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专题 03 阅读理解高频词汇
目录
01 模拟基础练
【题型一】单词背诵（英译汉）
【题型二】词汇选择题
02 重难创新练（阅读理解）
03 真题实战练（阅读理解）
题型一 单词背诵（英译汉）
研究报告类高频词汇
document________________ experiment ________________
biodiversity________________ estimation ________________
technology ________________ conduct________________
observation ________________ independent ________________
application ________________ accurate ________________
assistant________________ overestimate________________
outnumber ________________ underestimate ________________
specimen ________________ average________________
increasingly ________________ correlated ________________
observational ________________ phenomenon ________________
investigate________________ significantly ________________
statistician ________________ dominant ________________
illustrate ________________ response ________________potential ________________ tempt ________________
implication ________________ device ________________
reveal ________________ preschooler ________________
feature________________ mechanism ________________
imperfect________________ dramatically ________________
oversampled________________ mismatch ________________
identification________________ thoughtful ________________
originally ________________ consumption________________
psychologist________________ temptation ________________
阅读理解中医学、科普类高频词汇
1.医学类
alleviate________________ oxygen________________
absent-minded____________ soothe________________
bacteria________________ resistant________________
bandage________________ syndrome________________
capsule________________ handicap________________
disable________________ surgeon________________
disorder________________ physician________________
discomfort______________ remedy________________
diagnose________________ stress________________
transplant________________ stroke________________
prescribe________________ pill________________
itamin________________ tablet________________
protein________________
2.科普类
assign ________________ universal ________________
digital ________________ solar ________________
dimension ________________ solid ________________
electrical ________________ mechanical ________________
electronic ________________ precise________________
optical ________________ logical ________________psychological ________________ transform ________________
phenomenon ________________ roadmap ________________
element ________________ forthcoming ________________
biology ________________ revolution ________________
evolution ________________ complicated ________________
mathematics ________________ understandable________________
statistic________________ accessible ________________
carbon ________________ informative ________________
measurement ________________ Artificial General Intelligence________________
graph________________ sidelined ________________
navigation ________________ essential ________________
infinite________________ tipping point ________________
visual ________________ structured thinking________________
monitor ________________ abandoned ________________
emission ________________ environmentally friendly________________
pesticide ________________ sustainable________________
sustainability ________________ dispose of________________
chemicals ________________ circumstance ________________
阅读理解中社会生活、心理学类高频词汇
1.社会生活类
allocate________________ depressed ________________
assess ________________ discipline ________________
bankrupt________________ emergence ________________
biography________________ financial squeeze________________
boost________________ flourish ________________
civilize ________________ genuine ________________
comprehension ________________ initiative________________
consciousness ________________ modify ________________
coordination________________ pursuit ________________
celebrity ________________ sponsor ________________
critically ________________ thrive ________________tend ________________ motivate ________________
violent behaviours________________ behavioural patterns________________
chaos ________________ efficient ________________
morality ________________ accompany ________________
moral virtues________________ advantageous ________________
cruelty ________________ self-discipline ________________
humbleness ________________ self-control ________________
religion ________________ strengthen ________________
social instincts________________ capacity ________________
community ________________ philosophy ________________
2.心理学类
minimalism ________________ assertiveness ________________
intolerable ________________ supportive ________________
solitude ________________ complex ________________
aggressive ________________ psychological problem________________
conceited ________________ mental health________________
frustrate ________________ societal expectations________________
lonely________________ overwhelming________________
stress ________________ competitive ________________
suspect________________ extracurricular ________________
bully ________________ deprivation ________________
victim________________ prioritize ________________
anxiety________________ verbal abuse________________
psychology________________ social exclusion ________________
psychologist______________ cyberbullying________________
self-esteem ________________ popularization ________________
neglect ________________ emotional intelligence________________
empathy________________ misunderstand________________
sympathetic________________ motivation ________________阅读理解记叙文中描写人物及作者态度相关的高频词汇
1.记叙文命题中题干和选项中常考的描述作者态度的词：
表示赞同+积极
appreciation________________ respectable________________
appreciative ________________ satisfaction ________________
approval ________________ soothing ________________
approving ________________ supportive________________
compensatory ________________ sympathy ________________
confident ________________ sympathetic ________________
defensive________________ talented ________________
desirable ________________ tolerance ________________
enthusiastic ________________ tolerant ________________
enthusiasm ________________ understanding ________________
favorable ________________ admiring ________________
frank________________ rewarding ________________
influential ________________ instructive ________________
modest ________________ consent________________
positive ________________ impressed / impressive ________________
profound ________________ humorous________________
表示否定+消极
unwilling ________________ = reluctant disapproval ________________
pessimistic________________= permissive disgust ________________
depressed ________________ = frustrated = gloomy doubtful ________________
hesitancy________________ enraged ________________
hesitant ________________ guilty________________
arrogant ________________ harmful________________
biased ________________ impulsive ________________
conservative ________________ indignation ________________
contempt_______________ indulgence ________________
contemptuous ________________ insulted ________________
detestation________________ misleading ________________negative ________________ radical________________
objection ________________ disapproval ________________
opposition________________ hostile________________
opposed ________________ undesirable ________________
self-centered ________________ unworthy ________________
ironic________________=sarcastic=satiric worried ________________
disappointed ________________ permissive________________
表示客观中立
factual ________________ conservative________________
detached ________________ objective ________________
disinterested ________________ objectiveness ________________
impartial ________________ unbiased ________________
neutral ________________ = impersonal unprejudiced________________
ambiguous ________________
主观词
cautious________________ criticism________________
cautiousness ________________ compromising ________________
curiosity ________________ dissatisfied ________________
puzzled ________________ informative ________________
subjective ________________ formal ________________
apprehensive ________________ informal ________________
intolerant________________ discontent________________
critical________________
表怀疑不确定
dubious________________
questioning________________
uncertain ________________
unclear ________________
skeptical________________
skepticism ________________
suspicion ________________questionable ________________
2.记叙文描写人物的高频词：
adaptable________________ forceful________________
aggressive________________ forgetful________________
ambitious________________ generous________________
analytical________________ helpful________________
argumentative________________ helpless________________
aspiring________________ honest________________
attractive________________ humorous________________
brilliant________________ inconsiderate________________
competent________________ independent________________
confident________________ initiative ________________
considerate________________ intellective________________
constructive________________ inventive________________
cooperative________________ just ________________
courageous________________ kind-hearted________________
creative________________ knowledgeable________________
dashing________________ learned________________
demanding________________ loyal________________
determined________________ mean________________
devoted________________ methodical________________
disciplined________________ modest________________
dishonest________________ moody________________
disorganized________________ motivated________________
dutiful________________ narrow-minded________________
easy-going________________ noisy________________
efficient________________ objective________________
energetic________________ open-minded________________
enthusiastic________________ optimistic________________
expressive________________ orderly________________
faithful________________ original________________outgoing________________ smart________________
painstaking________________ sociable________________
passionate________________ spirited________________
pessimistic________________ steady________________
polite________________ straightforward________________
popular________________ strict________________
practical________________ supportive________________
purposeful________________ strong-willed________________
pushy________________ sympathetic________________
personality________________ talented________________
qualified________________ thoughtful________________
responsible________________ tireless________________
romantic________________ tolerant________________
self-conscious________________ understanding________________
sensitive________________ upright________________
sincere________________ virtuous________________
skeptical________________
熟记常用同义替换词汇或短语
1.________________ be related to= be associated 7.________________boycott, refuse to accept,
with= be linked to= be connected with resist, reject
2.________________ a variety of +n. /varieties of 8.________________contradict, be opposite to
+n. =various +n. =all kinds of=all sorts of = 9.________________abandon, go away from, leave,
diversities of give up
3.________________ in advance, ahead of time, 10.________________describe, give a description
ahead of schedule of
4.________________be tired/sick of=be bored 11.________________afterwards, after that, later on
with=be fed up with
12.________________nowadays, at present, at the
5.________________agree/be consistent/correspond present time
with
13.________________cancel, call off
6.________________be absent from, be not present 14.________________announce/declare sth, make
at sth known to the public15.________________in (a) good condition, in a to sb
good state/situation 24. learn…by heart ________________=memorize
16.________________be accessible, be easy to 注：recite ________________
enter/reach/use 25. stand for ________________=represent=be on
17.________________again, once more, once again, behalf of=symbolize
over and over again 26. provide sb with sth ________________=
18.________________be in the dark about, know provide sth for sb=supply sb with sth=supply sth
nothing about to sb=afford sb sth
19.________________allocate sth to sb, divide sth =afford sth to sb
among sb 27. be brought up ________________= be raised=
20.________________ 不 愿 意 / 不 屑 于 … = be be reared bring up = raise ________________
unwilling to do sth=be reluctantly 28. agree with sb ________________= see eye to
21.industrious ________________=hardworking eye with sb
=diligent 29. attend to________________= pay attention to=
22.all of a sudden ________________= all at once be attentive to
= suddenly =sharply= out of the blue= without 30. take on ________________…= assume
warning
23.cheat on sb ________________=be not faithful
熟记常用有关文章出处的词汇
novel/fiction________________ business newspaper________________
science novel/fiction________________ science report________________
advertisement/Ad________________ medical report________________
An official website________________ official report________________
A travel website________________ research report________________
an instructive website________________ news report________________
travel magazine________________ A travel journal________________
geography magazine________________ travel guidebook________________
science magazine________________ exhibition guidebook________________
illustrated magazine________________ A program guide________________
newspaper________________ A training brochure________________A travel brochure________________ research article________________
A literature review________________ biography________________
A film review________________ course plan________________
academic article________________ encyclopedia________________
题型二 词汇选择题
1．（24-25高三上·天津·期中）The word Mangzhong is a pun (双关语) on “busy planting” in Chinese, which is
also an _____description of how farmers’ life is during this period of time.
A．accurate B．flexible C．accessible D．available
2．（23-24高三·天津滨海新·阶段练习）The ________ project was completed in only nine months.
A．relevant B．ambitious C．loyal D．violent
3．（2024·天津·一模）Play is a(n) part of a child’s development, just as the saying goes, “All work and no
play makes Jack a dull boy”.
A．accurate B．essential C．impressive D．temporary
4．（23-24高三下·天津·阶段练习）Some people think that watching violence on TV is one of the major causes
of ______ behavior and crime in society.
A．abstract B．ridiculous C．aggressive D．visual
5．（22-23高三下·广东广州·阶段练习）She’s very ________ of the problems involved.
A．brilliant B．intelligent C．innovative D．conscious
6．（22-23高三下·广东广州·阶段练习）Early bird tickets are available, but they are only ________ to our
members.
A．accessible B．accidental C．potential D．imaginative
7．（2024·天津河北·一模）Considering the different demands of the students, the school has adopted a more
________ approach to education.
A．independent B．responsible C．flexible D．general
8．（22-23高三下·广东广州·阶段练习）This is a ________ shopping centre offering visitors entry to a clutch
(群) of well-known etailers without going to their different websites.
A．artificial B．automatic C．virtual D．relevant
9．（2022·天津南开·模拟预测）Without our phones, we had a ________ conversation for over two hours,
without being distracted by messages from other people.
A．polite B．precious C．proper D．positive10．（21-22高三下·天津滨海新·阶段练习）Considering the different demands of the students, the school has
adopted a more ________ approach to education.
A．independent B．responsible C．flexible D．considerate
11．（23-24高三上·天津·期末）Students who are found with pets, whether visiting or owned by the student, are
_______ to an initial fine of $100 and a continuing fine of $50 a day per pet.
A．bound B．subject C．subsequent D．committed
12．（23-24高三上·天津和平·期末）More Chinese classics have been adapted for movies or TV plays to make
traditional Chinese culture to a wider range of people.
A．flexible B．convenient C．effective D．accessible
13．（23-24高三上·天津西青·期末）Sarah was feeling about the result of her job interview, and constantly
check her email for any news.
A．guilty B．grateful C．anxious D．sad
14．（23-24高三上·天津河北·期末）Despite the rise in technology-based learning tools, the school chose to
maintain ______teaching methods, emphasizing the value of face-to-face interaction in the classroom.
A．identical B．substantial C．botanical D．conventional
15．（2023·天津·高考真题）Athletes should make _________ preparation, both physical and psychological,
before entering a big race.
A．adequate B．slight C．identical D．rough
16．（23-24高三上·内蒙古通辽·阶段练习）My fourteen-year-old sister is now studying in a ________ school.
A．vocational B．vocation C．vacation D．vacational
17．（23-24高三上·天津·阶段练习）According to the results, voters’ opinions differ on a variety of issues,
such as gun control, illegal immigration and so on.
A．potential B．controversial C．financial D．official
18．（23-24高三上·天津·阶段练习）Since this school provides various optional courses, students will have a(n)
choice according to their interest.
A．flexible B．accessible C．available D．reliable
19．（23-24高三上·广东深圳·阶段练习）Students in Senior 3 are under __________ pressure but we can
endure it as long as we bear dreams in our mind.
A．intense B．steely C．strange D．cooperative
20．（23-24高三上·广东深圳·阶段练习）Stephen was scolded for walking into the kitchen with __________
boots and making a mess.A．woolen B．gentle C．muddy D．shiny
21．（23-24高三上·天津·阶段练习）The Great Wall is the miniature of ______ spirit of the Chinese people, and
also the symbol of the Chinese civilization.
A．conventional B．conservative C．flexible D．enterprising
22．（23-24高三上·天津·阶段练习）Elizabeth was enormously motivated although she made ________
advances in her English learning.
A．brilliant B．modest C．substantial D．considerable
23．（23-24高三上·天津南开·期中）Supporters were encouraged to bring along canned food and ______
supplies to help those trapped.
A．comfort B．dedicate C．essential D．initial
24．（23-24高三上·江苏苏州·期中）Fossil fuels are non-renewable, whose reserves will be used up one day in
the future. In contrast, renewable energy sources are basically __________, and will be available to us for a few
billion more years.
A．inadequate B．inexhaustible C．inaccessible D．inflexible
25．（23-24高三上·上海·期中）“Man”, as a(n) _________ term for both men and women, is now considered
sexist.
A．favourable B．abstract C．blanket D．clinical
26．（23-24高三上·福建厦门·期中）The hardest part of going back to college was feeling ________ about the
time I spent away from my kids.
A．ridiculous B．confident C．guilty D．excited
27．（22-23高三上·甘肃定西·期中）Mr Davis was________ that the books he ordered online were not
delivered as promised.
A．confident B．conscious C．grateful D．annoyed
28．（22-23高二上·河北张家口·期中）There was nothing special about this film — it was only ______.
A．particular B．average C．interesting D．strange
29．（21-22高三上·天津北辰·期中）Some people are always__________ about the future while some are
always looking at the bright side of things in their lives.
A．abnormal B．modest C．pessimistic D．patient
30．（23-24高三上·江苏苏州·阶段练习）When I received the acceptance letter from my dream university, I
was ____. I couldn’t contain my joy and excitement.
A．nervous B．ecstatic C．embarrassed D．furious31．（23-24高三上·福建厦门·阶段练习）With the development of AI, the line between humans and robots will
be more in the future.
A．absurd B．violent C．urgent D．blurred
32．（23-24高三上·天津和平·期末）The dry-cleaner’s couldn’t get the dirt out completely, but you can
______see it now.
A．approximately B．virtually C．barely D．practically
33．（23-24高三上·天津·阶段练习）Mr.Holmes believed that door was locked inside by the hostess, but all the
evidence suggested________.
A．instead B．anyway C．otherwise D．though
34．（23-24高三上·天津静海·阶段练习）Several years ago, I had a manager who________changed his mind
about what he wanted.
A．strangely B．constantly C．actually D．eventually
35．（23-24高三上·天津南开·期中）If you have health examination________, any disease you may have can be
discovered early.
A．regularly B．particularly C．gradually D．typically
36．（23-24高三上·天津武清·阶段练习）The erhu was ______ a musical instrument of ethnic groups in
northern China, which dates more than a thousand years back to the Tang Dynasty (618-907).
A．originally B．eventually C．increasingly D．accurately
37．（20-21高三上·天津北辰·期中）You may thank your good luck that you were just___________ hurt while
the others were either killed or seriously injured.
A．extremely B．slightly C．safely D．exactly
38．（23-24高三上·重庆·期中）There is little chance that we will succeed in changing the law. ________, it is
vital that we strive for the equality.
A．Moreover B．Nevertheless C．Despite D．Additionally
39．（20-21高三上·天津北辰·期末）Although e-books are becoming more and more popular, I don’t think they
will ________ take the place of paper books.
A．finally B．merely C．obviously D．especially
40．（23-24高三上·天津南开·期中）After several rounds of talks, the two sides ______ reached an agreement.
A．apparently B．eventually C．literally D．frequently
41．（22-23高三上·河北张家口·期中）Most people on this island are fishers, and ________, fishing forms an
actual part of their leisure time.A．accidentally B．purposefully C．obviously D．formally
42．（23-24高三上·天津静海·阶段练习）It’s a tradition that, at the wedding ceremony, the hands of the bride
and groom would be tied together with a length of ribbon to symbolize that their lives were fastened together
_______.
A．conveniently B．deliberately C．permanently D．temporarily
43．（23-24高三上·江苏苏州·阶段练习）My guitar solos seemed to flow _____from my fingers, and I felt
surrounded by a wall of music.
A．continuously B．excessively C．effortlessly D．steadily
44．（23-24高三上·福建宁德·阶段练习）Peng’s company makes ________700,000 yuan for each partnership it
sets up and more importantly, benefits both local people and foreign countries.
A．approximately B．appropriately
C．absolutely D．desperately
45．（23-24高三上·福建宁德·阶段练习）Whenever the teacher asks a question of my slow desk-mate, he often
stands up and constantly scratches his head.
A．accidentally B．unconsciously
C．elegantly D．coincidentally
46．（24-25高三上·天津北辰·期中）Participating in extra-curricular activities enables us to learn to negotiate
and ________ with fellow students.
A．cooperate B．celebrate C．separate D．generate
47．（23-24高三下·天津北辰·期中）Giving speeches and presentations is a necessary part of life. Whether it be
at school or at a conference, speeches and orals ______ most fields of study.
A．enhance B．maintain C．advocate D．dominate
48．（2021·天津北辰·三模）He has made great contributions to his company since he entered the company.
That’s why he got ______ last month.
A．blamed B．reflected C．inspected D．promoted
49．（2024·天津河东·二模）The police woman ________ that I hadn’t fastened my seat belt and signaled me to
stop.
A．spotted B．explored C．instructed D．described
50．（2024·天津·二模）Due to Huawei’s latest product Mate X5 which was ______ in September 2023, Huawei
took a leading role on China Market Foldable Smartphone Brand Sales Ranking.
A．launched B．landed C．installed D．informed51．（2024·天津·二模）As a physician during the Han Dynasty, Hua Tuo is often________ with being the first in
China to use anesthesia (麻醉)during surgcry.
A．presented B．referred C．credited D．promoted
52．（2024·天津南开·模拟预测）We had to ______ on the location for our vacation to end the discussion and
make everyone happy.
A．memorize B．compromise C．suspect D．destroy
53．（2024·天津和平·三模）In Japan, someone who witnesses another person ______ the OK gesture might
think it means money, while in France, a person encountering an identical gesture may interpret it as meaning zero.
A．ignoring B．employing C．analyzing D．permitting
54．（2024·天津北辰·三模）By working in a famous school, Lily not only ______ much valuable experience but
also had a clearer understanding of her career ahead.
A．guaranteed B．accumulated C．exchanged D．scheduled
55．（2024·天津·三模）While posing no significant security threat, the event did ________ some popular
concern.
A．suspect B．generate C．disturb D．refresh
56．（2024·天津·一模）Greenhouse gases have been speeding up the process of global warming and our
climate.
A．affecting B．challenging C．promoting D．creating
57．（23-24高三下·天津南开·开学考试）The Tianjin Port Free Trade Zone is the only free trade zone in
northern China. The zone was to be established in 1991 by State Council.
A．informed B．advertised C．announced D．approved
58．（22-23高三下·广东广州·阶段练习）It has been ________ that this drug is effective.
A．composed B．prescribed C．restrained D．demonstrated
59．（2012·江西宜春·一模）The parking rules in public places should be ______ strictly, otherwise you would
get a ticket.
A．realized B．recognized C．consulted D．observed
60．（23-24高三·天津河北·期末）Most of the value of AI lies in its __________ to analyse and interpret vast
amounts of data.
A．stability B．capacity C．celebrity D．reputation
61．（2024·天津河西·二模）Peking University has the ______ of being one of the most famous universities in
the world, so it attracts a large number of excellent students every year.A．distinction B．admission C．impression D．ambition
62．（2024·天津·二模）The hit film YOLO has received criticism as well as ______ since it was released
because views on overweight differ.
A．credit B．argument C．implement D．privilege
63．（2024·天津和平·二模）_______ must go to addressing immediate needs and ensuring the safety of all
individuals in the community during this crisis.
A．Measures B．Targets C．Functions. D．Priorities
64．（23-24高三下·天津·阶段练习）The visit to the art gallery gave the young painter a profound ______ into
the use of colors in abstract art, so she decided to experiment with it in her own paintings.
A．understanding B．fascination C．glimpse D．challenge
65．（2024·天津·二模）The CCTV show - the Chinese Poetry Competition has been popular among the
audience, which is partly designed to arouse people’s ______ in Chinese poetry.
A．enthusiasm B．response C．significance D．reflection
66．（24高三·黑龙江哈尔滨·期末）You can deepen your and memory if you scan the material first.
A．compassion B．compensation C．consumption D．comprehension
67．（2024·天津·二模）Over the years, people have learned from ants that team work and perseverance are two
key _______ to success.
A．contents B．ingredients C．approaches D．instructions
68．（2024·天津宁河·一模）When giving first aid, we should give top ________ to those in the most serious
situations.
A．priority B．potential
C．criticism D．elements
69．（2024·天津·一模）Healthcare workers are at risk of getting infectious diseases because of their to
infected patients.
A．guidance B．response C．exposure D．advantage
70．（23-24高三下·天津南开·开学考试）Men must consider eating, drinking, clothing and finding shelter
before they can pursue entertainment and .
A．potential B．recreation C．justice D．intervention阅读理解
Passage 1
Experiments on rats show that mixing energy drinks with alcohol can cause long-term problems with
cognitive (认知的) function, adding to concerns over young adults drinking habits.
The study was carried out by a team from the University of Cagliari, and groups of male adolescent rats
being given alcohol, energy drinks, or a mixture of both. Various standard experiments were then used to assess
cognitive function - including brain scans and behavioral tests - up to 53 days after drinking.
These tests revealed that the animals consuming the mixed drinks showed enduring changes in their ability
to learn and remember and changes in the hippocampus (海马体) - a part of the brain responsible for learning and
memory.
Alcohol and energy drinks are popular with young people for various reasons, and the effects from this study
are that these habits could cause some long-term harm. In particular, it seems that hippocampus plasticity could be
affected, damaging the brain’s ability to adapt and change in response to new information and demands.
While the rats on alcohol and energy drinks initially showed a boost in certain brain functions. these benefits
didn’t last, and over time and into adulthood there was a decline in brain capability.
The results show that alcohol mixed with energy drinks consumption during the preadoleseent period
produces adaptive hippocampal changes at the electrophysiological and molecular levels. associated with changes
in behavior, which are already detectable during adolescence and persist in adulthood.
These results still need to be confirmed in human studies, and there’re likely differences between sexes due
to hormone interactions that weren’t explored in this study. But health concerns over energy drinks are justified.
Alcohol has plenty of effects in health, and it’s well-known that mixing the two together in any kind of significant
way isn’t the best idea.
Overall, the analysis of the whole set of data obtained suggests that alcohol mixed with energy drinks, during
adolescence, may have results that are not necessarily the sum of those observed with alcohol or energy drinks
alone and permanently affect hippocampal plasticity.
1．How was the study carried out?
A．By observing rats’ various behaviors on the spot.
B．By comparing rats’ reactions on different occasions.
C．By collecting previous data of rats of different kinds
D．By measuring the cognitive influences on the tested rats.2．What does the underlined word “enduring” in paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．Minor. B．Instant. C．Lasting. D．Unnoticeable
3．What can we learn from the study?
A．Mixed drinks initially do great damage to rats’ brains.
B．Great sex differences have been detected in rats so far.
C．Human subjects have not been involved in the process
D．The hippocampal and behavioral changes don’t last long.
4．What is the best title for the text?
A．Adolescent Rats Experimented, Great Concerns Aroused
B．More Energy Drinks Consumed, More Health Effects Noted
C．Healthy Diet Habits Adopted, Behavioral Patterns Improved
D．Energy Drinks Mixed with Alcohol, Brain Functions Affected
Passage 2
As more and more species near extinction, scientists have been collecting samples from animals, plants and
other creatures and storing them in biobanks across the globe. But climate change, environmental disasters and
wars threaten these modern Noah’s arks. Now, a team of researchers is brainstorming an out-of-this-world solution:
building one of these vaults (库) on the moon.
A biobank in a permanently shadowed region at the moon’s south pole could be far more stable than those on
Earth. This part of the moon usually remains around -196° Celsius, perfect for storing most animal cells long-term,
marine biologist Mary Hagedorn and colleagues report in BioScience.
Hagedorn and colleagues drew inspiration from the Svalbard Global Seed Vault in Norway which takes
advantage of below-zero Arctic temperatures to preserve millions of seeds from around the world. In 2017, melting
(融化) frozen soil threatened to flood the vault, highlighting the need for a backup plan. A different team has
proposed building a lunar ark in lava (熔岩) tubes that run beneath the moon’s surface. But that design requires a
solar-powered cooling system; any loss of power and the samples would be destroyed. In the moon’s forever-frozen
shadowed regions, a lunar vault wouldn’t need energy or constant human maintenance, Hagedorn’s team says.
Given the shadowy south pole’s low temperatures, Hagedorn says, a vault there could store “one of the most
powerful cells that we have today” — fibroblasts. Scientists can transform these animal cells into stem cells, “and
then those stem cells can be used for cloning,” she says. The cells could be valuable for regenerating populations of
threatened or extinct species and for building ecosystems in future human settlements on the moon or Mars.The proposal has its share of barriers. For instance, the moon’s permanently dark regions aren’t free from
temperature swings, says lunar scientist Benjamin Greenhagen of the Johns Hopkins University. “They are still cold
but perhaps not always cold enough for this project without some level of temperature management.”
1．Why is the moon an ideal place for the biobank?
A．It’s not affected by wars. B．It’s not environmentally polluted.
C．It has proper temperatures. D．It has rich resources for research.
2．What led to Hagedorn’s proposal of a lunar biobank?
A．The solar-powered cooling system. B．The lava tubes on the moon’s surface.
C．The problem facing the Norway Vault. D．The discovery of ice on the lunar pole.
3．What can scientists use fibroblasts to do?
A．Form stem cells for cloning. B．Explore moon soil conditions.
C．Help land humans on the moon. D．Improve the eco-system of the earth.
4．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Lunar Exploration: The Next Frontier for Cloning
B．Relieving Climate Change: The Moon Biobank Project
C．The Moon as a Backup: A New Solution for Seed Storage
D．Building Biobanks on the Moon: A Proposal to Save Biodiversity
Passage 3
Superhuman artificial intelligence has played a role in our life. When it comes to playing games like chess,
or solving difficult scientific challenges like predicting protein structures, computers are well ahead of humans. But
we have one superpower they aren’t close to mastering: mind reading.
We are blessed with a mysterious ability to reason the goals, desires and beliefs of others, a crucial skill that
means we can anticipate other people’s actions and the consequences of our own. If AIs are to become truly useful
in everyday life — to cooperate effectively with us or to understand that a child might run into the road after a
bouncing ball — we have to give them this gift that evolution has given us to read other people’s minds.
In psychology, the ability to infer another’s mental state is referred to as theory of mind. In humans, this
capacity develops at a very young age. How to reproduce the capability in machines is far from clear, though. One
of the main challenges is context. For instance, if someone asks whether you are going for a run and you reply “it’s
raining”, they can quickly conclude the answer is no. But this requires huge amounts of background knowledge
about running, weather and human preferences.Besides, whether humans or AI, the theory of mind is supposed to emerge naturally from one’s own learning
process. Building prior knowledge into AI makes it reliant on our imperfect understanding of theory of mind. In
addition, AI may be capable of developing approaches we could never imagine. There can be many forms of theory
of mind that we don’t know about simply because we live in a human body that has certain types of senses and a
certain ability to think.
But we might still want AI to have a more human-like form of theory of mind. Humans can clearly explain
their goals to each other using common language and ideas. While letting AI form the theory of mind in their
learning process is likely to lead to developing more powerful AI, plainly building in shared ways to represent
knowledge may be crucial for humans to trust and communicate with AI.
It is important to remember, though, that the pursuit of machines with theory of mind is about more than just
building more useful robots. It is also a stepping stone on the path towards a deeper goal for AI and robotics
research: building truly self-aware machines. Whether we will ever get there remains to be seen.But along the way
thinking about other people and other agents, we are on the path to learning to think about ourselves.
1．According to the passage, which of the following contexts can AI understand well?
A．When asked where an object is, a naughty kid points in the wrong direction.
B．When a teacher asks for a boy’s homework, he answers “my dog ate it”.
C．When you are treated with a hotpot for dinner, you reply “a sore throat”.
D．When a mom tells her kid milk is good for health, the kid drinks it up.
2．Which statement will the author agree with most about AI’s theory of mind?
A．AI has already mastered the ability to read human minds.
B．The development of AI’s theory of mind heavily relies on human’s understanding of it.
C．AI’s theory of mind can appear naturally without any human intervention.
D．AI’s theory of mind is superior to human’s in all forms.
3．What is the author’s attitude toward truly self-aware machines?
A．Ambiguous. B．Conservative. C．Skeptical. D．Approving.
4．Which would be the best title for the passage?
A．AI’s Theory of Mind Will Define Our Future
B．AI with Its Own Theory of Mind Is Expected
C．AI’s Theory of Mind — a Blessing or Suffering to Humans
D．Theory of Mind Bridges the Gap Between Humans and AI完形填空
Passage 1
（2024·天津卷）
Humans have evolved (进化) to spend long periods doing physical exercise. But why doesn’t everyone enjoy
exercising? The complexity of the human brain is to blame.
Evolving an ability doesn’t automatically mean we’ll want to use it. While physical exercise isn’t that bad,
it’s still typically unpleasant. It has to be: you’re pushing your body to its physical limits, which leads to significant
discomfort.
Another issue is that the human brain is highly sensitive to wasted effort. Studies have shown that it
calculates the effort required for actions and tends to stop us from squandering vital resources on fruitless efforts,
like walking over 30 km for a handful of berries.
The thing is, regular exercise to get “in shape” requires constant and considerable effort — all for gradual
progress and uncertain rewards. So, your brain’s tendency to ask, “Is it worth it? ” will be hard to quieten. This
particular feature also means we typically prefer things which offer minimum effort for maximum reward.
Thankfully, the human brain is a complex organ. It isn’t ruled by its more primitive drives. While many
species’ thought processes are limited to “Food, eat it!”, “Danger, run!”, “Pain, avoid!”, we’ve evolved beyond that.
Our brains can form multiple long-term goals and ambitions. We can imagine a desirable future scenario (情况),
figure out how we’d achieve it, and do just that. Or at least work toward it. This directly impacts how our brain
processes motivation and willpower. It makes us capable of delayed gratification (满足): we can recognize that
rejecting a reward now can lead to a greater reward later, and act accordingly.
So how does the brain process motivation? The self-discrepancy (自我差异) theory suggests we have several
“selves” active in our minds at any given time: our “actual” self, our “ideal” self, and our “ought” self. Your
“actual” self is how you are right now. Your “ideal” self is what you want to be. And your “ought” self is the self
that does what you ought to be doing to become your “ideal” self. So, if your “ideal” self is a professional
footballer, and your “actual” self isn’t, your “ought” self is the one that spends a lot of time training, exercising, and
getting better at football.
As far as your brain is concerned, there are processes that discourage exercise, and processes that encourageit. Ideally, you’ll end up putting more weight on the latter than the former.
1．What can be learnt from the first two paragraphs?
A．Some people are born physically weaker than others.
B．Some people dislike driving themselves too hard physically.
C．Most people have the habit of doing physical exercise.
D．Most people do physical exercise for comfort and pleasure.
2．Which is closest in meaning to the underlined word “squandering” in Paragraph 3?
A．Conserving. B．Mixing. C．Misusing. D．Sharing.
3．What is the author’s purpose in writing Paragraph 4?
A．To raise a question. B．To provide a definition.
C．To make a comparison. D．To further explain a point.
4．According to the author, how are humans different from many other species?
A．Humans are able to picture a favorable future.
B．Humans benefit more from painful experiences.
C．Humans care more about immediate rewards.
D．Humans are skilled at avoiding dangers.
5．According to the self-discrepancy theory, who presents the most active “ought” self?
A．A footballer dreaming of becoming a movie star.
B．A student eating potato chips while watching TV.
C．A professional dancer performing at a theatre.
D．A swimmer training to win an Olympic medal.
Passage 2
（2024 年 1 月浙江高考真题）The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by
psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room.
A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes
before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies
with the children later in life showed a connect ion between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat
and various forms of success.
As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but
by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for varioustypes of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed
a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve
reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have
the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to
resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.
A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was
information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has
greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information.
Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more
thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to
manage our time most effectively.
1．What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test?
A．Take an examination alone. B．Show respect for the researchers.
C．Share their treats with others. D．Delay eating for fifteen minutes.
2．According to paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between ___________.
A．the calorie-poor world and our good appetites
B．the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs
C．the rich food supply and our unchanged brains
D．the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit
3．What does the author suggest readers do?
A．Absorb new information readily. B．Be selective information consumers.
C．Use diverse information sources. D．Protect the information environment.
4．Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A．Eat Less, Read More B．The Bitter Truth about Early Humans
C．The Later, the Better D．The Marshmallow Test for Grownups
Passage 3
（2022年6月浙江卷）
Many people believe that working to the maximum is the secret to success, but research has found that
moderation(适度) also gets results on the job.In a study led by Ellen Langer of Harvard University, researchers asked people to translate sentences into a
new a made-up language. Subjects who practiced the language moderately beforehand made fewer errors than those
who practiced extensively or not at all. High levels of knowledge can make people too attached to traditional ways
of viewing problems across fields the arts, sciences, and politics. High conscientiousness is related to lower job
performance, especially in simple jobs where it doesn’t pay to be a perfectionist.
How long we stay on the clock and how we spend that time are under careful examination in many
workplaces. The young banker who eats lunch at his desk is probably seen as a go-getter, while his colleagues who
chat over a relaxed conference-room meal get dirty looks from the corner office. “People from cultures that value
relationships more than ours does are shocked by the thought of eating alone in front of a computer”, says Art
Markman, a professor of psychology at the University of Texas, Austin. Social interaction has been shown to lift
mood(情绪) and get people thinking in new directions and in ways that could help improve any post-lunch effort.
Markman also promotes off-task time. “Part of being a good thinker is experiencing things that are seemingly
unrelated to what you are working on at the moment but give you fresh ideas about your work,” he says. “Also,
there is a lot of research showing that a positive mood leads to higher levels of productivity and creativity. So, when
people do things to increase their life satisfaction, they also make themselves more effective at work.”
1．What does Ellen Langer’s study show?
A．It is worthwhile to be a perfectionist B．Translation makes people knowledgeable.
C．Simpler jobs require greater caution. D．Moderate effort produces the best result.
2．The underlined word “go-getter” in paragraph 3 refers to someone Who_______.
A．is good at handling pressure B．works hard to become successful
C．a has a natural talent for his job. D．gets on well with his co-workers
3．What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A．A good thinker is able to inspire other people.
B．Experience unrelated to your job is useless.
C．A cheerful mood helps make a creative mind.
D．Focusing on what you do raises productivity.
4．What does the text seem to advocate?
A．Middle-of-the-road work habits. B．Balance between work and family.
C．Long-standing cultural traditions. D．Harmony in the work environment.
