats, mice, birds). (This is most people‘s idea of a landfill!)
Landfill—carefully designed structure built into or on top of the ground in which trash is
isolated from the surrounding environment (groundwater, air, rain). This isolation is accomplished
with a bottom liner and daily covering of soil.
Sanitary landfill—land fill that uses a clay liner to isolate the trash from the environment
Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill—landfill that uses a synthetic (plastic) liner to isolate
the trash from the environment
The purpose of a landfill is to bury the trash in such a way that it will be isolated from
groundwater, will be kept dry and will not be in contact with air. Under these conditions, trash will
not decompose (腐烂) much. A landfill is not like a compost pile, where the purpose is to bury
trash in such a way that it will decompose quickly.
Proposing the Landfill
For a landfill to be built, the operators have to make sure that they follow certain steps. In most
parts of the world, there are regulations that govern where a landfill can be placed and how it can
operate. The whole process begins with someone proposing the landfill.
In the United States, taking care of trash and building landfills are local government
responsibilities. Before a city or other authority can build a landfill, an environment impact
study must be done on the proposed site to determine:
the area of land necessary for the landfill
the composition of the underlying soil and bedrock
the flow of surface water over the site
the impact of the proposed landfill on the local environment and wildlife
the historical value of the proposed site
Building the Landfill
Once the environmental impact study is complete, the permits are granted and the funds have
been raised, then construction begins. First, access roads to the landfill site must be
110built if they do not already exist. There roads will be used by construction equipment, sanitation
(环卫) services and the general public. After roads have been built, digging can begin. In the
North Wake Country Landfill, the landfill began 10 feet below the road surface.
What Happens to Trash in a Landfill?
Trash put in a landfill will stay there for a very long time. Inside a landfill, there is little
oxygen and little moisture. Under these conditions, trash does not break down very rapidly. In fact,
when old landfills have been dug up or sampled, 40-year-old newspapers have been found with
easily readable print. Landfills are not designed to break down trash, merely to bury it. When a
landfill closes, the site, especially the groundwater, must be monitored and maintained for up to 30
years!
How Is a Landfill Operated?
A landfill, such as the North Wake County Landfill, must be open and available every day.
Customers are typically municipalities and construction companies, although residents may also
use the landfill.
Near the entrance of the landfill is a recycling center where residents can drop off recyclable
materials (aluminum cans, glass bottles, newspapers and paper products). This helps to reduce the
amount of material in the landfill. Some of these materials are banned from landfills by law
because they can be recycled.
As customers enter the site, their trucks are weighed at the scale house. Customers are charged
tipping fees for using the site. The tipping fees vary from $10 to $40 per ton. These fees are used
to pay for operation costs. The North Wake County Landfill has an operating budget of
approximately $4.5 million, and part of that comes from tipping fees.
Along the site, there are drop-off stations for materials that are not wanted or legally banned
by the landfill. A multi-material drop-off station is used for tires, motor oil, lead-acid batteries.
Some of these materials can be recycled.
In addition, there is a household hazardous waste drop-off station for chemicals (paints,
pesticides, other chemicals) that are banned from the landfill. These chemicals are disposed of by
private companies. Some paints can be recycled and some organic chemicals can be burned in
furnaces or power plants.
Other structures alongside the landfill are the borrowed area that supplies the soil for the
landfill, the runoff collection pond and methane (甲烷) station.
Landfills are complicated structures that, when properly designed and managed, serve an
important purpose. In the future, new technologies called bioreactors will be used to speed the
breakdown of trash in landfills and produce more methane.
1. The passage gives a general description of the structure and use of a landfill.
2. Most of the trash that Americans generate ends up in landfills.
3. Compared with other major Industrialized countries, America buries a much higher
111percentage of its solid waste in landfills.
4. Landfills are like compost piles in that they speed up decomposition of the buried trash.
5. In most countries the selection of a landfill site is governed by rules and regulations.
6. In the United States the building of landfills is the job of both federal and local governments.
7. Hazardous wastes have to be treated before being dumped into landfills.
8. Typical customers of a landfill are __________________.
9. To dispose of a ton of trash in a landfill, customers have to pay tipping fee of ____________.
10. Materials that are not permitted to be buried in landfills should be dumped at ____________.
Unit 2
Part II Reading comprehension (skimming and scanning)
(15 minute)
Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minute to go over the passage quickly and answer the
questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, mark
Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given
in the passage;
N (for NO) if statement contradicts the information given
in the passage;
NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.
For question 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.
Highways
Early in the 20th century, most of the streets and roads in the U.S. were made of dirt, brick,
and cedar wood blocks. Built for horse, carriage, and foot traffic, they were usually poorly cared
for and too narrow to accommodate (容纳) automobiles.
With the increase in auto production, private turnpike (收费公路) companies under local
authorities began to spring up, and by 1921 there were 387,000 miles of paved roads. Many were
built using specifications of 19th century Scottish engineers Thomas Telford and John MacAdam
(for whom the macadam surface is named), whose specifications stressed the importance of
adequate drainage. Beyond that, there were no national standards for size, weight restrictions, or
commercial signs. During World War I, roads throughout the country were nearly destroyed by the
weight of trucks. When General Eisenhower returned from Germany in 1919, after serving in the
U.S. army‘s first transcontinental motor convoy (车队), he noted: ―The old convoy had started me
thinking about good, two-lane highways, but Germany‘s Autobahn or motorway had made me see
the wisdom of broader
112ribbons across the land.‖
It would take another war before the federal government would act on a national highway
system. During World War II, a tremendous increase in trucks and new roads were required. The
war demonstrated how critical highways were to the defense effort. Thirteen per cent of defense
plants received all their supplies by truck, and almost all other plants shipped more than half of
their products by vehicle. The war also revealed that local control of highways had led to a
confusing variety of design standards. Even federal and state highways did not follow basic
standards. Some states allowed trucks up to 36,000 pounds, while others restricted anything over
7,000 pounds.
A government study recommended a national highway system of 33,920 miles, and congress
soon passed the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944, which called for strict, centrally controlled
design criteria.
The interstate highway system was finally launched in 1956 and has been hailed as one of the
greatest public works projects of the century. To build its 44,000-mile web of highways, bridge,
and tunnels, hundreds of unique engineering designs and solutions had to be worked out. Consider
the many geographic features of the country: mountains, steep grades, wetlands, rivers, deserts
and plains. Variables included the slope of the land, the ability of the pavement to support the load,
the intensity of road use, and the nature of the underlying soil. Urban areas were another problem.
Innovative designs of roadways, tunnels, bridges, overpasses, and interchanges that could run
through or bypass urban areas soon began to weave their way across the country, forever altering
the face of America.
Today, the interstate system links every major city in the U.S., and the U.S. with Canada and
Mexico. Built with safety in mind, the highways have wide lanes and shoulders, dividing medians,
or barriers, long entry and exit lanes, curves engineered for safe turns, and limited access. The
death rate on highways is half that of all other U.S. roads (0.86 deaths per 100 million passenger
miles compared to 1.99 deaths per 100 million on all other roads).
By opening the North American continent, highways have enabled consumer goods and
services to reach people in remote and rural areas of the country, spurred the growth of suburbs,
and provided people with greater options in term of jobs, access to cultural programs, health care,
and other benefits. Above all, the interstate system provides individuals with what they cherish
most: personal freedom of mobility.
The interstate system has been an essential element of the nation‘s economic growth in terms
of shipping and job creation: more than 75 percent of the nation‘s freight deliveries arrive by truck;
and most products that arrive by rail or air use interstates for the last leg of the journey by vehicle.
Not only has the highway system affected the American economy by providing shipping routes, it
has led to the growth of spin-off industries like service stations, motels, restaurants, and shopping
centers. It has allowed the relocation of manufacturing plants and other industries from urban
areas to rural.
113By the end of the century there was an immense network of paved roads, residential streets,
expressways, and freeways built to support millions of vehicles. The highway system was
officially renamed for Eisenhower to honor his vision and leadership. The year construction began
he said: ―Together, the united forces of our communication and transportation systems are
dynamic elements in the very name we bear—United States. Without them, we would be a mere
alliance of many separate parts.‖
1. National standards for paved roads were in place by 1921.
2. General Eisenhower felt that the broad German motorways made more sense than the
two-lane highways of America.
3. It was in the 1950s that the American government finally took action to build a national
highway system.
4. Many of the problems presented by the country‘s geographical features found solutions in
innovative engineering projects.
5. In spite of safety considerations, the death rate on interstate highways is still higher than that
of other American roads.
6. The interstate highway system provides access between major military installations in
America.
7. Service stations, motels and restaurants promoted the development of the interstate highway
system.
8. The greatest benefit brought about by the interstate system was ________.
9. Trucks using the interstate highways deliver more than ________.
10. The interstate system was renamed after Eisenhower in recognition of ________.
Unit 3
Part II Reading comprehension (skimming and scanning)
(15 minute)
Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minute to go over the passage quickly and answer the
questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, mark
Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given
in the passage;
N (for NO) if statement contradicts the information given
in the passage;
NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.
For question 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.
114Six Secrets of High-Energy People
There‘s an energy crisis in America, and it has nothing to do with fossil fuels. Millions of us
get up each morning already weary over the day holds. ―I just can‘t get started,‖ people say. But
it‘s not physical energy that most of us lack. Sure, we could all use extra sleep and a better diet.
But in truth, people are healthier today than at any time in history. I can almost guarantee that if
you long for more energy, the problem is not with your body.
What you‘re seeking is not physical energy. It‘s emotional energy. Yet, sad to say, life
sometimes seems designed to exhaust our supply. We work too hard. We have family obligations.
We encounter emergencies and personal crises. No wonder so many of us suffer from emotional
fatigue, a kind of utter exhaustion of the spirit.
And yet we all know people who are filled with joy, despite the unpleasant circumstances of
their lives. Even as a child, I observed people who were poor, or disabled, or ill, but who
nonetheless faced life with optimism and vigor. Consider Laura Hillenbrand, who despite an
extremely weak body, wrote the best-seller Seabiscuit. Hillenbrand barely had enough physical
energy to drag herself out of bed to write. But she was fueled by having a story she wanted to
share. It was emotional energy that helped her succeed.
Unlike physical energy, which is finite and diminishes with age, emotional energy is
unlimited and has nothing to do with genes or upbringing. So how do you get it? You can‘t simply
tell yourself to be positive. You must take action. Here are six practical strategies that work.
1. Do something new.
Very little that‘s new occurs in our lives. The impact of this sameness on our emotional energy
is gradual, but huge: It‘s like a tire with a slow leak. You don‘t notice it at first, but eventually
you‘ll get a flat. It‘s up to you to plug the leak—even though there are always a dozen reasons to
stay stuck in your dull routines of life. That‘s where Maura, 36, a waitress, found herself a year
ago.
Fortunately, Maura had a lifeline—a group of women friends who meet regularly to discuss
their lives. Their lively discussions spurred Maura to make small but nevertheless life altering
changes. She joined a gym in the next town. She changed her look with a short haircut and new
black T-shirts. Eventually, Maura gathered the courage to quit her job and start her own business.
Here‘s a challenge: If it‘s something you wouldn‘t ordinarily do, do it. Try a dish you‘ve
never eaten. Listen to music you‘d ordinarily tune out. You‘ll discover these small things add to
your emotional energy.
2. Reclaim life’s meaning.
So many of my patients tell me that their lives used to have meaning, but that
115somewhere along the line things went stale.
The first step in solving this meaning shortage is to figure out what you really care about, and
then do something about it. A case in point is Ivy, 57, a pioneer in investment banking. ―I
mistakenly believed that all the money I made would mean something,‖ she says. ―But I feel lost,
like a 22-year-old wondering what to do with her life.‖ Ivy‘s solution? She started a program that
shows Wall Streeters how to donate time and money to poor children. In the process, Ivy filled her
life with meaning.
3. Put yourself in the fun zone.
Most of us grown-ups are seriously fun-deprived. High-energy people have the same
day-to-day work as the rest of us, but they manage to find something enjoyable in every situation.
A real estate broker I know keeps herself amused on the job by mentally redecorating the houses
she shows to clients. ―I love imagining what even the most run-down house could look like with a
little tender loving care,‖ she says. ―It‘s a challenge—and the least desirable properties are usually
the most fun.‖
We all define fun differently, of course, but I can guarantee this: If you put just a bit of it into
your day, you energy will increase quickly.
4. Bid farewell to guilt and regret.
Everyone‘s past is filled with regrets that still cause pain. But from an emotional energy point
of view, they are dead weights that keep us from moving forward. While they can‘t merely be
willed away, I do recommend you remind yourself that whatever happened is in the past, and
nothing can change that. Holding on to the memory only allows the damage to continue into the
present.
5. Make up your mind.
Say you‘ve been thinking about cutting your hair short. Will it look stylish—or too extreme?
You endlessly think it over. Having the decision hanging over your head is a huge energy
drain.
Every time you can‘t decide, you burden yourself with alternatives. Quit thinking that you
have to make the right decision; instead, make a choice and don‘t look back.
6. Give to get.
Emotional energy has a kind of magical quality; the more you give, the more you get back.
This is the difference between emotional and physical energy. With the latter, you have to get it to
be able to give it. With the former, however, you get it by giving it.
Start by asking everyone you meet, ―How are you?‖ as if you really want to know, then listen
to the reply. Be the one who hears. Most of us also need to smile more often. If you don‘t smile at
the person you love first thing in the morning, you‘re sucking energy out of your relationship.
Finally, help another person—and make the help real, concrete. Give a massage (按摩) to
someone you love, or cook her dinner. Then, expand the circle to work.
116Try asking yourself what you‘d do if your goal were to be helpful rather than efficient.
After all, if it‘s true that what goes around comes around, why not make sure that what‘s
circulating around you is the good stuff?
1. The energy crisis in America discussed here mainly refers to a shortage of fossil fuels.
2. People these days tend to lack physical energy.
3. Laura Hillenbrand is an example cited to show how emotional energy can contribute to one‘s
success in life.
4. The author believes emotional energy is inherited and genetically determined.
5. Even small changes people make in their lives can help increase their emotional energy.
6. Ivy filled her life with meaning by launching a program to help poor children.
7. The real-estate broker the author knows is talented in home redecoration.
8. People holding on to sad memories of the past will find it difficult to ________.
9. When it comes to decision-making, one should make a quick choice without ________.
10. Emotional energy is in a way different from physical energy in that the more you give,
________.
Unit 4
Part II Reading comprehension (skimming and scanning)
(15 minute)
Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minute to go over the passage quickly and answer the
questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, mark
Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given
in the passage;
N (for NO) if statement contradicts the information given
in the passage;
NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.
For question 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.
Protect Your Privacy When Job-hunting Online
Identity theft and identity fraud are terms used to refer to all types of crime in which someone
wrongfully obtains and uses another person‘s personal data in some way that involves fraud or
deception, typically for economic gain.
The numbers associated with identity theft are beginning to add up fast these days. A recent
General Accounting Office report estimates that as many as 750,000 Americans are victims of
identity theft every year. And that number may be low, as many people choose
117not to report the crime even if they know they have been victimized.
Identity theft is ―an absolute epidemic,‖ states Robert Ellis Smith, a respected author and
advocate of privacy. ―It‘s certainly picked up in the last four or five years. It‘s worldwide. It
affects everybody, and there‘s very little you can do to prevent it and, worst of all, you can‘t detect
it until it‘s probably too late.‖
Unlike your fingerprints, which are unique to you and cannot be given to someone else for
their use, you personal data, especially your social security number, your bank account or credit
card number, your telephone calling card number, and other valuable identifying data, can be used,
if they fall into the wrong hands, to personally profit at your expense. In the United States and
Canada, for example, many people have reported that unauthorized persons have taken funds out
of their bank or financial accounts, or, in the worst cases, taken over their identities altogether,
running up vast debts and committing crimes while using the victims‘ names. In many cases, a
victim‘s losses may included not only out-of-pocket financial losses, but substantial additional
financial costs associated with trying to restore his reputation in the community and correcting
erroneous information for which the criminal is responsible.
According to the FBI, identity theft is the number one fraud committed on the Internet. So
how do job seekers protect themselves while continuing to circulate their resumes online? The key
to a successful online job search is learning to manager the risks. Here are some tips for staying
safe while conducting a job search on the Internet.
1. Check for a privacy policy.
If you are considering posting your resume online, make sure the job search site your are
considering has a privacy policy, like CareerBuilder.com. The policy should spell out how your
information will be used, stored and whether or not it will be shared. You may want to think twice
about posting your resume on a site that automatically shares your information with others. You
could be opening yourself up to unwanted calls from solicitors (推销员).
When reviewing the site‘s privacy policy, you‘ll be able to delete your resume just as easily
as you posted it. You won‘t necessarily want your resume to remain out there on the Internet once
you land a job. Remember, the longer your resume remains posted on a job board, the more
exposure, both positive and not-so-positive, it will receive.
2. Take advantage of site features.
Lawful job search sites offer levels of privacy protection. Before posting your resume,
carefully consider your job search objective and the level of risk you are willing to assume.
CareerBuilder.com, for example, offers three levels of privacy from which job seekers can
choose. The first is standard posting. This option gives job seekers who post their resumes the
most visibility to the broadest employer audience possible.
The second is anonymous (匿名的) posting. This allows job seekers the same visibility as
those in the standard posting category without any of their contact information being
118displayed. Job seekers who wish to remain anonymous but want to share some other information
may choose which pieces of contact information to display.
The third is private posting. This option allows a job seeker to post a resume without having
it searched by employers. Private posting allows job seekers to quickly and easily apply for jobs
that appear on CareerBuilder.com without retyping their information.
3. Safeguard your identity.
Career experts say that one of the ways job seekers can stay safe while using the Internet to
search out jobs is to conceal their identities. Replace your name on your resume with a generic (泛
指 的 ) identifier, such as ―Intranet Developer Candidate,‖ or ―Experienced Marketing
Representative.‖
You should also consider eliminating the name and location of your current employer.
Depending on your title, it may not be all that difficult to determine who you are once the name of
your company is provided. Use a general description of the company such as ―Major auto
manufacturer,‖ or ―International packaged goods supplier.‖
If your job title is unique, consider using the generic equivalent instead of the exact title
assigned by your employer.
4. Establish and email address for your search.
Another way to protect your privacy while seeking employment online is to open up an email
account specifically for your online job search. This will safeguard your existing email box in the
event someone you don‘t know gets hold of your email address and shares it with others.
Using an email address specifically for you job search also eliminates the possibility that you
will receive unwelcome emails in your primary mailbox. When naming your new email address,
be sure that it doesn‘t contain references to your name or other information that will give away
your identity. The best solution is an email address that is relevant to the job you are seeking such
as salesmgr2004@provider.com.
5. Protect your reference.
If your resume contains a section with the names and contact information of your references,
take it out. There‘s no sense in safeguarding your information while sharing private contact
information of your references.
6. Keep confidential (机密的) information confidential.
Do not, under any circumstances, share your social security, driver‘s license, and bank
account numbers or other personal information, such as race or eye color. Honest employers do
not need this information with an initial application. Don‘t provide this even if they say they need
it in order to conduct a background check. This is one of the oldest tricks in the book – don‘t fall
for it.
1191. Robert Ellis Smith believes identity theft is difficult to detect and one can hardly do anything to
prevent it.
2. In many cases, identity theft not only causes the victims‘ immediate financial losses but costs
them a lot to restore their reputation.
3. Identity theft is a minor offence and its harm has been somewhat overestimated.
4. It is important that your resume not stay online longer than is necessary.
5. Of the three options offered by CareerBuilder.com in Suggestion 2, the third one is apparently
most strongly recommended.
6. Employers require applicants to submit very personal information on background checks.
7. Applicants are advised to use generic names for themselves and their current employers when
seeking employment online.
8. Using a special email address in the job search can help prevent your from receiving ________.
9. To protect your references, you should not post online their ________.
10. According to the passage, identity theft is committed typically for ________.
Unit 5
Part II Reading comprehension (skimming and scanning)
(15 minute)
Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the
questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the
four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences
with the information given in the passage.
Universities Branch Out
As never before in their long history, universities have become instruments of national
competition as well as instruments of peace. They are the place of the scientific discoveries that
move economies forward, and the primary means of educating the talent required to obtain and
maintain competitive advantage. But at the same time, the opening of national borders to the flow
of goods, services, information and especially people has made universities a powerful force for
global integration, mutual understanding and geopolitical stability.
In response to the same forces that have driven the world economy, universities have become
more self-consciously global: seeking students from around the world who represent the entire
range of cultures and values, sending their own students abroad to prepare them for global careers,
offering course of study that address the challenges of an interconnected world and collaborative
(合作的) research programs to advance science for the benefit of all humanity.
Of the forces shaping higher education none is more sweeping than the movement
120across borders. Over the past three decades the number of students leaving home each year to
study abroad has grown at an annual rate of 3.9 percent, from 800,000 in 1975 to 2.5 million in
2004. Most travel from one developed nation to another, but the flow from developing to
developed countries is growing rapidly. The reverse flow, from developed to developing countries,
is on the rise, too. Today foreign students earn 30 percent of the doctoral degrees awarded in the
United States and 38 percent of those in the United Kingdom. And the number crossing borders
for undergraduate study is growing as well, to 8 percent of the undergraduates at America‘s best
institutions and 10 percent of all undergraduates in the U.K. In the United States, 20 percent of the
newly hired professors in science and engineering are foreign-born, and in China many newly
hired faculty members at the top research universities received their graduate education abroad.
Universities are also encouraging students to spend some of their undergraduate years in
another country. In Europe, more than 140,000 students participate in the Erasmus program each
year, taking courses for credit in one of 2,200 participating institutions across the continent. And
in the United States, institutions are helping place students in the summer internships (实习)
abroad to prepare them for global careers. Yale and Harvard have led the way, offering every
undergraduate at least one international study or internship opportunity—and providing the
financial resources to make it possible.
Globalization is also reshaping the way research is done. One new trend involves sourcing
portions of a research program to another country. Yale professor and Howard Hughes Medical
Institute investigator Tian Xu directs a research center focused on the genetics of human disease at
Shanghai‘s Fudan University, in collaboration with faculty colleagues from both schools. The
Shanghai center has 95 employees and graduate students working in a 4,300-square-meter
laboratory seminars with scientists from both campuses. The arrangement benefits both countries;
Xu‘s Yale lab is more productive, thanks to the lower costs of conducting research in China, and
Chinese graduate students, postdoctors and faculty get on-the-job training from a world-class
scientist and his U.S. team.
As a result of its strength in science, the United States has consistently led the world in the
commercialization of major new technologies, from the mainframe computer and the integrated
circuit of the 1960s to the Internet infrastructure (基础设施) and applications software of the
1990s. the link between university-based science and industrial application is often indirect but
sometimes highly visible: Silicon Valley was intentionally created by Stanford University, and
Route 128 outside Boston has long housed companies spun off from MIT and Harvard. Around
the world, governments have encouraged copying of this model, perhaps most successfully in
Cambridge, England, where Microsoft and scores of other leading software and biotechnology
companies have set up shop around the university.
For all its success, the United States remains deeply hesitant about sustaining the
121research - university model. Most politicians recognize the link between investment in science and
national economic strength, but support for research funding has been unsteady. The budget of the
National Institutes of Health doubled between 1998 and 2003, but has risen more slowly than
inflation since then. Support for the physical sciences and engineering barely kept pace with
inflation during that same period. The attempt to make up lost ground is welcome, but the nation
would be better served by steady, predictable increases in science funding at the rate of long-term
GDP growth, which is on the order of inflation plus 3 percent per year.
American politicians have great difficult recognizing that admitting more foreign students
can greatly promote the national interest by increasing international understanding. Adjusted for
inflation, public funding for international exchanges and foreign-language study is well below the
levels of 40 years ago, in the wake of September 11, changes in the visa process caused a dramatic
decline in the number of foreign students seeking admission to U.S. universities, and a
corresponding surge in enrollments in Australia, Singapore and the U.K. Objections from
American university and the business leaders led to improvements in the process and reversal of
the decline, but the United States is still seen by many as unwelcoming to international students.
Most Americans recognize that universities contribute to the nation‘s well-being through their
scientific research, but many fear that foreign students threaten American competitiveness by
taking their knowledge and skills back home. They fail to grasp that welcoming foreign students
to the United States has two important positive effects: first, the very best of them stay in the
States and— like immigrants throughout history—strengthen the nation; and second, foreign
students who study in the United States become ambassadors for many of its most cherished (珍视)
values when they return home. Or at least they understand them better. In America as elsewhere,
few instruments of foreign policy are as effective in promoting peace and stability as welcoming
international university students.
1. From the first paragraph we know that present-day universities have become ________.
A) more popularized than ever before
B) in-service training organizations
C) a powerful force for global integration
D) more and more research-oriented
2. Over the past decades, the enrollment of overseas students has increased ________.
A) at an annual rate of 8 percent
B) at an annual rate of 3.9 percent
C) by 800,000
D) by 2.5 million
3. In the United States, how many of the newly hired professors in science and engineering
122are foreign-born?
A) 38%
B) 10%
C) 30%
D) 20%
4. How do Yale and Harvard prepare their undergraduates for global careers?
A) They give them chances for international study or internship.
B) They arrange for them to participate in the Erasmus program.
C) They offer them various courses in international politics.
D) They organize a series of seminars on world economy.
5. An example illustrating the general trend of universities‘ globalization is ________.
A) Yale‘s establishing branch campuses throughout the world
B) Yale‘s student exchange program with European institutions
C) Yale‘s helping Chinese universities to launch research projects
D) Yale‘s collaboration with Fudan University on genetic research.
6. What do we learn about Silicon Valley from the passage?
A) It is known to be the birthplace of Microsoft Company.
B) It was intentionally created by Stanford University.
C) It is where the Internet infrastructure was built up.
D) It houses many companies spun off from MIT and Harvard.
7. What is said about the U.S. federal funding for research?
A) It has increased by 3 percent.
B) It doubled between 1998 and 2003.
C) It has been unsteady for years.
D) It has been more than sufficient.
8. The dramatic decline in the enrollment of foreign students in the U.S. after September 11
was caused by ________.
9. Many Americans fear that American competitiveness may be threatened by foreign
students who will ________.
10. The policy of welcoming foreign students can benefit the U.S. in that the very best of
them will stay and ________.
123第四部分 选词填空
Unit 1
Part IV Reading comprehension (reading in depth)
(25 minutes)
Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one
word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the
passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each
choice in bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each
item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any
of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.
When Roberto Feliz came to the USA from the Dominican Republic, he knew only a few
words of English .Education soon became a __47__. ―I couldn‘t understand anything,‖ he said. He
__48__ from his teachers, came home in tears , and thought about dropping out.
Then Mrs. Malave , a bilingual educator, began to work with him while teaching him math and
science in his __49__Spanish.―She helped me stay smart while teaching me English ,‖he
said .Given the chance to demonstrate his ability, he __50__ confidence and began to succeed in
school.
Today, he is a __51__ doctor, runs his own clinic ,and works with several hospitals .Every
day ,he uses the language and academic skills he __52__ through bilingual education to treat his
patients.
Roberto‘s story is just one of __53__ success stories. Research has shown that bilingual
education is the most __54__ way both to teach children English and ensure that they succeed
academically. In Arizona and Texas, bilingual students __55__ outperform their peers in
monolingual programs. Calexico, Calif. , implemented bilingual education, and now has dropout
rates that are less than half the state average and college __56__ rates of more than 90%.In E1
Paso ,bilingual education programs have helped raise student scores from the lowest in Texas to
among the highest in the nation.
124A) wonder I) hid
B) acquired J) prominent
C) consistently K) decent
D) regained L) countless
E) nightmare M) recalled
F) native N) breakthrough
G) acceptance O) automatically
H) effective
Unit 2
Part IV Reading comprehension (reading in depth)
(25 minutes)
Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one
word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the
passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each
choice in bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each
item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any
of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.
EI Nino is name given to the mysterious and often unpredictable change in the climate of the
world. This strange __47__ happens every five to eight years. It starts in the Pacific Ocean and is
thought to be caused by a failure in the trade winds (信风)，which affects the ocean currents
driven by these winds. As the trade winds lessen in __48__, the ocean temperatures rise, causing
the Peru current flowing in from the east to warm up by as much as 5℃.
The warming of the ocean has far-reaching effects. The hot, humid (潮湿的) air over the
ocean causes severe __49__ thunderstorms. The rainfall is increased across South America.
__50__ floods to Peru. In the West pacific, there are droughts affecting Australia and Indonesia.
So while some parts of the world prepare for heavy rains and floods, other parts face drought, poor
crops and __51__.
El Nino usually lasts for about 18 months. The 1982-83 El Nino brought the most __52__
weather in modern history. Its effect was worldwide and it left more than 2,000 people dead and
caused over eight billion pounds __53__ of damage. The 1990 El Nino lasted until June 1995.
Scientists __54__ this to be the longest El Nino for 2,000 years.
Nowadays, weather experts are able to forecast when an El Nino will __55__, but they are
still not __56__ sure what leads to it or what affects how strong it will be.
125A) estimate I) completely
B) strength J) destructive
C) deliberately K) starvation
D) notify L) bringing
E) tropical M) exhaustion
F) phenomenon N) worth
G) stable O) strike
H) attraction
Unit 3
Part IV Reading comprehension (reading in depth)
(25 minutes)
Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one
word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the
passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each
choice in bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each
item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any
of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.
The flood of women into the job market boosted economic growth and changed U.S. society
in many ways. Many in-home jobs that used to be done __47__ by women—ranging from family
shopping to preparing meals to doing __48__ work—still need to be done by someone. Husbands
and children now do some of these jobs, a __49__ that has changed the target market for many
products. Or a working woman may face a crushing ―poverty of time‖ and look for help elsewhere,
creating opportunities for producers of frozen meals, child care centers, dry cleaners, financial
services, and the like.
Although there is still a big wage __50__ between men and women, the income working
women __51__ gives them new independence and buying power. For example, women now
__52__ about half of all cars. Not long ago, many cars dealers __53__ women shoppers by
ignoring them or suggesting that they come back with their husbands. Now car companies have
realized that women are __54__ customers. It‘s interesting that some leading Japanese car dealers
were the first to __55__ pay attention to women customers. In Japan, fewer women have jobs or
buy cars—the Japanese society is still very much male-oriented. Perhaps it was the __56__
contrast with Japanese society that prompted American firms to pay more attention to women
buyers.
126A) scale I) potential
B) retailed J) gap
C) generate K) voluntary
D) extreme L) excessive
E) technically M) insulted
F) affordable N) purchase
G) situation O) primarily
H) really
Unit 4
Part IV Reading comprehension (reading in depth)
(25 minutes)
Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one
word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the
passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each
choice in bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each
item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any
of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.
Years ago, doctors often said that pain was a normal part of life. In particular, when older
patients __47__ of pain, they were told it was a natural part of aging and they would have to learn
to live with it.
Times have changed. Today, we take pain __48__. Indeed, pain is now considered the fifth
vital sign, as important as blood pressure, temperature, breathing rate and pulse in __49__ a
person‘s well-being. We know that chronic (慢性的) pain can disrupt (扰乱) a person‘s life,
causing problems that __50__ from missed work to depression.
That‘s why a growing number of hospitals now depend upon physicians who __51__ in pain
medicine. Not only do we evaluate the cause of the pain, which can help us treat the pain better,
but we also help provide comprehensive therapy for depression and other psychological and social
__52__ related to chronic pain. Such comprehensive therapy often __53__ the work of social
workers, psychiatrists (心理医生) and psychologists, as well as specialists in pain medicine.
This modern __54__ for pain management has led to a wealth of innovative treatments which
are more effective and with fewer side effects than ever before. Decades ago, there were only a
__55__ number of drugs available, and many of them caused __56__ side effects
127in older people, including dizziness and fatigue. This created a double-edged sword: the
medications helped relieve the pain but caused other problems that could be worse than the pain
itself.
A) result I) determining
B) involves J) limited
C) significant K) gravely
D) range L) complained
E) relieved M) respect
F) issues N) prompting
G) seriously O) specialize
H) magnificent
Unit 5
Part IV Reading comprehension (reading in depth)
(25 minutes)
Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one
word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the
passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each
choice in bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each
item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any
of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.
As war spreads to many corners of the globe, children sadly have been drawn into the center
of conflicts. In Afghanistan, Bosnia, and Colombia, however, groups of children have been taking
part in peace education __47__. The children, after learning to resolve conflicts, took on the
__48__ of peacemakers. The Children‘s Movement for Peace in Colombia was even nominated
(提名) for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1998. groups of children __49__ as peacemakers studied
human rights and poverty issues in Colombia, eventually forming a group with five other schools
in Bogota known as The Schools of Peace.
The classroom __50__ opportunities for children to replace angry, violent behaviors with
__51__, peaceful ones. It is in the classroom that caring and respect for each person empowers
children to take a step __52__toward becoming peacemakers. Fortunately, educators have access
to many online resources that are __53__ useful when helping children along the path
128to peace. The Young Peacemakers Club, started in 1992, provides a Website with resources for
teachers and __54__ on starting a Kindness Campaign. The World Centers of Compassion for
Children International call attention to children‘s rights and how to help the __55__ of war.
Starting a Peacemakers‘ Club is a praiseworthy venture for a class and one that could spread to
other classrooms and ideally affect the culture of the __56__ school.
A) victims I) forward
B) technology J) especially
C) role K) entire
D) respectively L) cooperative
E) projects M) comprehensive
F) offers N) assuming
G) information O) acting
H) images
129答 案
第一部分 阅读理解全真试题
Unit 1
21. C 22. D 23. B 24.C 25. A
26. D 27. B 28. A 29.C 30. A
31. D 32. C 33. A 34.B 35. B
36. A 37. D 38. B 39.C 40. D
Unit 2
21. B 22. A 23. B 24.D 25. C
26. A 27. C 28. C 29.A 30. B
31. D 32. B 33.C 34. D 35. A
36. A 37. B 38. D 39.C 40. D
Unit 3
21. B 22. C 23. A 24.C 25. B
26. D 27. C 28. A 29.B 30. D
31. B 32. A 33. D 34.C 35. D
36. A 37. B 38. C 39.A 40. D
Unit 4
21. C 22. D 23. D 24.A 25. B
26. C 27. A 28. B 29.D 30. B
31. D 32. A 33. A 34.D 35. B
36. C 37. D 38. C 39.B 40. A
Unit 5
11. C 12. B 13. A 14.B 15. D
16. A 17. C 18. B 19.A 20. C
21. D 22. A 23. C 24.C 25. B
26. D 27. D 28. A 29.B 30. A
130Unit 6
21. A 22. C 23. A 24.D 25. C
26. A 27. C 28. B 29.B 30. C
31. B 32. B 33. C 34.D 35. A
36. D 37. B 38. B 39.A 40. D
Unit 7
21. C 22. A 23. A 24.D 25.C
26. B 27. D 28. C 29.A 30. B
31. B 32. A 33. C 34.D 35. A
36. B 37. B 38. C 39.A 40. D
Unit 8
11. A 12. C 13. B 14.D 15. A
16. A 17. B 18. D 19.B 20. D
21. D 22. C 23. C 24.B 25. A
26. A 27. C 28. A 29.A 30. B
Unit 9
21. C 22. B 23. B 24.A 25. A
26. B 27. D 28. D 29.C 30. A
31. D 32. A 33. C 34.A 35. D
36. B 37. A 38. C 39.A 40. D
Unit 10
21. D 22. B 23. C 24.C 25. A
26. D 27. B 28. A 29.D 30. C
31. B 32. B 33. D 34.C 35. A
36. C 37. A 38. D 39.B 40. C
Unit 11
11. C 12. A 13. B 14.D 15. B
16. A 17. C 18. A 19.D 20. A
21. B 22. C 23. B 24.D 25. D
26. A 27. D 28. B 29.A 30. B
Unit 12
11. A 12. D 13. C 14.B 15. A
16. C 17. B 18. D 19.C 20. D
21. D 22. B 23. D 24.A 25. C
26. B 27. B 28. B 29.C 30. D
131Unit 13
21. C 22. A 23. B 24.C 25. A
26. B 27. D 28. D 29.A 30. C
31. B 32. D 33. C 34.B 35. A
36. B 37. A 38. C 39.D 40. C
Unit 14
21. D 22. D 23. A 24.B 25. C
26. A 27. C 28. B 29.A 30. D
31. A 32. B 33. C 34.B 35. C
36. D 37. B 38. C 39.B 40. D
Unit 15
57. A 58. B 59. D 60.C 61. D
62. C 63. D 64. B 65.A 66. B
Unit 16
21. D 22. D 23. A 24.C 25. B
26. C 27. A 28. B 29.C 30. D
31. C 32. B 33. A 34.D 35. B
36. C 37. D 38. C 39.A 40. C
Unit 17
57. D 58. C 59. D 60.A 61. B
62. D 63. B 64. D 65.B 66. C
Unit 18
57. C 58. B 59. D 60.A 61. B
62. C 63. B 64. D 65.B 66. C
Unit 19
57. D 58. B 59. C 60.D 61. A
62. D 63. A 64. C 65.D 66. C
Unit 20
57. B 58. D 59. B 60.A 61. C
62. B 63. A 64. C 65.A 66. D
132第二部分 简答题全真试题
Unit 1
71. 1930-1934 (or-1935)/from 1930 to 1934
72. Driving tests and pedestrian crossings
73. drive too fast/exceeds the speed limits
74. Speed limits reduce accidents.
75. The increase in traffic density.
Unit 2
S1. whether or not one was a native speaker.
S2. The same status as their counterparts.
S3. Ones who can teach and have the required English level.
S4. Non-native English teachers have been liberated. Or: It singled out the unqualified.
S5. qualified English teachers because they were non-native speakers.
Unit 3
S1. Economics.
S2. Because the increased cost will be more than Marge‘s income.
S3. Economic factors and emotional needs.
S4. that homemaking gives them the deepest satisfaction.
S5. stay home.
Unit 4
1. Rules for Working with Concrete.
2. The amount of water to use.
3. To use too much water. / To take off the wooden from too early.
4. Diligence.
5. Not dried out. / Not dry enough.
Unit 5
S1. Parents have greater influence than the school./Parent‘s influence is greater than the school‘s.
S2. They are established well before the age of six.
S3. Science subjects.
S4. They were told by educators not to educate their children.
S5. teach reading at home.
133Unit 6
S1. great personal charm
S2. essential personal charm
S3. (1) weaknesses (2) immature
S4. a bit of an actor
S5. by/through self-discipline and self-training
S6. teaching methods
S7. those to whom subjects are taught
S8. full and active cooperation
第三部分 快速阅读
Unit 1
1. Y 2. Y 3. N 4.N 5. Y
6.N 7.NG
8. municipalities and construction companies
9. $10 to $40
10. drop—off stations
Unit 2
1. N 2. Y 3. Y 4.Y 5. N
6.N G 7.N
8. personal freedom of mobility
9. 75 percent
10. his vision and leadership
Unit 3
1. N 2. N 3. Y 4.N 5. Y
6.Y 7.NG
8. move forward
9. looking back
13410. the more you get back
Unit 4
1. Y 2. Y 3. N 4.Y 5. NG
6.N 7.Y
8. unwelcome emails
9. names and contact information
10. economic gain
Unit 5
1. C 2. B 3. C 4.D 5. A
6. C 7. C
8. changes in the visa process
9. take their knowledge and skills back home
10. strengthen the nation
第四部分 选词填空
Unit 1
47. E 48. I 49. F 50. D 51.J
52. B 53 L 54. H 55.C 56.G
Unit 2
47. F 48. B 49.E 50. L 51.K
52. J 53 .N 54. A 55.O 56.I
Unit 3
47. O 48. K 49. G 50. J 51.C
52. N 53. M 54. I 55.H 56.D
Unit 4
47. L 48. G 49. I 50. D 51.O
52. F 53. B 54. M 55. J 56.C
Unit 5
47. E 48. C 49. O 50. F 51.L
52. I 53. J 54. G 55.A 56.K
135
