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绝密★启用前
2014 年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（二）
（科目代码：204）
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2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the followin text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
g
A, B, C or Don the ANSWER SHEET. (lOpoints)
Thinner isn't alwa s better. A number of studies have 1 that normal-
y
wei ht people are in fact at hi her risk of some diseases compared to those who
g g
are overwei ht. And there are health conditions for which bein overwei ht is
g g g
actuall 2 . For example, heavier women are less likel to develop calcium
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deficienc than thin women. 3 , amon the elderl , bein somewhat overwei ht
y g y g g
is often an 4 of ood health.
g
Of even greater 5 is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to
define. It is often defined 6 body mass index, or BMI. BMI 7 bod mass
y
divided b the square of hei ht. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered
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to be normal wei ht. Between 25 and 30 is overwei ht. And over 30 is considered
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obese. Obesity, 8 , can be divided into moderatel obese, severel obese, and
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very severel obese.
y
While such numencal standards seem 9 , the are not. Obesity is
y
probabl less a matter of wei ht than bod fat. Some people with a hi h BMI are in
y g y g
fact extremel fit, 10 others with a low BMI ma be in poor 11 . For example,
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man colle iate and professional football pla ers 12 as obese, thou h their
y g y g
percenta e bod fat is low. Conversel , someone with a small frame ma have hi h
g y y y g
bod fat but a 13 BMI.
y
Toda we have a(n) 14 to label obesity as a disgrace. The overwei ht
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are sometimes 15 in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes 16
with obesity include laziness, lack of will power, and lower prospects for success.
Teachers, emplo ers, and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases
y
a ainst the obese. 17 very oun children tend to look down on the
g y g
overwei ht, and teasin about bod build has lon been a problem in schools.
g g y g
Ne ative attitudes toward obesity, 18 in health concerns, have
g
stimulated a number of anti-obesity 19 . M own hospital s stem has banned
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su ary drinks from its facilities. Man emplo ers have instituted wei ht loss and
g y y g
fitness initiatives. Michelle Obama has launched a hi h-visibilit campaign 20
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childhood obesit , even claimin that it represents our reatest national security threat.
y g g
- 1 -1. [A] denied [B] concluded [C] doubted [D] ensured
2. [A] protective [B] dangerous [C] sufficient [D] troublesome
3. [A] Instead [B] However [C] Likewise [D] Therefore
4. [A] indicator [B] objective [C] origin [D] example
5. [A] impact [B] relevance [C] assistance [D] concern
6. [A] in terms of [B] in case of [C] in favor of [D] in respects of
7. [A] measures [B] detern血es [C] equals [D] modifies
8. [A] in essence [B] in contrast [C] in turn [D] in part
9. [A] complicated [B] conservative [C] variable [D] straightforward
10. [A] so [B] while [C] since [D] unless
11. [A] shape [B] spirit [C] balance [D] taste
12. [A] start [B] qualify [C] retire [D] stay
13. [A] strange [B] changeable [C] normal [D] constant
14. [A] option [B] reason [C] opportunity [D] tendency
15. [A] employed [B] pictured [C] imitated [D] monitored
16. [A] compared [B] combined [C] settled [D] associated
17. [A] Even [B] Still [C] Yet [D] Only
18. [A] despised [B] corrected [C] ignored [D] grounded
19. [A] discussions [B] businesses [C] policies [D] studies
20. [A] for [B] against [C] with [D] without
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,
B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
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Text 1
What would ou do with $590m? This is now a uestion for Gloria MacKenzie,
y q
an 84- ear-old widow who recentl emerged from her small, tin-roofed house in
y y
Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jack ot in history. If she ho es her
p p
new-found fortune will ield lasting feelings of fulfilment, she could do worse than
y
read Happy Money b Elizabeth Dunn and Michael Norton.
y
These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the
most rewarding wa s to spend mone can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of great
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wealth often involve visions of fanc cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction
y
with these material purchases wears off fairl quickl . What was once exciting
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and new becomes old-hat; regret cree s in. It is far better to s end mone on
p p y
ex eriences, sa Ms Dunn and Mr Norton, like interesting tri s, uni ue meals or
p y p q
even going to the cinema. These purchases often become more valuable with time
- as stories or memories - particularl if the involve feeling more connected to
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others.
This slim volume is packed with ti s to hel wage slaves as well as lottery
p p
winners get the most "happiness bang for our buck." It seems most eo le would
y p p
be better off if the could shorten their commutes to work, s end more time with
y p
friends and famil and less of it watching television (something the average
y
American spends a whopping two months a ear doing, and is hardl jollier for it).
y y
Bu ing gifts or giving to charit is often more leasurable than urchasing things
y y p p
for oneself, and luxuries are most enjo able when the are consumed s aringl .
y y p y
This is a arentl the reason McDonald's restricts the availability of its o ular
pp y p p
McRib — a marketing trick that has turned the ork sandwich into an object of
p
obsession.
Readers of Happy Money are clearl a rivileged lot, anxious about fulfilment,
y p
not hunger. Mone ma not uite bu ha iness, but eo le in wealthier countries
y y q y pp p p
are generall ha pier than those in poor ones. Yet the link between feeling good
y p
and s ending mone on others can be seen among rich and oor eo le around the
p y p p p
world, and scarcity e呻ances the leasure of most things for most eo le. Not
p p p
everyone will agree with the authors' olic ideas, which range from mandating
p y
more holida time to reducing tax incentives for American homebu ers. But most
y y
eo le will come awa from this book believing it was mone well s ent.
p p y y p
- 3 -21. According to Dunn and Norton, which of the following is the most rewarding
purchase?
[A] A big house.
[B] A special tour.
[C] A stylish car.
[D] A rich meal.
22. The author's attitude toward Americans'watching TV is .
[A] critical
[B] supportive
[C] sympathetic
[D] ambiguous
23. Mc Rib is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to show that .
[A] consumers are sometimes 1rrat10nal
[B] popularity usually comes after quality
[C] marketing tricks are often effective
[D] rarity generally increases pleasure
24. According to the last paragraph, Happy Money .
[A] has left much room for readers'criticism
[B] may prove to be a worthwhile purchase
[C] has predicted a wider income gap in the US
[D] may give its readers a sense of achievement
25. This text mainly discusses how to .
[A] balance feeling good and spending money
[B] spend large sums of money won in lotteries
[C] obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent
[D] become more reasonable in spending on luxuries
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Text2
An article in Scientific American has pointed out that empirical research sa s
y
that, actuall , ou think ou're more beautiful than ou are. We have a deep
y y y y
seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturall emplo a number of
y y
self-enhancing strategies to achieve this. Social ps chologists have amassed oceans
y
of research into what the call the "above average effect", or "illusory superiority",
y
and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in
leadership, 93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with others - all obviousl
y
statistical impossibilities.
We rose-tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations.
We become defensive when criticised, and appl negative stereotypes to others to
y
boost our own esteem. We stalk around thinking we're hot stuff.
Ps chologist and behavioural scientist Nicholas Eple oversaw a ke stud into
y y y y
self-enhancement and attractiveness. Rather than have people simpl rate their
y
beaut compared with others, he asked them to identify an original photograph of
y
themselves from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more
and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study, is "an automatic ps chological
y
process, occurring rapidl and intuitivel with little or no apparent conscious
y y
deliberation". If the subjects quickl chose a falsel flattering image — which most
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did—the genuinel believed it was reall how the looked.
y y y y
Eple found no significant gender difference in responses. Nor was there an
y y
evidence that those who self-e呻anced the most (that is, the participants who
thought the most positivel doctored pictures were real) were doing so to make up
y
for profound insecurities. In fact, those who thought that the images higher up the
attractiveness scale were real directl corresponded with those who showed other
y
markers for having higher self-esteem. "I don't think the findings that we have are
an evidence of personal delusion," sa s Eple . "It's a reflection simpl of people
y y y y
generall thinking well of themselves." If ou are depressed, ou won't be self
y y y
enhancing.
Knowing the results of Eple 's study, it makes sense that man people hate
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photographs of themselves viscerally — on one level, the don't even recognise the
y
person in the picture as themselves. Facebook, therefore, is a self-enhancer's paradise,
where people can share onl the most flattering photos, the cream of their wit,
y
st le, beauty, intellect and lifestyles. It's not that people's profiles are dishonest, sa s
y y
Catalina Toma of Wisconsin-Madison University, "but the portray an idealised
y
version of themselves."
- 5 -26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologists have found that .
[A] our self-ratings are unrealistically high
[B] illusory superiority is a baseless effect
[C] our need for leadership is unnatural
[D] self-enhancing strategies are ineffective
27. Visual recognition is believed to be people's .
[A] rapid matching
[B] conscious choice
[C] intuitive response
[D] automatic self-defence
28. Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tended to .
[A] underestimate their msecuntles
r
[B] b e 1eve m their attractiveness
[C] cover up their depressions
[D] oversimplify their illusions
29. The word "viscerally" (Line 2, Para.5) is closest in meaning to .
[A] instinctively
[B] occasionally
[C] particularly
[D] aggressively
30. It can be inferred that Facebook is a self-enhancer's paradise because people
can
[A] present their dishonest profiles
[B] define their traditional lifestyles
[C] share their intellectual pursuits
[D] withhold their unflattering sides
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Text3
The concept of man versus machine is at least as old as the industrial revolution,
but this phenomenon tends to be most acutel felt durin economic downturns and
y g
fra ile recoveries. And et, it would be a mistake to think we are ri ht now simpl
g y g y
experiencin the painful side of a boom and bust c cle. Certain jobs have one awa
g y g y
for ood, outmoded b machines. Since technology has such an insatiable appetite
g y
for eatin up human jobs, this phenomenon will continue to restructure our econom
g y
in wa s we cannot immediatel foresee.
y y
When there is rapid improvement in the price and performance of technology,
jobs that were once thou ht to be immune from automation suddenl become
g y
threatened. This argument has attracted a lot of attention, via the success of the
book Race Against the Machine, b Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, who
y
both hail from MIT's Center for Di ital Business.
g
This is a powerful argument, and a scary one. And et, John Ha el, author of
y g
The Power of Pull and other books, sa s Brynjolfsson and McAfee miss the
y
reason wh these jobs are so vulnerable to technology in the first place.
y
Ha el sa s we have designed jobs in the U.S. that tend to be "ti htl scripted"
g y g y
and "hi hl standardized" ones that leave no room for "individual initiative or
g y
creativit ". In short, these are the types of jobs that machines can perform much
y
better at than human bein s. That is how we have put a iant tar et sign on the
g g g
backs of American workers, Ha el sa s.
g y
It's time to reinvent the formula for how work is conducted, since we are still
rel in on a very 20th century notion of work, Ha el sa s. In our rapidl chan in
y g g y y g g
economy, we more than ever need people in the workplace who can take initiative
and exercise their ima ination "to respond to unexpected events". That is not
g
somethin machines are ood at. The are designed to perform very predictable
g g y
activities.
As Ha el notes, Brynjolfsson and McAfee indeed touched on this point in
g
their book. We need to reframe race against the machine as race with the machine.
In other words, we need to look at the wa s in which machines can au ment
y g
human labor rather than replace it. So then the problem is not reall about technolo ,
y gy
but rather, "how do we innovate our institutions and our work practices?"
- 7 -31. According to the first paragraph, economic downturns would .
[A] ease the competition of man vs. machine
[B] highlight machines'threat to human jobs
[C] provoke a painful technological revolution
[D] outmode our current economic structure
32. The authors of Race Against the Machine argue that .
[A] technology is diminishing man's job opportunities
[B] automation is accelerating technological development
[C] certain jobs will remain intact after automation
[D] man will finally win the race against machine
33. Hagel argues that jobs in the U.S. are often .
[A] performed by innovative minds
[B] scripted with an individual style
[C] standardized without a clear target
[D] designed against human creativity
34. According to the last paragraph, Brynjolfsson andMcAfee discussed .
[A] the predictability of machine behavior in practice
[B] the formula for how work is conducted efficiently
[C] the ways machines replace human labor in modem times
[D] the necessity of human involvement in the workplace
3 5. Which of the following could be the most appropriate title for the text?
[A] How to Innovate Our Work Practices?
[B] Machines Will Replace Human Labor
[C] Can We Win the Race Against Machines?
[D] E conomic Downturns Stimulate Innovat10ns
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Text4
When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the econom
y
the focus is usuall on roads, railwa s, broadband and energy. Housing is seldom
y y
mentioned.
Wh is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. We
y
have not been good at con皿unicating the real value that housing can contribute to
economic growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard
to shove for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure projects, so it is
inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere. But perhaps the most significant
reason is that the issue has alwa s been so politicall charged.
y y
Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists increase
all the time and we are simpl not building enough new homes.
y
The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunit for the government
y
to help rectify this. It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some
steps to address our urgent housing need.
There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. The communities
minister, Don Foster, has hinted that George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer,
may introduce more flexibilit to the current cap on the amount that local
y
authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt. Evidence shows that 60,000
extra new homes could be built over the next five ears if the cap were lifted,
y
increasing GDP b 0.6%.
y
Ministers should also look at creating greater certaint in the rental environment,
y
which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund
new developments from revenues.
But it is not just down to the government. While these measures would be
welcome in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the existing £ 4.5bn
programme of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in 2015, is
unlikel to be extended be ond then. The Labour party has recentl announced
y y y
that it will retain a large part of the coalition's spending plans if it returns to power.
The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikel to ever return to the era
y
of large-scale public grants. We need to adjust to this changing climate.
While the government's commitment to long-term funding ma have changed,
y
the very pressing need for more affordable housing is real and is not going away.
- 9 -36. The author believes that the housing sector .
[A] has attracted much attention
[B] involves certain political factors
[C] shoulders too much responsibility
[D] has lost its real value in economy
37. It can be learned that affordable housing has .
[A] increased its home supply
[B] offered spending opportunities
[C] suffered government biases
[D] disappointed the government
38. According to Paragraph 5, George Osborne may .
[A] allow greater government debt for housing
[B] stop local authorities from building homes
[C] prepare to reduce housing stock debt
[D] release a lifted GDP growth forecast
39. It can be mferred that a stable rental environment would
[A] lower the costs of registered providers
[B] lessen the impact of government interference
[C] contribute to funding new developments
[D] relieve the ministers of responsibilities
40. The author believes that after 2015, the government may .
[A] implement more policies to support housing
[B] review the need for large-scale public grants
[C] renew the affordable housing grants programme
[D] stop generous funding to the housing sector
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PartB
Directions:
Read the followin text and match each of the numbered items in the left column
g
to its correspondin information in the ri ht column. There are two extra choices
g g
in the ri ht column. Mark our answers on the ANSWERSHEERT. (10 points)
g y
Emer in in the late Sixties and reachin a peak in the Seventies, Land Art
g g g
was one of a ran e of new forms, includin Bod Art, Performance Art, Action
g g y
Art and Installation Art, which pushed art be ond the traditional confines of the
y
studio and allery. Rather than portra in landscape, land artists used the ph sical
g y g y
substance of the land itself as their medium.
The British land art, typified b Richard Lon 's piece, was not onl more
y g y
domesticall scaled, but a lot quirkier than its American counterpart. Indeed,
y
while ou mi ht assume that an exhibition of Land Art would consist onl of
y g y
records of works rather than the works themselves, Lon 's photograph of his work
g
is the work. Since his "action" is in the past, the photograph is its sole embodiment.
That mi ht seem rather an obscure point, but it sets the tone for an exhibition
g
that contains a lot of black-and-white photographs and relativel few natural objects.
y
Lon is Britain's best-known Land Artist and his Stone Circle, a perfect rin
g g
of purplish rocks from Portishead beach laid out on the allery floor, represents
g
the ele ant, rarefied side of the form. The Bo le Famil , on the other hand, stand
g y y
for its dirty, urban aspect. Comprisin artists Mark Bo le and Joan Hills and their
g y
children, the recreated random sections of the British landscape on allery walls.
y g
Their Olaf Street Study, a square of brick-strewn waste ground, is one of the few
works here to embrace the commonplaceness that characterises most of our
experience of the landscape most of the time.
Parks feature, particularl in the earlier works, such as John Hilliard's very
y
funn Across the Park, in which a lon -haired stroller is variousl smiled at b a
y g y y
prett irl and unwittin l assaulted in a sequence of ima es that tum out to be
y g g y g
different parts of the same photograph.
Generall however British land artists preferred to et away from towns,
y g
gravitatin towards landscapes that are traditionall considered beautiful such as
g y
the Lake District or the Wiltshire Downs. While it probabl wasn't apparent at the
y
time, much of this work is permeated b a spirit of romantic escapism that the
y
likes of Wordsworth would have readil understood. Derek Jarman's ellow-tinted
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film Towards Avebury, a collection of lon , mostl still shots of the Wiltshire
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landscape, evokes a tradition of En lish landscape paintin stretchin from Samuel
g g g
Palmer to Paul Nash.
In the case of Hamish Fulton, ou can't help feelin that the Scottish artist
y g
has simpl found a wa of makin his love of walkin pa . A typical work, such as
y y g g y
- 11 -Seven Da s, consists of a single beautiful black-and-white photograph taken on an
y
epic walk, with the mileage and number of da s taken listed beneath. British Land
y
Art as shown in this well selected, but relativel modestl scaled exhibition wasn't
y y
about imposing on the landscape, more a kind of landscape-orientated light
conceptual art created passing through. It had its origins in the great outdoors, but
the results were as gallery-bound as the paintings of Turner and Constable.
[A] originates from a long walk that the artist
took.
41. Stone Circle [B] illustrates a kind of landscape-orientated
light conceptual art.
42. Olaf Street Stud [C] reminds people of the English landscape
y
painting tradition.
43. Across the Park [D] represents the elegance of the British land
art.
44.Towards Avebury [E] depicts the ordinary side of the British
land art.
45. Seven Da s [F] embodies a romantic escape into the
y
Scottish outdoors.
[G] contains images from different parts of the
same photograph.
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Section III Translation
46. Directions:
Translate the following text into Chinese. Write our translation on the ANSWER
y
SHEET.(15 points)
Most people would define optimism as being endlessl happ , with a glass
y y
that's perpetuall half full. But that's exactl the kind of false cheerfulness that
y y
positive ps chologists wouldn't recommend. "Health optimism means being in
y y
touch with reality," sa s Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor. According to Ben
y
Shahar, realistic optimists are those who make the best of things that happen, but not
those who believe everything happens for the best.
Ben-Shahar uses three optimistic exercises. When he feels down — sa , after
y
giving a bad lecture — he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds
himself that not every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective
than others. Next is reconstruction. He anal zes the weak lecture, learning lessons
y
for the future about what works and what doesn't. Finall , there is perspective,
y
which involves acknowledging that in the grand scheme of life, one lecture reall
y
doesn't matter.
- 13 -Section IV Writing
Part A
47. Directions:
Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John, a
local student. Write him an email to
1) tell him about your living habits, and
2) ask for advice about living there.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead.
Do not write your address. (10 points)
PartB
48. Directions:
Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should
1) interpret the chart, and
2) give your comments.
You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
图城镇人 口 乡村人
1000
I
834
807
00 I
666 674
� 600
过 400
:mt- I 300
、
200
1990年 2000年 2010年
20 年间中国城镇人口与乡村人口变化图
- 14 -
