文档内容
【上好课】2025年高考一轮复习知识清单
专题38 阅读理解之细节理解题（讲案）解析版
（快问快答+思维导图+考法点拨+真题再练+名校模拟）
目录
一、阅读理解细节理解题快问快答 P1
二、阅读理解细节理解题高考考情 P2
三、阅读理解细节理解题命题特点 P2
四、阅读理解细节理解题命题规律 P2
五、阅读理解细节理解题考法点拨 P3
考法一：直接信息题 P 3
考法二：间接信息题 P 6
考法三：数据计算题 P 8
六、阅读理解细节理解题同义替换归纳 P 10
七、阅读理解细节理解题真题再练 P 12
八、阅读理解细节理解题名校模拟 P 17
一、阅读理解细节理解题快问快答
Q1：阅读理解细节理解题有什么特点？
A1：一是属于阅读基础题型，占比大，难度低，需要有满分意识，二是正确答案和原文是同义替换关系。
Q2：阅读理解细节理解题做题步骤如何？
A2：一是“找词”--先从题干中提取关键性(题眼)，二是“定位”--寻找与此关键词相关的段落、语句做
好标记，三是“比对”--仔细比对四个选项与文中细节的细微区别，最后确定答案。
Q3：如何把握选项与原文同义替换关系？
A3：同义替换有三种情况：一是同义词或近义词替换，二是主被动语态替换，三是单词与短语替换。不
管如何替换，终极目标是“形式改变，意思相同”。
Q4：如何提高阅读理解细节题正答率？
A4：一要掌握阅读理解细节理解题命题规律和选项特征，二要不断练习实践，积累经验，摸索出一套行
之有效的个性化做题模式，三要重视纠错，探寻错误原因，防止出现类似错误。
二、阅读理解细节理解题高考考情
综合最近三年高考考情统计，高考15道四选一选择题以细节理解题和推理判断题为主，兼顾猜测
词义题和主旨大意题。细节理解题有时比较直接，理解字面意思即可答题；有时则较为间接，需要归纳
概括和推理才能答题。细节理解题占阅读理解总题量的60%左右，是最重要的得分点。
2022-2024高考阅读理解考点统计
卷别 细节理解题 猜测词义题 推理判断题 主旨大意题
2024新课标I卷 9 1 4 12024新课标II卷 9 1 4 1
2023新课标I卷 6 1 7 1
2023新课标II卷 6 1 7 1
2022新课标I卷 8 2 4 1
2022新课标II卷 8 2 4 1
2024全国甲卷 7 1 6 1
2023全国甲卷 8 1 5 1
2023全国乙卷 5 1 8 1
2022全国甲卷 8 1 3 3
2022全国乙卷 10 1 3 1
三、阅读理解细节理解题命题特点
特殊疑问句形式:以when、where、what、which、who、why、how等疑问词开头引出的问题;通常涉
及与主题有关的事实或细节，或就文中的数字进行提问。
33. What does Daru’s study focus on? （2024新课标I卷）
21. Which walk takes the shortest time? （2024新课标II卷）
29. What information does the convenient app offer? （2024新课标II卷）
25. Why did John put the sludge into the tanks? （2023新课标I卷）
23. Where will the participants meet for the July 10 photography workshop? （2023新课标II卷）
四、阅读理解细节理解题命题规律
1.高考阅读理解正确选项规律
(1)替换关键词。把原文的关键词进行同义替换，如把lose one’s job换成了be out of work
(2)改变词性。把原文中的一些词变换了一下词性，如把important变换成of importance
同义替换
(3)改变语态。把原文主动语态转为被动语态，如restored the bridge变换成the bridge
was restored
信息归纳 用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息
正话反说 把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项
原文原词 用原文原词作为正确选项
2.高考阅读理解干扰选项规律
张冠李戴 是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容
无中生有 符合常识，但不是文章的内容
曲解文意 与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动
颠倒是非 在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反
正误参半 部分正确，部分错误
五、阅读理解细节理解题考法点拨考法一：直接信息题
直接信息题常以应用文的形式出现在考题中，涉及的话题有：广告类、活动安排类、书籍或电影介
绍类、演出信息类等。
“带着问题找答案”先从题干中提取关键性词语(题眼)，然后以此为线索，运用略读及寻读的技巧快
速在文章中寻找与此关键词相关的段落、语句，快速定位该题与哪一段哪一句有关，然后仔细推敲，仔
细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定答案。简言之，可采用
“一找二定三比对”的方法。
【思维导图】
(2024新课标I卷第23题)
调研01
AGE, SKILLS, WHAT TO BRING
Volunteers aged 10 and over are welcome. Read our Youth Policy Guidelines for youth under
the age of 15.
Bring your completed Volunteer Agreement Form. Volunteers under the age of 18 must have
the parent/guardian approval section signed.
We’ll be working rain or shine. Wear clothes that can get dirty. Bring layers for changing
weather and a raincoat if necessary.
Bring a personal water bottle, sunscreen, and lunch.
No experience necessary. Training and tools will be provided. Fulfills (满足) community service
requirements.
23. What are the volunteers expected to do?
A. Bring their own tools. B. Work even in bad weather.
C. Wear a team uniform. D. Do at least three projects.
【解答思路】
第一步：扫描题干，找关键词。关键词: volunteers, expected to do。
第二步：根据关键词，定位信息。定位原文信息: 根据文章第五段“We’ll be working rain or shine. (我们将风雨无阻地工作)”可知，身为志愿者，即使天气不好也要工作。
第三步：比对选项信息。A项携带自己工作与原文(Training and tools will be provided.)不一致；C项
未提及，原文是Wear clothes that can get dirty. Bring layers for changing weather and a raincoat
if necessary.；D项未提及。故选B。
( 2023·新高考Ⅱ卷第23题)
调 研Ph0o2tography Workshops (June 19 &July 10)
Enhance your photography skills—join Yellowstone’s park photographer for a hands-on program to inspire
new and creative ways of enjoying the beauty and wonder of Yellowstone.
6/19—Waterfalls&Wide Angles: meet at Artist Point.
7/10—Wildflowers &White Balance: meet at Washburn Trailhead in Chittenden parking area.
23.Where will the participants meet for the July 10 photography workshop?
A. Artist Point. B. Washburn Trailhead.
C. Canyon Village Store. D. Visitor Education Center.
【解答思路】
第一步：扫描题干，找关键词。关键词:for the July 10 photography workshop
第二步：根据关键词，定位信息。定位原文信息:Photography Workshops (June 19 & July 10)部分中的
“7/10 — Wildflowers &White Balance: meet at Washburn Trailhead in Chittenden parking area.”
第三步：比对选项信息。7月10日的摄影研讨会将在Washburn Trailhead举行。故选B。
(2022·新课标Ⅰ卷第23题)
调研03
Late Work
An essay not submitted in class on the due date will lose a letter grade for each class period it is late. If it is not
turned in by the 4th day after the due date，it will earn a zero. Daily assignments not completed during class will
get a zero. Short writings missed as a result of an excused absence will be accepted.
23. What will happen if you submit an essay one week after the due date?
A. You will receive a zero.
B. You will lose a letter grade.
C. You will be given a test.
D. You will have to rewrite it.
【解答思路】
一、在题干中标注定位词：submit an essay one week after the due date，
二、在原文中找出信息句，即Late Work部分“If it is not turned in by the 4th day after the due date，it
will earn a zero”，
三、比对选项与信息句，如果推迟上交作业，到第四天该学科记为0分。可知答案为A。
考法二：间接信息题
间接信息题常在记叙文、说明文或议论文中考查，会涉及“人与自我”“人与社会”和“人与自然”三大主题语境。解此类试题常用“同义转换”法。
该类题的特点是试题题干或选项中的关键词语通常使用同义词或近义词甚至反义词来替换文中的相
关细节信息,例如,使用book对文中的reserve进行同义转换,用less different对文中的more in common进行
同义转换。
【思维导图】
(2024 新课 标I卷第24题)
调研04
“I am not crazy,” says Dr. William
Farber, shortly after performing acupuncture (针灸) on a rabbit. “I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a
little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.
But Farber is certain he’ll have the last laugh. He’s one of a small but growing number of American
veterinarians (兽医) now practicing “holistic” medicine – combining traditional Western treatments with
acupuncture, chiropractic (按摩疗法) and herbal medicine.
24. What do some of Farber’s coworkers think of him?
A. He’s odd. B. He’s strict. C. He’s brave. D. He’s rude.
【解答思路】
一、在题干中标注定位词：some of Farber’s coworkers think of him，
二、在原文中找出信息句，即If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers
occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.，
三、比对选项与信息句，句意：如果他看起来有点自卫，那可能是因为他的一些同事偶尔会嘲笑他不寻
常的方法。原句是同义替换：unusual=odd, 奇怪的。结合原文可知，Farber的同事们有时会嘲笑他不寻
常的方法，他们认为他很奇怪。可知答案为A。
你 (2023新课标Ⅱ卷第24题)
调研05
Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids.
And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at
four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and
healthy lifestyles.
24. What do we know about Abby Jaramillo?
A. She used to be a health worker.
B. She grew up in a low-income family.
C. She owns a fast food restaurant.
D. She is an initiator of Urban Sprouts.
【解答思路】第一步:扫描题干,找关键词。关键词:What, know about, Abby Jaramillo
第二步:根据关键词,定位信息。定位原文信息:And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another
teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. 原句是同义替换：
initiator=started，Urban Sprouts的发起者就是创办Urban Sprouts的人。
第三步:根据关键词和定位信息可知,Abby Jaramillo是Urban Sprouts的发起者。故选D。
调研 0 6
(2022新课标I卷第 22题)
Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature
Grading Scale
90-100, A; 80-89, B; 70-79, C; 60-69, D; Below 60, E.
Essays (60%)
Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course: Essay 1 = 10%;
Essay 2 = 15%; Essay 3 = 15%; Essay 4 = 20%.
Group Assignments (30%)
Students will work in groups to complete four assignments (作业) during the course. All the assignments will
be submitted by the assigned date through Blackboard, our online learning and course management system.
Daily Work/In-Class Writings and Tests/Group Work/Homework (10%)
…
22. How many parts is a student’s final grade made up of?
A. Two. B. Three. C. Four. D. Five.
【解答思路】
第一步:扫描题干,找关键词。关键词: How many parts, a student’s final grade made up of
第二步:根据关键词,定位信息。定位原文信息: “Essays (60%)”、“Group Assignments (30%)”和
“Daily Work/In-Class Writings and Tests/Groups Work/Homework (10%)”。同义转换：final
grade= Essays (60%)+ Group Assignments (30%)+ Daily Work/In-Class Writings and Tests/Group
Work/Homework (10%)。
第三步:根据关键词和定位信息可知, 可知，学生的最终成绩由3部分组成。故选B。
考法三：数据计算题
数字计算题一般会涉及时间、年龄、价钱、数量、距离等的简单计算。一般来说，计算量都比较小，
容易计算。但是英语阅读中的数字计算必须要找出计算背后所隐含的信息。这些“暗”信息会涉及对某
个难句的理解，从这个角度上讲，理解文中相应的复杂句是解这类题的关键。数字计算题的话题有：1.广
告类；2.故事类；3. 科普知识类；4.史地自然类；5.文化教育类。设问方式以when，in which year，how
many/much等疑问词(组)开头引出问题。解此类试题常用“整合推算”法。
此类题要求考生对具体细节信息,尤其是年龄、时间、数量等数字信息进行加工,但此类试题的重点不
在于计算 , 而在于考查考生对具体信息的处理能力 , 故试题设置的计算一般比较简单 。
【思维导图】(2023新课标I卷第 22题)
调研07
Prices
Hand Brake, Three Gears Foot Brake, No Gears
1 hour 7.50 5.00
3 hours 11.00 7.50
1 day (24 hours) 14.75 9.75
Each additional day 8.00 6.00
22. How much do you pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days?
A. 15.75. B. 19.50. C. 22.75. D. 29.50.
【解答思路】
第一步:扫描题干,找关键词。关键词:How much, pay for, renting a bike, with hand brake and three gears,
two days
第二步:根据关键词,定位信息。定位原文信息:Prices...(表格)
第三步:根据关键词和定位信息可知,第三段的表格中的中间一列,第一行含有题干中的hand brake和three
gears,再联系第四行和第五行,一天是14.75欧元,再加一天是8欧元,所以是14.75+8= 22.75欧元。故选C。
调研08
(2022全国乙卷第22题)
Exhibition Times
Monday-Saturday 10.00-17.45 Sunday 12.00-17.45
Last admission to the exhibition: 17.15. There is no re-admission.
Closed: 24-26 December and 1 January.
Admission
£4. Children under 12 years accompanied by an adult are admitted free.
22. How much would a couple with two children under 12 pay for admission?
A.￡4. B.￡8. C.￡12. D.￡16.
第一步:扫描题干,找关键词。寻找关键词a couple with two children under 12，pay for admission，第二步:根据关键词,定位信息。在Admission部分中标记￡4.Children under 12 years accompanied by an
adult are admitted free，
三用加法推算答案，即一对夫妇应付4＋4＝8(英镑)，两个12岁以下的儿童在成人陪同下免费，即入场费
为8英镑。故选B。
(2023浙江1月卷第23题)
调研09
Explorers Camp
•Full day camp for kids aged 5-13.
•Monday-Friday, July 8-26, 9am-4pm.
Week 1 | July 8-12
Week 2 | July 15-19
Week 3 | July 22-26
•Register for a single week or multiple weeks.
•Fees: $365 per week.
•The last day to cancel registration and receive a full refund (退款) is June 15.
23. How many hours of class will you have altogether if you register for a single week?
A. 15. B. 21. C. 30. D. 42.
一读题干寻找关键词。How many hours of class，altogether，register for a single week。
二依据原文信息加工。根据“•Monday-Friday, July 8-26, 9am-4pm.( 7月8日至26日，星期一至星期五，
上午9点至下午4点)”可知，每周安排5天的活动。根据Camp Structure部分中的“Campers have a
three-hour morning class engaging with a morning theme (9am to 12 noon) and a one-hour lunch break,
followed by another three-hour class engaging with an afternoon theme (1pm to 4pm).(露营者有一个三小
时的上午课程（上午9点到中午12点）和一个小时的午休时间，然后是另一个三个小时的下午课程（下
午1点到下午4点）)”可知，全天有6个小时的课程。5*6=30。
三合理计算定答案。由此可知，如果你注册一周，你总共有30小时的课程。故选C。
六、阅读理解细节理解题同义替换归纳
高频同义转换（动词类）
book=reserve=order reject=refuse=turn down=decline
conduct=carry out receive=accept
please=amuse=entertain see=observe=notice=spot
improve=promote search=explore
guarantee=ensure connect=link=relate=associate
document=record discourage=frustrate
ruin=destroy=damage=violate rent=hire
declare=announce=inform prove=turn out
divide=separate=part with remove=get rid of
complete = fulfill =accomplish= achieve admire=appreciate
delay=put off=postpone possess=own
give=supply=provide=offer decide=determine=resolve to do
encourage = motivate =stimulate = spur get= obtain= acquire= gain= possess
高频同义转换（名词类）
data=statistics career=occupation
novel=fiction manners=etiquette
feature=characteristics gratitude=appreciationexperiment=trial material=resource
personality=character luggage=baggage=package
stress=pressure rule=regulation=principle
origin=pioneer direction=discipline=guideline
circumstance=environment=atmosphere colleague=coworker
creation=innovation essay=passage=article=text
achievement=recognition approach=way=method=means
option=choice=selection
高频同义转换（形容词副词类）
delicious=tasty dull=boring
attentive=focused daring=brave
original=initial extra=additional
final=eventual glad=pleased=delighted
obvious=evident=Striking touched=moved
accurate=exact accessible=available=at hand
authentic=true=genuine appropriate=proper=suitable
thrilling=frightening appealing=attractive
thrilled=excited complex=complicated
time-honored=has a long history safe=secure
高频同义转换（高频短语类）
ahead of time=in advance=previous arrive at=reach=get to=approach
places of interest=tourist attraction in spite of=despite
result in=lead to=contribute to from one’s perspective=from one’s point of view
be accustomed to=be used to doing try doing=attempt to
prevent...from=keep...from=stop...from be filled with=be charged with=be full of
join in=take part in=participate in run into=come across
=involve in=be engaged in take the place of=replace
get ready for=be prepared for from time to time=once in a while
focus on =concentrate on be caught in=be trapped in
transform A into B=turn A into B consist of =be made up of
in the long term=in the long run for a moment=for a while
hold on to=insist a collection of =a series of
take action=take measures=take steps to figure out=find out
keep in touch with=contact bright up=light up
deal with=cope with=handle with=address roll around=turn up
at the same time=meanwhile give...a lecture=deliver a speech
on the spot=on the scene draw one’s attention=attract one’s attention
be proud of=take pride in be desperate for=desire for=be thirsty for
head into=leave for in favor of=favorable
七、阅读理解细节理解题真题再练
演练 0 1 (2024新课标II卷B篇)
Do you ever get to the train station and realize you forgot to bring something to read? Yes, we all have our
phones, but many of us still like to go old school and read something printed.
Well, there’s a kiosk (小亭) for that. In the San Francisco Bay Area, at least.
“You enter the fare gates (检票口) and you’ll see a kiosk that is lit up and it tells you can get a one-minute, a
three-minute, or a five-minute story,” says Alicia Trost, the chief communications officer for the San Francisco
Bay Area Rapid Transit — known as BART. “You choose which length you want and it gives you a receipt-like
short story.”
It’s that simple. Riders have printed nearly 20,000 short stories and poems since the program was launchedlast March. Some are classic short stories, and some are new original works.
Trost also wants to introduce local writers to local riders. “We wanted to do something where we do a call to
artists in the Bay Area to submit stories for a contest,” Trost says. “And as of right now, we’ve received about 120
submissions. The winning stories would go into our kiosk and then you would be a published artist.”
Ridership on transit (交通) systems across the country has been down the past half century, so could short
stories save transit?
Trost thinks so.
“At the end of the day all transit agencies right now are doing everything they can to improve the rider
experience. So I absolutely think we will get more riders just because of short stories,” she says.
And you’ll never be without something to read.
24. Why did BART start the kiosk program?
A. To promote the local culture. B. To discourage phone use.
C. To meet passengers’ needs. D. To reduce its running costs.
25. How are the stories categorized in the kiosk?
A. By popularity. B. By length.
C. By theme. D. By language.
26. What has Trost been doing recently?
A. Organizing a story contest. B. Doing a survey of customers.
C. Choosing a print publisher. D. Conducting interviews with artists.
27. What is Trost’s opinion about BART’s future?
A. It will close down. B. Its profits will decline.
C. It will expand nationwide. D. Its ridership will increase.
【答案】24. C 25. B 26. A 27. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。主要报道了旧金山湾区捷运系统(BART)推出自动售货亭提供短篇故事打
印服务，旨在满足乘客阅读需求，提升出行体验，Trost认为此举措能吸引更多乘客，对BART 未来持乐
观态度，预期乘客量将会增长。
24.推理判断题。根据第三段““You enter the fare gates (检票口) and you’ll see a kiosk that is lit up and it
tells you can get a one-minute, a three-minute, or a five-minute story,” says Alicia Trost, the chief
communications officer for the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit - known as BART. “You choose
which length you want and it gives you a receipt-like short story.”(旧金山湾区捷运系统（BART）首席通
讯官Alicia Trost表示：“你进入检票口，会看到一个亮着灯的信息亭，它告诉你可以得到一分钟、三分
钟或五分钟的报道。你可以选择你想要的长度，它会给你一个类似收据的短篇故事。”)”可知，BART启
动信息亭是为了满足乘客在乘车过程中的阅读需求，为他们提供不同长度的短篇故事或诗歌来打发时间
故选C项。
25.细节理解题。根据第三段“You choose which length you want and it gives you a receipt-like short story.
(你可以选择你想要的长度，它会给你一个类似收据的短篇故事)”可知，信息亭中的故事按长度分类，乘
客可以根据自己的需求选择不同长度的故事。故选B项。
26.细节理解题。根据第五段“We wanted to do something where we do a call to artists in the Bay Area to
submit stories for a contest,(我们想做一些事情，呼吁湾区的艺术家为比赛提交故事)”以及第六段“The
winning stories would go into our kiosk and then you would be a published artist.(获奖故事会进入我们的
信息亭，然后你就会成为一名出版艺术家)”可知，Trost最近在组织一个故事竞赛，向湾区的艺术家征集
故事，获胜作品将被放入售货亭供乘客阅读。故选A项。
27.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段““At the end of the day all transit agencies right now are doing
everything they can to improve the rider experience. So I absolutely think we will get more riders just
because of short stories,” she says.(她说：“归根结底，所有的交通机构现在都在尽一切努力改善乘客体
验。所以我绝对认为，我们会因为短篇小说而吸引更多的乘客。”)”可知，Trost认为通过提升乘客体验，
包括提供短篇故事阅读服务，BART可以吸引更多的乘客，乘客量将会增加。故选D项。
演练02
(2024全国甲卷B篇)
The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers—it accepts only the sick. The Saint Lukas is one of fivegovernment-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an
average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural(乡村)populations with
basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions.
“People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning,” says Emile Ducke, a German
photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast
regions(区域)of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia.
Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled
to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River,
including arranging doctor’s appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate
doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk.
The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation. For 10 months every year,
the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and
restock(补给). Then it starts all over again the next month. Most stations wait about a year between visits.
Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very
impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and
very concerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ”
28. How is the Saint Lukas different from other trains?
A. It runs across countries. B. It reserves seats for the seniors.
C. It functions as a hospital. D. It travels along a river.
29. What can we infer from paragraph 3 about Krasnoyarsk?
A. It is heavily populated. B. It offers training for doctors.
C. It is a modern city. D. It needs medical aid.
30. How long can the Saint Lukas work with one supply?
A. About a year. B. About ten months.
C. About two months. D. About two weeks.
31. What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services?
A. Appreciative. B. Doubtful C. Ambiguous. D. Cautious.
【答案】28. C 29. D 30. D 31. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要讲述政府赞助了五辆名为圣卢卡斯的医疗列车为俄罗斯中部和东部偏
远地区每年提供为期10个月的巡回医疗服务，为乡村居民提供基本医疗检查和治疗，改善当地医疗条件。
28.细节理解题，根据文章第一段“The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains
that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an average of two days, and
during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural(乡村)populations with basic medical care,
X-ray scans and prescriptions. (圣卢卡斯号是五列政府资助的医疗列车之一，前往俄罗斯中部和东部的偏
远城镇。每一站平均停留两天，在此期间，船上的医生和护士为农村人口提供基本医疗服务、X光扫描
和处方。)”可知，圣卢卡斯号与其他火车的不同之处在于它是政府资助的医疗火车，充当医院。因此选
C。
29.推理判断题，第三段提到“ Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of
modernization. The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem,
particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor's appointments
by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote
parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk. (俄罗斯的公共卫生保健服务迫切需要现代化。政府一直在努力提
出解决这一问题的措施，特别是在伏尔加河以东较贫穷的农村地区，包括通过视频聊天安排医生预约，
扩大财政援助计划，激励医生到克拉斯诺亚尔斯克等偏远地区行医。) ”可以推断，Krasnoyarsk需要医疗
援助，故选D。
30.细节理解题，根据第四段“For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two
weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock (补给). ”(每年有10个月，火车在两周
内停靠大约八个车站，然后返回地区首府进行补给和重新装货。) ”可知，圣卢卡斯号一份补给可以工作
大约两周，故选D。
31.推断判断题。根据最后一段的““I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working andliving in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned, ” says Ducke. “They were the best
chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ”(“医生和他们的助手在这么小的空间里工作
和生活，但仍然保持专注和非常关注，这给我留下了深刻的印象，”Ducke说。这是许多农村人获得他
们想要的治疗的最好机会。”)”可知，Ducke对Saint Lukas的服务持赞赏的态度，故选A。
演练03 (2023新课标I卷B篇)
When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved
problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny
creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes
people were making.
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking
questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌)? Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing
chemicals? With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way
nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First, he
constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and
streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these
different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the
sludge.
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began
to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.
Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse — like facility that treated
sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in
Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for
the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these
new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”
24. What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs?
A. He was fond of traveling. B. He enjoyed being alone.
C. He had an inquiring mind. D. He longed to be a doctor.
25. Why did John put the sludge into the tanks?
A. To feed the animals. B. To build an ecosystem.
C. To protect the plants. D. To test the eco-machine.
26. What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou?
A. To review John’s research plans. B. To show an application of John’s idea.
C. To compare John’s different jobs. D. To erase doubts about John’s invention.
27. What is the basis for John’s work?
A. Nature can repair itself. B. Organisms need water to survive.
C. Life on Earth is diverse. D. Most tiny creatures live in groups.
【答案】24. C 25. D 26. B 27. A
【解析】【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了 John Todd从小就很爱思考且好学，他建造了一个生态机器，利
用自然可以自我修复的原理来净化污水。
24.细节理解题。根据第一段“When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his
house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing
through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this
process could be used to clean up the messes people were making. (当约翰·托德还是个孩子的时候，他喜欢
探索房子周围的树林，观察大自然是如何解决问题的。例如，一条肮脏的小溪流经植物和微小生物居住
的岩石后，往往会变得清澈。长大后，约翰开始思考这个过程是否可以用来清理人们制造的混乱)”以及第
二段“After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature
and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌)? Which kinds of fish can eat
cancer-causing chemicals? (在大学学习了农业、医学和渔业之后，约翰又回到了观察自然和提出问题的生
活中。为什么某些植物能捕获有害细菌？哪些鱼类会食用致癌化学物质？)”可知，约翰聪颖好学、好奇心
很强。故选C。
25.细节理解题。根据第三段“After a few weeks, John added the sludge. (几个星期后，约翰把污泥加了进
去)”以及倒数第三段“He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the
sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure
water. (他对结果感到惊讶。生态机器里的动植物把污泥当成了食物，开始吃了起来！几周之内，它就被
消化了，只剩下纯净水)”可知，约翰把污泥放进罐子里是为了测试生态机器。故选D。
26.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a
greenhouse — like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also
designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China. (这些年来，约翰承担了
许多重大工作。他开发了一个类似温室的设施，可以处理来自南伯灵顿1600户家庭的污水。他还设计了
一种生态机器来清洁中国东南部城市福州的运河水)”可推知，作者提到福州的目的是展示约翰想法的应用。
故选B。
27.推理判断题。根据最后一段“You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening.
Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair. (你把生物体放在新的关系中，观察
会发生什么。然后让这些新系统自行发展自我修复的方式)”可知，约翰工作的基础是自然可以自我修复。
故选A。
八、阅读理解细节理解题名校模拟
【模拟01】（2024·四川达州·二模）
STEM Competitions for Students
NSTA ExploraVision
Are you interested in what the future holds? Consider Explora Vision’s STEM (science, technology,
engineering & mathematics) competition. Working in teams of two to four, students will research a particular
technology and assess the ways in which it may impact lives moving forward. Participants are required to write a
paper and draw web pages communicating their vision.
Grades: 7th-9th and 10th-12th
Competition Type: Regional and nationaleCyberMission
You can participate in this competition without leaving the house. eCyberMission is a web-based con test inwhich participants — working in teams of two to four students — use science, math and technology to solve
problems facing their communities. First-place winners receive $1,000.
Grades:9th
Competition Type: Regional, state and nationalTEAMS Competition
Held annually, TEAMS invites students to use their engineering talent to contribute to the community.
Working in groups of two to four students, participants complete real-life engineering challenges. The competition
includes multiple-choice questions, an essay and a design-build component.
Grades: 9th-12th
Competition Type: State and nationalThe Conrad Challenge
In this challenge, participants work in teams of two to five students to develop products or services in
response to key issues facing people around the world. The Conrad Challenge empowers students to take control
of their learning and apply it to real-life situations. Winners are eligible (有资格的) for scholarships, patent
assistance and aid in creating companies.
Grades: 9th-12th
Competition Type: International
1．What does NSTA Explora Vision’s STEM competition focus on?
A．Engineering innovation.
B．Students’ paper writing skills.
C．New technology shaping the future.
D．Students’ ability in web page design.
2．What do the four STEM competitions have in common?
A．Winners will get a big cash prize.
B．They are all national competitions.
C．Participants are required to work in teams.
D．Participants must solve real-life problems.
3．Which competition involves foreign students?
A．NSTA ExploraVision. B．eCvberMission.
C．TEAMS Competition. D．The Conrad Challenge.
【答案】1．C 2．C 3．D
【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍的是STEM学生竞赛的相关信息。
1．细节理解题。根据 NSTA ExploraVision 部分中的“Working in teams of two to four, students will
research a particular technology and assess the ways in which it may impact lives moving forward.(学生们
将以 2 到 4 人为一组，研究一项特定的技术，并评估它可能影响未来生活的方式)”可知，NSTA
ExploraVision竞赛是研究一项新技术，并评估它影响未来生活的方式。由此可知，NSTA ExploraVision
竞赛专注于塑造未来的新技术。故选C项。
2．细节理解题。根据 NSTA ExploraVision 部分中的“Working in teams of two to four, students will
research a particular technology and assess the ways in which it may impact lives moving forward.(学生们
将以 2 到 4 人为一组，研究一项特定的技术，并评估它可能影响未来生活的方式)”可知，NSTA
ExploraVision竞赛中参与者以2到4人为一组，研究一项特定的影响未来的技术；根据eCyberMission部分中的“eCyberMission is a web-based con test in which participants — working in teams of two to four
students —use science, math and technology to solve problems facing their communities.(eCyberMission 是
一项基于网络的竞赛，参赛者以2至4名学生为一组，利用科学、数学和技术来解决他们所在社区面临的
问题)”可知，eCyberMission竞赛中的参与者以2至4名学生为一组来解决他们所在社区面临的问题；根
据TEAMS Competition部分中的“Working in groups of two to four students, participants complete real-
life engineering challenges.(参与者以2至4名学生为一组，完成现实生活中的工程挑战)”可知，参与者以
2至4名学生为一组完成工程挑战；根据The Conrad Challenge部分中的“In this challenge, participants
work in teams of two to five students to develop products or services in response to key issues facing people
around the world.(在这个挑战中，参与者以2到5名学生为小组，开发产品或服务，以应对世界各地人们
面临的关键问题)”可知，该竞赛中参与者以2到5名学生为小组开发产品。由此可知，这四项竞赛的共同
之处在于参与者均是以团队合作的形式工作。故选C项。
3．细节理解题。根据The Conrad Challenge部分中的“Competition Type: International(比赛类型：国
际)”可知，该项竞赛是属于国际性质的比赛类型。由此可知，该项比赛中应有外国学生参与。故选D项。
【模拟02】（2024·江苏宿迁·一模）
I was surprised to find the congestion (拥塞) outside Layla’s primary school was unusually absent—I’d
driven right into a parking space, and I was on time, for once. The school bell rang, and in a moment a stream of
children made their way through the gate. But something was different—the kids were piling into vehicles in
threes and fours.
Before I could enquire my daughter Layla, Mr Trent, the deputy head, approached. “Mrs Pavis, did you not
read our letter?” Letter? What letter? I had a history of not looking out for them, and not reading them in most
cases. “The letter? Of course. It must have just slipped my mind—I’ve been away with work.”
Now I was digging around in Layla’s messy schoolbag at home. Eventually, I found several letters, all
addressing the same topic—parking outside the school gates. Apparently with some parents parking illegally, the
police were about to get involved. “Why didn’t you give me these letters?” I demanded. Layla shrugged. “I
forgot.” I was about to launch into a severe lecture when it occurred to me that I had always forgotten—I had
forgotten to give Layla her money for cookery that morning and forgotten to hang out the kids’ washed clothes.
I contained myself and figured out that they wanted the parents to car-pool (拼车). I spent the next half
hour ringing round Layla’s friends’ parents, enquiring if they would like to car-pool with us. Unfortunately, they
were all sorted. It was my own fault—I should have read those letters ages ago. “Er... I overheard others talking
about it,” Layla said, “They said they didn’t know who would car-pool with us, because we’re always late.” I
flushed instantly. We were a disorganised family, and I was the one to blame.
I resolved to change. With responsibility for my kids, I find I am never, ever late. It’s good for Layla and
for her older brothers, and it’s good for me, because now I never leave the house unprepared. I’ve even started
checking the kids’ schoolbags for notes from school.
4．What did the author notice when the school was over?
A．It was hard to find a parking space. B．Children were picked up in groups.
C．Her daughter was absent from class. D．She arrived much earlier than others.
5．What stopped the author criticizing her daughter?
A．The reflection of her daily routine. B．The realization of her carelessness.C．The knowledge of her kid’s character. D．The awareness of her kid’s depression.
6．Why did others refuse to car-pool with them according to Layla?
A．Because they contacted them late. B．Because they failed to keep the house tidy.
C．Because they couldn’t be on time. D．Because they ignored the school’s request.
7．What can we learn from the passage?
A．Action creates motivation. B．Mother’s love never changes.
C．It’s never too late to mend. D．Patience is the key to success.
【答案】4．B 5．B 6．C 7．C
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者在参与孩子的学校生活中，发现自己粗心大意，并且因
为迟到，其他家长拒绝和自己拼车，于是作者决心改变，承担起对孩子的责任，再也没有迟到过。
4．细节理解题。根据第一段“The school bell rang, and in a moment a stream of children made their way
through the gate. But something was different—the kids were piling into vehicles in threes and fours.(学校
的铃响了，不一会儿，一群孩子从大门进来了。但有些不同——孩子们三三两四地挤进了车里)”可知，放
学后作者注意到了孩子们被成群地接走。故选B。
5．细节理解题。根据第三段“I was about to launch into a severe lecture when it occurred to me that I
had always forgotten—I had forgotten to give Layla her money for cookery that morning and forgotten to
hang out the kids’ washed clothes.(我正准备严厉地训斥一顿，突然想到我总是忘记——那天早上我忘了给
莱拉做饭的钱，也忘了把孩子们洗好的衣服晾在外面)”可知，意识到自己的粗心大意阻止了作者批评她的
女儿。故选B。
6．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段““Er... I overheard others talking about it,” Layla said, “They said
they didn’t know who would car-pool with us, because we’re always late.”(“呃……“我无意中听到别人在
谈论这件事，”莱拉说，“他们说他们不知道谁会和我们拼车，因为我们总是迟到。”)”可知，根据
Layla的说法，其他人拒绝与他们拼车是因为他们不能准时。故选C。
7．推理判断题。根据最后一段“I resolved to change. With responsibility for my kids, I find I am never,
ever late. It’s good for Layla and for her older brothers, and it’s good for me, because now I never leave the
house unprepared. I’ve even started checking the kids’ schoolbags for notes from school.(我决心改变。有
了对孩子的责任，我发现我从来没有迟到过。这对莱拉和她的哥哥们都有好处，对我也有好处，因为现
在我再也不会毫无准备地出门了。我甚至开始检查孩子们的书包里有没有学校的笔记)”结合文章主要讲述
了作者在参与孩子的学校生活中，发现自己粗心大意，并且因为迟到，其他家长拒绝和自己拼车，于是
作者决心改变，承担起对孩子的责任，再也没有迟到过。可推知，文章告诉我们“亡羊补牢，犹未晚
也”的道理。故选C。
【模拟03】（2024·广东江门·二）
Every day, people share more than 2 billion photos on the Internet. While visual content provides a fun and
expressive way for people to communicate online, consuming and creating it poses challenges for people who are
blind or severely visually impaired (受损的). With more than 39 million people who are blind, and over 246
million who have a severe visual impairment, many people may feel excluded from the conversation around
photos on the Internet. The researchers from Harvard University want to build technology that helps the blind
community appreciate photos in the same way others enjoy them.
Automatic alternative text is a new development that generates a description of a photo using advancementsin object recognition technology. People using screen readers on digital devices will hear a list of items a photo
may contain as they click photos on the Internet. Before today, people using screen readers would only hear the
name of the person who shared the photo, followed by the term “photo” when they came upon an image. Now
they can offer a richer description of what’s in a photo thanks to automatic alternative text. For instance, someone
could now hear “an image containing three people, smiling, outdoors”.
This is possible because of Harvard University’s object recognition technology, which is based on a
network that has billions of parameters and is trained with millions of examples. Each advancement in object
recognition technology means that the researchers will be able to make technology even more accessible to more
people. When people are connected, they can achieve extraordinary things as individuals and as a community, and
when everyone is connected, we all benefit from it.
They are launching automatic alternative text first on cellphone screen readers set to English, but they plan
to add this functionality for other languages and platforms soon. While this technology is still nascent, using its
current capabilities to describe photos is an important step toward providing our visually impaired community
with the same benefits and enjoyment that everyone else gets from photos.
8．Why is the technology launched?
A．There are so many photos on the Internet.
B．There are many people suffering from blindness.
C．Some digital devices are in need of the technology.
D．People with vision problems fail to enjoy photos online.
9．What is the advantage of the technology over the previous one?
A．It can offer more photos to blind people.
B．It can describe more about online photos.
C．It can recognize the person who shares photos.
D．It can satisfy the common needs of blind people.
10．What is the key to promoting the technology?
A．The photos on the Internet. B．People’s care for blind people.
C．People’s connections to each other. D．The object recognition technology.
11．Which can best explain the underlined word “nascent” in the last paragraph?
A．Emerging. B．Reliable. C．Powerful. D．Conventional.
【答案】8．D 9．B 10．D 11．A
【导语】本文是说明文，主要介绍了一项新技术，该技术可以帮助有视力障碍的人欣赏网上的图片。
8．细节理解题。根据第一段“While visual content provides a fun and expressive way for people to
communicate online, consuming and creating it poses challenges for people who are blind or severely
visually impaired (受损的).(虽然视觉内容为人们提供了一种有趣而富有表现力的在线交流方式，但对盲人
或严重视力受损的人来说，消费和创造视觉内容是一种挑战。)”和“With more than 39 million people
who are blind, and over 246 million who have a severe visual impairment, many people may feel excluded
from the conversation around photos on the Internet.(世界上有超过3900万人是盲人，超过2.46亿人有严
重的视力障碍，许多人可能会觉得自己被排除在互联网上关于照片的讨论之外。)”可知，对有视力障碍的
人而言，欣赏网上的图片是一种挑战。故选D。9．细节理解题。根据第二段“Before today, people using screen readers would only hear the name of the
person who shared the photo, followed by the term “photo” when they came upon an image. Now they can
offer a richer description of what’s in a photo thanks to automatic alternative text. For instance, someone
could now hear “an image containing three people, smiling, outdoors”.(在今天之前，人们使用屏幕阅读器
只能听到分享照片的人的名字，当他们看到图片时，后面跟着“照片”这个词。现在，由于自动替代文
本，它们可以提供更丰富的照片内容描述。例如，有人现在可以听到“一个包含三个人的图像，微笑着
在户外”。)”可知，该科技的优势在于它可以对照片中的内容进行更丰富地描述。故选B。
10．推理判断题。根据第三段“This is possible because of Harvard University’s object recognition
technology, which is based on a network that has billions of parameters and is trained with millions of
examples. Each advancement in object recognition technology means that the researchers will be able to
make technology even more accessible to more people.(这是可能的，因为哈佛大学的目标识别技术，它是
基于一个网络，有数十亿的参数和数以百万计的例子进行训练。物体识别技术的每一次进步都意味着研
究人员将能够让更多的人更容易接触到这项技术。)”可知，推广这项技术的关键是物体识别技术。故选
D。
11．词句猜测题。根据第二段“Automatic alternative text is a new development that generates a
description of a photo using advancements in object recognition technology.(自动替代文本是一项新的发展，
它利用物体识别技术的进步来生成照片的描述。)”可知，划线词所在句子表示“虽然这项技术仍处于萌芽
阶段，但利用其目前的能力来描述照片，是向我们的视障群体提供与其他人从照片中获得的同样好处和
享受的重要一步”，划线词nascent意为“萌芽的，新生的”，和emerging意思相近。故选A。
