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专题 04 高考阅读理解 议论文
一、考情分析
阅读是英语学习输入的重要形式之一，纵观近年的高考题，不难看出，阅读是高考的重点考查点之一。
难怪有人说，“得阅读者得天下”，这也说明了英语学习中阅读的重要性。而且分值也达到了50分，占整套
试卷的三分之一，阅读理解中一般来说有一篇是议论文。议论文阅读尤其考查学生的思维品质，研究议论
文阅读对培养学生英语阅读的逻辑思维和批判性思维非常必要。
英语议论文是一种说理性的文章，作者通过陈述观点试图说服读者接受其所给的观点，它是高考阅读
理解题中较难的题目。观点必须要由一些例子、理由和逻辑支撑。简而言之，议论文的结构通常为三段式，
即“论点、论据、结论”。一篇好的议论文，观点明确且正确，论据充分，论证合乎逻辑，结构、层次清晰。
议论文的题材多样化、知识化，它包括社会科学的多个领域，涵盖文化、历史、文学、科学和教育等各个
方面，以及和自然科学交叉的学科，体现以人为本的特点。
一、题型介绍
议论说理类文章就是议论文，是高考阅读理解题中一种较难的题目。从近年来的高考英语试题内容分
析中可以得出结论，议论文类阅读题的实际内容丰富多彩，数量较大。
议论说理类文章具有以下特点：
1. 题材多样化、知识化，它包括社会科学的多种领域，以及和自然科学交叉学科，体现以人为本的特
点。具体说来：
(1)一般按提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的方法写作。作者一般从日常生活中的热点问题、社会上的
重大问题、与读者息息相关的问题入手，即提出问题。然后，分析利弊，举例说明，推理判断，即分析问
题。最后，阐述观点，提出办法，即解决问题。
(2)以作者的观点或情感为核心，对细节推理等方面进行考查。
(3)文章的主题一般是生活中的热点问题、重大问题或与生活息息相关的问题等。
2. 侧重考查学生对文章深层意义的理解。通常情况下，深层理解题占多数，这就要求学生读议论文时，
不能仅限于对文章的表层理解，只抓一些事实细节，而且要注重对文章的意图、作者的观点以及内在逻辑
联系的审视。
3. 在命题类型与考核方向上，深层理解题的主要包括以下内容：
一）主旨大意题
主旨大意题需借助学生的逻辑推理能力、文字信息处理能力去对议论文阅读材料的基本内容、主要观
点、论述进行深刻的理解和全面的归纳处理。对于这类问题，学生应该了解作者想说什么，即作者撰写本
资料整理【淘宝店铺：向阳百分百】文的目的。
二）细节理解题
细节理解题，顾名思义，就是针对阅读文章的某个细节内容而具体设置的试题。学生在解题时，可以
利用考核问题中的“关键词”去文本信息中寻找可能的来源区域、考核方向与问题答案。解答这类问题时，
要求学生在信息获取、信息解读与信息处理过程中，深度理解文章中的具体观点和主要事实，然后按照具
体问题要求给予准确的处理。这是一个常用的解题方法，也是一个简单易行的、行之有效的好方法。
这类题目一般难度不大，以表层理解为主，多数情况下是直接信息题，主要考查学生在快速阅读文章
的同时从中获取某些特定信息的能力。
三） 推理判断题
这类题型以文章内容中的某些信息为理论基础，要求学生在解答推理和判断的时候，要立足文本作息
的具体语境和内容诉求，去合情合理地进行主观推理和客观判断，充分掌握阅读材料中的中心诉求、思想
情感、主观愿景与语言特色，以此推断出文章的创作来源、写作目的与价值诉求，从“宏观层面”去把握
文章的写作意图，以此得到较为全面的感知结论。学生不能忽视作者个人的观点和态度，在进行推理和判
断时，必须遵循逻辑规律，以事实为根据进行合乎情理的推断。推理和判断题对学生的逻辑思维能力、问
题剖析能力、推理理解能力，都具有较高要求。
四）词义理解题
英语单词和短语词义非常丰富，语境不同，词义也不同。解决这类题型，要求学生利用某一个词所在
的具体语境和实际用途去较为准确地推测这个单词或短语的意思。学生不仅需要有丰富的词汇量，还需要
具有一定的识读能力、理解能力与猜词能力。判断词义的题可能有四种情况，一是词未学过，二是词已学
过，但在该篇中不是已学过的词义，即熟词生义或熟词新义，三是代词it或them在文中指代上文中的什么
人或物，四是某句话的意思。
议论文的写作方法通常有以下三种形式：
写法一：正方(甲方)，反方(乙方)，作者(我)认为……
写法二：提出问题，分析问题，解决问题。
写法三：论点，理由(证据)，得出结论。
议论文的内容涵盖多个方面。在这类体裁的文章中把握好论点、论据和论证很重要。此类体裁的文章
中有关主旨大意和推理判断的题目会较多。在阅读这类文章的时候，我们要认真把握作者的态度，领悟弦
外之音，从而更好地依据文章的事实做出合理的推断。
注意事项：
1. 避免读得太快，做题靠印象和直觉。(要求每一道题回到原文去找答案)
资料整理【淘宝店铺：向阳百分百】2. 要先看题目，后读文章。(与先读文章，后看题目的比较)
高考材料阅读方法：先通读全文，重点读首段、各段的段首段尾句，然后其他部分可以略读，再审题
定位，比较选项，选出答案。要有把握文章的宏观结构、中心句的能力。
3. 阅读中需要特别注意并做记号的有：
(1)标志类、指示类的信息。
①表示并列关系：and,also,coupledwith等；
②表示转折关系：but,yet,however,bycontrast等；
③表示因果关系：therefore,thereby,consequently,asaresult等；
④表示递进关系：inadditionto,even,what’smore,furthermore等；
⑤表示重要性的词：prime,aboveall,first等。
以上关键词有助于我们对文章逻辑结构的把握。
(2)具有感情色彩、显示作者态度的词：blind盲目的(贬),excessively过分的(贬),objective(客观)等。
4. 常见问题：
(1)读不懂怎么办？
问题本身太空泛，应该仔细分析问题到底在哪儿。首先要能意识到自身问题所在。无意识无能力属于
问题认知的第一阶段；有意识无能力属于问题认知的第二阶段；有意识有能力属于问题认知的第三阶段；
无意识有能力属于问题认知的第四阶段。从认知的第三阶段达到第四阶段，是一个反复熟练的过程。
(2)读懂了文章之后还做错题怎么办？
(3)做完了一遍不愿意看第二遍怎么办？
(4)做题技巧用不上怎么办？
能够不由自主地按照正确的思路解题了，才表明我们正确掌握了这些技巧。在课堂听明白之后，还需
要回去自己思考，针对自己的实际进行分析，从而对症下药。
二、议论文体阅读理解题的应对策略
解答议论类阅读理解试题，可以从以下几个方面着手考虑：
作者在开始叙述一个现象，然后对现象进行解释。这类文章的主题是文中最重要的解释或作者所强调
的解释，阅读时要注意作者给出的原因，所以又被称为原因—结果(Cause&Effect)型。还有一种比较常见的
是问题—答案型，作者在一开始或一段末以问句提出一个问题(相当于一个现象)，然后给出该问题的答案(相
当于解释)。针对文中问题给出的主要答案就是这种文章的中心。
这里强调一点，答题时优先考虑正面答题(直接从文章内容得出答案)，然后从中心、态度或利用解答特
征等其他角度对选项进行检验；如果从文章内容中直接无法解决，则从中心和态度方面考虑；次之，从解
资料整理【淘宝店铺：向阳百分百】答特征方面考虑。
考生往往最怕此类体裁。山穷水尽时，记住：首先从整体上把握文章中心和作者所持的态度，靠近中
心的就是答案。
三、解题方法：
1. 把握文章的论点、论据和论证。立足议论文中明确的客观信息，挖掘内在的逻辑关系，合理地进行
推断。全面分析所有相关信息，避免片面性，做到判断有据，推理有据，忠于原文。此外，还要把握文章
的结构和语言，结合英文背景常识对阅读材料进行识别和判断。
2. 互推法：在议论之后，总会再列举一些具体的例子来支持观点或在一些例子之后，总要抒发一些议
论。学生在理解议论时，可以借助文中所给的实例，从而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的议论；或从议论中
推理理解具体例子的深刻含义，相互推断。不可用主观臆断来代替文中作者的观点，不能用事实代替推理，
不能用具体代替抽象，不能用现象代替实质。
3. 推理法：推理的结论一定是原文有这层意思，但没有明确表达的。推理要根据文章的字面意思，通
过语篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判
断。学生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。要特别注意表现作者感情、
态度、观点的语句。
四、解题技巧
历年全国高考英语阅读理解的题型无非基本都是考查主旨大意、词义猜测、推理判断和细节理解四大
题型。其中，命题以细节理解题为主，推理判断题为辅，又兼顾词义猜测题和主旨大意题。细节理解题和
推理判断题主要考查的是对原文具体细节的理解和把控能力，难度相对较小，广大考生除了平时必要的阅
读量和词汇量的积累以外，掌握一定的解题技巧对解答阅读理解题来说也是至关重要的。读议论文时，不
能仅限于对文章的表层理解，一定要注重对文章的主题、中心思想、标题的把握。具体来说：
1. 主旨大意型
干扰项可能是文中某个具体事实或细节，也可能是从文中某些(不完全的)事实或细节片面推出的错误结
论，也可能是非文章事实的主观臆断。而正确答案则是根据文章全面理解而归纳概括出来的：不能太笼统、
言过其实或以偏概全。
主旨大意题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。根据多年的备考及高考实践，这类题
目考查的范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求学生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运
用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。
选择“主题”旨在考查学生是否掌握了所读文章的主要内容或主旨，通常用词、短语或句子来概括。
常见的提问方式有：
资料整理【淘宝店铺：向阳百分百】1.Whatisthemain/generalideaofthistext?
2.Whatismainlydiscussedinthispassage?
3.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?
4.Thistextmainlytellsus_________.
5.Thispassagemainlydealswith_________.
6.Themainideaofthispassagemaybebestexpressedas_________.
7.Thetopicofthispassageis_________.
8.Thepassagewouldmostlikelybetakenfrom_________.
标题选择题则是让考生给所读的文章选择一个合适的标题。通常标题由一个名词或名词短语充当，用
词简短、精练。在选择议论文的最佳标题时，要考虑议论文的标题是否符合精准性强、涵盖性强、语言精
练等特点，且能够反映文章的主旨。常见的提问方式有：
1.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?
2.Whichofthefollowingisthebest/mostsuitabletitleforthistext?
3.Thebest/mostsuitabletitleforthistextwouldbe__________.
不管是选择“主题”还是选择“标题”，实质上都是要求考生从整体上理解语篇内容，找出贯穿语篇的主线；
不管是何种体裁的文章，都是围绕一个主题来展开的。在试题设计上，3个干扰项的内容一般在文章里或多
或少都有涉及，但并非主要内容，需要注意甄别。
2. 事实细节型
细节理解题主要考查考生对文章中某些细节或重要事实的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解题和语意理
解题两种。直接理解题的答案与原文直接挂钩，从阅读材料中可以找到。这种题难度低，只要考生读懂文
章，就能得分，属于低层次题。
做此类题时可以使用定位法与跳读法。定位法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息直接从原文中找到相应
的句子(即定位)，然后进行比较和分析(尤其要注意一些同义转换)，从而选出正确答案。跳读法即根据题干
和选项所提供的信息跳读原文，并找到相关的句子(有时可能是几个句子)或段落，然后进行简单分析、推理
等，从而找出正确答案。
(1)解题原则：忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。
文章中心是论点，事实细节是论据或主要理由；有关细节问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等
细节及事实进行提问，所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。
提问的特殊疑问词常有：what,who,which,where,how,why 等。
在阅读理解中，要求查找主要事实和特定细节的问题常有以下几种命题方式：
资料整理【淘宝店铺：向阳百分百】①Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?
②Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedinthetext?
③Theauthor(orthepassage)statesthat__________.
④Accordingtothepassage,when(where,why,how,who,what,which,etc.)__________?
(2)干扰项：范围过大、过小；偷换概念；正误并存，某个分句是正确的。
阅读理解中细节理解题的干扰项的设置有以下几个原则：
①包含项原则
在答案选项分析中，假如对A选项的理解概括了对其他三项 (或其中某一项)的理解，那么我们就说选
项A与其他三项是包含或概括关系，包含项A往往就是正确答案。如在“花”与“玫瑰”两选项中，正确
答案肯定是“花”，因为花包含了玫瑰。
②正反项原则
所谓正反项，是指两选项陈述的命题完全相矛盾。两个相互矛盾的陈述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。
所以，假如四选项中A、B互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C、D项，正确答案一般在A、B项当中。
③委婉项原则
所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能太过肯定或否定，不能说死，要留有一定余地。阅读理解选项中语气平
和、委婉的往往是正确答案。这些选项一般含有不十分肯定或试探性语气的表达，如：probably,possibly,may,
usually,might,mostof,moreorless,relatively,belikelyto,notnecessary,although,yet,inaddition,tendto等等，
而含有绝对语气的表达往往不是正确答案，如：must,always,never,all,every,any,merely,only,completely,
none,hardly,already等等。
④同形项原则
命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围，然后通过语言形式的细微变化来考查考生的理解能
力与分析能力。同形项原则告诉我们：词汇与句法结构相似的选项中有正确答案的存在。
⑤常识项原则
议论文中，那些符合一般常识、意义深刻富有哲理、符合一般规律、属于普遍现象的往往是正确答案。
⑥因果项原则
阅读理解的逻辑推理基本都是通过因果链进行的，前因后果，一步步循序渐进。然而，在推理题的选
项中，有的选项会推理不到位(止于前因)，或者推理过头(止于后果)，这就是所谓的干扰项。因果项原则启
示我们：假如四个选项中有两项互为同一事物推理过程中的因果关系，那么正确答案就是两个因果项中的
其中之一。如果因项可产生几个结果，那么答案就是因；如果果项可以对应几个原因，那么答案就是果。
资料整理【淘宝店铺：向阳百分百】解题方法：原文定位法。查读法：(1)带着问题找答案，把注意力集中在与who,what,when,where问题有关
的细节上。(2)细心!
3. 词义猜测型
阅读理解的测试中经常有猜测词、短语、习语、句子意义的题目，近几年高考阅读中词义猜测题的考
查方法呈多样化，其中根据上下文语境推测词义将会越来越多。有时短文中出现一个需猜测其意义的词或
短语，后文接着会出现其定义、解释或例子，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。
除此之外，我们还可以根据转折或对比关系进行判断：根据上下句的连接词，如but，however，otherwise
等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号(；)也可以
表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。还可以根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，“有因必有果，有果必有因”。根
据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。当然了，这些词、短语、习语要么是生词，要么是熟词
新义，单靠平时积累是不够的，还要掌握以下做题技巧。
(1)根据构词法(转化、合成、派生)进行判断。
(2)根据文中的定义、事例、解释猜生词。用事例或解释猜生词；用重复解释的信息猜生词。
(3)根据上下文的指代关系进行选择。文章中的代词it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，
其中it和that还可以指一件事。
(4)根据转折或对比关系进行判断。根据上下句的连接词如but，however，otherwise等可以看到前后句
在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。
(5)根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，“有因必有果，有果必有因”。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果
也可以找出原因。
(6)根据同位关系进行判断。阅读中有时出现新词、难词，后面跟着一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释。
(7)利用标点符号和提示词猜测词义。分号还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义；破折号表示解释说
明。
常见的问题形式有：
(1)Theword“…”inLine…means/canbebestreplacedby…
(2)Asusedinthepassage,thephrase“…”suggests…
(3)Fromthepassage,wecaninferthattheword/phrase/thesentence“…”is/refersto/means…
(4)Theword“…”isclosestinmeaningto…
常用应对方法：
同义法：常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，
由此可以推测词义。
资料整理【淘宝店铺：向阳百分百】反义法：如hotandcold,giveandreceive等，或前句为肯定，后句为否定。总之，互为反义的词与词间
都起着互为线索的作用。
释义法：对文章中的生词用定语(从句)、表语，甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。
此外，还有情景推断法、代词替代法等。
做题要领
(1)从文中找线索或信息词；
(2)根据熟悉的词及词义判断新词的意思；
(3)根据上下文判断新词在特定句中的确切意思。
(4)要特别注意熟词新意！
4. 推理判断型
做题要领：既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章的隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意
图及文章细节的发展作出正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度考虑而不是固守自己的看法。常见的命题
方式有：
(1)Thepassageimplies(暗示)that_________.
(2)Wecanconclude(得出结论)fromthepassagethat_________.
(3)Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferred(推论)?
(4)Whatisthetone(语气)oftheauthor?
(5)Whatisthepurpose(目的)ofthispassage?
(6)Thepassageisintendedto_________.
(7)Wherewouldthispassagemostprobablyappear?
(8)Fromtheexampleinparagraph...,wecaninferthat_________.
(9)What’stheattitudeoftheauthortowards...？
在平时的英语学习过程中，应该加大议论文的文本输入，主动分析议论文的结构和论证方法，寻找语
篇逻辑信息词，梳理行文思路。此外，要限时完成议论文的阅读，培养良好的阅读习惯，做后及时分析自
己阅读议论文时对哪些方面的题目存在理解障碍，掌握各种议论文题目的解题对策，精准定位，思路领先，
选出最佳答案。总之，议论文阅读的强化训练能够帮助学生攻克议论文中的深层理解题。学生只要知己知
彼，了解议论文命题的思路，阅读时循着what—why—how的思路剖析文本，平时吃透议论文题目考点设置
的特点和解题策略，一定可以成功应对高考英语中的议论文阅读。与此同时，学生英语阅读的思维品质也
会有所提升。
资料整理【淘宝店铺：向阳百分百】二、真题回顾
(2023年全国乙卷英语真题)
第一节 (共15小题;每小题2.5分，满分37.5分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
D
If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you
cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for
most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many
literate(有文字的)societiesrecordedtheirconcernsnotonlyinwritingbutinthings.
Ideallyahistorywouldbringtogethertextsandobjects,andsomechaptersofthisbookareabletodojustthat,
butinmanycaseswesimplycan’t.Theclearestexampleofthis betweenliterateandnon-literate historyis perhaps
thefirst conflict, atBotany Bay,between Captain Cook’s voyage and theAustralianAboriginals. From the English
side,wehavescientific reports andthecaptain’srecordofthatterrible day.FromtheAustralian side,wehaveonly
awoodenshield(盾)droppedbyamaninflightafterhisfirstexperienceofgunshot.Ifwewanttoreconstructwhat
was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written
reports.
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or
deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often
have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, theAustralianAboriginals, theAfrican people of
Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most
powerfullythroughtheobjectstheymade:ahistorytoldthroughthingsgivesthembackavoice.Whenweconsider
contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily
twisted,onlyonehalfofadialogue.Ifwearetofindtheotherhalfofthatconversation,wehavetoreadnotjustthe
texts,buttheobjects.
32.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?
A.Howpasteventsshouldbepresented. B.Whathumanityisconcernedabout.
C.Whetherfactsspeaklouderthanwords. D.Whywrittenlanguageisreliable.
33.WhatdoestheauthorindicatebymentioningCaptainCookinparagraph2?
资料整理【淘宝店铺：向阳百分百】A.Hisreportwasscientific. B.Herepresentedthelocalpeople.
C.HeruledoverBotanyBay. D.Hisrecordwasone-sided.
34.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“conversation”inparagraph3referto?
A.Problem. B.History. C.Voice. D.Society.
35.Whichofthefollowingbooksisthetextmostlikelyselectedfrom?
A.HowMapsTellStoriesoftheWorld B.AShortHistoryofAustralia
C.AHistoryoftheWorldin100Objects D.HowArtWorksTellStories
【答案】32.A 33.D 34.B 35.C
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。本文讨论了仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史的局限性，并强调了将物品纳
入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性。
【32题】A 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoes
not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever
had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not.Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements,
anduntil fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recordedtheir concerns notonly in writing butin
things.(如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，
因为世界上只有一部分人曾经有过文本，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。写作是人类较晚
的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而且用物件来记录他们所关心的事情。)”
可推知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。
【33题】D 推理判断题。根据文章第二段首句“Ideally a history wouldbring together texts andobjects,and
somechaptersofthisbookareabletodojustthat,butinmanycaseswesimplycan’t.(理想情况下，历史应该将文
本和物品结合在一起，本书的某些章节能够做到这一点，但在许多情况下，我们根本做不到。)”可推断，作
者认为历史应该是文本和物品相结合的产物，但是很多情况下，我们做不到。再根据所举例子的下文“From
the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From theAustralian side,
wehaveonlyawoodenshield(盾)droppedbyamaninflightafterhisfirstexperienceofgunshot.(在英国方面，
我们有科学报告和船长对那可怕的一天的记录。从澳大利亚方面来看，我们只有一个木制盾牌，这是一名
男子在第一次经历枪击后在飞行中扔下的。)”可知，作者举这个例子是为了说明船长的记录是片面的，只从
自己的角度描述了问题。故选D。
【34 题】B 词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“The Caribbean Taino, theAustralianAboriginals, theAfrican
people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements
most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we
资料整理【淘宝店铺：向阳百分百】consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are
necessarilytwisted,onlyonehalfofadialogue.(加勒比海的泰诺人、澳大利亚的土著人、贝宁的非洲人以及印
加人，所有这些人都出现在这本书中，他们现在都可以通过他们制造的物品向我们讲述他们过去最强大的
成就：通过物品讲述的历史给了他们一个声音。当我们考虑诸如此类的有文化社会和无文化社会之间的接
触时，我们所有的第一手资料都必然是扭曲的，只有对话的一半。)”结合划线句“Ifwearetofindtheotherhalf
ofthatconversation,wehavetoreadnotjustthetexts,buttheobjects.(如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅
要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，我们对过去历史的了解，只是书写历史的人所想要让我们了解的历史，如
果我们想要了解历史的另一半，我们不仅仅要读文本也要读对象。所以conversation指的是“历史”。故选B。
【35题】C 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoes
not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever
hadtexts,whilemostoftheworld,formostofthetime,hasnot.(如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类
某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人的历史曾经被文字记录过，
而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。)”结合最后一段的“ If we are to find the other half of that
conversation,wehavetoreadnotjustthetexts,buttheobjects.(如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文
本，还要读物体。)”可知，本文讲述仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好的了解历史就要
将文本和物品结合在一起。从而推断文章最有可能选自《100件物品中的世界史》。故选C。
(2022年高考英语(全国甲卷)
D
Sometimeintheearly1960s,asignificantthinghappenedinSydney,Australia.Thecitydiscovereditsharbor.
Then,oneafteranother,Sydneydiscoveredlotsofthingsthatwerejustsortofthere—broadparks,superbbeaches,
andaculturallydiversepopulation.Butitistheharborthatmakesthecity.
Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living. I spent the whole
morning shuttling backandforth acrossthe harbor.After our third runAndrew shutdownthe engine, andwe went
ourseparateways—heforalunchbreak,Itoexplorethecity.
“I’llmisstheseoldboats,”hesaidasweparted.
“Howdoyoumean?”Iasked.
“Oh,they’rereplacingthemwithcatamarans.Catamaransarefaster,butthey’renotsoelegant,andthey’renot
funtopilot.Butthat’sprogress,Iguess.”
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and progress are the watchwords (口号), and traditions are
资料整理【淘宝店铺：向阳百分百】increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s officialhistorian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s,
Sydney sweptaside much of its past, includingmany of its finest buildings. “Sydney is confusedaboutitself,” she
said. “Wecan’tseem to make up our minds whether we wanta modern city or a traditional one. It’s a conflict that
wearen’tgettinganybetteratresolving(解决).”
On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a
thoughtfulyoungbusinessmannamedAnthony.“Manypeoplesaythatwelackcultureinthiscountry,”hetoldme.
“What people forget is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, the
Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. We’ve got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a
driveanddynamismofayoungcountry.It’saprettyhardcombinationtobeat.”
Heisright,butIcan’thelpwishingtheywouldkeepthoseoldferries.
32.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?
A.Sydney’sstrikingarchitecture. B.TheculturaldiversityofSydney.
C.ThekeytoSydney’sdevelopment. D.Sydney’stouristattractionsinthe1960s.
33.WhatcanwelearnaboutAndrewReynolds?
A.Hegoestoworkbyboat. B.Helooksforwardtoanewlife.
C.Hepilotscatamaranswell. D.Heisattachedtotheoldferries.
34.WhatdoesShirleyFitzgeraldthinkofSydney?
A.Itislosingitstraditions. B.Itshouldspeedupitsprogress.
C.Itshouldexpanditspopulation. D.Itisbecomingmoreinternational.
35.Whichstatementwilltheauthorprobablyagreewith?
A.Acitycanbeyoungandoldatthesametime.
B.Acitybuiltonancientculturesismoredynamic.
C.Modernityisusuallyachievedatthecostofelegance.
D.Compromiseshouldbemadebetweenthelocalandtheforeign.
【答案】32.C 33.D 34.A 35.A
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。作者通过陈述不同人的观点讨论了悉尼在发展的过程中是否应该摒弃一些旧
的传统。
【32题】C 段落大意题。根据文章第一段第二句“Thecitydiscovereditsharbor.”以及最后一句“Butitisthe
harborthatmakesthecity.”可知，第一段主要讲了悉尼发展的关键。故选C项。
【33题】D 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“I’llmisstheseoldboats”和第五段第二句的“Catamaransarefaster,
资料整理【淘宝店铺：向阳百分百】butthey’renotsoelegant,andthey’renotfuntopilot.”可知，Andrew喜爱(beattachedto)这些旧的渡船(ferries)。
故选D项。
【34题】A 推理判断题。根据倒数第三段第二句“...Sydneysweptasidemuchofitspast...”可知，它丢掉了传
统的东西。故选A项。
【35题】A 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“beingyoungandoldatthesametimehasitsattractions”和最
后一段“Heisright,butIcan’thelpwishingtheywouldkeepthoseoldferries.”可知，作者赞同Anthony的观点,
认为一座城市可以同时既年轻又古老。故选A项。
三、最新模拟试题
(1)
(2023·湖北黄冈·黄冈中学校考二模)
Public health data signals a genuine crisis in adolescent mental health: rising rates of anxiety, depression, and
hopelessness.Butasweworryabouttweensandteenswhoarestruggling, wecan’tignore anothermountingeffect
—theburdensthatareshoulderedbytheirfriendsandpeersinan“alwayson”world.
Wehavestudiedteensandtechforoveradecade.Theirnetworksareever-expanding,innosmallpartbecause
there’s a sense thatbeing nice means accepting fellow requests from acquaintances and friends-of-friends.And it’s
notjuststayingconnected—it’skeepingupwithwhatotherspost,too.
Social media platforms thus make it technically possible to maintain more relationships than we are
historically actually wired to track and manage. The result is an overwhelming wave of social information. It’s
especially intense for adolescents whose developmental sensitivities drive them to care deeply about what their
peersaredoingandthinking.
Significantstress comes with trying to be a “good friend” in the age of social media. Friendship requiresboth
public and behind-the-scenes support. Even before a social media post is made public, close friends can be pulled
into photo selection, editing, and finalexamination. Besides, theyneed to respond in the right way and in the right
amount of time, which differs from one relationship to another. Replying too quickly can be seen as over-eager,
especiallywhenthefriendshipisnewornotclose.Butwhenit’saclosefriend,toolongalag(延迟)canbehurtful.
The qualities that are key to building or breaking friendships are actually the same as they’ve always been:
mutual (相互的) sharing of joys andsorrows, a give and take of acceptanceand support, andan ability to weather
and resolve conflicts. But technologies have transformed how friendships play out. Social media increases the
burdensthatcomealongwithbeingagoodfriend.Toooften,thesedynamicshitteenshardinwaysthatareloston
资料整理【淘宝店铺：向阳百分百】adults.Andthatiswhatshouldbechangedwiththehelpofparents,schoolsandotherpartsofsociety.
1.Whatmakesteenagers’networkscontinuetoexpand?
A.Thepressuretobenice. B.Therequestsoftheirparents.
C.Theneedtomeetmorepeople. D.Theburdenoflivingindependently.
2.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofbeingagoodfriendintheageofsocialmedia?
A.Exciting. B.Challenging. C.Money-saving. D.Risk-taking.
3.Whatshouldbechangedaccordingtothelastparagraph?
A.Thequalitiesofbeingateenfriend. B.Theconflictsbetweenschoolsandparents.
C.Therelationsbetweenparentsandtheirteens. D.Theinfluencesofsocialmediaonteenfriendship.
4.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?
A.Whymoreteensareaddictedtosocialmedia.
B.Howteensnowadaysgainlong-standingfriendships.
C.Howsocialmediahasmadeteenfriendshipsmorestressful.
D.Whatmakesteensbecomemoresensitivetotheirpeers’needs.
(2)
(2023·湖北·华中师大一附中校考模拟预测)
This month, the Internet was flooded with wonderful digital art portraits, thanks to the work of the latest
artificial intelligence-assisted application to go viral: Lensa. Users uploaded their photographs to theApp and then
—for a small fee—it used AI to transform their profile pictures into, say, a magical warrior princess version of
themselves,innotimeatall.
This year has seen a breakthrough forAI-driven image generators, which are now better than ever in quality,
speed and affordability. If that sounds great to you, you might not be one of the millions of humans whose
livelihoodsdependonbeingabletoexchangethoseskillsformoney.
Some artists predicted that a computer would recreate the aura of a masterpiece by Leonardo da Vinci in the
near future. As long as there are enough data for the AI to train itself, it can copy numerous masterpieces just in
severalminutes.Itseemsunavoidablethatalargenumberofartistswouldlosetheirjobs.
“Iseeitlessasathreatandmoreofanopportunity,”theUK-basedillustratorMichelleThompsonsaid,adding,
“Likeeverythingelse,therewillalwaysbeartistswhocanusethetoolsbetter.”
Thesetoolsareonlyasgoodasthedatasetstheyaretrainedon.Humanimagination,ontheotherhand,hasno
资料整理【淘宝店铺：向阳百分百】limit.For Dryhurst, anartistfrom Germany,AImodels “couldattempttomake a paleversionofsomethingwe did
yearsago”,butthat“doesn’taccountforwhatwemightdonext”.
The kind of artificial intelligence we might imagine replacing artists—an entirely autonomous creative
robot—does not yet exist, but it is coming. And as AI becomes more universal, artists, illustrators and designers
willultimatelybesetapartnotbyif,butbyhow,theyusethetechnology.
1.WhydoestheauthormentionLensainParagraph1?
A.TorecommendthenewApp. B.Toinformlatestnews.
C.ToleadintheAItopic. D.Tointroduceitsnewfunction.
2.WhatisMichelleThompson’sattitudetowardsAI?
A.Concerned. B.Favorable. C.Unclear. D.Critical.
3.WhatmightbeaweaknessofAIincreatingartworks?
A.Accuracy. B.Diversity. C.Creativity. D.Efficiency.
4.Whichcanbethebesttitleforthetext?
A.IsAIcomingintoourdailylife? B.CanAIcopymasterpiecesofgreatartists?
C.ShallwewelcomenewAItechnology? D.WillAIreplaceartistsinthefuture?
(3)
(2023·山东·山东省实验中学校考二模)
Danone Portugal introduced a new yogurt named Juntos. For every pack of yogurt that a person bought, he
would donate yogurt to a family in need. Danone had done its research. Increasingly, people say they want to buy
from brands that give them a sense of purpose. Surely a yogurt that helped the needy would be appealing. But
Juntos was a failure. Despite sinking millions into a marketing campaign, Danone pulled Juntos from the market
onlymonthsafteritwaslaunched.Nowthesameproductissimplymarketedasatastyyogurt.
What happened? To find the reason behind Juntos’ failure, Lawrence Williams and his colleagues did an
experiment where they showed people some products and asked these people to pick one option. They reminded
some to focus on the “purposeful and valuable” aspect while others were told to “enjoy themselves” and focus on
“delight and pleasure.” They found that participants who prioritized meaning preferred the less expensive product
whencomparedwithpeoplewhoputpleasureinthefirstplace.
So why were meaning-seekers cheaping out? Lawrence Williams asked participants to explain their
decision-makingtofindout.Helearnedthatmeaning-orientedpeoplewerenotthinkingabouthowtheproductthey
资料整理【淘宝店铺：向阳百分百】might buy could bring meaning to their lives. Instead, they were occupied with what else they could do with their
money.
Iamallforpeoplemakingwiseandstrategicfinancialchoices.Butcheapproductscancreatemanyproblems.
Inexpensive options often do not last as long as the higher-end ones. As a result, we shop more often, which is
ultimatelyworseforourwallets.Plus,thatspendingpatterncandoagreaterdamage totheenvironment.Thanks in
part to fast fashion, people buy 60 percent more clothing today than they did 15 years ago. The fashion industry
aloneemitsmoregreenhousegasesthaninternationalflightsandmaritime(海洋的)shippingcombined.
So before you dive into your wallet for some deals, try not to fix only on what you are spending or saving.
Thinkcarefullyaboutwhatyouarebuying,too.
1.WhatisthemainreasonforthefailureofJuntos?
A.Itignoredmarketingstrategies. B.Itpriceditselfrelativelyhigh.
C.Itlackedaparticularlygoodtaste. D.Itfocusedondelightandpleasure.
2.Whatcanbeinferredaboutmeaningseekers?
A.Theyfrequenthigh-endstores. B.Theythinkproductsextendtheirlives.
C.Theyhesitatetomakedecisions. D.Theymakemorepurchaseswithmoney.
3.HowisParagraph4mainlydeveloped?
A.Bygivingsomeexamples. B.Bylistingnumbersanddata.
C.Byexplainingreasons. D.Bymakingsomecomparisons.
4.Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?
A.Innovation:aProduct’sLife B.ToBuyornottoBuy
C.MeaningseekersorQuality-pursuers D.FastFashion:aHittoYourWallet
(4)
(2023·浙江舟山·舟山中学校考模拟预测)
Ihadnothuggedafriendorafamilymemberformorethantwoyearsuntilrecentlywhenmysisterflewinfor
a brief visit. For safety, we met outside. Despite the wintry weather, her hug warmed me from the inside out. It’s
strange,butonlynowdoItrulyrealizehowmuchI’vemissedembracinglovedones.
I grew up through war in my hometown of Sarajevo, Bosnia, and every moment was full of danger. On one
peaceful morning, I had begged my mom to let me go outside after spending weeks indoors. She finally agreed. I
was outside for only 10 minutes when I was caught in an explosion. I ran to my neighbor’s house for safety and
资料整理【淘宝店铺：向阳百分百】hungmyarmsaroundherneckjustasmylegscollapsedunderneathme.
Thankfully, I made a full physical recovery, but the emotional scars never left me. Years later there was
anotherexplosionnearmyhouse.Iwassafelyinside,butmyfatherhadlefttobuyaloafofbread.Hehadonlyjust
missed the explosion. When he came back inside, I gave him the biggest hug imaginable. I was caked in tears as I
heldhimtight.
That same night my parents managed to arrange my escape from our war-torn city. I was 16 and came to
America on my own.Agenerous hostfamily tookme in.They had a large dog called Oscar.Over the next several
months, I secretly struggled with feeling homesick and worried about my family back home. Despite managing
quite well at school, I couldn’t express my feelings. The only way I shared how I felt was by giving Oscar a big
hug.
It is yet anothersad aspectof our pandemic (疾病大流行的) lives thathugging a stranger is the last thing on
our minds. For many of us, even hugging a relative or a friend comes with stress and anxiety over risks and
precautions.As I look back on my past, I count myself truly lucky to have been held, shielded and encouraged at
someofthemostkeymomentsofmylifebythepowerofahug.
1.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?
A.Experienceofwar. B.Loveforfamily. C.Impactofpandemic. D.Powerofembracing.
2.Howdidtheauthorfeelwhenshehuggedherfather?
A.Frightened. B.Ashamed. C.Relieved. D.Astonished.
3.Whatcanwelearnabouttheauthorfromthepassage?
A.Shehadherarmshurtinanexplosion.
B.ShemissedherfamilyverymuchwhileinAmerica.
C.Shecouldn’tcatchupwithherclassmatesatschool.
D.Sherecoveredquicklyfromthewoundsofthewar.
4.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“shielded”meaninParagraph5?
A.Protected. B.Persuaded. C.Covered. D.Understood.
(5)
(2023秋·江苏苏州·高三苏州中学校考阶段练习)
Science is a process that builds upon existing theories and knowledge by continuously revising them. Every
aspect of scientific knowledge can be questioned, including the general rules of thinking that appear to be most
资料整理【淘宝店铺：向阳百分百】certain. So why is science trustworthy if it is always changing? If tomorrow we will no longer see the world as
NewtonorEinsteinfoundittobe,whyshouldwetakeseriouslytoday’sscientificdescriptionoftheworld?
Theanswerissimple:Becauseatanygivenmomentofourhistory,thisdescriptionoftheworldisthebestwe
have. The fact that it can be made better can’t diminish (降低) the fact that it is a useful instrument for
understandingtheworld.
Consider a folk healer’s herbal medicine. Can we say this treatment is “scientific”? Yes, if it is proven to be
effective, even if we have no idea why it works. In fact, quite a few common medications used today have their
origin in folk treatments, and we are still not sure how they work. This does not imply that folk treatments are
generallyeffective.Tothecontrary,manyofthemarenot.Whatdistinguishesscientificmedicineisthereadinessto
seriouslytestatreatmentandtobereadytochangeourmindsifsomethingisshownnottowork.Aresearchdoctor
inamodernhospitalmustbereadytochangehistheoryifamoreeffectivewayofunderstandingillness,ortreating
it,becomesavailable.
Whatmakesmodernscienceuniquelypowerfulisitsrefusaltobelieve thatitalreadypossessesultimate truth.
Thereliabilityofscienceisbasednotoncertaintybutonacompleteabsenceofcertainty.AsJohnStuartMillwrote
in “On Liberty” in 1859, “The beliefs which we have most warrant (依据) for, have no safeguard to rest on, but a
standinginvitationtothewholeworldtoprovethemunfounded.”
1.Whydoestheauthorraisethetwoquestionsinparagraph1?
A.Toaddsomefun. B.Toexpressdoubts.
C.Tointroducethetopic. D.Toprovidebackground.
2.Whatcanwelearnabouttoday’sscientificdescriptionoftheworld?
A.Itcanbetimeless. B.Itcanbeimproved. C.Itisoflittlevalue. D.Itisthebestatanymoment.
3.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardfolktreatment?
A.Dismissive. B.Objective. C.Pessimistic. D.Sympathetic.
4.Whatisthemainideaofparagraph4?
A.Itisunwisetobelieveinscience. B.Toomuchuncertaintyliesinscience.
C.Thefoundationofscienceisunfounded. D.Thelackofcertaintymakessciencecredible.
(6)
(2023秋·江苏盐城·高三盐城中学校考期末)
Building good transportation is a good idea. To have environmental value, new transportation has to
资料整理【淘宝店铺：向阳百分百】sufficiently replace or eliminate driving to cut energy consumption overall. That means that a new traffic system
has to be supported by reduction in car use.Traffic lanes should be eliminated or converted into bike or bus lanes.
Ideally, these should be combined with higher fuel taxes, and parking fees. Needless to say, I have to struggle to
make myself extensively understood. But they’re necessary, because you can’t make people drive less, in the long
run,bytakingstepsthatmakedrivingmorepleasant,economical,andproductive.
Lengthycommuting(通勤)timeis aforcefulfactorwhichcanslowthegrowthofsuburbs.Thefartherpeople
liveawayfromcities,thelongercommutingtimetheyneed,whichmeansmorepollutiontheircarsproduce.If,ina
misguided effort to do something of environmental value, governments take steps that make long-distance car
commuting faster or more convenient—by adding lanes, building bypass, employing traffic-control measures that
make it possible for existing roads to accommodate more cars with fewer delays—we are actually encouraging
peopletolive still fartherfrom theirjobs,stores, andschools.As aresult,governments areforcedtofurther extend
road networks, water lines, and other facilities. If you cut commuting time by 10 percent, people who now drive
fiftymileseachwaytoworkcanfindreasontomovefivemilesfartherout,becausetheirtraveltimewon’tchange.
Traffic congestion (拥堵) isn’t an environmental problem; traffic is. Relieving congestion without doing
anythingtoreducethetotalvolume ofcarscanonlymaketherealproblemworse.Highwayengineers haveknown
for a long time that building new car lanes only temporarily reduces congestion, because the new lanes add
additional driving. Widening roads makes traffic move faster in the short term, but the improved conditions
eventually attract additional drivers, and congestion reappears. With more car on the roads, people think about
wideningroadsagain.Movingdriversoutofcarsandintootherformsoftransportationcanhavethesameeffect,if
existingtrafficlanesarekeptinservice:roadspacestimulatesroaduse.
One of the arguments that cities inevitably make in promoting transportation plans is that the new system, by
relieving automobile congestion, will improve the lives of those who continue to drive. No one ever promotes a
transportation system by arguing that it would make travelling less convenient—even though, from an
environmentalperspective,inconvenienttravelisaworthygoal.
1.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthorgivesusthehintthathisrecommendationsare________.
A.notwidelysupported B.costlytocarryout C.generallyrecognized D.temporarilybeneficial
2.Accordingtothepassage,whatwillhappenifcommutingtimefordriversisreduced?
A.Driverswillbecomemoreproductiveemployees.
B.Masstransportationwillbeextendedfartherintosuburbanareas.
C.Driverswillbemorewillingtolivefartherfromtheirworkingplace.
资料整理【淘宝店铺：向阳百分百】D.Masstransportationwillcarryfewerpassengersandreceivelessgovernmentfunding.
3.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredabouttheauthor’sattitudetowardsthemeasurestoimprovetraffic?
A.Theyareenvironmentallybeneficialandshouldbecarriedoutimmediately.
B.Theyarewellintentionedbutultimatelyleadtoenvironmentalharm.
C.Theywilldefinitelyarousepeople’sawarenessofenvironmentalprotection.
D.Theywillonlyworkiftheycanmakedrivingmoreeconomicalandproductive.
4.Theauthorwrotethismassagemainlyto________.
A.supporttheclaimthateffortstoreducetrafficactuallyincreasetraffic.
B.opposethebeliefthatimprovingmasstransportationsystemsisgoodfortheenvironment.
C.provideabalancebetweensuburbanexpansionandtrafficcongestion.
D.indicatethatmakingdrivinglessagreeableisawaytoreducenegativeeffectsoftraffic.
(7)
(2022秋·浙江·高三德清县高级中学校联考阶段练习)
Public distrust of scientists stems in part from the blurring of boundaries between science and technology,
between discovery and manufacture. Most governments, perhaps all governments, justify public expenditure on
scientific research in terms of the economic benefits the scientific enterprise has brought in the past and will bring
inthefuture.Politiciansremindtheirvoters ofthesplendidmachines“ourscientists”have invented,thenewdrugs
to relieve old disorders, and the new surgical equipment and techniques by which previously unmanageable
conditions may now be treated and lives saved. At the same time, the politicians demand of scientists that they
tailortheirresearchto“economicsneeds”,andthattheyawardahigherprioritytoresearchproposalsthatare“near
themarket”andcanbetranslatedintothegreatestreturnoninvestmentintheshortesttime.Dependent,astheyare,
on politicians for much of their funding, scientists have little choice but to comply. Like the rest of us, they are
members of a society that rates the creation of wealth as the greatest possible good. Many have reservations, but
keep them to themselves in whatthey perceive as a climate hostile to the pursuitof understanding forits ownsake
andtheideaofaninquiring,creativespirit.
In such circumstances no one should be too hard on people who are suspicious of conflicts of interest. When
we learn that the distinguished professor assuring us of the safety of a particular product holds a consultancy with
the company making it, we cannot be blamed for wondering whether his fee might conceivably cloud his
professionaljudgment.Eveniftheprofessorholdsnoconsultancywithanyfirm,somepeoplemaystilldistrusthim
资料整理【淘宝店铺：向阳百分百】becauseofhisassociationwiththosewhodo,oratleastwonderaboutthesourceofsomeofhisresearchfunding.
This attitude can have damaging effects. It questions the integrity of individuals working in a profession that
prizes intellectual honesty as the supreme virtue, and plays into the hands of those who would like to discredit
scientists by representing them as corruptible. This makes it easier to dismiss all scientific pronouncements, but
especiallythosemadebythescientistswhopresentthemselvesas“experts”.Thescientistmostlikelytounderstand
the safety of a nuclear reactor, for example, is a nuclear engineer, and a nuclear engineer is most likely to be
employed by the nuclear industry. If a nuclear engineer declares that a reactor is unsafe, we believe him, because
clearlyitisnottohisadvantagetolieaboutit.Ifhetellsusitissafe,ontheotherhand,wedistrusthim,becausehe
maywellbeprotectingtheemployerwhopayshissalary.
1.Whatisthechiefconcernofmostgovernmentswhenitcomestoscientificresearch?
A.Thedeclineofpublicexpenditure. B.Quickeconomicreturns.
C.Thebudgetforaresearchproject. D.Supportfromthevoters.
2.Whywon’tscientistscomplainaboutthegovernment’spolicyconcerningscientificresearch?
A.Theyrealizetheyworkinanenvironmenthostiletothefreepursuitofknowledge.
B.Theyknowittakesincrediblepatiencetowinsupportfromthepublic.
C.Theythinkcompliancewithgovernmentpolicyisintheinterestsofthepublic.
D.Theyareaccustomedtokeepingtheiropinionssecretstothemselves.
3.Accordingtotheauthor,peoplearesuspiciousoftheprofessionaljudgmentofscientistsbecause________.
A.someofthemdonotgiveprioritytointellectualhonesty
B.sometimestheyhidethesourceoftheirresearchfunding
C.theycouldbeinfluencedbytheirassociationwiththeprojectconcerned
D.theirpronouncementsoftenturnouttobeshort-sightedandabsurd
4.Whydoestheauthorsaythatpublicdistrustofscientistscanhavedamagingeffects?
A.Scientiststhemselvesmaydoubtthevalueoftheirresearchfindings.
B.Itmaywearouttheenthusiasmofscientistsforindependentresearch.
C.Itmakesthingsmoretrivialforscientiststoseekresearchfunds.
D.Peoplewillnotbelievescientistsevenwhentheytellthetruth.
(8)
(2022·山东东营·胜利一中校考模拟预测)
资料整理【淘宝店铺：向阳百分百】Throughout history, many species of animals have been threatened with extinction. When Europeans first
arrived in NorthAmerica, more than 60 million buffalo (水牛) lived on the continent.Yethunting the buffalo was
so popular during the 19th century that by 1900 the animal’s population had fallen to about 400 before the
government stepped in to protect the species. In some countries today, the elephant faces a similar challenge, as
illegalhunterskilltheanimalsfortheivoryintheirtusks.
Yetnot all animals with commercial value face this threat (威胁).The cow,for example, is a valuable source
offood,butnooneworries thatthecowwillsoonbeextinct.Why doesthecommercial valueofivorythreatenthe
elephantwhilethecommercialvalueofbeefprotectsthecow?
The reason is that elephants are a common resource, while cows are private goods. Elephants wander freely
without any owners. The hunter has a strong motivation to kill as many elephants as he can find. Because illegal
huntersarenumerous,eachhasonlyaslightmotivationtopreservetheelephantpopulation.Bycontrast,cattlelive
on farms that are privately owned. Each farmer makes great effort to maintain the cattle population on his farm
becauseheharveststhebenefitoftheseefforts.
Governments have tried to solve the elephant’s problem in two ways. Some countries, such as Kenya and
Uganda, have made it illegal to kill elephants and sell their ivory.Yet these laws have been hard to put into effect,
and elephant populations have continued to dwindle. By contrast, other countries, such as Malawi and Namibia,
havemadeelephantsprivategoodsandallowedpeopletokillelephants,butonlythoseontheirownproperty.
With private ownership and the profit motive now on its side, theAfrican elephant might someday be as safe
from extinction as the cow. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle pointed out the problem with common
resources: “What is common to many is taken least care of, for all men have greater regard for what is their own
thanforwhattheypossessincommonwithothers.”
1.Whydoestheauthormentionbuffaloinparagraph1?
A.Tointroduceasimilarthreattoelephants. B.Toprovideanexampleofspeciesextinction.
C.Toofferanexplanationforgovernmentpolicies. D.TopresentthestatisticsofthebuffaloinAmerica.
2.Whydoelephantsfacethreatswhilecowsaresafe?
A.Theyareunderdifferentlawprotection. B.Theyattractdifferentgroupsofhunters.
C.Theycontaindifferentcommercialvalue. D.Theyrepresentdifferentownershiptypes.
3.Whatisparagraph4mainlyabout?
A.Bansonkillingelephantsforivory. B.Effectivelawsforelephantprotection.
C.Methodsofmakingelephantsprivategoods. D.Governmentpoliciesontheelephant’sproblem
资料整理【淘宝店铺：向阳百分百】4.WhatcanwelearnfromAristotle’swords?
A.Peopleholdlittleregardforothers’property. B.Peoplewanttoprofitfromcommonresources.
C.Peoplecaremoreabouttheirownpossession. D.Peopletendtotakewhattheyownforgranted
答案与详解
(1)答案 1.A 2.B 3.D 4.C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讲的是社交媒体是如何让青少年的友谊变得更紧张的。
1. 细节理解题。根据第二段的“Their networks are ever-expanding,in nosmall partbecausethere’s a sensethat
beingnicemeansacceptingfellowrequestsfromacquaintancesandfriends-of-friends.(他们的社交网络不断扩大，
很大程度上是因为他们觉得友善意味着接受来自熟人和朋友的朋友的请求。)”可知，让青少年的社交网络不
断扩大的是友善的压力。故选A。
2. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“Significantstresscomeswithtryingtobea“goodfriend”intheageofsocial
media. Friendship requires both public and behind-the-scenes support. Even before a social media post is made
public, close friends can be pulled into photo selection, editing, and final examination. Besides, they need to
respondintherightwayandintherightamountoftime, whichdiffersfromonerelationshiptoanother.(在社交媒
体时代，试图成为“好朋友”会带来巨大的压力。友谊需要公开和幕后的支持。甚至在社交媒体帖子被公开之
前，亲密的朋友就可以参与照片的选择、编辑和最终检查。此外，他们需要以正确的方式和适当的时间做
出回应，这在不同的关系中是不同的。)”可知，在社交媒体时代做一个好朋友是具有挑战性的。故选B。
3. 细节理解题。根据最后一段的“But technologies have transformed how friendships play out. Social media
increases the burdens that come along with being a good friend. Too often, these dynamics hit teens hard in ways
that are lost on adults. And that is what should be changed with the help of parents, schools and other parts of
society.(但科技已经改变了友谊的发展方式。社交媒体增加了成为好朋友的负担。通常情况下，这些动态对
青少年的影响是成年人所忽视的。在家长、学校和社会其他方面的帮助下，这种情况应该得到改变。)”可知，
根据最后一段，应该改变的是社交媒体对青少年友谊的影响。故选D。
4. 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段的“Butasweworryabouttweensandteenswhoarestruggling,wecan’t
ignore another mounting effect — the burdens that are shouldered by their friends and peers in an “always on”
world.(但是，当我们担心那些正在挣扎的青少年时，我们不能忽视另一个日益增加的影响——在一个“永远
在线”的世界里，他们的朋友和同龄人所承担的负担。)”可知，本文主要讲的是社交媒体是如何让青少年的
友谊变得更紧张的，故选C。
资料整理【淘宝店铺：向阳百分百】(2)答案 1.C 2.B 3.C 4.D
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章就未来人工智能是否会取代艺术家展开讨论。
1. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Thismonth,theInternetwasfloodedwithwonderfuldigitalartportraits,thanks
to the work of the latest artificial intelligence-assisted application to go viral: Lensa. Users uploaded their
photographstotheAppandthen—forasmallfee—itusedAItotransformtheirprofilepicturesinto,say,amagical
warriorprincessversionofthemselves,innotimeatall.(这个月，互联网上充斥着精彩的数字艺术肖像，这要归
功于最新的人工智能辅助应用程序:Lensa。用户将他们的照片上传到应用程序，然后只需支付一小笔费用，
它就可以利用人工智能将他们的头像转变成他们自己的魔法战士公主版本。)”和文章第二段“Thisyearhas
seen a breakthrough for AI-driven image generators, which are now better than ever in quality, speed and
affordability.(今年，人工智能驱动的图像生成器取得了突破，在质量、速度和价格上都比以往任何时候都更
好。)”可知，作者在第一段提到Lensa是为了引起人工智能这个话题。故选C。
2. 推理判断题。根据文章第四段““I seeitless asa threatandmore ofanopportunity,” theUK-based illustrator
Michelle Thompson said, adding, “Like everything else, there will always be artists who can use the tools
better.”(“与其说这是一种威胁，不如说这是一种机会，”英国插画家米歇尔·汤普森(MichelleThompson)说，“就
像其他事情一样，总会有艺术家能更好地使用这些工具。”)”可知，MichelleThompson认为这是一种机会.
由此可推知，他对人工智能持支持的态度。故选B。
3. 推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“These tools areonlyas good asthe datasets theyare trainedon.Human
imagination, on the other hand, has no limit. For Dryhurst, an artist from Germany,AI models “could attempt to
makeapaleversionofsomethingwedidyearsago”,butthat“doesn’taccountforwhatwemightdonext”.(这些工
具只能和它们所训练的数据集一样好。另一方面，人类的想象力是无限的。对于来自德国的艺术家德雷赫
斯特来说，人工智能模型“可以尝试做出我们几年前做过的东西的苍白版本”，但这“并不能解释我们下一步
可能会做什么”。)”可推知，创造力可能是人工智能在创作艺术作品时的弱点。故选C。
4. 主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“The kind of artificial intelligence we might imagine replacing artists—an
entirelyautonomous creative robot—doesnotyet exist,butit is coming. (我们可能想象的那种取代艺术家的人
工智能——完全自主的创意机器人——还不存在，但它正在到来。)”可知，文章主要就未来人工智能是否会
取代艺术家展开讨论。故选D。
(3)答案 1.B 2.D 3.C 4.C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章就通过消费来做有意义的事情，到底应该买贵的还是廉价的产品进行讨
论。
资料整理【淘宝店铺：向阳百分百】1. 细节理解题。根据第一段“Increasingly, people say they want to buy from brands that give them a sense of
purpose.Surelyayogurtthathelpedtheneedywouldbeappealing.ButJuntoswasafailure.(越来越多的人表示，
他们想从那些给他们目标感的品牌那里购买。当然，帮助穷人的酸奶会很有吸引力。但Juntos是个失败者。)”
和第二段“Whathappened?TofindthereasonbehindJuntos’failure,LawrenceWilliamsandhiscolleaguesdidan
experiment where they showed people some products and asked these people to pick one option. They reminded
some to focus on the “purposeful and valuable” aspect while others were told to “enjoy themselves” and focus on
“delight and pleasure.” They found that participants who prioritized meaning preferred the less expensive product
whencompared with peoplewho putpleasurein the first place.(发生了什么事?为了找出Juntos 失败的原因，
LawrenceWilliams和他的同事们做了一个实验，他们向人们展示了一些产品，并让这些人选择一种。他们
提醒一些人专注于“有目的和有价值”的方面，而另一些人则被告知“享受自己”，专注于“快乐和乐趣”。他们
发现，与把快乐放在首位的人相比，把意义放在首位的人更喜欢便宜的产品。)”可知，越来越多的人想从那
些给他们目标感的品牌那里购买（即购买便宜的产品），Juntos失败的主要原因是它的定价相对较高，所以
买的人少，最后失败了。故选B。
2. 推理判断题。根据第三段“Sowhyweremeaning-seekerscheapingout?LawrenceWilliamsaskedparticipants
toexplain their decision-making tofind out.Helearnedthatmeaning-oriented peoplewere notthinkingabouthow
the product they might buy could bring meaning to their lives. Instead, they were occupied with what else they
coulddowiththeirmoney.(那么，为什么寻求意义的人要买便宜的东西呢?为了找出答案，劳伦斯·威廉姆斯
要求参与者解释他们的决策。他了解到，以意义为导向的人不会考虑他们可能购买的产品如何给他们的生
活带来意义。相反，他们专注于思考自己的钱能带来什么其他东西。)”可推测意义追求者专注于用钱买更多
的东西，故选D。
3. 推理判断题。根据第四段“Iamallforpeoplemakingwiseandstrategicfinancialchoices.Butcheapproducts
can create many problems. Inexpensive options often do not last as long as the higher-end ones. As a result, we
shop more often, which is ultimately worse for our wallets. Plus, that spending pattern can do a greater damage to
theenvironment.(我完全支持人们做出明智和战略性的财务选择。但是廉价的产品会产生很多问题。便宜的
选择通常不会像高端的选择持续那么久。结果，我们更频繁地购物，这最终对我们的钱包更不利。此外，
这种消费模式会对环境造成更大的破坏。)”可推断作者通过解释买廉价的产品会产生很多问题的原因来发展
第四段，故选C。
4. 主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第四段“Iamallforpeoplemakingwiseandstrategicfinancialchoices.Butcheap
products can create many problems. Inexpensive options often do not last as long as the higher-end ones. As a
result, we shop more often, which is ultimately worse for our wallets. Plus, that spending pattern can do a greater
资料整理【淘宝店铺：向阳百分百】damagetotheenvironment.(我完全支持人们做出明智和战略性的财务选择。但是廉价的产品会产生很多问题。
便宜的选择通常不会像高端的选择持续那么久。结果，我们更频繁地购物，这最终对我们的钱包更不利。
此外，这种消费模式会对环境造成更大的破坏。)”和最后一段“So beforeyou dive into your wallet for some
deals,trynottofixonlyonwhatyouarespendingorsaving.Thinkcarefullyaboutwhatyouarebuying,too.(所以，
在你为一些交易掏腰包之前，尽量不要只关注你花了多少钱或存了多少钱。也要仔细考虑你要买的东西。)”
可知文章主要是对通过消费来做有意义的事情，到底应该买贵的还是廉价的产品进行讨论，C选项“意义追
求者还是品质追求者”符合文章主旨，故选C。
(4)答案 1.D 2.C 3.B 4.A
【导语】本文为一篇夹叙夹议文。作者讲述了自己在不同的状况下拥抱了妹妹、邻居、父亲，以及寄宿家
庭的大狗，从中感受到了拥抱给予她的保护和鼓励。
1. 主旨大意题。通读全文，文章讲述了拥抱的力量，作者在不同的状况下拥抱过妹妹、父亲、邻居、甚至
寄宿家庭的大狗，最后一段“AsIlookbackonmypast,Icountmyselftrulyluckytohavebeenheld,shieldedand
encouragedatsomeofthemostkeymomentsofmylifebythepowerofahug.(当我回顾我的过去时，我觉得自
己真的很幸运，在生命中一些最关键的时刻，自己能被拥抱力量所拥抱、保护和鼓励。)”，其中提到了thepower
ofahug，与C项“Powerofembracing”意思相近。故选D项。
2. 推理判断题。根据第三段“Thankfully,I made a full physical recovery,butthe emotionalscars never left me.
Years later there was another explosion near my house. I was safely inside, but my father had left to buy a loaf of
bread.He hadonlyjustmissed theexplosion.Whenhe came backinside, I gave himthe biggesthugimaginable.I
wascakedintearsasIheldhimtight.(谢天谢地，我的身体完全康复了，但情感上的创伤从未离开我。几年后，
我家附近又发生了一起爆炸。我在里面很安全，但我父亲已经去买面包了。他差一点就撞上了爆炸。当他
回来的时候，我给了他一个能想象到的最大的拥抱。我紧紧地抱着他，热泪盈眶。)”可知，能见到父亲平安
回来，对爆炸有着心理阴影的作者才“放下了心（Relieved）”，给了父亲的大大的拥抱。故选C项。
3. 推理判断题。根据第四段第一、二句“That same night my parents managed to arrange my escape from our
war-torncity.Iwas16andcametoAmericaonmyown.(就在那天晚上，我的父母设法安排我逃离了这个饱受
战争蹂躏的城市。我16岁独自来到美国。)”，以及第五句“Overthenextseveralmonths,Isecretlystruggledwith
feelinghomesickandworriedaboutmyfamilybackhome.(在接下来的几个月里，我偷偷地与思乡之情和对家
乡家人的担忧作斗争。)”可推知，作者孤身一人来到美国，非常想念国内的家人。故选B项。
4. 词句猜测题。根据第五段最后一句“AsI lookbackonmy past,Icountmyself truly luckytohave beenheld,
资料整理【淘宝店铺：向阳百分百】shieldedandencouragedatsome ofthe mostkey moments ofmy life bythepowerof ahug. (当我回顾我的过去
时，我觉得自己真的很幸运，在生命中一些最关键的时刻，能被拥抱的力量所拥抱、shielded和鼓励。)”，
结合作者的经历，作者在拥抱家人、邻居、寄宿家庭的大狗时感受到了关爱，保护和鼓励，尤其是在经历
爆炸时。shielded 意为“保护”，与A项“Protected”意思相近。故选A项。
(5)答案 1.C 2.B 3.B 4.D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了尽管科学总是在变化，但是它还是值得信赖的原因。
1. 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Sowhyissciencetrustworthyifitisalwayschanging?Iftomorrowwewillno
longer see the world as Newton or Einstein found it to be, why should we take seriously today’s scientific
descriptionoftheworld?(那么，如果科学总是在变化，为什么它是值得信赖的呢？如果明天我们看到的世界
不再像牛顿或爱因斯坦发现的那样，我们为什么要认真对待今天对世界的科学描述呢？)”及下文论述可推知，
作者在第一段中提出了两个问题是为了引入文章话题。故选C。
2. 细节理解题。根据第二段“Theanswerissimple:Becauseatanygivenmomentofourhistory,thisdescription
oftheworldis thebestwehave.Thefactthatitcanbemadebetter can’tdiminish(降低) thefactthatitisauseful
instrumentforunderstandingtheworld.(答案很简单：因为在我们历史的任何时刻，这种对世界的描述都是我
们拥有的最好的描述。它可以变得更好这一事实不能削弱它是理解世界的有用工具这一事实)”可知，今天对
世界的科学描述还可以改进。故选B。
3. 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Consider a folk healer’s herbal medicine. Can we say this treatment is
“scientific”?Yes,if itis provento beeffective, even ifwe have noidea whyit works. In fact,quite a fewcommon
medications usedtoday have their origin in folk treatments, and we arestill notsure how theywork. This does not
implythatfolk treatments are generally effective.Tothecontrary,manyof them arenot.(考虑一下民间治疗师的
草药。我们能说这种治疗是“科学的”吗？是的，如果它被证明是有效的，即使我们不知道它为什么有效。事
实上，今天使用的许多常用药物都起源于民间治疗，我们仍然不确定它们是如何起作用的。这并不意味着
民间疗法通常是有效的。相反，许多民间疗法并非如此)”可知，作者既陈述了民间治疗的优点，又提到了不
足。由此推知，作者对民间治疗持客观态度。故选B。
4. 主旨大意题。根据第四段中的“Whatmakes modern scienceuniquelypowerfulis its refusalto believe thatit
already possesses ultimate truth. The reliability of science is based not on certainty but on a complete absence of
certainty.(现代科学之所以具有独特的力量，是因为它拒绝相信自己已经掌握了终极真理。科学的可靠性不
是建立在确定的基础上，而是建立在完全不确定的基础上)”可知，第四段主要论述了缺乏确定性使得科学可
信。故选D。
资料整理【淘宝店铺：向阳百分百】(6)答案 1.A 2.C 3.B 4.D
【导语】这是一篇议论文。作者提出了为缓解交通对环境造成的破坏，需要减少汽车使用，把汽车出行变
得不方便。这一观点并不为大众所接受。他通过指出减少通勤时间的好处和现行的一些缓解措施的不足分
析支持自己的观点。
1. 推理判断题。根据第一段第五句“Needless to say,I have to struggle to make myself extensively understood.
(更不用说，我必须努力让自己被广泛地理解)”可知，作者的想法目前并没有被广泛接受，即没有被大众广
泛支持。故选A项。
2. 推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“Ifyoucutcommutingtimeby10percent,peoplewhonowdrivefiftymiles
eachwaytoworkcanfindreasontomovefivemilesfartherout,becausetheirtraveltimewon’tchange.(如果你将
通勤时间减少10%，那么现在每天单程开车50英里上班的人就有理由再往外走5英里，因为他们的行程时
间不会改变)”可知，如果通勤时间减少，人们会愿意住得离上班的地方更远些。故选C项。
3. 推理判断题。根据第三段第一二句“Traffic congestion (拥堵) isn’t an environmental problem; traffic is.
Relieving congestion without doing anything to reduce the total volume of cars can only make the real problem
worse. Highway engineers have known for a long time that building new car lanes only temporarily reduces
congestion,becausethenewlanesaddadditionaldriving.（交通拥堵不是环境问题；交通本身就是。不采取任
何措施减少汽车总量来缓解拥堵只会使真正的问题变得更糟。公路工程师们早就知道，修建新的车道只是
暂时减少拥堵，因为新车道增加了额外的驾驶。）”可知，作者认为现有的比如增加车道目的在不缓解拥堵，
但实际上增加了驾驶，从长远看反而对环境有害。故可推测出作者认为这些措施是出自好心，但对环境有
害。故选B项。
4. 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段第三句“Thatmeansthatanewtrafficsystemhastobesupportedbyreductionin
car use.(这意味着新的交通系统必须通过减少汽车使用来支持)”和最后一句“No one ever promotes a
transportation system by arguing that it would make travelling less convenient—even though, from an
environmentalperspective,inconvenienttravelisaworthygoal.(从来没有人通过争论某个交通系统会使旅行变
得不那么方便来推广这个交通系统，尽管从环境角度来看，不方便的旅行是一个值得追求的目标)”可知，在
作者眼里，为了缓解环境压力，把开车出行变得不那么方便，不那么让人开心是一个好方法在，这也是他
在本文中推崇的。故选D项。
(7)答案 1.B 2.A 3.C 4.D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。公众对科学家的不信任在一定程度上源于科学与技术、发现与制造之间界限
资料整理【淘宝店铺：向阳百分百】的模糊。大多数政府，也许是所有政府，从科学事业过去和将来所带来的经济利益的角度来为科学研究的
公共并支辩护。
1. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Mostgovernments,perhapsallgovernments,justifypublicexpenditureon
scientificresearchintermsoftheeconomicbenefitsthescientificenterprisehasbroughtinthepastandwillbring
inthefuture.(大多数政府，也许是所有政府，都以科学事业在过去和将来所带来的经济效益来证明在科学研
究上的公共支出是合理的)”可知，说到科学研究，大多数政府最关心的是快速的经济回报。故选B项。
2. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Manyhavereservations,butkeepthemtothemselvesinwhattheyperceiveasa
climatehostiletothepursuitofunderstandingforitsownsakeandtheideaofaninquiring,creativespirit.(许多人
有保留意见，但在他们看来，在一种不利于追求理解本身和探究、创造精神的气氛中，他们把这些意见保
留了下来)”可知，科学家们不抱怨政府的科研政策是因为他们意识到他们在一个不利于自由追求知识的环境
中工作。故选A项。
3. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Eveniftheprofessorholdsnoconsultancywithanyfirm,somepeoplemaystill
distrusthimbecauseofhisassociationwiththosewhodo,oratleastwonderaboutthesourceofsomeofhis
researchfunding.(即使教授没有在任何公司担任顾问，一些人可能仍然不信任他，因为他与那些做顾问的人
有联系，或者至少想知道他的一些研究资金的来源)”可知，根据作者的观点，人们怀疑科字家的专业判断，
因为他们可能会受到与他们有相关项目的联系的影响。故选C项。
4. 推理判断题。根据第三段中“Thismakesiteasiertodismissallscientificpronouncements,butespeciallythose
madebythescientistswhopresentthemselvesas“experts”.(这使得人们更容易忽视所有的科学声明，尤其是那
些以“专家”自居的科学家所发表的声明)”可知，作者说公众对科学家的不信任会产生破坏性的影响是因为即
使科学家说的是事实，人们也不会相信。故选D项。
(8)答案 1.A 2.D 3.D 4.C
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章通过谈论作为公共资源的大象濒临灭绝，而作为私有财产的饲养牛却能安
全生存，说明了人们对私有财产比公共资源更加关心的现象。
1. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Yethuntingthe buffalowas so popular duringthe 19thcentury thatby 1900the
animal’s population had fallen to about 400 before the government stepped in to protect the species. In some
countriestoday,theelephantfacesasimilarchallenge,asillegalhunterskilltheanimalsfortheivoryintheirtusks.
(然而，狩猎水牛在19世纪是如此流行，以至于到了1900年，野牛的数量已经下降到大约400只，直到政
府介入保护这个物种。今天在一些国家，大象也面临着类似的挑战，因为非法捕猎者为了获取象牙而捕杀
这种动物。)”可知，作者之所以提到水牛，是为了介绍大象所面临的类似威胁。故选A项。
资料整理【淘宝店铺：向阳百分百】2. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Thereasonisthatelephantsareacommonresource,whilecowsareprivategoods.
(原因是大象是一种公共资源，而牛是私人物品。)”和“Elephantswanderfreelywithoutanyowners.Thehunter
hasastrongmotivationtokillasmanyelephantsashecanfind.(大象在没有主人的情况下自由走动。猎人有强
烈的动机去杀死尽可能多的大象。)” 及“Bycontrast,cattleliveonfarmsthatareprivatelyowned.Eachfarmer
makesgreatefforttomaintainthecattlepopulation onhisfarmbecauseheharvests thebenefitoftheseefforts.(相
比之下，牛生活在私人拥有的农场上。每个农场主都在努力维持农场的牲畜数量，因为他们收获了这些努
力的成果。)”可知，之所以大象面临威胁，而奶牛是安全的，是因为它们各自代表着不同的所有权类型。故
选D项。
3. 主旨大意题。根据第四段中“Governments have tried to solve the elephant’s problem in two ways. Some
countries, such as Kenya and Uganda, have made it illegal to kill elephantsand sell their ivory.(各国政府试图通
过两种方式来解决大象的问题。一些国家，如肯尼亚和乌干达，已经将猎杀大象和出售象牙定为非法行为。)”
以及“By contrast, other countries, such as Malawi and Namibia, have made elephants private goods and allowed
peopletokillelephants,butonlythoseontheirownproperty.(相比之下，其他国家，如马拉维和纳米比亚，则
把大象当作私人物品，允许人们猎杀大象，但仅限于在他们自己的领地上。)”可知，第四段通过举例说明各
国政府对大象的政策。故选D项。
4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中Aristotle所说“Whatiscommontomanyistakenleastcareof,forallmenhave
greaterregardforwhatistheirownthanforwhattheypossessincommonwithothers.(对大多数人来说共同的东
西最不被重视，因为所有人都更关心自己的东西，而不是他们与他人共同拥有的东西。)”可以推知，人们更
关心自己的财产。故选C项。
资料整理【淘宝店铺：向阳百分百】资料整理【淘宝店铺：向阳百分百】
