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专题04 高考阅读理解 议论文
一、考情分析
阅读是英语学习输入的重要形式之一，纵观近年的高考题，不难看出，阅读是高考的重点考查点之一。
难怪有人说，“得阅读者得天下”，这也说明了英语学习中阅读的重要性。而且分值也达到了50分，占整
套试卷的三分之一，阅读理解中一般来说有一篇是议论文。议论文阅读尤其考查学生的思维品质，研究议
论文阅读对培养学生英语阅读的逻辑思维和批判性思维非常必要。
英语议论文是一种说理性的文章，作者通过陈述观点试图说服读者接受其所给的观点，它是高考阅读
理解题中较难的题目。观点必须要由一些例子、理由和逻辑支撑。简而言之，议论文的结构通常为三段式，
即“论点、论据、结论”。一篇好的议论文，观点明确且正确，论据充分，论证合乎逻辑，结构、层次清
晰。议论文的题材多样化、知识化，它包括社会科学的多个领域，涵盖文化、历史、文学、科学和教育等
各个方面，以及和自然科学交叉的学科，体现以人为本的特点。
一、题型介绍
议论说理类文章就是议论文，是高考阅读理解题中一种较难的题目。从近年来的高考英语试题内容分
析中可以得出结论，议论文类阅读题的实际内容丰富多彩，数量较大。
议论说理类文章具有以下特点：
1. 题材多样化、知识化，它包括社会科学的多种领域，以及和自然科学交叉学科，体现以人为本的特
点。具体说来：
(1)一般按提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的方法写作。作者一般从日常生活中的热点问题、社会上的
重大问题、与读者息息相关的问题入手，即提出问题。然后，分析利弊，举例说明，推理判断，即分析问
题。最后，阐述观点，提出办法，即解决问题。
(2)以作者的观点或情感为核心，对细节推理等方面进行考查。
(3)文章的主题一般是生活中的热点问题、重大问题或与生活息息相关的问题等。
2. 侧重考查学生对文章深层意义的理解。通常情况下，深层理解题占多数，这就要求学生读议论文时，
不能仅限于对文章的表层理解，只抓一些事实细节，而且要注重对文章的意图、作者的观点以及内在逻辑
联系的审视。
3. 在命题类型与考核方向上，深层理解题的主要包括以下内容：
一）主旨大意题
主旨大意题需借助学生的逻辑推理能力、文字信息处理能力去对议论文阅读材料的基本内容、主要观
点、论述进行深刻的理解和全面的归纳处理。对于这类问题，学生应该了解作者想说什么，即作者撰写本
文的目的。二）细节理解题
细节理解题，顾名思义，就是针对阅读文章的某个细节内容而具体设置的试题。学生在解题时，可以
利用考核问题中的“关键词”去文本信息中寻找可能的来源区域、考核方向与问题答案。解答这类问题时，
要求学生在信息获取、信息解读与信息处理过程中，深度理解文章中的具体观点和主要事实，然后按照具
体问题要求给予准确的处理。这是一个常用的解题方法，也是一个简单易行的、行之有效的好方法。
这类题目一般难度不大，以表层理解为主，多数情况下是直接信息题，主要考查学生在快速阅读文章
的同时从中获取某些特定信息的能力。
三）推理判断题
这类题型以文章内容中的某些信息为理论基础，要求学生在解答推理和判断的时候，要立足文本作息
的具体语境和内容诉求，去合情合理地进行主观推理和客观判断，充分掌握阅读材料中的中心诉求、思想
情感、主观愿景与语言特色，以此推断出文章的创作来源、写作目的与价值诉求，从“宏观层面”去把握
文章的写作意图，以此得到较为全面的感知结论。学生不能忽视作者个人的观点和态度，在进行推理和判
断时，必须遵循逻辑规律，以事实为根据进行合乎情理的推断。推理和判断题对学生的逻辑思维能力、问
题剖析能力、推理理解能力，都具有较高要求。
四）词义理解题
英语单词和短语词义非常丰富，语境不同，词义也不同。解决这类题型，要求学生利用某一个词所在
的具体语境和实际用途去较为准确地推测这个单词或短语的意思。学生不仅需要有丰富的词汇量，还需要
具有一定的识读能力、理解能力与猜词能力。判断词义的题可能有四种情况，一是词未学过，二是词已学
过，但在该篇中不是已学过的词义，即熟词生义或熟词新义，三是代词it或them在文中指代上文中的什么
人或物，四是某句话的意思。
议论文的写作方法通常有以下三种形式：
写法一：正方(甲方)，反方(乙方)，作者(我)认为……
写法二：提出问题，分析问题，解决问题。
写法三：论点，理由(证据)，得出结论。
议论文的内容涵盖多个方面。在这类体裁的文章中把握好论点、论据和论证很重要。此类体裁的文章
中有关主旨大意和推理判断的题目会较多。在阅读这类文章的时候，我们要认真把握作者的态度，领悟弦
外之音，从而更好地依据文章的事实做出合理的推断。
注意事项：
1. 避免读得太快，做题靠印象和直觉。(要求每一道题回到原文去找答案)
2. 要先看题目，后读文章。(与先读文章，后看题目的比较)高考材料阅读方法：先通读全文，重点读首段、各段的段首段尾句，然后其他部分可以略读，再审题
定位，比较选项，选出答案。要有把握文章的宏观结构、中心句的能力。
3. 阅读中需要特别注意并做记号的有：
(1)标志类、指示类的信息。
①表示并列关系：and, also, coupled with等；
②表示转折关系：but, yet, however, by contrast等；
③表示因果关系：therefore, thereby, consequently, as a result等；
④表示递进关系：in addition to, even, what’s more, furthermore等；
⑤表示重要性的词：prime, above all, first等。
以上关键词有助于我们对文章逻辑结构的把握。
(2)具有感情色彩、显示作者态度的词：blind盲目的(贬), excessively过分的(贬), objective(客观)等。
4. 常见问题：
(1)读不懂怎么办？
问题本身太空泛，应该仔细分析问题到底在哪儿。首先要能意识到自身问题所在。无意识无能力属于
问题认知的第一阶段；有意识无能力属于问题认知的第二阶段；有意识有能力属于问题认知的第三阶段；
无意识有能力属于问题认知的第四阶段。从认知的第三阶段达到第四阶段，是一个反复熟练的过程。
(2)读懂了文章之后还做错题怎么办？
(3)做完了一遍不愿意看第二遍怎么办？
(4)做题技巧用不上怎么办？
能够不由自主地按照正确的思路解题了，才表明我们正确掌握了这些技巧。在课堂听明白之后，还需
要回去自己思考，针对自己的实际进行分析，从而对症下药。
二、议论文体阅读理解题的应对策略
解答议论类阅读理解试题，可以从以下几个方面着手考虑：
作者在开始叙述一个现象，然后对现象进行解释。这类文章的主题是文中最重要的解释或作者所强调
的解释，阅读时要注意作者给出的原因，所以又被称为原因—结果(Cause & Effect)型。还有一种比较常见的
是问题—答案型，作者在一开始或一段末以问句提出一个问题(相当于一个现象)，然后给出该问题的答案
(相当于解释)。针对文中问题给出的主要答案就是这种文章的中心。
这里强调一点，答题时优先考虑正面答题(直接从文章内容得出答案)，然后从中心、态度或利用解答
特征等其他角度对选项进行检验；如果从文章内容中直接无法解决，则从中心和态度方面考虑；次之，从
解答特征方面考虑。
考生往往最怕此类体裁。山穷水尽时，记住：首先从整体上把握文章中心和作者所持的态度，靠近中心的就是答案。
三、解题方法：
1. 把握文章的论点、论据和论证。立足议论文中明确的客观信息，挖掘内在的逻辑关系，合理地进行
推断。全面分析所有相关信息，避免片面性，做到判断有据，推理有据，忠于原文。此外，还要把握文章
的结构和语言，结合英文背景常识对阅读材料进行识别和判断。
2. 互推法：在议论之后，总会再列举一些具体的例子来支持观点或在一些例子之后，总要抒发一些
议论。学生在理解议论时，可以借助文中所给的实例，从而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的议论；或从议论
中推理理解具体例子的深刻含义，相互推断。不可用主观臆断来代替文中作者的观点，不能用事实代替推
理，不能用具体代替抽象，不能用现象代替实质。
3. 推理法：推理的结论一定是原文有这层意思，但没有明确表达的。推理要根据文章的字面意思，通
过语篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判
断。学生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。要特别注意表现作者感情、
态度、观点的语句。
四、解题技巧
历年全国高考英语阅读理解的题型无非基本都是考查主旨大意、词义猜测、推理判断和细节理解四大
题型。其中，命题以细节理解题为主，推理判断题为辅，又兼顾词义猜测题和主旨大意题。细节理解题和
推理判断题主要考查的是对原文具体细节的理解和把控能力，难度相对较小，广大考生除了平时必要的阅
读量和词汇量的积累以外，掌握一定的解题技巧对解答阅读理解题来说也是至关重要的。读议论文时，不
能仅限于对文章的表层理解，一定要注重对文章的主题、中心思想、标题的把握。具体来说：
1. 主旨大意型
干扰项可能是文中某个具体事实或细节，也可能是从文中某些(不完全的)事实或细节片面推出的错误
结论，也可能是非文章事实的主观臆断。而正确答案则是根据文章全面理解而归纳概括出来的：不能太笼
统、言过其实或以偏概全。
主旨大意题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。根据多年的备考及高考实践，这类题
目考查的范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求学生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运
用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。
选择“主题”旨在考查学生是否掌握了所读文章的主要内容或主旨，通常用词、短语或句子来概括。
常见的提问方式有：
1. What is the main / general idea of this text?
2. What is mainly discussed in this passage?
3. What is the text mainly about?4. This text mainly tells us _________.
5. This passage mainly deals with _________.
6. The main idea of this passage may be best expressed as_________.
7. The topic of this passage is _________.
8. The passage would most likely be taken from _________.
标题选择题则是让考生给所读的文章选择一个合适的标题。通常标题由一个名词或名词短语充当，用
词简短、精练。在选择议论文的最佳标题时，要考虑议论文的标题是否符合精准性强、涵盖性强、语言精
练等特点，且能够反映文章的主旨。常见的提问方式有：
1. What would be the best title for the text?
2. Which of the following is the best / most suitable title for this text?
3. The best / most suitable title for this text would be __________.
不管是选择“主题”还是选择“标题”，实质上都是要求考生从整体上理解语篇内容，找出贯穿语篇
的主线；不管是何种体裁的文章，都是围绕一个主题来展开的。在试题设计上，3个干扰项的内容一般在
文章里或多或少都有涉及，但并非主要内容，需要注意甄别。
2. 事实细节型
细节理解题主要考查考生对文章中某些细节或重要事实的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解题和语意理
解题两种。直接理解题的答案与原文直接挂钩，从阅读材料中可以找到。这种题难度低，只要考生读懂文
章，就能得分，属于低层次题。
做此类题时可以使用定位法与跳读法。定位法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息直接从原文中找到相应
的句子(即定位)，然后进行比较和分析(尤其要注意一些同义转换)，从而选出正确答案。跳读法即根据题干
和选项所提供的信息跳读原文，并找到相关的句子(有时可能是几个句子)或段落，然后进行简单分析、推
理等，从而找出正确答案。
(1)解题原则：忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。
文章中心是论点，事实细节是论据或主要理由；有关细节问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等
细节及事实进行提问，所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。
提问的特殊疑问词常有：what, who, which, where, how, why 等。
在阅读理解中，要求查找主要事实和特定细节的问题常有以下几种命题方式：
①Which of the following statements is true?
②Which of the following is not mentioned in the text?
③The author (or the passage) states that __________.
④According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, what, which, etc.) __________?(2)干扰项：范围过大、过小；偷换概念；正误并存，某个分句是正确的。
阅读理解中细节理解题的干扰项的设置有以下几个原则：
①包含项原则
在答案选项分析中，假如对A选项的理解概括了对其他三项 (或其中某一项)的理解，那么我们就说选
项A与其他三项是包含或概括关系，包含项A往往就是正确答案。如在“花”与“玫瑰”两选项中，正确
答案肯定是“花”，因为花包含了玫瑰。
②正反项原则
所谓正反项，是指两选项陈述的命题完全相矛盾。两个相互矛盾的陈述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。
所以，假如四选项中A、B互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C、D项，正确答案一般在A、B项当中。
③委婉项原则
所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能太过肯定或否定，不能说死，要留有一定余地。阅读理解选项中语气平
和、委婉的往往是正确答案。这些选项一般含有不十分肯定或试探性语气的表达，如：probably,
possibly, may, usually, might, most of, more or less, relatively, be likely to, not necessary, although, yet, in
addition, tend to等等，而含有绝对语气的表达往往不是正确答案，如：must, always, never, all, every, any,
merely, only, completely, none, hardly, already等等。
④同形项原则
命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围，然后通过语言形式的细微变化来考查考生的理解能
力与分析能力。同形项原则告诉我们：词汇与句法结构相似的选项中有正确答案的存在。
⑤常识项原则
议论文中，那些符合一般常识、意义深刻富有哲理、符合一般规律、属于普遍现象的往往是正确答案。
⑥因果项原则
阅读理解的逻辑推理基本都是通过因果链进行的，前因后果，一步步循序渐进。然而，在推理题的选
项中，有的选项会推理不到位(止于前因)，或者推理过头(止于后果)，这就是所谓的干扰项。因果项原则启
示我们：假如四个选项中有两项互为同一事物推理过程中的因果关系，那么正确答案就是两个因果项中的
其中之一。如果因项可产生几个结果，那么答案就是因；如果果项可以对应几个原因，那么答案就是果。
解题方法：原文定位法。查读法：(1)带着问题找答案，把注意力集中在与who, what, when, where问题有关
的细节上。(2)细心!
3. 词义猜测型
阅读理解的测试中经常有猜测词、短语、习语、句子意义的题目，近几年高考阅读中词义猜测题的考
查方法呈多样化，其中根据上下文语境推测词义将会越来越多。有时短文中出现一个需猜测其意义的词或
短语，后文接着会出现其定义、解释或例子，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。除此之外，我们还可以根据转折或对比关系进行判断：根据上下句的连接词，如 but，however，
otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号
(；)也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。还可以根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，“有因必有果，有
果必有因”。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。当然了，这些词、短语、习语要么是生
词，要么是熟词新义，单靠平时积累是不够的，还要掌握以下做题技巧。
(1)根据构词法(转化、合成、派生)进行判断。
(2)根据文中的定义、事例、解释猜生词。用事例或解释猜生词；用重复解释的信息猜生词。
(3)根据上下文的指代关系进行选择。文章中的代词 it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或
物，其中it和that还可以指一件事。
(4)根据转折或对比关系进行判断。根据上下句的连接词如but，however，otherwise等可以看到前后句
在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。
(5)根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，“有因必有果，有果必有因”。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结
果也可以找出原因。
(6)根据同位关系进行判断。阅读中有时出现新词、难词，后面跟着一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释。
(7)利用标点符号和提示词猜测词义。分号还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义；破折号表示解释说
明。
常见的问题形式有：
(1)The word “…” in Line … means/can be best replaced by …
(2)As used in the passage, the phrase “…” suggests…
(3)From the passage, we can infer that the word/phrase /the sentence “…” is/refers to /means…
(4)The word “…” is closest in meaning to …
常用应对方法：
同义法：常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，
由此可以推测词义。
反义法：如hot and cold, give and receive等，或前句为肯定，后句为否定。总之，互为反义的词与词间
都起着互为线索的作用。
释义法：对文章中的生词用定语(从句)、表语，甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。
此外，还有情景推断法、代词替代法等。
做题要领
(1)从文中找线索或信息词；
(2)根据熟悉的词及词义判断新词的意思；(3)根据上下文判断新词在特定句中的确切意思。
(4)要特别注意熟词新意！
4. 推理判断型
做题要领：既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章的隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意
图及文章细节的发展作出正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度考虑而不是固守自己的看法。常见的命题
方式有：
(1)The passage implies (暗示) that _________.
(2)We can conclude (得出结论) from the passage that _________.
(3)Which of the following can be inferred (推论)?
(4)What is the tone (语气) of the author?
(5)What is the purpose (目的) of this passage?
(6)The passage is intended to _________.
(7)Where would this passage most probably appear?
(8)From the example in paragraph..., we can infer that _________.
(9)What’s the attitude of the author towards...？
在平时的英语学习过程中，应该加大议论文的文本输入，主动分析议论文的结构和论证方法，寻找语
篇逻辑信息词，梳理行文思路。此外，要限时完成议论文的阅读，培养良好的阅读习惯，做后及时分析自
己阅读议论文时对哪些方面的题目存在理解障碍，掌握各种议论文题目的解题对策，精准定位，思路领先，
选出最佳答案。总之，议论文阅读的强化训练能够帮助学生攻克议论文中的深层理解题。学生只要知己知
彼，了解议论文命题的思路，阅读时循着what—why—how的思路剖析文本，平时吃透议论文题目考点设
置的特点和解题策略，一定可以成功应对高考英语中的议论文阅读。与此同时，学生英语阅读的思维品质
也会有所提升。
二、真题回顾
(2023年全国乙卷英语真题)
第一节 (共15小题;每小题2.5分，满分37.5分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
D
If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, youcannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for
most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many
literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that,
but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps
the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English
side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only
a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what
was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written
reports.
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or
deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often
have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of
Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most
powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider
contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily
twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just
the texts, but the objects.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about.
C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable.
33. What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2?
A. His report was scientific. B. He represented the local people.
C. He ruled over Botany Bay. D. His record was one-sided.
34. What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. Problem. B. History. C. Voice. D. Society.
35. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from?
A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World B. A Short History of Australia
C. A History of the World in 100 Objects D. How Art Works Tell Stories
【答案】32. A 33. D 34. B 35. C
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。本文讨论了仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史的局限性，并强调了将物品纳入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性。
【32题】A 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that
does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has
ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later
achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in
writing but in things. (如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通
过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人曾经有过文本，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。
写作是人类较晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而且用物件来记录他们所
关心的事情。)”可推知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。
【33题】D 推理判断题。根据文章第二段首句“Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and
some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. (理想情况下，历史应该将
文本和物品结合在一起，本书的某些章节能够做到这一点，但在许多情况下，我们根本做不到。)”可推断，
作者认为历史应该是文本和物品相结合的产物，但是很多情况下，我们做不到。再根据所举例子的下文
“From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian
side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. (在英国方
面，我们有科学报告和船长对那可怕的一天的记录。从澳大利亚方面来看，我们只有一个木制盾牌，这是
一名男子在第一次经历枪击后在飞行中扔下的。)”可知，作者举这个例子是为了说明船长的记录是片面的，
只从自己的角度描述了问题。故选D。
【34题】B 词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African
people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements
most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we
consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are
necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. (加勒比海的泰诺人、澳大利亚的土著人、贝宁的非洲人以及
印加人，所有这些人都出现在这本书中，他们现在都可以通过他们制造的物品向我们讲述他们过去最强大
的成就：通过物品讲述的历史给了他们一个声音。当我们考虑诸如此类的有文化社会和无文化社会之间的
接触时，我们所有的第一手资料都必然是扭曲的，只有对话的一半。)”结合划线句“If we are to find the
other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，
我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，我们对过去历史的了解，只是书写历史的人所想要让我们了解
的历史，如果我们想要了解历史的另一半，我们不仅仅要读文本也要读对象。所以 conversation指的是
“历史”。故选B。【35题】C 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that
does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has
ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not.(如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以
人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人的历史曾经被文字记
录过，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。)”结合最后一段的“ If we are to find the other half of
that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅
要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，本文讲述仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好的了解
历史就要将文本和物品结合在一起。从而推断文章最有可能选自《100件物品中的世界史》。故选C。
(2022年高考英语(全国甲卷)
D
Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its
harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there —broad parks,
superb beaches, and a culturally diverse population. But it is the harbor that makes the city.
Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living. I spent the whole
morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor. After our third run Andrew shut down the engine, and we went
our separate ways—he for a lunch break, I to explore the city.
“I’ll miss these old boats,” he said as we parted.
“How do you mean?” I asked.
“Oh, they’re replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so elegant, and they’re
not fun to pilot. But that’s progress, I guess.”
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and progress are the watchwords (口号), and traditions are
increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s,
Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. “Sydney is confused about itself,”
she said. “We can’t seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one. It’s a conflict
that we aren’t getting any better at resolving (解决).”
On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a
thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. “Many people say that we lack culture in this country,” he told
me. “What people forget is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture,
the Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. We’ve got a foundation built on ancient cultures but witha drive and dynamism of a young country. It’s a pretty hard combination to beat.”
He is right, but I can’t help wishing they would keep those old ferries.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. Sydney’s striking architecture. B. The cultural diversity of Sydney.
C. The key to Sydney’s development. D. Sydney’s tourist attractions in the 1960s.
33. What can we learn about Andrew Reynolds?
A. He goes to work by boat. B. He looks forward to a new life.
C. He pilots catamarans well. D. He is attached to the old ferries.
34. What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney?
A. It is losing its traditions. B. It should speed up its progress.
C. It should expand its population. D. It is becoming more international.
35. Which statement will the author probably agree with?
A. A city can be young and old at the same time.
B. A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic.
C. Modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance.
D. Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign.
【答案】32. C 33. D 34. A 35. A
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。作者通过陈述不同人的观点讨论了悉尼在发展的过程中是否应该摒弃一些旧
的传统。
【32题】C 段落大意题。根据文章第一段第二句“The city discovered its harbor.”以及最后一句“But it is
the harbor that makes the city.”可知，第一段主要讲了悉尼发展的关键。故选C项。
【33题】D 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“I’ll miss these old boats”和第五段第二句的“Catamarans are
faster, but they’re not so elegant, and they’re not fun to pilot.”可知，Andrew喜爱(be attached to)这些旧的渡船
(ferries)。故选D项。
【34题】A 推理判断题。根据倒数第三段第二句“...Sydney swept aside much of its past...”可知，它丢掉了
传统的东西。故选A项。
【35题】A 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“being young and old at the same time has its attractions”和
最后一段“He is right, but I can’t help wishing they would keep those old ferries.”可知，作者赞同Anthony的
观点,认为一座城市可以同时既年轻又古老。故选A项。
三、最新模拟试题(1)
(2023·湖北黄冈·黄冈中学校考二模)
Public health data signals a genuine crisis in adolescent mental health: rising rates of anxiety, depression, and
hopelessness. But as we worry about tweens and teens who are struggling, we can’t ignore another mounting effect
— the burdens that are shouldered by their friends and peers in an “always on” world.
We have studied teens and tech for over a decade. Their networks are ever-expanding, in no small part because
there’s a sense that being nice means accepting fellow requests from acquaintances and friends-of-friends. And it’s
not just staying connected — it’s keeping up with what others post, too.
Social media platforms thus make it technically possible to maintain more relationships than we are
historically actually wired to track and manage. The result is an overwhelming wave of social information. It’s
especially intense for adolescents whose developmental sensitivities drive them to care deeply about what their
peers are doing and thinking.
Significant stress comes with trying to be a “good friend” in the age of social media. Friendship requires both
public and behind-the-scenes support. Even before a social media post is made public, close friends can be pulled
into photo selection, editing, and final examination. Besides, they need to respond in the right way and in the right
amount of time, which differs from one relationship to another. Replying too quickly can be seen as over-eager,
especially when the friendship is new or not close. But when it’s a close friend, too long a lag (延迟) can be hurtful.
The qualities that are key to building or breaking friendships are actually the same as they’ve always been:
mutual (相互的) sharing of joys and sorrows, a give and take of acceptance and support, and an ability to weather
and resolve conflicts. But technologies have transformed how friendships play out. Social media increases the
burdens that come along with being a good friend. Too often, these dynamics hit teens hard in ways that are lost on
adults. And that is what should be changed with the help of parents, schools and other parts of society.
1. What makes teenagers’ networks continue to expand?
A. The pressure to be nice. B. The requests of their parents.
C. The need to meet more people. D. The burden of living independently.
2. What does the author think of being a good friend in the age of social media?
A. Exciting. B. Challenging. C. Money-saving. D. Risk-taking.
3. What should be changed according to the last paragraph?
A. The qualities of being a teen friend. B. The conflicts between schools and parents.
C. The relations between parents and their teens. D. The influences of social media on teen friendship.
4. What is the text mainly about?A. Why more teens are addicted to social media.
B. How teens nowadays gain long-standing friendships.
C. How social media has made teen friendships more stressful.
D. What makes teens become more sensitive to their peers’ needs.
(2)
(2023·湖北·华中师大一附中校考模拟预测)
This month, the Internet was flooded with wonderful digital art portraits, thanks to the work of the latest
artificial intelligence-assisted application to go viral: Lensa. Users uploaded their photographs to the App and then
—for a small fee—it used AI to transform their profile pictures into, say, a magical warrior princess version of
themselves, in no time at all.
This year has seen a breakthrough for AI-driven image generators, which are now better than ever in quality,
speed and affordability. If that sounds great to you, you might not be one of the millions of humans whose
livelihoods depend on being able to exchange those skills for money.
Some artists predicted that a computer would recreate the aura of a masterpiece by Leonardo da Vinci in the
near future. As long as there are enough data for the AI to train itself, it can copy numerous masterpieces just in
several minutes. It seems unavoidable that a large number of artists would lose their jobs.
“I see it less as a threat and more of an opportunity,” the UK-based illustrator Michelle Thompson said,
adding, “Like everything else, there will always be artists who can use the tools better.”
These tools are only as good as the data sets they are trained on. Human imagination, on the other hand, has no
limit. For Dryhurst, an artist from Germany, AI models “could attempt to make a pale version of something we did
years ago”, but that “doesn’t account for what we might do next”.
The kind of artificial intelligence we might imagine replacing artists—an entirely autonomous creative robot
—does not yet exist, but it is coming. And as AI becomes more universal, artists, illustrators and designers will
ultimately be set apart not by if, but by how, they use the technology.
1. Why does the author mention Lensa in Paragraph 1?
A. To recommend the new App. B. To inform latest news.
C. To lead in the AI topic. D. To introduce its new function.
2. What is Michelle Thompson’s attitude towards AI?
A. Concerned. B. Favorable. C. Unclear. D. Critical.
3. What might be a weakness of AI in creating art works?A. Accuracy. B. Diversity. C. Creativity. D. Efficiency.
4. Which can be the best title for the text?
A. Is AI coming into our daily life? B. Can AI copy masterpieces of great artists?
C. Shall we welcome new AI technology? D. Will AI replace artists in the future?
(3)
(2023·山东·山东省实验中学校考二模)
Danone Portugal introduced a new yogurt named Juntos. For every pack of yogurt that a person bought, he
would donate yogurt to a family in need. Danone had done its research. Increasingly, people say they want to buy
from brands that give them a sense of purpose. Surely a yogurt that helped the needy would be appealing. But
Juntos was a failure. Despite sinking millions into a marketing campaign, Danone pulled Juntos from the market
only months after it was launched. Now the same product is simply marketed as a tasty yogurt.
What happened? To find the reason behind Juntos’ failure, Lawrence Williams and his colleagues did an
experiment where they showed people some products and asked these people to pick one option. They reminded
some to focus on the “purposeful and valuable” aspect while others were told to “enjoy themselves” and focus on
“delight and pleasure.” They found that participants who prioritized meaning preferred the less expensive product
when compared with people who put pleasure in the first place.
So why were meaning-seekers cheaping out? Lawrence Williams asked participants to explain their decision-
making to find out. He learned that meaning-oriented people were not thinking about how the product they might
buy could bring meaning to their lives. Instead, they were occupied with what else they could do with their money.
I am all for people making wise and strategic financial choices. But cheap products can create many problems.
Inexpensive options often do not last as long as the higher-end ones. As a result, we shop more often, which is
ultimately worse for our wallets. Plus, that spending pattern can do a greater damage to the environment. Thanks in
part to fast fashion, people buy 60 percent more clothing today than they did 15 years ago. The fashion industry
alone emits more greenhouse gases than international flights and maritime (海洋的) shipping combined.
So before you dive into your wallet for some deals, try not to fix only on what you are spending or saving.
Think carefully about what you are buying, too.
1. What is the main reason for the failure of Juntos?
A. It ignored marketing strategies. B. It priced itself relatively high.
C. It lacked a particularly good taste. D. It focused on delight and pleasure.
2. What can be inferred about meaning seekers?A. They frequent high-end stores. B. They think products extend their lives.
C. They hesitate to make decisions. D. They make more purchases with money.
3. How is Paragraph 4 mainly developed?
A. By giving some examples. B. By listing numbers and data.
C. By explaining reasons. D. By making some comparisons.
4. Which is the most suitable title for the text?
A. Innovation: a Product’s Life B. To Buy or not to Buy
C. Meaning seekers or Quality-pursuers D. Fast Fashion: a Hit to Your Wallet
(4)
(2023·浙江舟山·舟山中学校考模拟预测)
I had not hugged a friend or a family member for more than two years until recently when my sister flew in for
a brief visit. For safety, we met outside. Despite the wintry weather, her hug warmed me from the inside out. It’s
strange, but only now do I truly realize how much I’ve missed embracing loved ones.
I grew up through war in my hometown of Sarajevo, Bosnia, and every moment was full of danger. On one
peaceful morning, I had begged my mom to let me go outside after spending weeks indoors. She finally agreed. I
was outside for only 10 minutes when I was caught in an explosion. I ran to my neighbor’s house for safety and
hung my arms around her neck just as my legs collapsed underneath me.
Thankfully, I made a full physical recovery, but the emotional scars never left me. Years later there was
another explosion near my house. I was safely inside, but my father had left to buy a loaf of bread. He had only just
missed the explosion. When he came back inside, I gave him the biggest hug imaginable. I was caked in tears as I
held him tight.
That same night my parents managed to arrange my escape from our war-torn city. I was 16 and came to
America on my own. A generous host family took me in. They had a large dog called Oscar. Over the next several
months, I secretly struggled with feeling homesick and worried about my family back home. Despite managing
quite well at school, I couldn’t express my feelings. The only way I shared how I felt was by giving Oscar a big
hug.
It is yet another sad aspect of our pandemic (疾病大流行的) lives that hugging a stranger is the last thing on
our minds. For many of us, even hugging a relative or a friend comes with stress and anxiety over risks and
precautions. As I look back on my past, I count myself truly lucky to have been held, shielded and encouraged at
some of the most key moments of my life by the power of a hug.1. What is the passage mainly about?
A. Experience of war. B. Love for family. C. Impact of pandemic. D. Power of embracing.
2. How did the author feel when she hugged her father?
A. Frightened. B. Ashamed. C. Relieved. D. Astonished.
3. What can we learn about the author from the passage?
A. She had her arms hurt in an explosion.
B. She missed her family very much while in America.
C. She couldn’t catch up with her classmates at school.
D. She recovered quickly from the wounds of the war.
4. What does the underlined word “shielded” mean in Paragraph 5?
A. Protected. B. Persuaded. C. Covered. D. Understood.
(5)
(2023秋·江苏苏州·高三苏州中学校考阶段练习)
Science is a process that builds upon existing theories and knowledge by continuously revising them. Every
aspect of scientific knowledge can be questioned, including the general rules of thinking that appear to be most
certain. So why is science trustworthy if it is always changing? If tomorrow we will no longer see the world as
Newton or Einstein found it to be, why should we take seriously today’s scientific description of the world?
The answer is simple: Because at any given moment of our history, this description of the world is the best we
have. The fact that it can be made better can’t diminish ( 降低) the fact that it is a useful instrument for
understanding the world.
Consider a folk healer’s herbal medicine. Can we say this treatment is “scientific”? Yes, if it is proven to be
effective, even if we have no idea why it works. In fact, quite a few common medications used today have their
origin in folk treatments, and we are still not sure how they work. This does not imply that folk treatments are
generally effective. To the contrary, many of them are not. What distinguishes scientific medicine is the readiness to
seriously test a treatment and to be ready to change our minds if something is shown not to work. A research doctor
in a modern hospital must be ready to change his theory if a more effective way of understanding illness, or treating
it, becomes available.
What makes modern science uniquely powerful is its refusal to believe that it already possesses ultimate truth.
The reliability of science is based not on certainty but on a complete absence of certainty. As John Stuart Mill wrote
in “On Liberty” in 1859, “The beliefs which we have most warrant (依据) for, have no safeguard to rest on, but astanding invitation to the whole world to prove them unfounded.”
1. Why does the author raise the two questions in paragraph 1?
A. To add some fun. B. To express doubts.
C. To introduce the topic. D. To provide background.
2. What can we learn about today’s scientific description of the world?
A. It can be timeless. B. It can be improved. C. It is of little value. D. It is the best at any moment.
3. What is the author’s attitude toward folk treatment?
A. Dismissive. B. Objective. C. Pessimistic. D. Sympathetic.
4. What is the main idea of paragraph 4?
A. It is unwise to believe in science. B. Too much uncertainty lies in science.
C. The foundation of science is unfounded. D. The lack of certainty makes science credible.
(6)
(2023秋·江苏盐城·高三盐城中学校考期末)
Building good transportation is a good idea. To have environmental value, new transportation has to
sufficiently replace or eliminate driving to cut energy consumption overall. That means that a new traffic system
has to be supported by reduction in car use. Traffic lanes should be eliminated or converted into bike or bus lanes.
Ideally, these should be combined with higher fuel taxes, and parking fees. Needless to say, I have to struggle to
make myself extensively understood. But they’re necessary, because you can’t make people drive less, in the long
run, by taking steps that make driving more pleasant, economical, and productive.
Lengthy commuting (通勤) time is a forceful factor which can slow the growth of suburbs. The farther people
live away from cities, the longer commuting time they need, which means more pollution their cars produce. If, in a
misguided effort to do something of environmental value, governments take steps that make long-distance car
commuting faster or more convenient—by adding lanes, building bypass, employing traffic-control measures that
make it possible for existing roads to accommodate more cars with fewer delays—we are actually encouraging
people to live still farther from their jobs, stores, and schools. As a result, governments are forced to further extend
road networks, water lines, and other facilities. If you cut commuting time by 10 percent, people who now drive
fifty miles each way to work can find reason to move five miles farther out, because their travel time won’t change.
Traffic congestion (拥堵) isn’t an environmental problem; traffic is. Relieving congestion without doing
anything to reduce the total volume of cars can only make the real problem worse. Highway engineers have known
for a long time that building new car lanes only temporarily reduces congestion, because the new lanes addadditional driving. Widening roads makes traffic move faster in the short term, but the improved conditions
eventually attract additional drivers, and congestion reappears. With more car on the roads, people think about
widening roads again. Moving drivers out of cars and into other forms of transportation can have the same effect, if
existing traffic lanes are kept in service: road space stimulates road use.
One of the arguments that cities inevitably make in promoting transportation plans is that the new system, by
relieving automobile congestion, will improve the lives of those who continue to drive. No one ever promotes a
transportation system by arguing that it would make travelling less convenient—even though, from an
environmental perspective, inconvenient travel is a worthy goal.
1. In the first paragraph, the author gives us the hint that his recommendations are ________.
A. not widely supported B. costly to carry out C. generally recognized D. temporarily beneficial
2. According to the passage, what will happen if commuting time for drivers is reduced?
A. Drivers will become more productive employees.
B. Mass transportation will be extended farther into suburban areas.
C. Drivers will be more willing to live farther from their working place.
D. Mass transportation will carry fewer passengers and receive less government funding.
3. Which of the following can be inferred about the author’s attitude towards the measures to improve traffic?
A. They are environmentally beneficial and should be carried out immediately.
B. They are well intentioned but ultimately lead to environmental harm.
C. They will definitely arouse people’s awareness of environmental protection.
D. They will only work if they can make driving more economical and productive.
4. The author wrote this massage mainly to ________.
A. support the claim that efforts to reduce traffic actually increase traffic.
B. oppose the belief that improving mass transportation systems is good for the environment.
C. provide a balance between suburban expansion and traffic congestion.
D. indicate that making driving less agreeable is a way to reduce negative effects of traffic.
(7)
(2022秋·浙江·高三德清县高级中学校联考阶段练习)
Public distrust of scientists stems in part from the blurring of boundaries between science and technology,
between discovery and manufacture. Most governments, perhaps all governments, justify public expenditure on
scientific research in terms of the economic benefits the scientific enterprise has brought in the past and will bringin the future. Politicians remind their voters of the splendid machines “our scientists” have invented, the new drugs
to relieve old disorders, and the new surgical equipment and techniques by which previously unmanageable
conditions may now be treated and lives saved. At the same time, the politicians demand of scientists that they
tailor their research to “economics needs”, and that they award a higher priority to research proposals that are “near
the market” and can be translated into the greatest return on investment in the shortest time. Dependent, as they are,
on politicians for much of their funding, scientists have little choice but to comply. Like the rest of us, they are
members of a society that rates the creation of wealth as the greatest possible good. Many have reservations, but
keep them to themselves in what they perceive as a climate hostile to the pursuit of understanding for its own sake
and the idea of an inquiring, creative spirit.
In such circumstances no one should be too hard on people who are suspicious of conflicts of interest. When
we learn that the distinguished professor assuring us of the safety of a particular product holds a consultancy with
the company making it, we cannot be blamed for wondering whether his fee might conceivably cloud his
professional judgment. Even if the professor holds no consultancy with any firm, some people may still distrust him
because of his association with those who do, or at least wonder about the source of some of his research funding.
This attitude can have damaging effects. It questions the integrity of individuals working in a profession that
prizes intellectual honesty as the supreme virtue, and plays into the hands of those who would like to discredit
scientists by representing them as corruptible. This makes it easier to dismiss all scientific pronouncements, but
especially those made by the scientists who present themselves as “experts”. The scientist most likely to understand
the safety of a nuclear reactor, for example, is a nuclear engineer, and a nuclear engineer is most likely to be
employed by the nuclear industry. If a nuclear engineer declares that a reactor is unsafe, we believe him, because
clearly it is not to his advantage to lie about it. If he tells us it is safe, on the other hand, we distrust him, because he
may well be protecting the employer who pays his salary.
1. What is the chief concern of most governments when it comes to scientific research?
A. The decline of public expenditure. B. Quick economic returns.
C. The budget for a research project. D. Support from the voters.
2. Why won’t scientists complain about the government’s policy concerning scientific research?
A. They realize they work in an environment hostile to the free pursuit of knowledge.
B. They know it takes incredible patience to win support from the public.
C. They think compliance with government policy is in the interests of the public.
D. They are accustomed to keeping their opinions secrets to themselves.
3. According to the author, people are suspicious of the professional judgment of scientists because ________.A. some of them do not give priority to intellectual honesty
B. sometimes they hide the source of their research funding
C. they could be influenced by their association with the project concerned
D. their pronouncements often turn out to be short-sighted and absurd
4. Why does the author say that public distrust of scientists can have damaging effects?
A. Scientists themselves may doubt the value of their research findings.
B. It may wear out the enthusiasm of scientists for independent research.
C. It makes things more trivial for scientists to seek research funds.
D. People will not believe scientists even when they tell the truth.
(8)
(2022·山东东营·胜利一中校考模拟预测)
Throughout history, many species of animals have been threatened with extinction. When Europeans first
arrived in North America, more than 60 million buffalo (水牛) lived on the continent. Yet hunting the buffalo was
so popular during the 19th century that by 1900 the animal’s population had fallen to about 400 before the
government stepped in to protect the species. In some countries today, the elephant faces a similar challenge, as
illegal hunters kill the animals for the ivory in their tusks.
Yet not all animals with commercial value face this threat (威胁). The cow, for example, is a valuable source
of food, but no one worries that the cow will soon be extinct. Why does the commercial value of ivory threaten the
elephant while the commercial value of beef protects the cow?
The reason is that elephants are a common resource, while cows are private goods. Elephants wander freely
without any owners. The hunter has a strong motivation to kill as many elephants as he can find. Because illegal
hunters are numerous, each has only a slight motivation to preserve the elephant population. By contrast, cattle live
on farms that are privately owned. Each farmer makes great effort to maintain the cattle population on his farm
because he harvests the benefit of these efforts.
Governments have tried to solve the elephant’s problem in two ways. Some countries, such as Kenya and
Uganda, have made it illegal to kill elephants and sell their ivory. Yet these laws have been hard to put into effect,
and elephant populations have continued to dwindle. By contrast, other countries, such as Malawi and Namibia,
have made elephants private goods and allowed people to kill elephants, but only those on their own property.
With private ownership and the profit motive now on its side, the African elephant might someday be as safe
from extinction as the cow. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle pointed out the problem with commonresources: “What is common to many is taken least care of, for all men have greater regard for what is their own
than for what they possess in common with others.”
1. Why does the author mention buffalo in paragraph 1?
A. To introduce a similar threat to elephants. B. To provide an example of species extinction.
C. To offer an explanation for government policies. D. To present the statistics of the buffalo in America.
2. Why do elephants face threats while cows are safe?
A. They are under different law protection. B. They attract different groups of hunters.
C. They contain different commercial value. D. They represent different ownership types.
3. What is paragraph 4 mainly about?
A. Bans on killing elephants for ivory. B. Effective laws for elephant protection.
C. Methods of making elephants private goods. D. Government policies on the elephant’s problem
4. What can we learn from Aristotle’s words?
A. People hold little regard for others’ property. B. People want to profit from common resources.
C. People care more about their own possession. D. People tend to take what they own for granted
