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专题 18 阅读理解 说明文
备考 2023 年高考英语二轮复习讲练测--讲练
命题解读
说明文在近三年高考英语阅读理解所占比重较大，是难点，也是重点。阅读理解试题的主要考点之一是考查学
生对词汇和句式的掌握。说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同一词的不
同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来
帮助理解语篇，例如，同位语、下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号（如破折号、
冒号都有表示解释和说明）等。所说明的事物可以分为具体的事物和抽象的理论。
对具体的事物说明：选材通常是各学科的前沿问题；高科技领域的科研成果；
对抽象的理论说明：通常人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。
说明文命题以主旨大意和细节理解为主，推理判断和词义猜测为辅。
选材分类
1. 科普类
2. 社会文化类
3. 动植物介绍类
解题技巧
1.题--文---题
先读题目，再带着问题读文章。这类阅读理解文章相对来说事实细节题多一点，如果带着问题阅读文章，有利
于抓细节。2.文--题---文
在解答主旨大意类题时，先快速通读文章，对文章或段落形成总体印象，了解中心思想、主题段、主题句，这
样既提高了做题的准确性，又能有效地利用时间。
总之，根据不同的体裁和题型采用不同的阅读方法更为高效。
1. 长难句分析
2. 文章结构分析
3. 排除法
注意：无论哪种类型的说明文都需要做到以下几点
1.阅读文章的标题或副标题
2.必须首先读好开头与结尾段，快速准确找出文章中心主旨或主题句
3.注意并充分利用文章中所给出的中文提示词。
一 科普类
典例剖析
（2022年全国乙卷）
Can a small group of drones (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, helprailway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky”
technology to make sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure (基础设施) worldwide are safe
for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to
inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and
switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time
performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient (高效) across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated
that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending
maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be
avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts.
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting
faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don’t
need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be
moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors
and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal
any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
28.What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible?
A．The use of drones in checking on power lines.
B．Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes.
C．The reduction of cost in designing drones.
D．Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas.
29．What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?
A．Personnel safety. B．Assistance from drones.
B．Inspection and repair. D．Construction of infrastructure.
30．What function is expected of the rail drones?A．To provide early warning. B．To make trains run automatically.
B．To earn profits for the crews. D．To accelerate transportation.
31．Which is the most suitable title for the text?
A．What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B．How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C．What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D．How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
【答案】28．A 29．C 30．A 31．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。应用今天的“空中之眼”的技术，无人机能在保证铁路安全可靠的同时又能帮助
铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元。28．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They
could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct
position of railway tracks and switching points.(无人机已经被用于检查高压电线。他们完全可以做同样的事情来
检查铁路线路和铁路基础设施的其他重要方面，如铁路轨道和换乘点的正确位置)”可推知，使用无人机检查电
力线使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能。故选A。
29．词义猜测题。根据后文“It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a
year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure.
(据统计，仅欧洲铁路公司每年在铁路维护上的花费就约为 200亿欧元，其中包括经常在夜间派遣维修人员检
查和维修铁路基础设施)”可知花在maintenance上的费用是用于“inspect and repair the rail infrastructure （检查
和维修铁路基础设施”，由此可知“That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of
railway personnel safety”是指大幅节省检修成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全，画线词和 C项：Inspection and
repair(检修)含义相近。故选C。
30．推理判断题。根据最后一段 “Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train
could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains
would be able to react in time.(带有先进传感器和人工智能的非常小的无人机可以像副驾驶一样在火车前面行驶。
凭借他们的预见能力，他们可以发出任何问题的信号，以便快速行驶的火车能够及时做出反应)”可知，对于无
人机期待的功能是提前发现问题。故选A。
31．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Can a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability of railways
and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying
today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to make sure that the millions of kilometers of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础
设施)worldwide are safe for trains on a24/7 basis.(一小群无人机能否在保证铁路安全可靠的同时，帮助铁路运营
商每年节省数十亿欧元？这很可能是应用今天的“空中之眼”技术的未来，以确保全球数百万公里的铁路轨道
和基础设施全天候安全运行。)”以及后文第二段讲到了使用无人机检查电力线路使无人机应用于铁路线路成为
可能;第三段讲到了使用无人机大幅节省维护成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全；第四段讲到了通过使用最新的
技术，无人机还可以开始为铁路提供更高的价值，可知文章主要讲述了无人机将如何改变铁路的未来，所以 D
项“无人机将如何改变铁路的未来。”符合文章中心思想，适合作为本文的最佳标题。故选D。
二 社会文化类典例剖析
（2022年全国乙卷）
The Government’s sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money as Ministers first predicted it
would generate, the first official data on the policy has shown.
First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml,
was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity (肥胖). It is believed that today’s children and teenagers are
consuming three times the recommended level of sugar, putting them at a higher risk of the disease.
Initially the sugar tax was expected to make £520m a year for the Treasury. However, data of the first six months
showed it would make less than half this amount. At present it is expected to generate £240m for the year ending in
April 2019, which will go to school sports.
It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers (制造
商) so they can avoid paying the tax. Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of manufacturers’
efforts to avoid the charge, according to Treasury figures. Since April drinks companies have been forced to pay
between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import, depending on the sugar content.
However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to
change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax, as
are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.
Today’s figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by
raising millions of pounds for sports facilities (设施) and healthier eating in schools. Helping the next generation to
have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance, and the industry is playing its part.
32．Why was the sugar tax introduced?
A．To collect money for schools. B．To improve the quality of drinks.
B．To protect children’s health. D．To encourage research in education.
33．How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax?
A．They turned to overseas markets. B．They raised the prices of their products.C．They cut down on their production.D．They reduced their products’ sugar content.
34．From which of the following is the sugar tax collected?
A．Most alcoholic drinks. B．Milk-based drinks. C．Fruit juices. D．Classic Coke.
35．What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy?
A．It is a short-sighted decision. B．It is a success story.
C．It benefits manufacturers.D．It upsets customers.
【答案】32．C 33．D 34．D 35．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国政府对软饮料征收的糖税来解决儿童以及青少年的健康问题，
同时该收入用于学校体育。
32．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing
more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity.(该税于2016年4月首次宣布，适
用于每100毫升含糖超过5g的软饮料，旨在帮助减少儿童肥胖)”可知，征收糖税的目的是帮助儿童减少肥胖，
保护儿童健康。故选C项。
33．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar
levels cut by manufacturers so they can avoid paying the tax.(此前，制造商已经降低了商店中销售的超过一半的软
饮料的含糖量，以避免纳税)”可知，一些饮料公司通过降低了产品的含糖量来避税。故选D项。
34．细节理解题。根据第五段中的“However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the
sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic
drinks are free of the tax, as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.(然而，一些高糖品牌，
如经典可口可乐，已经接受了糖税，并拒绝改变，因为担心会惹恼消费者。果汁、以牛奶为原料的饮料和大多
数酒精饮料是免税的，每年生产不到100万升的小公司也是免税的)”可知，糖税主要来自经典可口可乐这些高
糖品牌。故选D项。
35．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Today’s figures, according to one government official, show the positive
influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities and healthier eating in schools.(根据
一位政府官员的说法，今天的数据显示了糖税的积极影响，它为学校的体育设施和健康饮食筹集了数百万英
镑)”可知，糖税政策带来了积极影响。由此推知，糖税政策的实施是一个成功的政策。故选B项。
三 动植物介绍类典例剖析
（2022年全国甲卷）
Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-
recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful
at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The
clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to
choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year
before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will
need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In the experiment,
Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial-
and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin’s cockatoos do
indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual
clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
24．How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment?
A．By following instructions. B．By using a tool.
B．By turning the box around. D．By removing the lid.
25．Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text?
A．Using a key to unlock a door. B．Telling parrots from other birds.
B．Putting a ball into a round hole. D．Grouping toys of different shapes.
26．What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos?
A．How far they are able to see.
B．How they track moving objects.
C．Whether they are smarter than monkeys.D．Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.
27．Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B．Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C．Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers D．Cockatoos: Skillful Shape-Sorters
【答案】24．B 25．C 26．D 27．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种原产于澳大拉西亚的会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。
24．细节理解题。根据第一段“Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use
while kept in the cage. ”（虽然人们不知道这些鸟在野外会使用工具，但事实证明，它们在关在笼子里时就能熟
练地使用工具）根据第二段第三句“In the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the
job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. ”(在实验中，戈芬的鹦鹉能够在大多数情况下仅通过视觉识别来选
择合适的工具。)可知，凤头鹦鹉在实验中用工具从盒子里取坚果。故选B。
25．细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one
year of age ”(在人类身上，婴儿从一岁左右就可以把一个圆形的物品放进一个圆形的洞里)可知，一岁儿童最有
可能完成“将一个球放进一个圆形的洞里”的任务。故选C。
26．细节理解题。根据最后一段“The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the
cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues, or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.”(根据研究人员的
说法，下一步是尝试弄清楚凤头鹦鹉是完全依靠视觉线索，还是也使用触觉来选择形状)可知，后续测试的目
的是了解凤头鹦鹉在测试中是否使用触觉。故选D。
27．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Coffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to
have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. ”(戈芬的凤头鹦鹉是一种原产于大洋洲的小鹦鹉，
它的形状识别能力与两岁的人类相似)可知，文章主要介绍了一种会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。故选D。
四 真题练一练
1.（2022新高考1卷 B篇）
Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝麻菜)was to make a nice green
salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I
stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way
too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.
In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as
Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away —
from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurantgarbage cans.
Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste
an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of
greenhouse gases in the world.”
If that’s hard to understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees
my arugula story all the time — but for him, it's more like 12 bones of donated strawberries nearing their last days.
Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last
year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce
that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for
use in meals down the road.
Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just don’t think. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste,
whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include
the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says.
1. What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story?
A. We pay little attention to food waste. B. We waste food unintentionally at times.
C. We waste more vegetables than meat. D. We have good reasons for wasting food.
2. What is a consequence of food waste according to the test?
A. Moral decline. B. Environmental harm.
C. Energy shortage. D. Worldwide starvation.
3. What does Curtin’s company do?
A. It produces kitchen equipment. B. It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel.
C. It helps local farmers grow fruits. D. It makes meals out of unwanted food.
4. What does Curtin suggest people do?
A. Buy only what is needed. B. Reduce food consumption.
C. Go shopping once a week. D. Eat in restaurants less often.
【答案】1. B 2. B 3. D 4. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了我们日常生活中的食物浪费现象以及华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行
官科廷为解决食物浪费而采取的努力。
【1题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste.(像我们大多数人一样，我努力关注那些被浪费的食物)”及“But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly
bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.(但随着时间的推移，芝麻菜变坏了。更
糟糕的是，我不假思索地买了太多东西；我扔掉的东西可以做六份沙拉)”可推知，作者想通过讲述芝麻菜的故
事来表明我们有时会无意间浪费食物。故选B项。
【2题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other, resources used to grow
it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be
the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”(生产没人吃的食物会浪费用于种植食物的水、燃料和
其他资源。这使得食物浪费成为一个环境问题。事实上，罗伊特写道，“如果食物浪费是一个国家，它将是世
界上第三大温室气体排放国。”)”可知，浪费食物的一个后果是对环境的危害。故选B项。
【3题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington. D.C., which recovers
food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and
collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce, that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers
will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.(科廷是华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官，
该公司把食物复原，变成健康的食物。去年，该组织通过接受捐赠和收集有瑕疵的农产品，收回了超过
807500磅的食物，否则这些农产品就会在地里腐烂。草莓呢？志愿者们将清洗、切割、冷冻或干燥它们，以
便在路上的餐食中使用)”可知，科廷的公司用人们不想要的食物重新制作食物。故选D项。
【4题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段中的““Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more
food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,”
Curtin says.(“每个人都可以在减少浪费方面发挥作用，无论是在每周的购物中不购买不必要的食物，还是要求
餐馆不包括你不吃的配菜，”科廷说)”可知，科廷建议人们只买需要的东西来避免浪费食物。故选A项。
2.（2022新高考1卷 C篇）
The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling
lonely.
The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s
wellbeing. It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes
have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used to keep hens when I was
younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school. ”
“I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there
again at night to see they’ve gone to bed.”
“It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come
and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful.”
There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has been
given financial support to roll it out countrywide.
Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: “Residents
really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the
project can bring to people here.”
Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really
help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.”
5. What is the purpose of the project?
A. To ensure harmony in care homes. B. To provide part-time jobs for the aged.
C. To raise money for medical research. D. To promote the elderly people’s welfare.
6. How has the project affected Ruth Xavier?
A. She has learned new life skills. B. She has gained a sense of achievement.
C. She has recovered her memory. D. She has developed a strong personality.
7. What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7?
A. Improve. B. Oppose. C. Begin. D. Evaluate.
8. What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs?
A. It is well received. B. It needs to be more creative.
C. It is highly profitable. D. It takes ages to see the results.
【答案】5. D 6. B 7. C 8. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况的项目。
【5题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and
improve elderly people’s wellbeing (该项目由当地一家慈善机构构想，旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况)”
可知，这个项目的目的是为了减少孤独和提高老年人的幸福感。故选D项。【6题详解】
推理判断题。根据第五段““It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see
the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have
done something useful.” (有不同的关注点很好。人们把自己的孩子带进来看母鸡，居民们也来外面坐着看它们。
我喜欢创造性的活动，做一些有用的事情的感觉很好。)”可知，Ruth Xavier很享受做这些事，她觉得自己在做
有用的事，这能够给她来良好的感觉，因此可知通过该项目她获得了一种成就感。故选B项。
【7题详解】
词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段“Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark
on the project, said: “Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking
forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.” (彭福街60号的额外护理经理Wendy Wilson是
第一批参与该项目的人之一，她说：“居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里
的人们带来好处和乐趣。”)”可知，Wendy Wilson是着手这项工程的人之一，也是做这个项目的创始人之一，
因此可知，划线处embark on意为“开始着手做某事”，与C项“Begin (开始)”含义相近。故选C项。
【8题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are
looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here. (居民们非常欢迎该项目的想法和创意会
议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣)”以及最后一段“Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill
Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared
interest and creative activities.” (“诺丁山路径”的负责人林恩·刘易斯说：“我们很高兴能参与这个项目。它将通
过共同的兴趣和创造性活动真正帮助我们的居民联系起来。”)”可知，该项目得到了居民们的认可，大家很欢
迎这个项目，而且这个项目将会带来一些好处，因此可知这个项目的反响很好，很受欢迎。故选A项。
3.（2022新高考1卷 D篇）
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of
some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year
study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s
languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and
“v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián
Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard
to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an
overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic
period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be
so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages
after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These
sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved
around 300,000 years ago. “The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance
of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay
of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.
9. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on?
A. Its variety. B. Its distribution. C. Its quantity. D. Its development.
10. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?
A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.
B. They could not open and close their lips easily.
C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured.
D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough.
11. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A. Supporting evidence for the research results.
B. Potential application of the research findings.
C. A further explanation of the research methods.
D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.
12. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?
A. It is key to effective communication. B. It contributes much to cultural diversity.
C. It is a complex and dynamic system. D. It drives the evolution of human beings.
【答案】9. D 10. C 11. A 12. C【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds
called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a
team of researchers led by Damian Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend
arose.(30多年前，学者Charles Hockett注意到，被称为唇齿音的语音，如“f”和“v”，在吃软食物的社会的语
言中更常见。现在，瑞士苏黎世大学的Damian Blasi领导的一组研究人员发现了这一趋势产生的方式和原因)”
可知，Damian Blasi的研究关注的是这一趋势是如何产生的以及产生的原因，可知他的研究重点是在语言的演
变上。故选D项。
【10题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were
aligned, making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later,
our jaws changed to an overbite structure , making it easier to produce such sounds.(他们发现，古人类的上门牙和下
门牙是对齐的，因此很难产生唇齿音，唇齿音是通过下唇接触上牙齿而形成的。后来，我们的下颚变成了覆盖
咬合结构，更容易发出这样的声音)”可知，因为古代成年人因为上下门牙是对齐的，他们的下颚结构跟现在的
我们不一样，这就导致他们发不出这个唇齿音，也就是说他们的下颚结构使他们很难发出唇齿音。故选C项。
【11题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the
sound of world languages after the so Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v”increasing remarkably during the last
few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.(对语言数
据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年里，“f”和“v”
的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发现)”可知，此段主要是通过介绍语言数
据库的分析结果来证实语音是发生了很大变化，有些以前使用的语音，现在不一定找得到，因此此处主要是通
过相关证据进一步证明研究结果。故选A项。
【12题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since
the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a
complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the
research team.(研究小组成员Steven Moran说：“自从人类出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，我们今天发现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物。”)”可知，人类的语意一直在发展变化
中，并不会一成不变，而且会因生物变化和文化变化等进行复杂的相互作用而改变，因此可知Steven Moran认
为语音是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C项。
4.（2022全国乙卷 B篇）
In 1916, two girls of wealthy families, best friends from Auburn, N. Y. — Dorothy Woodruff and Rosamond
Underwood — traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse. The girls had gone
to Smith College. They wore expensive clothes. So for them to move to Elkhead, Colo. to instruct the children whose
shoes were held together with string was a surprise. Their stay in Elkhead is the subject of Nothing Daunted: The
Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West by Dorothy Wickenden, who is a magazine editor and Dorothy
Woodruff’s granddaughter.
Why did they go then? Well, they wanted to do something useful. Soon, however, they realized what they had
undertaken.
They moved in with a local family, the Harrisons, and, like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket of
snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning. Some mornings, Rosamond and Dorothy would arrive at the
schoolhouse to find the children weeping from the cold. In spring, the snow was replaced by mud over ice.
In Wickenden’s book, she expanded on the history of the West and also on feminism, which of course influenced
the girls’ decision to go to Elkhead. A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed (牵涉)
drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms. The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothy’s return to
Auburn.
Wickenden is a very good storyteller. The sweep of the land and the stoicism (坚忍) of the people move her to
some beautiful writing. Here is a picture of Dorothy Woodruff, on her horse, looking down from a hill top: “When the
sun slipped behind the mountains, it shed a rosy glow all around them. Then a full moon rose. The snow was marked
only by small animals: foxes, coyotes, mice, and varying hares, which turned white in the winter.”
21. Why did Dorothy and Rosamond go to the Rocky Mountains?
A. To teach in a school. B. To study American history.
C. To write a book. D. To do sightseeing.
22. What can we learn about the girls from paragraph 3?
A. They enjoyed much respect. B. They had a room with a bathtub.
C. They lived with the local kids. D. They suffered severe hardships.23. Which part of Wickenden’s writing is hair-raising?
A. The extreme climate of Auburn. B. The living conditions in Elkhead.
C. The railroad building in the Rockies. D. The natural beauty of the West.
24. What is the text?
A. A news report. B. A book review. C. A children’s story. D. A diary entry.
【答案】21. A 22. D 23. C 24. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章是一则书评，简要介绍了Dorothy Wickenden的书籍并对其进行了评价。
【21题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“In 1916, two girls of wealthy families, best friends from Auburn, N.Y.-Dorothy Woodruff
and Rosamond Underwood -traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse. (1916
年，来自纽约奥本市的两个富裕家庭的女孩——Dorothy Woodruff和Rosamond Underwood——来到落基山脉的
一个定居点，在一间只有一个房间的学校教书)”可知，Dorothy和Rosamond去落基山脉是为了去学校里教书。
故选A项。
【22题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“They moved in with a local family, the Harrisons, and like them, had little privacy, rare
baths, and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning.(他们和一个当地家庭，哈里森一家一
起搬进去，和他们一样，几乎没有隐私，很少洗澡，早上醒来时被子上覆盖着一层雪)”以及“In spring, the
snow was replaced by mud over ice.(在春天，雪被泥替代覆盖在冰上)”可推知，女孩们的生活条件非常艰苦，她
们的生活饱受磨难。故选D项。
【23题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed drilling
through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms.(令人毛骨悚然的一段与铁路建设有关，这涉及到在令人眩目的
暴风雪中钻穿落基山脉)”可知，Wickenden的作品中涉及落基山脉的铁路建设这一部分是令人毛骨悚然的。故
选C项。
【24题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothy’s return to Auburn.(这本书以
Rosamond和Dorothy回到奥本结束)”以及最后一段“Wickenden is a very good storyteller. The sweep of the land
and the stoicism of the people move her to some beautiful writing.( Wickenden是个很好的讲故事的人。大地的辽阔
和人们的坚忍使她创作出了一些美丽的作品)”可知，本文简要介绍了Wickenden的书籍内容，并对其进行了评
价，所以文本是一篇书评。故选B项。5.（2021新高考1卷 C篇）
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an
astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely.
Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these
resources. Millions of waterfowl (水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious
sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing
waterfowl habitat.
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took
firm action to stop the destruction of migratory (迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under
this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The
very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who
at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters
willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase
wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures this land will
be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that
Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called
one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
33. What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America?
A. Loss of wetlands. B. Popularity of water sports.
C. Pollution of rivers. D. Arrival of other wild animals.
34. What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph?
A. Acquire. B. Export.
C. Destroy. D. Distribute.
35. What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934?
A. The stamp price has gone down. B. The migratory birds have flown away.
C. The hunters have stopped hunting. D. The government has collected money.
36. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A. The Federal Duck Stamp Story B. The National Wildlife Refuge System
C. The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl D. The History of Migratory Bird Hunting【答案】33. A 34. C 35. D 36. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了由于栖息地减少，美国水禽骤减，因此联邦发行鸭票，狩猎者只有购
买鸭票才能狩猎，而鸭票的部分收入进入用于购买水禽栖息地的基金，从而保护水禽。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“Millions of waterfowl were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly
ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations,
greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.(数百万只水禽被市场猎人和一些野心勃勃的运动员杀死。数百万英亩的湿地
被抽干，以养活和安置不断增加的人口，大大减少了水禽的栖息地)”可知，数百万英亩的湿地被抽干用作农地
或者修建住房，导致水禽的栖息地减少，水禽数量下降。故选A。
【34题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第一段“Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely.
Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these
resources.(美洲原住民明智地保护了这些宝贵的自然资源。不幸的是，仅仅几十年的探险家和定居者就
decimate这些资源的大部分)”可知，前后句形成转折，前一句陈述美洲原住民保护这些宝贵的自然资源，所以
后句表示探险家和定居者破坏了这些自然资源，推测划线单词表示“破坏”，与destroy同义。故选C。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more
than 5 million acres of habitat.(自1934年以来，已有超过5亿美元投入该基金，用于购买500多万英亩的栖息
地)”可知，自1934年通过法案，政府获得超过5亿美元，已经筹集了很多资金，以购买水禽栖息地。故选D。
【36题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第二段“Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase
and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. (根据该法案，所有16岁及以上的水禽猎人必须每年购买并携带联邦鸭章)”以及
第三段“Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation
programs ever initiated.(难怪联邦鸭票计划被称为有史以来最成功的保护计划之一)”可知，本文主要讲述了联邦
鸭票的故事，所以“联邦鸭票的故事”可以作为文章标题。故选A。
6.（2021全国甲卷 B篇）
Port Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding (繁育) programme, has welcomed the arrival of a rare black rhino
calf (犀牛幼崽). When the tiny creature arrived on January 31, she became the 40th black rhino to be born at the
reserve. And officials at Port Lympne were delighted with the new arrival, especially as black rhinos are known forbeing difficult to breed in captivity (圈养).
Paul Beer, head of rhino section at Port Lympne, said: “Obviously we’re all absolutely delighted to welcome
another calf to our black rhino family. She’s healthy, strong and already eager to play and explore. Her mother, Solio, is
a first-time mum and she is doing a fantastic job. It’s still a little too cold for them to go out into the open, but as soon
as the weather warms up, I have no doubt that the little one will be out and about exploring and playing every day.”
The adorable female calf is the second black rhino born this year at the reserve, but it is too early to tell if the
calves will make good candidates to be returned to protected areas of the wild. The first rhino to be born at Port
Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother Kisima and weighed about 32kg. His mother, grandmother and great
grandmother were all born at the reserve and still live there.
According to the World Wildlife Fund, the global black rhino population has dropped as low as 5500, giving the
rhinos a “critically endangered” status.
37. Which of the following best describes the breeding programme?
A. Costly. B. Controversial. C. Ambitious. D. Successful.
38. What does Paul Beer say about the new-born rhino?
A. She loves staying with her mother. B. She dislikes outdoor activities.
C. She is in good condition D. She is sensitive to heat.
39. What similar experience do Solio and Kisima have?
A. They had their first born in January. B. They enjoyed exploring new places
C. They lived with their grandmothers. D. They were brought to the reserve young
40. What can be inferred about Porn Lympne Reserve?
A. The rhino section will be open to the public.
B. It aims to control the number of the animals.
C. It will continue to work with the World Wildlife Fund.
D. Some of its rhinos may be sent to the protected wild areas.
【答案】37. D 38. C 39. A 40. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Port Lympne保护区的繁殖计划迎来了一只罕见的黑犀牛的出生。
【37题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第一段“she became the 40th black rhino to be born at the reserve. (她成为该保护区出生的
第40头黑犀牛。)”以及文章倒数第二段“His mother, grandmother and great grandmother were all born at the
reserve and still live there. (他的母亲、祖母和曾祖母都出生在保护区，至今仍住在那里。)”可知，保护区的繁育计划使很多黑犀牛成功存活，因此可推断这计划是成功的。故选D项。
【38题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段“She’s healthy, strong and already eager to play and explore. (她很健康，很强壮，
已经渴望玩耍和探索了。)”可知，Paul Beer认为新生的犀牛身体状况很好。故选C项。
【39题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“When the tinv creature arrived on January 31, she became the 40th black rhino to be
born at the reserve. (1月31日，当这头小犀牛来到保护区时，她成为了第40头在保护区出生的黑犀牛。)”以及
文章倒数第二段“The first rhino to be born at Port Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother Kisima and
weighed about 32kg. (1月5日，犀牛妈妈Kisima分娩的第一头小犀牛，同时也是第一个出生在Port Lympne，
体重约为32公斤。)”可知，Solio和Kisima的第一个孩子都是在一月份出生的。故选A项。
【40题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“it is too early to tell if the calves will make good candidates to be returned to
protected areas of the wild .(要判断这些小犀牛是否会成为返回野生保护区的好的候选者还为时过早。)”可推知，
Pon Lympne保护区的一些犀牛可能会被送到野生保护区。故选D项。
