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六级与四级的区别： 2. 词汇题——找词所在句子关系
一、词——词汇量5500。 转折关系。例如：六级很难，但是……，找转折连词But, Yet, However。
二、句——出题考长句子。 并列关系。例如：A and B，问A就把B内容填进去。
三、段——所有句子都认识，但不知道整段的意思。But, Yet, However 转折连词后面是 解释关系。用because和从句in which等联系。
重点，常考点。 例如：
四、选项——有迷惑选项，不像四级那么清晰。 30. “An identifying figure” (Line 2, Para. 5) refers to a person ______.
A) who serves as a model for others
原文重现：原文告诉你选什么，你就应该选什么，不能凭感觉和想象。 B) who is always successful
尽量少读：六级更多的对点出题，而不是对面出题。 C) who can be depended upon
D) who has been rewarded for his success
（文章前四段省略）
六级题型：
1. 主旨题（Sum Up/Title）--看文章每段第一句 Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a person as a whole, and he
24. Which of the following can best sum up the passage? becomes an identifying figure. We use some people as models over a wide range of
A) Advantages and disadvantages of automation. situations, imitating much that they do. We learn that they are dependable and
B) Labour and the effects of automation. rewarding models because imitating them leads to success.
C) Unemployment benefit plans and automation.
注：把握and前后是并列关系。
D) Social benefits of automation.
注：文章三段第一句都出现automation，两段出现labour，因此这两个词是重点，必然 3. 细节题--直接细节、因果推理、暗示
在选项中出现。 例如：
31. It is implied that fifty years ago ____________ .
Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automatic operation of A) eighty percent of American working people were employed in factories
productive machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and physical, in production, B) twenty percent of American intellectuals were employees
and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. C) the percentage of intellectuals in the total work force was almost the same as
The development of automation in American industry has been called the "Second that of industrial workers
Industrial Revolution". D) the percentage of intellectuals working as employees was not so large as that
注：refers to 下定义 of industrial workers
34. According to the writer, professional knowledge or skill is _______ .
Labour's concern over automation arises from uncertainty about the effects on
A) less important than awareness of being a good employee
employment, and fears of major changes in jobs. In the main, labour has taken the
B) as important as the ability to deal with public relations
view that resistance to technical change is unfruitful. Eventually, the result of
C) more important than employer- employee relations
automation may well be an increase in employment, since it is expected that vast
D) as important as the ability to co- operate with others in the organization
industries will grow up around manufacturing, maintaining, and repairing automation
equipment. The interest of labour lies in bringing about the transition with a minimum of
Ours has become a society of employees. A hundred years or so ago only one
inconvenience and distress to the workers involved. Also, union spokesmen
out of every five Americans at work was employed, i. e., worked for somebody else.
emphasize that the benefit of the increased production and lower costs made possible
Today only one out of five is not employed but working for himself. And when fifty
by automation should be shared by workers in the form of higher wages, more leisure,
years ago "being employed" meant working as a factory labourer or as a farmhand,
and improved living standards.
the employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a substantial formal
注：labour 雇员
education, holding a professional or management job requiring intellectual and
technical skills. Indeed, two things have characterized American society during these
To protect the interests of their members in the era of automation, unions have last fifty years: middle-class and upper - class employees have been the
adopted a number of new policies. One of these is the promotion of supplementary fastest-growing groups in our working population-growing so fast that the industrial
unemployment benefit plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in such worker, that oldest child of the Industrial Revolution, has been losing in numerical
a plan has a direct financial interest in preventing unemployment, he will have a strong importance despite the expansion of industrial production.
drive for planning new installations so as to cause the least possible problems in jobs
and job assignments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements, Yet you will fine little if anything written on what it is to be an employee. You can
requiring that permanently dismissed workers be paid a sum of money based on length find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion.
of service. Another approach is the idea of the "improvement factor", which calls for You can also find a good deal of work in a chosen field, whether it be the mechanist' s
wage increases based on increases in productivity. It is possible, however, that labour trade or bookkeeping (簿记). Every one of these trades requires different skills, sets
will rely mainly on reduction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the fruits of different standards, and requires a different preparation. Yet they all have
automation. employeeship in common. And increasingly, especially in the large business or in
注：union 工会，和雇员有关 government, employeeship is more important to success than the specialprofessional knowledge or skill. Certainly more people fail because they do not ultra-violet rays to harm plants and animals. And global warming could wipe out
know the requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately species unable to quickly adapt to changing climates. Clearly, protecting will come
possess the skills of their trade; the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into only through coordinated international efforts to control human population,
administrative or executive work, the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the stabilize the composition of the atmosphere, and preserve intact Earth's
organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge. complex web life.
4. 作者态度题（attitude）——正负态度 36.Why does the author say that the protection of endangered species is a highly
凡是文章探讨新事物——正态度 controversial
凡是文章探讨老事物——负态度 issue?
A) Because people can't agree as to what species to protect.
例外：中立题
B) Because it is difficult to find an effective way to protect such species.
C) Because it affects the interests of certain groups of people.
25. The writer’s attitude towards the use of the telephone is ______.
D) Because it is a major problem involving a series of legal procedures.
A) affectionate
注：细节题。第一段economic interests
B) disapproving
●表示绝对的词--出现在文章中，是非常重要的出题点；如果出现在选项中，很可能是
C) approving
不对的。
D) neutral
●例子：例子必出题。文章有论点-论据-论证，例子是论证，用来支持论点，所以简而 全无：
言之，例子本身不重要，但前后论点极其重要。 non-nothing-never-seldom-absolutely-hardly-little-few-prevent-exclude
-neither...nor
例子开始的标志：for example，后面跟着大写、时间、年代，依然是举例内
全有：all-every-full-either…
容。
唯一：only-exactly- best-most
例子含义的标志：show, tell, prove, demonstrate, find, clearly
37.According to the passage, the preservation of rain forests ________.
[Page72]
A) may hamper a developing country in its fight against poverty.
In the United States, the need to protect plant and animal species has become a highly
B) benefits developed countries rather than developing countries.
controversial and sharply political issue since the passage of the Endangered
C) should take priority over the control of human population.
Species Act in 1973. The act, designed to protect species' living areas, and
D) will help improve the living conditions in developing countries.
policies that preserve land and forests compete with economic interests. In the
注：细节题，对应文章第二段。举例前那句话更重要，只要表达出“和经济利益冲突”就
1990's, for example, the woodcutters in the Western United States were challenged
对了。
legally in their attempt to cut trees for timber in the Cascade Mountains. The challenge
was mounted to protect the endangered spotted owl( 猫 头 鹰 ), whose remaining
population occupies these forests and requires the intact, ancient forest for survival. 38.According to the passage, cutting tress to grow more food _______.
The problematic situation set the interests of environmentalists against those of A) will widen the gap between the developed and the developing countries.
B) is but a short-term relief to the food problem.
corporations and of individuals who stood to lose jobs. After months of debate and
C) can hardly alleviate the shortage of food.
legal battles, the fate of the woodcutters-and the owls-was still undecided in mid-1992.
D) proves to be an effective way out for impoverished nations.
注：1. controversial的意思是受争议的，同“sharply political issue”，contro表示“反”
2. for example前句子是重点
注：对应文章第二段。Short-term对应temporarily，relief对应avoid。
3. problematic悬而未决的
39.Among“humanity's current problems” (Line 6, Para. 3), the chief concern of the
scientists
Similar tensions exist between the developed and the developing nations. Many
is _______.
people in industrialized nations, for example, believe that developing nations in
A) the impoverishment of developing countries.
tropical regions should do more to protect their rain forests and other natural areas.
B) the explosion of the human population.
But the developing countries may be impoverished (使穷困), with populations
C) the reduction of biological diversity.
growing so rapidly that using the land is a means to temporarily avoid
D) the effect of global warming.
worsening poverty and starvation.
注：第三段。C选项中reduction对应rob，diversity对应richness。
注：1. tension张力，冲突
2. 看到similar就说明第二段说的和第一段一样。
40.The author's purpose in writing this passage is ________.
3. But转折是重点 A) to describe the difficulties in solving humanity's current problems.
B) to present the different views on humanity's current problems.
Many of the changes to Earth that concern scientists have the potential to rob the C) to analyze the contradiction between countries in dealing with humanity's current
planet of its biological richness. The destruction of Earth's ozone layer (臭氧层), for problems.
example, could contribute to the general process of impoverishment by allowing D) to point out that humanity's current problems can only be solved through thecooperation of nations. (B) misunderstandings between teenagers and their parents
注：看最后一句话，cooperation of nations coordinated international efforts (C) the dominance of the parents over their children
对应 。 (D) the teenagers' ability to deal with crises
注：段落主旨，B C 和 只说了一部分。
[Page80]
We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to It is natural for young people to be critical of their parents at times and to blame
affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, them for most of the misunderstandings between them. They have always complained,
behavioral immunologist (免疫学家)Mark Laudenslger, at the University of Denver, more or less justly, that their parents are out of touch with modern ways; that they are
gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by possessive and dominant that they do not trust their children to deal with crises; that
turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could mot. The rats in the two they talk too much about certain problems and that they have no sense of humour, at
groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself least in parent-child relationships. I think it is true that parents often underestimate their
and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune teenage children and also forget how they themselves felt when young. Young people
response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could often irritate their parents with their choices in clothes and hairstyles, in entertainers
turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control and music. This is not their motive. They feel cut off from the adult world into which
over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system. they have not yet been accepted. So they create a culture and society of their own.
注：1. vulnerable易受伤害的 Then, if it turns out that their music or entertainers or vocabulary or clothes or
hairstyles irritate their parents, this gives them additional enjoyment. They feel they are
2. immune defense 免疫系统
superior, at least in a small way, and that they are leaders in style and taste.
3. found之后是试验告诉我们的观点
注：1. critical吹毛求疵的，很重要的
4. depress压抑，de往下
40. The main idea of this passage is that _____.
Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of
(A) attention must be directed to the improvement of recreative possibilities
Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli don't
(B) better use of greenspace facilities should be made so as to improve the quality of
develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But
our life
if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later
(C) the urban environment is providing more recreation activities than it did many
behave passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings
years ago
reinforce psychologists' suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is
(D) priority must be given to the development of obligatory activities
one of the most harmful factors in depression.
注：1. 看第一句三个单词就知道本段内容和上一段相同。
Greenspace facilities are contributing to an important extent to the quality of the
2. passive被动的 urban environment. Fortunately it is no longer necessary that every lecture or every
book about this subject has to start with the proof of this idea. At present, it is generally
21. Laudenslager's experiment showed that the immune system of those rats who accepted, although more as a self-evident statement than on the base of a
could turn off the electricity ______. closely-reasoned scientific proof. The recognition of the importance of greenspaces in
A) was strengthened the urban environment is a first step on the right way, this does not mean, however,
B) was not affected that sufficient details are known about the functions of greenspace in towns and about
C) was altered the way in which the inhabitants are using these spaces. As to this rather complex
D) was weakened subject I shall, within the scope of this lecture, enter into one aspect only, namely the
注：定位文章第一段found之后 recreative function of greenspace facilities.
注：GF对城乡环境有重要的贡献。
22. According to the passage, the experience of helplessness causes rats to ______.
A) try to control unpleasant stimuli The theoretical separation of living, working, traffic and recreation which for many
B) turn off the electricity years has been used in town-and-country planning, has in my opinion resulted in
C) become abnormally suspicious disproportionate attention for forms of recreation far from home, whereas there was
D) behave passively in controllable situations relatively little attention for improvement of recreative possibilities in the direct
注：定位第二段But之后那句话 neighbourhood of the home. We have come to the conclusion that this is not right,
because an important part of the time which we do not pass in sleeping or working, is
23. The reason why the mice in Ader's experiment avoided saccharin was that ______ used for activities at and around home. So it is obvious that recreation in the open air
. has to begin at the street-door of the house. The urban environment has to offer as
A) they disliked its taste many recreation activities as possible, and the design of these has to be such that
B) it affected their immune systems more obligatory activities can also have a recreative aspect.
C) it led to stomach pains The very best standard of living is nothing if it is not possible to take a pleasant
D) they associated it with stomachaches walk in the district, if the children cannot be allowed to play in the streets, because the
risks of traffic are too great, if during shopping you can nowhere find a spot for enjoying
22. The first paragraph is mainly about _____. for a moment the nice weather, in short, if you only feel yourself at home after the
(A) the teenagers' criticism of their parentsstreet-door of your house is closed after you. mastery, which includes self-esteem (自尊), a sense of control over your life, and low
23. The passage mainly deals with ______. levels of anxiety and depression. Mastery is closely related to the "doing" side of life, to
(A) the life span of the Mojave shrimps work and activity. Pleasure is the other dimensions, and it is composed of happiness,
(B) the survival of desert shrimps satisfaction and optimism (乐观). It is tied more closely to the "feeling" side of life. The
(C) the importance of water to life two are independent of each other. A woman could be high in mastery and low in
(D) life in the Mojave Desert pleasure, and vice versa. For example, a woman who has a good job, but whose
注：三段出现shrimp，说明本文主要讲shrimp，排除C和D，A选项life mother has just died, might be feeling very good about herself and in control of her
span没出现过。 work life, but the pleasure side could be damaged for a time.
The concepts of mastery and pleasure can help us identify the sources of well-being
There are desert plants which survive the dry season in the for women, and remedy past mistakes. In the past, women were encouraged to look
form of inactive only at the feeling side of life as the source of all well-being. But we know that both
seeds. There are also desert insects which survive as inactive mastery and pleasure are critical. And mastery seems to be achieved largely through
larvae ( 幼 虫 ). In work. In our study, all the groups of employed women rated significantly higher in
addition, difficult as it is to believe, there are desert fish which mastery than did women who were not employed.
can survive through A woman's well-being is enhanced (增进) when she takes on multiple roles. At
years of drought (干旱) in the form of inactive eggs. These are the least by middle adulthood, the women who were involved in a combination of
shrimps (小虾) that roles-marriages, motherhood, and employment were the highest in well-being, despite
live in the Mojave Desert, an intensely dry region in the south-west of warnings about stress and strain.
the United States 30. The best tittle for the passage would be_________.
where shade temperatures of over 50C are often recorded. A) Apple's Efforts so Stay Ahead of IBM
The eggs of the Mojave shrimps are the size and have the B) Apple's New Computer Technology
appearance of grains C) Apple's New personal Computers
of sand. When sufficient spring rain falls to form a lake, once every D) Apple's Research Activities
two to five years,
these eggs hatch (孵化). Then the water is soon filled with millions The competition among producers of personal computers is essentially a race to
of tiny shrimps get the best, most innovative products to the marketplace. Marketers in this
about a millimetre long which feed on tiny plant and animal environment frequently have to make a judgement as to their competitors' role when
organisms which also grow making marketing strategy decisions. If major competitors are changing their products,
in the temporary desert lake. Within a week, the shrimps grow then a marketer may want to follow suit to remain competitive. Apple Computer, Inc.
from their original 1 has introduced two new, faster person computers, the Macintosh II and Macintosh SE,
millimetre to a length of about 1.5 centimetres. in anticipation of the introduction of a new PC by IBM, one of Apple' s major
Throughout the time that the shrimps are rapidly maturing, the competitors.
water in the lake Apple' s new computers are much faster and more powerful than its earlier
equally rapidly evaporates. Therefore, for the shrimps it is a race models. The improved Macintosh is able to run programs that previously were
against time. By the impossible to run on an Apple PC, including IBM-compatible programs. This
twelfth day, however, when they are about 3 centimetre long, compatibility feature illustrates computer manufacturers' new attitude of giving
hundreds of tiny eggs customers the features they want. Malting Apple computers capable of running IBM
form on the underbodies of the females. Usually by this time, all software is Apple' s effort at making the Mackintosh compatible with IBM computers
that remains of the and thus more popular in the office, where Apple hopes to increase sales, Users of the
lake is a large, muddy patch of wet soil. On the thirteenth day and new Apple can also add accessories to make their machines specialize in specific
the next, during the uses, such as engineering and writing.
final hours of their brief lives, the shrimps lay their eggs in the The new computers represent a big improvement over past models, but they
mud. Then, having also cost much more. Company officials do not think the higher price will slow down
ensured that their species will survive, the shrimps die as the buyers who want to step up to a more powerful computer. Apple wants to stay in the
last of the water high price end of the personal computer marker to finance research for even faster,
evaporates. more sophisticated computers.
If sufficient rain falls the next year to form another lake, the Even though Apple and IBM are major competitors, both companies realize that
eggs hatch, and once their competitor's computers have certain features that their own models do not. The
again the shrimps pass rapidly through their cycle of growth, Apple line has always been popular for its sophisticated color graphics, where-as the
adulthood, egg-laying, IBM machines have always been favored in offices. In the future, there will probably be
and death. Some years there is insufficient rain to form a lake: in more compatibility between the two companies' products, which no doubt will require
that both Apple and IBM change marketing strategies.
this case, the eggs
25. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
will remain dormant for another years, or even longer if
necessary. Very, very
occasionally, perhaps twice in a hundred years, sufficient rain falls toform a deep lake
that lasts a month or more. In this case, the species passes
through two cycles of
growth, egg-laying, and death. Thus, on such occasions, the
species multiplies
considerably, which further ensures its survival.
40. The most appropriate title for the passage would be _____.
(A) The well-being of Career Women
(B) Sources of Mastery and Pleasure
(C) Two Aspects of Women's Well-Being
(D) Freedom Roles Women in Society
注：A选项career缩小了范围，B选项没出现woman，扩大了选项
In our culture, the sources of what we call a sense of
"mastery" ---feeling
important and worth-while-and the sources of what we call a sense
"pleasure"-finding
life enjoyable-are not always identical. Women often are told "You
can't have it all."
Sometimes what the speaker really is saying is :" You chose a
career, so you can't
expect to have closer relationships or a happy family life." or "You
have a wonderful
husband and children--What's all this about wanting a career?" But
women need to
understand and develop both aspects of well-being, if they are to
feel good about
themselves.
Our study shows that, for women, well-being has two
dimensions. One isA) Computers and the Knowledge Society. folk music-cultures as those in with people learn and sing music by ear rather than
B) Service industries in Modern Society. from print, but research show mutual influence among oral and written sources during
C) Features and Implications of the New Era. the past few centuries in Europe, Britain, and America, printed versions limit variety
D) Rapid Advancement of information Technology because they tend to standardize any song, yet they stimulate people to create new
注：一个选项能概括每一段的内容或者大多数段的内容，即看每段首句。 and different songs. Besides, the ability to read music notation has a far-reaching
effect on musicians and, when it becomes widespread, on the music-culture as a
主旨题的迷惑选项：末段内容、细节内容、加词缩小范围，减词扩大范围。 whole.
One more important part of music's material culture should be singled out the
influence of the electronic media-radio, record player, tape recorder, television, and
A new era is upon us. Call it what you will: the service economy, the information
videocassette, with the future promising talking and singing computers and other
age, the knowledge society. It all translates to a fundamental change in the way we
developments. This all part of the "information revolution," a twentieth century
work. Already we' re partly there. The percentage of people who earn their living by
phenomenon as important as the industrial revolution was in the nineteenth. These
making things has fallen dramatically in the Western World. Today the majority of jobs
electronic media are not just limited to modem nations; they have affected
in America, Europe and Japan (two thirds or more in many of these countries) are in
music-cultures all over the globe.
the service industry, and the number is on the rise. More women are in the work force
than ever before. There are more part-time jobs. More people are self-employed. But
25. What is the passage mainly about?
the breadth of the economic transformation can' t be measured by numbers alone,
A) different ways of treating socio-cultural elements in the three new English
because it also is giving rise to a radical new way of thinking about the nature of work
dictionaries.
itself. Long-held notions about jobs and careers, the skills needed to succeed, even
B) A comparison of people's opinions on the cultural content in the three new English
the relation between individuals and employers-all these are being challenged.
dictionaries.
We have only to look behind to get some sense of what may lie ahead. No one
C) The advantages of the BBC dictionary over Oxford and Longman.
looking ahead 20 years possibly could have foreseen the ways in which a single
D) The user-friendliness of the three new English dictionaries.
invention, the chip, would transform our world thanks to its applications in personal
computers, digital communications and factory robots. Tomorrow' s achievements in
Three English dictionaries published recently all lay claim to possessing a
biotechnology, artificial intelligence or even some still unimagined technology could
"new" feature. The BBC English Dictionary contains background information on l, 000
produce a similar wave of dramatic changes. But one thing is certain: information and
people and places prominent in the news since 1988; the Oxford Advanced Learner's
knowledge will become even more vital, and the people who possess it, whether they
Dictionary: Encyclopedic Edition is the OALD plus encyclopedic entries; the Longman
work in manufacturing or services, will have the advantage and produce the wealth.
Dictionary of English Language and Culture is the LME plus cultural information.
Computer knowledge will become as basic a requirement as the ability to read and
The key fact is that all three dictionaries can be seen to have a distinctly
write. The ability to solve problems by applying information instead of performing
"cultural" as well as language learning content. That being said, the way in which they
routine tasks will be valued above all else. If you cast your mind ahead 10 years,
approach the cultural element is not identical, making direct comparisons between the
information services will be predominant. It will be the way you do your job.
three difficult.
While there is some common ground between the encyclopedic and cultural
25. Which of the following best summarized the main idea of the passage?
entries for the Oxford and Longman dictionaries, there is a clear difference. Oxford
A) Musical instruments developed through the years will sooner later be replaced by
lays claim to being encyclopedic on content whereas Longman distinctly concentrates
computers.
on the language and culture of the English-speaking world. The Oxford dictionary can
B) cannot be passed on to future generation unless it is recorded.
therefore stand more vigorous scrutiny for cultural bias than the Longman publication
C) Folk songs cannot spread far unless they are printed on music sheets
because the latter does not hesitate about viewing the rest of the world from the
D) The development of music culture is highly dependent or its material aspect
cultural perspectives of the English-speaking world. The cultural objectives of the BBC
dictionary are in turn more distinct still. Based on an analysis of over 70 million words
Material culture refers to the touchable, material "things"-physical objects that
recorded from the BBC World Service and National Public Radio of Washington over a
can be seen, held, felt, used-that a culture produces. Examining a culture's tools and
period of four years, their 1,000 brief encyclopedic entries are based on people and
technology can tell us about the group's history and way of life. Similarly, research into
places that have featured in the news recently. The intended user they have in mind is
the material culture of music can help us to understand the music-culture. The most
a regular listener to the World Service who will have a reasonable standard of English
vivid body of "things" in it, of course, are musical instruments. We cannot hear for
and a developed skill in listening comprehension.
ourselves the actual sound of any musical performance before the 1870s when the
In reality, though, the BBC dictionary will be purchased by a far wider range of
phonograph was invented, so we rely on instruments for important information about
language learners, as will the other two dictionaries. We will be faced with a situation
music-cultures it the remote past and their development. Here we have two kinds of
where many of the users of these dictionaries will at the very least have distinct
evidence: instruments well preserved and instruments pictures in art. Through the
socio-cultural perspectives and may have world views which are totally opposed and
study of instruments, as well preserved Paintings, written documents, and so on, we
even hostile to those of the West. Advanced learners from this kind of background will
can explore the movement of music from the Neat East to China over a thousand
not only evaluate a dictionary on how user-friendly it is but will also have definite views
years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near eastern influence to Europe that
about the scope and appropriateness of the various sociocultural entries.
results in the development of most of the instruments on the symphony orchestra.
Sheet music or printed music, too, is material culture. Scholars once defined35. What is the passage mainly about? The newcomers also tend to see office matters with a fresh eye, in the process
A) Dressing for effect. sometimes coming up with critical analyses of the forces that shape everyone’s
B) How to dress appropriately. experience in the organization.
C) Managerial positions and clothing. Consider the novel views of Harvey Coleman of Atlanta on the subject of getting
D) Dressing for the occasion. ahead. Coleman is black. He spent 11 years with IBM, half of them working in
management development, and now serves as a consultant to the likes of AT&T,
Clothes play a critical part in the conclusions we reach by providing clues to who CocaCola, Prudential, and Merch. Coleman says that based on what he's seen at big
people are, who they are not, and who they would like to be. They tell us a good deal companies, he weighs the different elements that make for long-term career success
about the wearer's background, personality, status, mood, and social outlook. as follows: performance counts a mere 10%, image, 30%; and exposure, a full 60%.
注：critical重要的 Coleman concludes that excellent job performance is so common these days that
while doing your work well may win you pay increases, it won't secure you the big
Since clothes are such an important source of social information, we can use promotion. He finds that advancement more often depends on how many people
them to manipulate people's impression of us. Our appearance assumes particular know you and your work, and how high up they are.
significance in the initial phases of interaction that is likely to occur. An elderly Ridiculous beliefs? Not to many people, especially many women and members
middle-class man or woman may be alienated(疏 远 ……) by a young adult who is of minority races who, like Coleman, feel that the scales(障眼物) have dropped from
dressed in an unconventional manner, regardless of the person's education, their eyes. "Women and blacks in organizations work under false beliefs," says Kaleel
background, or interests. Jamison, a New York based management consultant who helps corporation s deal
注：manipulate控制，操纵 with these issues. "They think that if you work hard, you'll get ahead-t hat someone in
authority will reach down and give you a promotion." She adds, "Most women and
People tend to agree on what certain types of clothes mean. Adolescent girls can blacks are so frightened that people will think they've gotten ahead because of their
easily agree on the lifestyles of girls who wear certain outfits( 套 装 ), including the sex or color that they play down(使不突出) their visibility." Her advice to those folks:
number of boyfriends they likely have had and whether they smoke or d rink. learn the ways that white males have traditionally used to find their way into the
Newscasters, or the announcers who read the news on TV, are considered to be more spotlight.
convincing, honest, and competent when they are dressed conservatively. And collage
students who view themselves as taking an active role in their inter personal 25. The author is critical mainly of _________.
relationships say they are concerned about the costumes they must wear to play these A) inferior packaging
roles successfully. Moreover, many of us can relate instances in which the clothing we B) dishonest packaging
wore changed the way we felt about ourselves and how we act ed. Perhaps you have C) the changes in package size
used clothing to gain confidence when you anticipated a stressful situation, such as a D) exaggerated illustrations on packages
job interview, or a court appearance.
It is said that the public and Congressional concern about deceptive (
欺骗性的)
In the workplace, men have long had well defined precedents and role models for
achieving success. It has been otherwise for women. A good many women in the packaging rumpus ( ) started because Senator Hart discovered that the boxes of
business world are uncertain about the appropriate mixture of "masculine" an d 喧嚣
"feminine" attributes they should convey by their professional clothing. The variety of cereals consumed by him, Mrs. Hart, and their children were becoming higher and
clothing alternatives to women has also been greater than that avail able for men. Male narrower, with a decline of net weight from 12 to 10. 5 ounces, without any reduction in
administrators tend to judge women more favorably for managerial positions when the price. There were still twelve biscuits, but they had been reduced in size. Later, the
women display less "feminine" grooming(打扮)-shorter hair, moderate use of makeup, Senator rightly complained of a store-bought pie in a handsomely illustrated box that
and plain tailored clothing. As one male administrator confessed, "An attractive woman pictured, in a single slice, almost as many cherries as there were in the whole pie.
is definitely going to get a longer interview, but she won't get a job." 文章中出现的语言现象：对比关系（极端对比、一般对比）、转折、例子、绝对
[方法例外] In the world of entertainment, TV talk shows have undoubtedly flooded every inch
40. The best title for this passage would be __________. of space on daytime television. And anyone who watches them regularly knows that
A) Role of Women and Minorities in Management each one varies in style and format. But no two shows are more profoundly opposite
B) The Importance of Being Visible in content, while at the same time standing out above the rest, than the Jerry Springer
C) Job Performance and Advancement and the Oprah Winfrey shows.
D) Sex and Career Success 注：点名文章讲的脱口秀，而且是JS OW 和
注：关键句在concludes that那句。本题也可通过文中汉语解释蒙出来。 脱口秀
怎么蒙？看给出的解释--重要词汇才给出解释 Jerry Springer could easily be considered the king of "trash talk( )". The topics
看前面细节题--把提干关键词加起来
废话
on his show are as shocking as shocking can be. For example, the show takes the
ever - common talk show themes of love, sex, cheating, guilt, hate, conflict and
The more women and minorities make their way into the ranks of management,
morality to a different level. Clearly, the Jerry Springer show is a display and
the more they seem to want to talk about things formerly judged to be best left unsaid.
exploitation of society's moral catastrophes ( ),yet people are willing to eat up the
灾难
intriguing predicaments( ) of other people's lives. 困境Like Jerry Springer, Oprah Winfrey takes TV talk show to its extreme, but Oprah
goes in the opposite direction. The show focuses on the improvement of society andan individual's quality of life. Topics range from teaching your children responsibility, C) appear at different times of the day
managing your work weekly, to getting to know your neighbors. D) are targeted at different audiences
Compared to Oprah, the Jerry Springer show looks like poisonous waste being 注：monopolise垄断，D对应倒数第二段。
dumped on society. Jerry ends every show with a “final word”. He makes a small
speech that sums up the entire moral of the show. Hopefully, this is the part where To understand the marketing concept, it is only necessary to understand the difference
most people will learn something very valuable. between marketing and selling. Not too many years ago, most industries concentrated
注：dump倾销，反倾销anti-dump primarily on the efficient production of goods, and then relied on "persuasive
Clean as it is, the Oprah show is not for everyone. The show's main target salesmanship" to move as much of these goods as possible. Such production and
audience are middle - class Americans. Most of these people have the time. money, selling focuses on the needs of the seller to produce goods and then convert them
and stability to deal with life's tougher problems. Jerry Springer, on the other hand, has into money.
more of an association with the young adults of society. These are 18 - to 21 - year - Marketing, on the other hand, focuses on the wants of consumers. It begins with
olds whose main troubles in life involve love, relationship, sex, money and peers. They first analyzing the preferences and demands of consumers and then producing goods
are the ones who see some value and lessons to be learned underneath the show's that will satisfy them. This eye-on-the-consumer approach is known as the marketing
exploitation. concept, which simply means that instead of trying to sell whatever is easiest to
While the two shows are as different as night and day. both have ruled the talk produce or buy for resale, the makers and dealers first endeavor to find out what the
show circuit for many years now. Each one caters to a different audience while both consumer wants to buy and then go about making it available for purchase.
have a strong following from large groups of fans. Ironically, both could also be 注：第一段说selling，第二段说marketing
considered pioneers in the talk show world. This concept does not imply that business is benevolent(慈善的)or that consumer
注：1. circuit圈子 2. ironically具有讽刺意味的 satisfaction is given priority over profit in a company. There are always two sides to
21.Compared with other TV talk shows, both the Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfrey every business transaction - the firm and the customer -and each must be satisfied
are______. before trade occurs. Successful merchants and producers, however, recognize that
A) more family - oriented the surest route to profit is through understanding and catering to customers. A striking
B) unusually popular example of the importance of catering to the consumer presented itself in mid-1985,
C) more profound when Coca Cola changed the flavor of its drink. The non-acceptance of the new flavor
D) relatively formal by a significant portion of the public brought about a prompt restoration of the Classic
注：第一段 Coke, which was then marketed alongside the new. King Customer ruled!
22.Though the social problems Jerry Springer talks about appear distasteful, the 26.The marketing concept discussed in the passage is, in essence,_______.
audience______. A) the practice of turning goods into money
A) remain fascinated by them B) making goods available for purchase
B) are ready to face up to them C) the customer - centred approach
C) remain indifferent to them D) a form of persuasive salesmanship
D) are willing to get involved in them 注：原文第三段，cater to customer基于客户的，A和B是两者共同特征，D对应第一段
注：第二段eat up，B和D是一回事。 selling。
23.Which of the following is likely to be a topic of the Oprah Winfrey show? 27.What was the main concern of industrialists before the marketing concept was
A) A new type of robot. widely accepted?
B) Racist hatred. A) The needs of the market.
C) Family budget planning. B) The efficiency of production.
D) Street violence. C) The satisfaction of the user.
注：第三段最后举了三个例子。 D) The preferences of the dealer.
注：第一段第二句。
24.Despite their different approaches, the two talk shows are both________.
A) ironical 28.According to the passage, “to move as much of these goods as possible” (Lines 3
B) sensitive -4 ), Para. I) means “_______”.
C) instructive A) to sell the largest possible amount of goods
D) cynical B) to transport goods as efficiently as possible
注：instructive-in引导+struct结构→有启发的，cynical愤世嫉俗的 C) to dispose of these goods in large quantities
D) to redesign these goods for large - scale production
25.We can learn from the passage that the two talk shows_______.
A) have monopolized the talk show circuit 29.What does the restoration of the Classic Coke best illustrate?
B) exploit the weaknesses in human nature A) Traditional goods have a stronger appeal to the majority of people.B) It takes time for a new product to be accepted by the public. To determine the consequences of sleep deficit, researchers have put
C) Consumers with conservative tastes are often difficult to please. subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for
D) Products must be designed to suit the taste of the consumer. instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes
earlier. "We've found that if you're in sleep deficit, performance suffers, " says Dr.
30.In discussing the marketing concept, the author focuses on_______. David. "Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decisions and to
A) its main characteristic concentrate."
B) its social impact 37. To "live a completely sedentary life-style" (Line 7, Para. 1) in the passage means
C) its possible consequence _____.
D) its theoretical basis (A) to "live a decent life"
注：写作方法题。答题要问What? 能回答，选项是对的。本文讲市场营销的特点。 (B) to "live an inactive life"
(C) to "live a life of vice"
33. The word "dubious" ( L. 2, Para. 2) most probably means (D) to "live a life with complete freedom"
A) valuable
B) useful The concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important
C) doubtful one. An estimated 90 percent of all illness may be preventable if individuals would
D) helpful make sound personal health choices based upon current medical knowledge. We all
注：烂的，没意义的 enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it restricted when it is within the
legal and moral boundaries of society. The structure of American society allows us to
Yet you will fine little if anything written on what it is to be an employee. You
make almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health. If we so
can find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a
desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever food
promotion. You can also find a good deal of work in a chosen field, whether it be the
we want, and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise. The
mechanist' s trade or bookkeeping (簿记). Every one of these trades requires different
freedom to make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society,
skills, sets different standards, and requires a different preparation. Yet they all have
although the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative
employeeship in common. And increasingly, especially in the large business or in
to health often cause a difficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts
government, employeeship is more important to success than the special professional
relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into
knowledge or skill. Certainly more people fail because they do not know the
believing it is the socially accepted thing to do.
requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately possess the
skills of their trade; the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into
24. The word "dormant" (Para. 4, Line 3) most probably means _____.
administrative or executive work, the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the
(A) inactive
organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge.
(B) strong
24. The word "hassles" in the passage (Line 3, Para. 3) probably means _____.
(C) alert
(A) quarrels
(D) soft
(B) worries
(C) disadvantages
If sufficient rain falls the next year to form another lake, the eggs hatch, and
(D) agreements
once again the shrimps pass rapidly through their cycle of growth, adulthood,
注：不平衡的行为
egg-laying, and death. Some years there is insufficient rain to form a lake: in this case,
the eggs will remain dormant for another years, or even longer if necessary. Very,
Living at home, says Knighton, a school teacher, continues to give her
very occasionally, perhaps twice in a hundred years, sufficient rain falls to form a deep
security and moral support. Her mother agreed, "It's ridiculous for the kids to pay all
lake that lasts a month or more. In this case, the species passes through two cycles of
that money for rent. It makes sense for kids to stay at home." But sharing the family
growth, egg-laying, and death. Thus, on such occasions, the species multiplies
home requires adjustments for all. There are the hassles over bathrooms, telephones considerably, which further ensures its survival.
and privacy (不受干扰的生活). Some families, however, manage the delicate balancing 33. From the context, the word "disconcerting" (Para. 3, Line 2) most probably means
act. But for others, it proves too difficult. Michelle Del Turco, 24, has been home three _____.
times-and left three times. "What I considered a social drink, my dad considered an (A) misleading
alcohol problem, " she explains. "He never liked anyone I dated (约会), so I either had (B) embarrassing
to hide away or meet them at friends' house." (C) stimulating a goal wit
34. The word "subjects" (Line 1, Para. 4) refers to _____. (D) upsetting
(A) the performance tests used in the study of sleep deficit 注：焦虑anxiety
(B) special branches of knowledge that are being studied
(C) people whose behavior or reactions are being studied To some, the thought of having to write an assigned number of pages, often
(D) the psychological consequences of sleep deficit more than ever produced before, is disconcerting. To others, the very idea of having
注：做算术题和背文章指人 to work independently is threatening. But there is no need to approach the research
paper assignment with anxiety, and nobody should view the research paper as anobstacle to overcome. Instead, consider it a goal to accomplish, a goal within reach if C) help to collaborate with each other
you use the help this book can give you. D) benefit on another
21. The word "pinpoint" (para. 1,) basically means _______. The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many
A) appreciate of the world's great writers. Before considering this question, it will useful to introduce
B) obtain some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed
C) interpret against one another is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among
D) identify social entities independently striving for some thing which is in inadequate supply.
Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are.
The process of perceiving other people is rarely translated (to ourselves or Conflict and vice of one another. Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the
other's) into cold, objective terms. "She was 5 feet 8 inches tall, had had fair hair, and process by which social entities function in the service of one another. These
wore a colored skirt." More often, we try to get inside the other person to pinpoint his definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition
or her attitudes, emotions, motivations, abilities, ideas and characters. Furthermore, between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict
we sometimes behave as if we can accomplish this difficult job very quickly -perhaps is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential and
with a two-second glance. desirable element of human societies.
31. The word "paradox" (Para. 1,) means "_________" . 33. The word "precedent" (Line 1, Para.4) probably refers to __________.
A) implication A) early acts for men to follow as examples
B) contradiction B) particular places for men to occupy especially because of their importance
C) interpretation C) things that men should agree upon
D) confusion D) men's beliefs that everything in the world has already been decided
It is a curious paradox that we think of the physical sciences as "hard", the In the workplace, men have long had well defined precedents and role models
social sciences as "soft", and the biological sciences as somewhere in between, This for achieving success. It has been otherwise for women. A good many women in the
is interpreted to mean that our knowledge of physical systems is more certain than our business world are uncertain about the appropriate mixture of "masculine" an d
knowledge of biological systems, and these in turn are more certain than our "feminine" attributes they should convey by their professional clothing. The variety of
knowledge of social system. In terms of our capacity to sample the relevant universes, clothing alternatives to women has also been greater than that avail able for men. Male
however, and the probability that our images of these universes are at least administrators tend to judge women more favorably for managerial positions when the
approximately correct, one suspects that a reverse order is more reasonable. We are women display less "feminine" grooming(打扮)-shorter hair, moderate use of make up,
able to sample earth' s social systems with some degree of confidence that we have a and plain tailored clothing. As one male administrator confessed, "An attractive woman
reasonable sample of the total universe being investigated. Our knowledge of mal is definitely going to get a longer interview, but she won't get a job."
systems, therefore, while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate, is not likely to be
seriously overturned by new discoveries. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on 29. The word "carcass"(Line 2, Para.3) most probably means"__________ ".
which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in A) vegetables preserved for future use
political activities, fighting and so on, is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated B) the dead body of an animal ready to be cut into meat
images of the social system derived from the social sciences, even though it is built C) expensive food that consumers can hardly afford
upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience. D) meat canned for future consumption
26. The word "liability" (Para. 1) most probably means "______".
A) misfortune This means one has to feed approximately 9--10 times as much food value to
B) instability the animal than one can consume from the carcass. As a system for feeding the
C) disadvantage hungry, the effects can prove disastrous. At times of crisis, grain is the food of life.
D) burden
31. The phrase "emanate from"in Paragraph 1 most probably means "______".
Beauty has always been regarded as something praiseworthy. Almost A) thrive on
everyone thinks attractive people are happier and healthier, have better marriages and B) account for
have more respectable occupations. Personal consultants give them better advice for C) originate from
finding jobs. Even judges are softer on attractive defendants. But in the executive circle, D) descend from
beauty can become a liability.
We all have offensive breath at one time or another. In most cases, offensive
28. The phrase "function in the disservice of one another" (Para. 1) most probably breath emanates from bacteria in the mouth, although there are other more causes.
means "_______". Until a few years ago, the most doctors could do was to counsel patients with bad
A) betray each other breath about oral cleanliness. Now they are finding new ways to treat the usually
B) harm one another curable condition.People tend to agree on what certain types of clothes mean.
文章中的并列关系·怎样对付阅读的长句 Adolescent girls
小的并列：成分并列，不容易出题。如果出题，选项应该概括所有并列成分，否则是错 can easily agree on the lifestyles of girls who wear certain
误选项。 outfits(套装), including the
number of boyfriends they likely have had and whether they
大的并列：只出一题，应该提纲挈领。
smoke or d rink.
Newscasters, or the announcers who read the news on TV, are
What has the telephone done to us, or for us, in the hundred years of its
considered to be
existence? A few effects suggest themselves at once. ①It has saved lives by getting
more convincing, honest, and competent when they are dressed
rapid word of illness, injury, or fire from remote places. ②By joining with the elevator to
conservatively. And
make possible the multistory residence or office building, it has made possible - for
collage students who view themselves as taking an active role in
better or worse - the modern city. ③By bringing about a great leap in the speed and
their inter personal
ease with which information moves from place to place, it has greatly accelerated the
relationships say they are concerned about the costumes they must
rate of scientific and technological changes and growth in industry. Beyond doubt ④it wear to play these
has seriously weakened if not killed the ancient art of letter writing. ⑤It has made living roles successfully. Moreover, many of us can relate instances in
alone possible for persons with normal social impulses; by so doing, it has played a which the clothing we
role in one of the greatest social changes of this century, the breakup of the wore changed the way we felt about ourselves and how we act ed.
multi-generational household. ⑥ It has made the war chillingly more efficient than Perhaps you have
formerly. Perhaps, though not provably (可证实), it has prevented wars that might have used clothing to gain confidence when you anticipated a stressful
arisen out of international misunderstanding caused by written communication. Or situation, such as a
perhaps - again not provable - by magnifying and extending irrational personal job interview, or a court appearance.
conflicts based on voice contact, it has caused wars. Certainly it has extended the
scope of human conflicts, since it impartially disseminates (传播) the useful knowledge [Page 71]
of scientists and the nonsense of the ignorant, the affection of the affectionate and the Every year television stations receive hundreds of complaints
malice (恶意) of the malicious. about the loudness
of advertisements. However, federal rules forbid the practice of
22. According to the passage, it is the telephone that ______. making ads louder
A) has made letter writing an art than the programming. In addition, television stations always
B) has prevented wars by avoiding written communication operate at the highest
C) has made the world different from what it was sound level allowed for reasons of efficiency. According to one
D) has caused wars by magnifying and extending human conflicts NBC executive, no
注：A应该是削弱 difference exists in the peak sound level of ads and
programming. Given this
information why do commercials sound so loud?
To protect the interests of their members in the era of automation, unions have
adopted a number of new policies. One of these is the ①promotion of supplementary The sensation of sound involves a variety of factors in addition
to its speak level.
unemployment benefit plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in such
a plan has a direct financial interest in preventing unemployment, he will have a strong Advertisers are skilful at creating the impression of loudness through
drive for planning new installations so as to cause the least possible problems in jobs their expert use
and job assignments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements, of such factors. ①One major contributor to the perceived loudness
requiring that permanently dismissed workers be paid a sum of money based on length of commercials is
of service. Another approach is the idea of the "improvement factor", which calls for that mush less variation in sound level occurs during a
wage increases based on increases in productivity. It is possible, however, that labour commercial. In regular
will rely mainly on reduction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the fruits of programming the intensity of sound varies over a large range.
automation. However, sound levels
in commercials tend to stay at or near peak levels.
32. From the third paragraph of the passage, we can conclude that young adults t end ②Other “tricks of the trade” are also used. Because low-
to believe that certain types of clothing can __________. frequency sounds can
A) change people's conservative attitudes toward their lifestyle mask higher frequency sounds, advertisers filter out any noises that
B) help young people make friends with the opposite sex may drown out the
C) make them competitive in the job market primary message. In addition, the human voice has more auditory
D) help them achieve success in their interpersonal relationships (听觉的) impact in
the middle frequency ranges. Advertisers electronically vary voice
sounds so that they
stay within such a frequency band. ③Another approach is to write
the script so thatlots of consonants (辅音) are used, because people are more
aware of consonants
than vowel (元音) sounds. ④Finally, advertisers try to begin
commercials with sounds
that are highly different from those of the programming within which
the commercial is
buried. Because people become adapted to the type of
sounds coming from
programming, a dramatic change in sound quality draws viewer
an attention. For
example, notice how many commercials begin with a cheerful song of
some type.
The attention-getting property of commercials can be seen by
observing one-to
two-year-old children who happen to be playing around a television
set. They may
totally ignore the programming. However, when a commercial comes
on, their attention
is immediately drawn to it because of its dramatic sound quality.
31.According to the passage, the maximum intensity of
sound coming from
commercials _______.
A) does not exceed that of programs.
B) is greater than that of programs.
C) varies over a large range than that of programs.
D) is less than that of programs.
注：文章第一段no difference
32.Commercials create the sensation of loudness because _______ .
A) TV stations always operate at the highest sound levels.
B) their sound levels are kept around peak levels.C) their sound levels are kept in the middle frequency ranges.
D) unlike regular programs their intensity of sound varies over a wide range. The manufacturer who increases the unit price of his product by changing his
注：第二点 package size to lower the quantity delivered can, without undue hardship, put his
product into boxes, bags, and tins that will contain even 4-ounce, 8-ounce, one-pound,
33.Many commercials begin with a cheerful song of some kind because ________ . two-pound quantities of breakfast foods, cake mixes, etc.
A) pop songs attract viewer attention.
B) it can increase their loudness. Such chicken raising demands capital for building and machinery, extensive use
C) advertisers want to make them sound different from regular programs. of energy resources for automation, and involves feeding chickens with potential
D) advertisers want to merge music with commercials. famine relief protein food.
注：第四点 Famine饥荒
34.One of the reasons why commercials are able to attract viewer attention is that Bottom retail prices-anywhere from 30% to 70% lower than those in Europe and
________ . Asia-have attracted some 47 million visitors, who are expected to leave behind $79
A) the human voices in commercials have more auditory impact. billion in 1994.
B) people like cheerful songs that change dramatically in sound quality.
C) high-frequency sounds are used to mask sounds that drown out the primary The electronic economy made possible by information technology allows the
message. haves to increase their control on global markets-with destructive impact on the
D) they possess sound qualities that make the viewer feel that something unusual is have-nots.
happening.
注：第三段Because，B选项like太主观。 Out of our emotional experiences with objects and events comes a social feeling
35.In the passage, the author is trying to tell us ________ . of agreement that certain things and actions are “good” and others are “bad”, and we
A) how TV ads vary vocal sounds to attract attention. apply these categories to every aspect of our social life-from what foods we eat and
B) how the loudness of TV ads is overcome. what clothes we wear to how we keep promises and which people our group will
C) how advertisers control the sound properties of TV ads. accept.
D) how the attention-getting properties of sounds are made use of in TV ads. 倒装句，正常的顺序是a social feeling of agreement comes out of our emotional
注：文章最后一段 experiences.
Unlike other lawbreakers, who must leave the country, commit suicide, or go to The destruction of our natural resources and contamination of our food supply
jail, computer criminals sometimes escape punishment, demanding not only that they continue occur, largely because of the extreme difficulty in affixing(把…固定) legal
not be charged but that they be given good recommendations and perhaps other responsibility on those who continue to treat our environment with reckless abandon(放
benefits. 任).
They hesitate at the thought of a criminal boasting in open court of how he juggled (耍 Attempts to prevent pollution by legislation, economic in-centives and friendly
弄) the most confidential records right under the noses of the company's executives, persuasion have been net by lawsuits, personal and industrial denial and long
accountants , and security staff. delays-not only in accepting responsibility, but more importantly, in doing something
An elderly middle-class man or woman may be alienated(疏远……) by a young about it.
adult who is dressed in an unconventional manner, regardless of the person's
education, background, or interests. Where is industry's and our recognition that protecting mankind's great treasure
is the single most important responsibility?
Male administrators tend to judge women more favorably for managerial
positions when the women display less "feminine" grooming( 打 扮 )-shorter hair, 36. Which of the following is within the capacity of the artificial nose being developed?
A) Performing physical examinations.
moderate use of makeup, and plain tailored clothing.
B) Locating places which attract terrorists.
Feminine女权主义者；Masculine男子气概的
C) Detecting drugs and water contamination.
D) Monitoring food processing.
The more women and minorities make their way into the ranks of management,
注：从本题定下文章基调，人工鼻子是个新东西。
the more they seem to want to talk about things formerly judged to be best left unsaid.
越多的妇女和少数民族越往上爬，她们越想说以前最好不说的事情。
37.A potential problem which might be caused by the use of an artificial nose is
_______.
It is said that the public and Congressional concern about deceptive packaging
A) negligence of public safety
rumpus started because Senator Hart discovered that the boxes of cereals consumed
B) an abuse of personal freedom
by him, Mrs. Hart, and their children were becoming higher and narrower, with a
C) a hazard to physical health
decline of net weight from 12 to 10. 5 ounces, without any reduction in price.D) a threat to individual privacy
注：推出原文可能有转折 39. To produce artificial noses for practical use, it is essential ______.
A) to invent chips sensitive to various chemicals
38.The word “logged” (Line 5, Para. 7) most probably means“______ ”. B) to develop microchips with thousands of odor receptors
A) preset C) to design a computer program to sort out smells
B) entered D) to find chemicals that can alter the electrical current passing through
C) processed
D) simulated There's simple premise behind what Larry Myers does for a living: If you
注：词汇题，找上下文并列、转折、解释的线索 can
smell it, you can find it.
Myers is the founder of Aubum University's Institute for Biological
39. To produce artificial noses for practical use, it is essential ______ .
Detection
A) to develop microchips with thousands of odor receptors
Systems, the main task of which is to chase the ultimate in detection devices -
B) to invent chips sensitive to various chemicals
an
C) to design a computer program to sort out smells
artificial nose.
D) to find chemicals that can alter the electrical current passing through
For now, the subject of their research is little more than a stack of
gleaming
40. The author's attitude towards Larry Myers' works is ______.
A) approving chips tucked away in a laboratory drawer. But soon, such a tool could be
B) overenthusiastic hanging from
C) cautious the belts of police, arson(纵火)investigators and food - safety inspectors.
D) suspicious The technology that they are working in would suggest quite reasonably
注：作者态度题，应该选正态度 that,
within three to five years, we'll have some workable sensors ready to use. Such
devices might find wide use in places that attract terrorists. Police could detect
怎样先看题再看文章？
drugs,
1. 什么题型？回原文应该怎么做？
bodies and bombs hidden in cars, while food inspectors could easily test food
2. 能不能看出作者评价？
and
3. 可能对应文章的语言现象 water for contamination.
★同义转换的正确选项： The implications for revolutionary advances in public safety and the food
一、同义词 二、句式 三、双重否定 industry are astonishing. But so, too ,are the possibilities for abuse; Such
★错误选项特征： machines
could determine whether a woman is ovulating(排卵),without a physical exam -
一、绝对的 二、长得像的——断章取义
or even
三、跨段 四、难词——杯弓蛇影
her knowledge.
One of the traditional protectors of American liberty is that is has been
36. Which of the following is within the capacity of the artificial nose being developed?
impossible to search everyone. That's getting not to be the case.
A) Monitoring food processing.
Artificial biosensors created at Auburn work totally differently from
B) Performing physical examinations. 跨段
anything
C) Locating places which attract terrorists. 难词
ever seen before. Aroma Scan, for example, is a desktop machine based on a
D) Detecting drugs and water contamination.
bank of
chips sensitive to specific chemicals that evaporate into the air. As air is sucked
37.A potential problem which might be caused by the use of an artificial nose is
into
_______.
the machine, chemicals pass over the sensor surfaces and produce changes in
A) negligence of public safety
the
B) a hazard to physical health
electrical current flowing through them. Those current changes are logged into a
C) a threat to individual privacy
computer that sorts out odors based on their electrical signatures.
D) an abuse of personal freedom
Myers says they expect to load a single fingernail - size chip with
thousands of
38.The word “logged” (Line 5, Para. 7)most probably means “______ “.
odor receptors(感受器), enough to create a sensor that's nearly as sensitive as a
A) preset
dog's
B) simulated
nose.
C) entered
D) processed
31.In the eyes of the author, conventional opinion on conflict is________.
A) wrong
B) oversimplifiedC) misleading
D) unclear
注：文章第一句
32.Professor Charles R. Schwenk's research shows________.
A) the advantages and disadvantages of conflict
B) the real value of conflict
C) the difficulty in determining the optimal level of conflict
D) the complexity of defining the roles of conflict
注：文章第二段
33.We can learn from Schwenk's research that________.
A) a person’s view of conflict is influenced by the purpose of his organization
B) conflict is necessary for managers of for-profit organizationsC) different people resolve conflicts in different ways C) somewhat controversial
D) it is impossible for people to avoid conflict D) quite unexpected
注：文章第三段
38.Olestra is different from ordinary fats in that_______.
34.The passage suggests that in for - profit organizations_______. A) it passes through the intestines without being absorbed
A) there is no end of conflict B) it facilitates the absorption of vitamins by the body
B) expression of different opinions is encouraged C) it helps reduce the incidence of heart disease
C) decisions must be justifiable D) it prevents excessive intake of vitamins
D) success lies in general agreement
注：文章第四段，justifiable合法化 39.What is a possible negative effect of olesira according to some critics?
A) It may impair the digestive system.
35.People working in a not - for - profit organization________. B) It may affect the overall fat intake.
A) seem to be difficult to satisfy C) It may increase the risk of cancer.
B) are free to express diverse opinions D) It may spoil the consumers' appetite.
C) are less effective in making decisions
D) find it easier to reach agreement 40.Why are nutritionists concerned about adding vitamins to olesira?
注：C和D出现比较级，不选 A) It may lead to the over-consumption of vitamins.
B) People may be induced to eat more than is necessary.
C) The function of the intestines may be weakened. 跨段
Conventional wisdom about conflict seems pretty much cut and dried. Too little
conflict breeds apathy (冷漠) and stagnation (呆滞). Too much conflict leads to D) It may trigger a new wave of fake food production.
divisiveness (分裂) and hostility. Moderate levels of conflict, however, can spark
Imagine eating everything delicious you want - with none of the fat. That would be
creativity and motivate people in a healthy and competitive way.
great, wouldn't it?
Recent research by Professor Charles R. Schwenk, however, suggests that the
New “fake fat” products appeared on store shelves in the United States recently,
optimal level of conflict may be more complex to determine than these simple
but not everyone is happy about it. Makers of the products, which contain a compound
generalizations. He studied perceptions of conflict among a sample of executives.
called olestra, say food manufacturers can now eliminate fat from certain foods. Critics,
Some of the executives worked for profit-seeking organizations and others for
however, say the new compound can rob the body of essential vitamins and nutrients
not-for-profit organizations.
(营养物) and can also cause unpleasant side effects in some people. So it's up to
Somewhat surprisingly, Schwenk found that opinions about conflict varied
decide whether the new fat-free products taste good enough to keep eating.
systematically as a function of the type of organization. Specifically, managers in
注：eliminate消除
not-for-profit organizations strongly believed that conflict was beneficial to their
organizations and that it promoted higher quality decision making than might be
achieved in the absence of conflict. Chemists discovered olestra in the late 1960s, when they were searching for a fat
Managers of for-profit organizations saw a different picture. They believed that that could be digested by infants more easily. Instead of finding the desired fat, the
conflict generally was damaging and usually led to poor-quality decision making in researchers created a fat that can't be digested at all.
their organizations. Schwenk interpreted these results in terms of the criteria for Normally, special chemicals in the intestines (肠)“grab” molecules of regular fat and
effective decision making suggested by the executives. In the profit-seeking break them down so they can be used by the body. A molecule of regular fat is made
organizations, decision-making effectiveness was most often assessed in financial up of three molecule of substances called fatty acids.
terms. The executives believed that consensus rather than conflict enhanced financial The fatty acids are absorbed by the intestines and bring with them the essential
indicators. vitamins A, D, E, and K. When fat molecules are present in the intestines with any of
In the not-for-profit organizations, decision-making effectiveness was defined those vitamins, the vitamins attach to the molecules and are carried into the
from the perspective of satisfying constituents. Given the complexities and ambiguities bloodstream.
associated with satisfying many diverse constituents executives perceived that conflict Olestra, which is made from six to eight molecules of fatty acids, is too large for the
led to more considered and acceptable decisions. intestines to absorb. It just slides through the intestines without being broken down.
Manufacturers say it's that ability to slide unchanged through the intestines that makes
36. We learn from the passage that olestra is a substance that_______. olestra so valuable as a fat substitute. It provides consumers with the taste of regular
A) contains plenty of nutrients fat without any bad effects on the body. But critics say olestra can prevent vitamins A,
B) renders foods calorie-free while retaining their vitamins D, E, and K from being absorbed. It can also prevent the absorption of carotenoids (类
C) makes foods easily digestible 胡萝卜素), compounds that may reduce the risk of cancer, heart disease, etc.
D) makes foods fat-free while keeping them delicious Manufacturers are adding vitamins A, D, E, and K as well as carotenoids to their
products now. Even so, some nutritionists are still concerned that people might eat
37.The result of the search for an easily digestible fat turned out to be_______. unlimited amounts of food made with the fat substitute without worrying about how
A) commercially useless many calories they are consuming.
B) just as anticipated________________________________________________________
简短回答题评分原则及标准 74. What are the two ways thieves sell the stolen cars?
1. 评分原则 ________________________________________________________
简答题要求考生在读懂文章的基础上，用正确简洁的语言回答问题。在评分时 75. What type of security system can help the police track down a stolen car?
________________________________________________________
应同时考虑内容和语言。每题满分为2分，最低为0分。
2. 给分标准
21.What brought about the decline in the demand for American farm products?
2分--答出全部内容，语言正确；
A) The impact of the Great Depression.
1分--答出部分内容，语言正确；
B) The shrinking of overseas markets.
0分--没有答对问题。 C) The destruction caused by the First World War.
扣分标准 D) The increased exports of European countries.
（1）语言有错误扣0.5分（不包括引起歧义的，可以辨识的拼写错误），每题由于语言错
误扣分不能超过0.5分； 22.The chief concern of the American government in the area of agriculture in the
（2）涉及无关内容者扣0.5分；其答案中有相互矛盾的内容，则内容矛盾的部分均不得 1920s was ______.
A) to increase farm production
分；
B) to establish agricultural laws
（3）整句原封不动照搬应扣分；照搬一句扣0.5分；照搬两句及两句以上者扣2分；
C) to prevent farmers from going bankrupt
（4）考生所给答案超过10个单词扣0.5分。
D) to promote the mechanization of agriculture
Part IV Short Answer Questions (15 minutes)
Joe Templer should have known better: after all, he works for a large auto-insurance 23.The Agricultural Adjustment Act encouraged American farmers to ______.
company. It won't hurt to leave the key in the truck this once, he thought, as he filled his gas A) reduce their scale of production
tank at a self-service gas station. But moments latter as he was paying the money he saw the B) make full use of their land
truck being driven away. C) adjust the prices of their farm products
In 1987, 1.6 million motor vehicles were stolen in the United States-one every 20 D) be self-sufficient in agricultural production
seconds. If current trends continue, experts predict annual vehicle thefts could exceed two
million by the end of the decade. 24.The Supreme Court rejected the Agricultural Adjustment Act because it believed
Vehicle theft is a common phenomenon, which has a direct impact on over four million that the Act ______.
victims a year. The cost is astonishing. A) might cause greater scarcity of farm products
Many police officials blame professional thieves for the high volume of thefts. It is a B) didn't give the Secretary of Agriculture enough power
major money-maker for organized crime. Typically, stolen cars are taken to pieces and the C) would benefit neither the government nor the farmers
parts sold to individuals. But as many as 200.000 cars are smuggled out of the country every D) benefited one group of citizens at the expense of others
year. Most go to Latin America, the Middle East and Europe.
Only about 15 percent car thefts result in an arrest, because few police departments 25.It was claimed that the new laws passed during the Roosevelt Administration were
routinely conduct in-depth auto-investigations. When thieves are arrested, judges will often aimed at ______.
sentence them to probation (缓刑), not immediately put them in prison because the prisons are A) reducing the cost of farming
overcrowded with violent criminals. B) conserving soil in the long-term interest of the nation
One exception is a Michigan program that assigns 92 police officers to work full-time on C) lowering the burden of farmers
the state's 65,000 car theft cases a year. Since 1986, when the effort began, the state's D) helping farmers without shifling the burden onto other taxpayers
auto-theft rate has fallen from second in the nation to ninth.
How can you protect your car? If you live in a high-theft area or drive an expensive In the 1920s demand for American farm products fell, as European countries
model, consider a security system. It may cost anywhere from $25 to $1,000. Some systems began to recover from World War I and instituted austerity (紧缩) programs to reduce
engage automatically - simply removing the key disables the fuel pump the fuel pump and the their imports. The result was a sharp drop in farm prices. This period was more
starter. When cars are equipped with such systems, thefts may drop by one-third. In some disastrous for farmers than earlier times had been, because farmers were no longer
states, you may be able to sue a device that transmits radio signals, allowing stolen cars to be self-sufficient. They were paying for machinery, seed, and fertilizer, and they were also
tracked by police. buying consumer goods. The prices of the items farmers bought remained constant,
while prices they received for their products fell. These developments were made
Questions: worse by the Great Depression, which began in 1929 and extended throughout the
71. What is the passage mainly about? 1939s.
________________________________________________________ In 1929, under President Herbert Hoover, the Federal Farm Board was organized.
72. What does the author think Joe Templer should be blamed for? It established the principle of direct interference with supply and demand, and it
Leaving the key in the truck represented the first national commitment to provide greater economic stability for
73. How serious did the author predict the annual vehicle theft could in the United States farmers.
in 1989? President Hoover's successor attached even more importance to this problem.One of the first measures proposed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt when he took achieving anything remotely resembling these early aspirations for humanlike behavior.
office in 1933 was the Agricultural Adjustment Act, which was subsequently passed by Never mind something as complex as conversation: the most powerful computers
Congress. This law gave the Secretary of Agriculture the power to reduce production struggle to reliably recognize the shape of an object, the most elementary of tasks for a
through voluntary agreements with farmers who were paid to take their land out of use. ten-month-old kid.
A deliberate scarcity of farm products was planned in an effort to raise prices. This law A growing group of AI researchers think they know where the field went wrong.
was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court on the grounds that general taxes The problem, the scientists say, is that AI has been trying to separate the highest,
were being collected to pay one special group of people. However, new laws were most abstract levels of thought, like language and mathematics, and to duplicate them
passed immediately that achieved the same result of resting soil and providing with logical, step-by-step programs. A new movement in AI, on the other hand, takes
flood-control measures, but which were based on the principle of soil conservation. a closer look at the more roundabout way in which nature came up with intelligence.
The Roosevelt Administration believed that rebuilding the nation's soil was in the Many of these researchers study evolution and natural adaptation instead of formal
national interest and was not simply a plan to help farmers at the expense of other logic and conventional computer programs. Rather than digital computers and
citizens. Later the government guaranteed loans to farmers so that they could buy farm transistors, some want to work with brain cells and proteins. The results of these early
machinery, hybrid (杂交) grain, and fertilizers. efforts are as promising as they are peculiar, and the new nature-based AI movement
is slowly but surely moving to the forefront of the field.
26.The author says that the powerful computers of today ______. Imitating the brain's neural (神经的) network is a huge step in the right direction,
A) are capable of reliably recognizing the shape of an object says computer scientist and biophysicist Michael Conrad, but it still misses an
B) are close to exhibiting humanlike behavior important aspect of natural intelligence. "People tend to treat the brain as if it were
C) are not very different in their performance from those of the 50's made up of color-coded transistors", he explains, "but it's not simply a clever network
D) still cannot communicate with people in a human language of switches. There are lots of important things going on inside the brain cells
themselves." Specifically, Conrad believes that many of the brain's capabilities stem
27.The new trend in artificial intelligence research stems from ______. from the pattern recognition proficiency of the individual molecules that make up each
A) the shift of the focus of study on to the recognition of the shapes of objects brain cell. The best way to build and artificially intelligent device, he claims, would be to
B) the belief that human intelligence cannot be duplicated with logical, step-by-step build it around the same sort of molecular skills.
programs Right now, the notion that conventional computers and software are
C) the aspirations of scientists to duplicate the intelligence of a ten-month-old child fundamentally incapable of matching the processes that take place in the brain
D) the efforts made by scientists in the study of the similarities between transistors remains controversial. But if it proves true, then the efforts of Conrad and his fellow AI
and brain cells rebels could turn out to be the only game in town.
28.Conrad and his group of AI researchers have been making enormous efforts to 11. A new study on birds' sleep has revealed that ____________.
______. A) half-brain sleep is found in a wide variety of birds
A) find a roundabout way to design powerful computers B) half-brain sleep is characterized by slow brain waves
B) build a computer using a clever network of switches C) birds can control their half-brain sleep consciously
C) find out how intelligence developed in nature D) birds seldom sleep with the whole of their brain at rest
D) separate the highest and most abstract levels of thought
12. According to the passage, birds often half sleep because ______________.
29.What's the author's opinion about the new AI movement? A) they have to watch out for possible attacks
A) It has created a sensation among artificial intelligence researchers but will soon B) their brain hemisphere take turns to rest 跨段
die out. C) the two halves of their brain are differently structured 没
B) It's a breakthrough in duplicating human thought processes. D) they have to constantly keep an eye on their companions 反
C) It's more like a peculiar game rather than a real scientific effort.
D) It may prove to be in the right direction though nobody is sure of its future
13. The example of a bird sleeping in front of a mirror indicates that _____________.
prospects.
A) the phenomenon of birds dozing in pairs is widespread
B) birds prefer to sleep in pairs for the sake of security
30.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase "the only game in town"
C) even an imagined companion gives the bird a sense of security
(Line 3, Para. 4)?
D) a single pet bird enjoys seeing its own reflection in the mirror
A) The only approach to building an artificially intelligent computer.
B) The only way for them to win a prize in artificial intelligence research.
14. While sleeping, some water mammals tend to keep half awake in order to
C) The only area worth studying in computer science.
__________.
D) The only game they would like to play in town.
A) alert themselves to the approaching enemy
B) emerge from water now and then to breathe
In the 1950s, the pioneers of artificial intelligence (AI) predicted that, by the end of this
C) be sensitive to the ever-changing environment
century, computers would be conversing with us at work and robots would be
D) avoid being swept away by rapid currents
performing our housework. But as useful as computers are, they're nowhere close to15. By "just the tip of the iceberg" (Line 2, Para.8), Siegel suggests that ____________.
____________. A) they didn't take the offer seriously
A) half-brain sleep has something to do with icy weather B) they didn't want to risk their career
B) the mystery of half-brain sleep is close to being solved C) they were unwilling to reveal their secret
C) most birds living in cold regions tend to be half sleepers D) they thought it was not in line with their practice
D) half-brain sleep is a phenomenon that could exist among other species 注：争议题，B、C皆可。
Birds that are literally half-asleep-with one brain hemisphere alert and the other 18. The purpose of Emily Rosa's experiment was ____________.
sleeping-control which side of the brain remains awake, according to a new study of A) to see why TT could work the way it did
sleeping ducks. B) to find out how TT cured patient's illness
Earlier studies have documented half-brain sleep in a wide range of birds. The C) to test whether she could sense the human energy field
brain hemispheres take turns sinking into the sleep stage characterized by slow brain D) to test whether a human energy field really existed
waves. The eye controlled by the sleeping hemisphere keeps shut, while the wakeful 注：对应文章第三段首句
hemisphere's eye stays open and alert. Birds also can sleep with both hemispheres
resting at once.
19. Why did some TT practitioners agree to be the subjects of Emily's experiment?
Earlier studies have documented half-brain sleep in a wide range of birds. The
A) It involved nothing more than mere guessing.
brain hemispheres take turns sinking into the sleep stage characterized by slow brain
B) They thought it was going to be a lot of fun.
waves. The eye controlled by the sleeping hemisphere keeps shut, while the wakeful
C) It was more straightforward than other experiments.
hemisphere's eye stays open and alert. Birds also can sleep with both hemispheres
D) They sensed no harm in a little girl's experiment.
resting at once.
注：对应文章第三段末句，no harm对应innocent，little girl对应fourth-grade
Decades of studies of bird flocks led researchers to predict extra alertness in the
more vulnerable, end-of-the-row sleepers, Sure enough, the end birds tended to watch
20. What can we learn from the passage?
carefully on the side away from their companions. Ducks in the inner spots showed no
A) Some widely accepted beliefs can be deceiving.
preference for gaze direction.
B) Solid evidence weighs more than pure theories.
Also, birds dozing（打盹）at the end of the line resorted to single-hemisphere
C) Little children can be as clever as trained TT practitioners.
sleep, rather than total relaxation, more often than inner ducks did. Rotaing 16 birds
D) The principle of TT is too profound to understand.
through the positions in a four-duck row, the researchers found outer birds half-asleep
during some 32 percent of dozing time versus about 12 percent for birds in internal
A nine-year-old schoolgirl single-handedly cooks up a science-fair experiment
spots.
that ends up debunking（揭穿．．．的真相）a widely practiced medical treatment. Emily
"We believe this is the first evidence for an animal behaviorally controlling sleep
Rosa's target was a practice known as therapeutic（治疗）touch (TT for short), whose
and wakefulness simultaneously in different regions of the brain," the researchers say.
advocates manipulate patients' "energy field" to make them feel better and even, say
The results provide the best evidence for a long-standing supposition that
some, to cure them of various ills. Yet Emily's test shows that these energy fields can't
single-hemisphere sleep evolved as creatures scanned for enemies. The preference
be detected, even by trained TT practitioners（行医者）. Obviously mindful of the
for opening an eye on the lookout side could be widespread, he predicts. He's seen it
publicity value of the situation, Journal editor George Lundberg appeared on TV to
in a pair of birds dozing side-by-side in the zoo and in a single pet bird sleeping by
declare, "Age doesn't matter. It's good science that matters, and this is good science."
mirror. The mirror-side eye closed as if the reflection were a companion and the other
Emily's mother Linda Rosa, a registered nurse, has been campaigning against
eye stayed open.
TT for nearly a decade. Linda first thought about TT in the late '80s, when she learned
Useful as half-sleeping might be, it's only been found in birds and such water
it was on the approved list for continuing nursing education in Colorado. Its 100,000
mammals（哺乳动物）as dolphins, whales, and seals. Perhaps keeping one side of
trained practitioners (48,000 in the U.S.) don't even touch their patients. Instead, they
the brain awake allows a sleeping animal to surface occasionally to avoid drowning.
waved their hands a few inches from the patient's body, pushing energy fields around
Studies of birds may offer unique insights into sleep. Jerome M. Siegel of the UGLA
until they're in "balance." TT advocates say these manipulations can help heal wounds,
says he wonders if birds' half-brain sleep "is just the tip of the iceberg（冰山）". He
relieve pain and reduce fever. The claims are taken seriously enough that TT
speculates that more examples may turn up when we take a closer look at other
therapists are frequently hired by leading hospitals, at up to $70 an hour, the smooth
species.
patients' energy, sometimes during surgery.
Yet Rosa could not find any evidence that it works. To provide such proof, TT
16. Which of the following is evidence that TT is widely practiced?
therapists would have to sit down for independent testing-something they haven't been
A) TT has been in existence for decades.
eager to do, even though James Randi has offered more than $1 million to anyone
B) Many patients were cured by therapeutic touch.
who can demonstrate the existence of a human energy field. (He's had one taker so far.
C) TT therapists are often employed by leading hospitals.
She failed.) A skeptic might conclude that TT practitioners are afraid to lay their beliefs
D) More than 100,000 people are undergoing TT treatment.
on the line. But who could turn down an innocent fourth-grader? Says Emily: "I think
注：D为迷惑选项数字必转化，C对应第二段末句。
they didn't take me very seriously because I'm a kid."
The experiment was straightforward: 21 TT therapists stuck their hands, palms
17. Very few TT practitioners responded to the $1 million offer becauseup, through a screen. Emily held her own hand over one of theirs-left or right-and the before reaching the automated highway. If a mixed traffic system was in place,
practitioners had to say which hand it was. When the results were recorded, they'd automated driving could begin whenever the driver was on suitably equipped roads. If
done no better than they would have by simply guessing. if there was an energy field, special-purpose lanes were available, the car could enter them and join existing traffic
they couldn't feel it. in two different ways. One method would use a special onramp（入口引道）. As the
driver approached the point of entry for the highway, devices installed on the roadside
21. We learn from the first paragraph that two systems of automated highways would electronically check the vehicle to determine its destination and to ascertain that
__________. it had the proper automation equipment in good working order. Assuming it passed
A) are being planned such tests, the driver would then be guided through a gate and toward an automated
B) are being modified lane. In this case, the transition from manual to automated control would take place on
C) are now in wide use the entrance ramp. An alternative technique could employ conventional lanes, which
D) are under construction would be shared by automated and regular vehicles. The driver would steer onto the
注：on the drawing borad就是planned highway and move in normal fashion to a "transition" lane. The vehicle would then shift
under computer control onto a lane reserved for automated traffic. (The limitation of
22. A special-purpose lane system is probably advantageous in that these lanes to automated traffic would presumably be well respected, because all
________________. trespassers（非法进入者）could be swiftly identified by authorities.)
A) it would require only minor changes to existing highways Either approach to joining a lane of automated traffic would harmonize the
B) it would achieve the greatest highway traffic efficiency movement of newly entering vehicles with those already traveling. Automatic control
C) it has a lane for both automated and partially automated vehicles here should allow for smooth merging, without the usual uncertainties and potential for
D) it offers more lanes for automated vehicles accidents. and once a vehicle had settled into automated travel, the drive would be
注：A选项说反了 free to release the wheel, open the morning paper or just relax.
23. Which of the following is true about driving on an automated highway? 26. According to the author, the conventional notion of intelligence measured n terms
A) Vehicles traveling on it are assigned different lanes according to their destinations. of one's ability to read, write and compute _____________.
B) A car can join existing traffic any time in a mixed lane system. A) is a widely held but wrong concept
C) The driver should inform his car computer of his destination before driving onto it. B) will help eliminate intellectual prejudice
D) The driver should share the automated lane with those f regular vehicles. C) is the root of all mental distress
注：对应第二段开头 D) will contribute to one's self-fulfillment
注：作者态度题，应该选负选项
24. We know form the passage that a car can enter a special-purpose lane
_____________. 27. It is implied in the passage that holding a university degree _____________.
A) by smoothly merging with cars on the conventional lane A) may result in one's inability to solve complex real-life problems
B) by way of a ramp with electronic control devices B) does not indicate one's ability to write properly worded documents
C) through a specially guarded gate C) may make one mentally sick and physically weak
D) after all trespassers are identified and removed D) does not meat that one is highly intelligent
注：争议题
28. The author thinks that an intelligent person knows _____________.
25. When driving in an automated lane, the driver ___________. A) how to put up with some very prevalent myths
A) should harmonize with newly entering cars B) how to find the best way to achieve success in life
B) doesn't have to rely on his computer system C) how to avoid depression and make his life worthwhile
C) should watch out for potential accidents D) how to persuade others to compromise
D) doesn't have to hold not to the steering wheel 注：对应第二段第一句话
注：文章最后一段
29. In the last paragraph, the author tells us that _____________.
What might driving on an automated highway be like? The answer depends on A) difficulties are but part of everyone's life
what kind of system is ultimately adopted. Two distinct types are on the drawing board. B) depression and unhappiness are unavoidable in life反
The first is a special-purpose lane system, in which certain lanes are reserved for C) everybody should learn to avoid trying circumstances反
automated vehicles. The second is a mixed traffic system: fully automated vehicles D) good feelings can contribute to eventual academic excellence
would share the road with partially automated or manually driven cars. A
special-purpose land system would require more extensive physical modifications to 30. According to the passage, what kind of people are rare?
existing highways, but it promises the greatest gains in freeway（高速公路）capacity. A) Those who don't emphasize bookish excellence in their pursuit of happiness.
Under either scheme, the driver would specify the desired destination, furnishing B) Those who are aware of difficulties in life but know how to avoid unhappiness.
this information to a computer in the car at the beginning of the trip or perhaps just C) Those who measure happiness by an absence of problems but seldom sufferform N. B. D.'s. B) are not well informed due to the language barrier
D) Those who are able to secure happiness though having to struggle against trying C) tend to get along well with the natives
circumstances. D) need interpreters in hotels and restaurants
注：文章最后一句 注：对应文章第五段，inform对应information
Taking charge of yourself involves putting to rest some very prevalent myths. At 24. According to the author, Americans' cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance will
the top of the list is the notion that intelligence is measured by your ability to solve ____________.
complex problems; to read, write and compute at certain levels, and to resolve abstract A) affect their image in the new era
equations quickly. This vision of intelligence asserts formal education and bookish B) cut themselves off from the outside world
excellence as the true measures of self-fulfillment. It encourages a kind of intellectual C) limit their role in world affairs
prejudice that has brought with it some discouraging results. We have come to believe D) weaken the position of the US dollar
that someone who has more educational merit badges, who is very good at some form 注：对应倒数第二段
of school discipline is "intelligent." Yet mental hospitals are filled with patients who
have all of the properly lettered certificates. A truer indicator of intelligence is an 25. The author's intention in writing this article is to make Americans realize that
effective, happy life lived each day and each present moment of every day. ________.
If you are happy, if you live each moment for everything it's worth, then you are A) it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friends
an intelligent person. Problem solving is a useful help to your happiness, but if you B) it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairs
know that given your inability to resolve a particular concern you can still choose C) it is necessary to use several languages in public places
happiness for yourself, or at a minimum refuse to choose unhappiness, then you are D) it is time to get acquainted with other cultures
intelligent. You are intelligent because you have the ultimate weapon against the big N. 注：B反了
B. D-Nervous Break Down.
"Intelligent" people do not have N. B. D.'s because they are in charge of
Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is
themselves. They know how to choose happiness over depression, because they
universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize
know how go deal with the problems of their lives.
that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to one's
You can begin to think of yourself as truly intelligent on the basis of how you
side, or that in Italy and some Latin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is
choose to feel in the face of trying circumstances. The life struggles are pretty much
a sign of farewell.
the same for each of us. Everyone who is involved with other human beings in any
Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after
social context has similar difficulties. Disagreements, conflicts and compromises are a
World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find
part of what it means to be human Similarly, money, growing old, sickness, deaths
out that "Gift" means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as
natural disasters and accidents are all events which present problems to virtually all
friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arm's length away form others. Latins
human beings. But some people are able to make it, to avoid immobilizing depression
and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans
and unhappiness despite such occurrences, while others collapse or have an N. B. D.
uncomfortable.
Those who recognize problems as a human condition and don't measure happiness by
Our linguistic（语言上的）and cultural blindness and the casualness with which
an absence of problems are the most intelligent kind of humans we know; also, the
we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other
most rare.
countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world.
Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign
21. It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle
visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or
Easterners would most probably ______________.
monuments; we do not have multilingual（多语的）guided tours. Very few restaurant
A) stand still
menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare.
B) jump aside
Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have
C) step forward
difficulty understanding them.
D) draw back
注：对应文章第二段 When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is
spoken. The attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those
natives-usually the richer-who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the
22. The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their ___________.
nation's diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters.
A) cultural self-centeredness
For many years, America and Americans could get by with cultural blindness and
B) casual manners
linguistic ignorance. After all, America was the most powerful country of the free world,
C) indifference toward foreign visitors
the distributor of needed funds and goods.
D) arrogance towards other cultures
But all that is past. American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are
注：对应文章第四段首句
slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris
poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant
23. In countries other than their own most Americans _______________.
role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next
A) are isolated by the local peoplecentury, even though it may not always be the upper hand. sharp, deadly fashion accessories.
Regardless of such practical uses for heels, the fact remains that
26. What makes women blind to the deceptive nature of high heels? wearing high
A) The multi-functional use of high heels. heels is harmful to one's physical health. Talk to any
B) Their attempt to show off their status. podiatrist（足病医生）, and you
C) The rich variety of high heel styles. will hear that the majority of their business comes from high-heel-wearing
D) Their wish to improve their appearance. women.
注：B选项show off炫耀，C是迷惑选项。 High heels are known to cause problems such as deformed feet and torn
toenails. The
27. The author's presentation of the positive side of high heels is meant risk of severe back problems and twisted or broken ankles is three times
______________. higher for a
A) to be ironic high heel wearer than for a flat shoe wearer. Wearing heels also creates
B) to poke fun at women the threat of
C) to be fair to the fashion industry getting a heel caught in a sidewalk crack or a sewer-grate（阴沟栅）and
D) to make his point convincing being thrown
注：讽刺意味的 to the ground-possibly breaking a nose, back, or neck. And of course, after
wearing
28. The author uses the expression "those babies" (Line 3, Para.2) to refer to high heels for a day, any woman knows she can look forward to a night of pain
heels __________. as she tries
A) to show their fragile characteristics to comfort her swollen, aching feet.
B) to indicate their feminine features
C) to show women's affection for them 31. The picture of the reading ability of the American people, drawn by
D) to emphasize their small size the author, is
_____.
29. The author's chief argument against high heels is that ____________. A) rather bleak
A) they pose a threat to lawns B) fairly bright
B) they are injurious to women's health C) very impressive
C) they don't necessarily make women beautiful D) quite encouraging
D) they are ineffective as a weapon of defense 注：选一个烂的，bleak黯淡无光
30. It can be inferred from the passage that women should _______________. 32. The author's biggest concern is ____________.
A) see through the very nature of fashion myths A) elementary school children's disinterest in reading classics
B) boycott the products of the fashion industry B) the surprisingly low rate of literacy in the U.S.
C) go to a podiatrist regularly for advice C) the musical setting American readers require for reading
D) avoid following fashion too closely D) the reading ability and reading behavior of the middle class
In department stores and closets all over the world, they are waiting. Their 33. A major problem with most adolescents who can read is ___________.
outward appearance seems rather appealing because they come in a variety of styles, A) their fondness of music and TV programs
textures, and colors. But they are ultimately the biggest deception that exists in the B) their ignorance of various forms of art and literature
fashion industry today. What are they? They are high heels - a woman's worst enemy C) their lack of attentiveness and basic understanding
(whether she knows it or not). High heel shoes are the downfall of modern society. D) their inability to focus on conflicting input
Fashion myths have led women to believe that they are more beautiful or sophisticated
for wearing heels, but in reality, heels succeed in posing short as well as long term 34. The author claims that the best way a reader can show admiration
hardships. Women should fight the high heel industry by refusing to use or purchase for a piece of
them in order to save the world from unnecessary physical and psychological poetry or prose is ____________.
suffering. A) to be able to appreciate it and memorize it
For the sake of fairness, it must be noted that there is a positive side to high heels. B) to analyze its essential features
First, heels are excellent for aerating（使通气）lawns. Anyone who has ever worn C) to think it over conscientiously
heels on grass knows what I am talking about. A simple trip around the yard in a pair of D) to make a fair appraisal of its artistic value
those babies eliminates all need to call for a lawn care specialist, and provides the
perfect-sized holes to give any lawn oxygen without all those messy chunks of dirt 35. About the future of the arts of reading the author feels ____________.
lying around. Second, heels are quite functional for defense against oncoming A) upset
enemies, who can easily be scared away by threatening them with a pair of these B) uncertain
C) alarmed
D) pessimistic注：对应最后一段
It is hardly necessary for me to cite all the evidence of the
depressing state of
literacy. These figures from the Department of Education are
sufficient: 27 million
Americans cannot read at all, and a further 35 million read at a level that
is less than
sufficient to survive in our society.
But my own worry today is less that of the overwhelming problem
of elemental
literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in
the skill even
of he middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of
silence, thoseluxuries of domesticity and time and concentration, that surround the image of the B) confirm the suggestion that bacterial fossils traveled to Earth on a meteorite
classic act of reading. it has been suggested that almost 80 percent of America's C) reveal the kind of conditions under which lie originates
literate, educated teenagers can no longer read without an accompanying noise D) provide an explanation why life is common in the universe
(music) in the background or a television screen flickering（闪烁）at the corner of their
field of perception. We know very little about the brain and how it deals with For centuries, explorers have risked their lives venturing into the unknown for
simultaneous conflicting input, but every common-sense intuition suggests we should reasons that were to varying degrees economic and nationalistic. Columbus went west
be profoundly alarmed. This violation of concentration, silence, solitude（独处的状态） to look for better trade routes to the Orient and to promote the greater glory of Spain.
goes to the very heart of our notion of literacy; this new form of part-reading, of Lewis and Clark journeyed into the American wilderness to find out what the U.S. had
part-perception against background distraction, renders impossible certain essential acquired when it purchased Louisiana, and the Appolo astronauts rocketed to the
acts of apprehension and concentration, let alone that most important tribute any moon in a dramatic show of technological muscle during the cold war.
human being can pay to a poem or a piece of prose he or she really loves, which is to Although their missions blended commercial and political-military imperatives, the
learn it by heart. Not by brain, by heart; the expression is vital. explorers involved all accomplished some significant science simply by going where no
Under these circumstances, the question of what future there is for the arts of scientists had gone before.
reading is a real one. Ahead of us lie technical, psychic （ 心 理 的 ） , and social Today Mars looms（隐约出现）as humanity's next great terra incognita（未探明
transformations probably much more dramatic than those brought about by Gutenberg, 之地）. And with doubtful prospects for a short-term financial return, with the cold war
the German inventor in printing. The Gutenberg revolution, as we now know it, took a a rapidly fading memory and amid a growing emphasis on international cooperation in
long time; its effects are still begin debated. The information revolution will touch every large space ventures, it is clear that imperatives other than profits or nationalism will
facet of composition, publication, distribution, and reading. No one in the book industry have to compel human beings to leave their tracks on the planet's reddish surface.
can say with any confidence what will happen to the book as we've known it. Could it be that science, which has long played a minor role in exploration, is at last
destined to take a leading role? The question naturally invites a couple of others: Are
36. According to the passage, the chief purpose of explorers in going to unknown there experiments that only humans could do on Mars? Could those experiments
places in the past was ______________. provide insights profound enough to justify the expense of sending people across
A) to display their country's military might interplanetary space?
B) to accomplish some significant science With Mars the scientific stakes are arguably higher than they have ever been.
C) to find new areas for colonization The issue of whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day,
D) to pursue commercial and state interests has been highlighted by mounting evidence that the Red Planet once had abundant
注：对应文章第一段 stable, liquid water and by the continuing controversy over suggestions that bacterial
fossils rode to Earth on a meteorite（陨石）from valuable data about the range of
37. At present, a probable inducement for countries to initiate large-scale space conditions under which a planet can generate the complex chemistry that leads to life.
ventures is _____________. If it could be established that life arose independently on Mars and Earth, the finding
A) international cooperation would provide the first concrete clues in one of the deepest mysteries in all of science:
B) nationalistic reasons the prevalence of life in the universe.
C) scientific research
D) long-term profits
注：对应文章第三段，B和D相反都排除
38. What is the main goal of sending human missions to Mars?
A) To find out if life ever existed there.
B) To see if humans could survive there.
C) To prove the feasibility of large-scale space ventures.
D) To show the leading role of science in space exploration.
39. By saying "With Mars the scientific stakes are arguably higher than they have ever
been" (Line 1, Para.4), the author means that _________________.
A) with Mars the risks involved are much greater than any previous space ventures
B) in the case of Mars, the rewards of scientific exploration can be very high
C) in the case of Mars, much more research funds are needed than ever before
D) with Mars, scientists argue, the fundamental interests of science are at issue
注：争议太多，对应末段
40. The passage tells us that proof of life on Mars would _______________.
A) make clear the complex chemistry in the development of life
