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2010 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D
on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
①In 1924 America’s National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of
industrial experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. ②It
hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting 1 workers’ productivity. ③ Instead, the
studies ended 2 giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect”, the extremely influential idea
that the very 3 of being experimented upon changes subjects’ behavior.
①The idea arose because of the 4 behavior of the women in the plant. ②According
to 5 of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when
it was dimmed. ③It did not 6 what was done in the experiment; 7 something was
changed, productivity rose. ④A(n) 8 that they were being experimented upon seemed to be
9 to alter workers’ behavior 10 itself.
① After several decades, the same data were 11 to econometric analysis. ② The
Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in store. ③ 12 the descriptions on record, no
systematic 13 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.
① It turns out that the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to 14
interpretations of what happened. ② 15 , lighting was always changed on a Sunday. ③When
work started again on Monday, output 16 rose compared with the previous Saturday and
17 to rise for the next couple of days. ④ 18 , a comparison with data for weeks when there
was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays. ⑤Workers 19 to
be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 20 a plateau and then
slackening off. ⑥ This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down. (285
words)
1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored
2. [A] at [B]up [C] with [D] off
3. [A]truth [B]sight [C] act [D] proof
4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C]mischievous [D] ambiguous
5. [A]requirements [B]explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments
6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work
7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as
8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion
9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant
10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by
1 / 1211. [A] compared [B]shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed
12. [A] Contrary to [B] Consistent with [C] Parallel with [D] Peculiar to
13. [A] evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source
14. [A] disputable [B] enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading
15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual
16. [A] duly [B]accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly
17. [A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued
18. [A]Therefore [B]Furthermore [C]However [D]Meanwhile
19. [A] attempted [B]tended [C]chose [D]intended
20. [A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hitting
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.
Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past
quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and
seriousness of their arts coverage.
①It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to
imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.
②Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th
century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. ③To read such books today is to marvel at
the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-
circulation dailies.
①We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England
between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was
dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it
appeared. ②In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would
write in detail and at length about the events they covered. ③Theirs was a serious business, and
even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest
Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. ④These men believed in journalism as
a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. ⑤“So few authors have brains
enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am
tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to
2 / 12writers who are’ .”
①Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. ②Neville Cardus, who wrote for the
Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a
writer of essays on the game of cricket. ③ During his lifetime, though, he was also one of
England’s foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography
(1947) became a best-seller. ④He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored.
⑤Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown
save to specialists.
① Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? ② The prospect seems
remote. ③ Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have
little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. ④ Moreover, the
amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat. (428 words)
21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that ______.
[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers
[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews
[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers
[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies
22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by ______.
[A] free themes
[B] casual style
[C] elaborate layout
[D] radical viewpoints
23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?
[A] It is writers’ duty to fulfill journalistic goals.
[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.
[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.
[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.
24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?
[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.
[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.
[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.
[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.
25. What would be the best title for the text?
[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days
[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers
[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism
3 / 12[D] Prominent Critics in Memory
Text 2
①Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business
methods. ② Amazon.com received one for its “one-click” online payment system. ③ Merrill
Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. ④One inventor patented a technique
for lifting a box.
① Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-
method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago.
② In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the
Federal Circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method
patents. ③In re Bilski, as the case is known , is “a very big deal”, says Dennis D. Crouch of the
University of Missouri School of Law. ④ It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of
patents.”
① Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the
Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State
Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets.② That ruling
produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging Internet companies
trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions.③ Later, more
established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against
rivals that might beat them to the punch.④In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been
issued more than 300 business-method patents, despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis
for granting them.⑤Similarly, some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents
for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.
① The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy
market.②The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all
12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate
is whether it should “reconsider” its State Street Bank ruling.
① The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the
Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders.② Last April, for
example, the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are
obvious.③The judges on the Federal Circuit are “reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme
Court”, says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University
Law School.（430 words）
26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of_________.
[A] their limited value to businesses
[B] their connection with asset allocation
[C] the possible restriction on their granting
[D] the controversy over their authorization
27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?
4 / 12[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions.
[B] It involves a very big business transaction.
[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit.
[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.
28. The word “about-face” (Line 1, Para 3) most probably means_________.
[A] loss of good will[B] increase of hostility
[C] change of attitude[D] enhancement of dignity
29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents_________.
[A] are immune to legal challenges
[B] are often unnecessarily issued
[C] lower the esteem for patent holders
[D] increase the incidence of risks
30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?
[A] A looming threat to business-method patents.
[B] Protection for business-method patent holders.
[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents.
[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patents.
Text 3
① In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that “social epidemics” are
driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called
influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or wellconnected. ②The idea is intuitively
compelling, but it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread.
① The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely
untested theory called the“two-step flow of communication”: Information flows from the media to
the influentials and from them to everyone else. ②Marketers have embraced the two-step flow
because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people
will do most of the work for them. ③ The theory also seems to explain the sudden and
unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. ④ In many such cases, a
cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or
developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. ⑤ Anecdotal evidence of this kind
fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends.
① In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that
influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. ②In fact, they
don't seem to be required at all.
①The researchers' argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With
the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a
5 / 12function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a
population simply don’t interact with that many others. ②Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity
influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics,
by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. ③For a social epidemic to occur, however,
each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn
influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has
little to do with the initial influential.④ If people in the network just two degrees removed from
the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change won't propagate very far
or affect many people.
① Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the
dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of
populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and
their tendency to be influenced. ② They found that the principal requirement for what is
called “global cascades”— the widespread propagation of influence through networks — is
the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.
(442 words)
31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to________.
[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics
[B] discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas
[C] exemplify people's intuitive response to social epidemics
[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials
32. The author suggests that the "two-step-flow theory"_________.
[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems
[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends
[C] has won support from influentials
[D] requires solid evidence for its validity
33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that_________.
[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions
[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media
[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public
[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention
34. The underlined phrase “these people” in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who_________.
[A] stay outside the network of social influence
[B] have little contact with the source of influence
[C] are influenced and then influence others
[D] are influenced by the initial influential
35. What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?
6 / 12[A] The eagerness to be accepted.
[B] The impulse to influence others.
[C] The readiness to be influenced.
[D] The inclination to rely on others.
Text 4
①Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. ②Behind the scenes,
they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. ③Their rules, moan
the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. ④These rules say
they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and
regulators would like them to fetch.
① Unfortunately, banks’lobbying now seems to be working. ② The details may be
unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of
capital markets, is being compromised. ③ And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that
attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.
① After a bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Accounting Standards
Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. ②These gave banks more freedom to use models to
value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income
statements. ③ Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman, cried out against those who “question our
motives.” ④ Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobbying group politely
calls “the use of judgment by management.”
① European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards
Board (IASB) do likewise. ②The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but
the pressure to fold when it completes its reconstruction of rules later this year is strong.
③ Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a
political vacuum” but “in the real world” and that Europe could yet develop different rules.
①It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets.
②Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary
illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. ③The truth will not be known for years.
④But banks’ shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. ⑤And
dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking
losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.
①To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with.②America’s
new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find
attractive. ③ Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters.
④The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions,
for example, against hostility from special interests. ⑤ But by giving in to critics now they are
inviting pressure to make more concessions. (430words)
36. Bankers complained that they were forced to__________.
7 / 12[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules
[B] collect payments from third parties
[C] cooperate with the price managers
[D] reevaluate some of their assets
37. According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in________.
[A] the diminishing role of management
[B] the revival of the banking system
[C] the banks’ long-term asset losses
[D] the weakening of its independence
38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to________.
[A] keep away from political influences
[B] evade the pressure from their peers
[C] act on their own in rule-setting
[D] take gradual measures in reform
39. The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet” in that they_________.
[A] misinterpreted market price indicators
[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets
[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts
[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets
40. The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of_____________.
[A] satisfaction[B] skepticism[C] objectiveness[D] sympathy
Part B
Directions:
For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the
numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one
paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10
points)
[A] The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out: the
consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total
consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This
development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year
across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the
recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their
purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.
8 / 12[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European
grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-
commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big,
profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to
be just the kind of market retailers need.
[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink
market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by
potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy.
At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic
and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.
[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their
gigantic scale, existing infrastructure, and proven skills in the management of product ranges,
logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe
may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole.
Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in
their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of
individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they
can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat
smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.
[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely
examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks.
Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike
large retail chains, are too small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that
cater to consumers when they don’t eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack
machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the
trade as “horeca”: hotels, restaurants, and cafés. Overall, Europe’s wholesale market for food and
drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added
together, mask two opposing trends.
[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales came to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy,
Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average
overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service
sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive
dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.
[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large food
producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of
wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.
41. →42. →43. →44. → E →45.
9 / 12Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your
translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)
One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most
members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the
biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.
When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it, we invent
excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to
be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the
effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. The evidence had to be economic
in order to be valid.
It is painful to read these roundabout accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have
at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right,
regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.
A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48) Time was
when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of
game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on “worthless” species.Here again, the
evidence had to be economic in order to be valid. It is only in recent years that we hear the more
honest argument that predators are members of the community, and that no special interest has the
right to exterminate them for the sake of a benefit, real or fancied, to itself.
Some species of tree have been “read out of the party” by economics-minded foresters
because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale value to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe,
where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the noncommercial tree species are recognized as
members of the native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.Moreover, some
have been found to have a valuable function in building up soil fertility. The interdependence of
the forest and its constituent tree species, ground flora, and fauna is taken for granted.
To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly
lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land
community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.It assumes,
falsely, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
You are supposed to write for the Postgraduates’ Association a notice to recruit volunteers
for an international conference on globalization. The notice should include the basic qualifications
for applicants andthe other information which you think is relevant.
10 / 12You should write about 100 words.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use
“Postgraduates’Association” instead. (10 points)
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
11 / 12答答案案速速查查表表
Section Ⅰ Use of English (10 points)
1. A 2. B 3. C4. B5. C6. B7. D8. A9. C10. D
11. C12. A 13. A14. D15. B16. A 17. D 18. C 19. B 20. D
Section ⅡReading Comprehension (60 points)
Part A(40 points)
21. B22. A 23. D24. A 25. B26. C 27. D28. C 29. B30. A
31. B32. D 33. A34. C 35. C36. A 37. D38. C 39. B40. D
Part B (10 points)
41. B 42. F 43. D 44. G 45. A
Part C (10 points)
46.科学家们迅速进行救援，但提出的证据显然站不住脚，这些证据的大意是，如果鸟类
不能控制昆虫的数量，昆虫便会将人类吞噬。
47.但是我们至少已经几乎承认，不管鸟类对我们而言有没有经济价值，出于其本身固有
的权利，它们都应生存下去。
48.曾经有段时间，科学家们有点滥用了这样一种证据，即这些生物通过杀死体弱者来保
持猎物种群的健康，或者说它们仅仅捕食“没有价值的”物种。
49.在林业生态更为发达的欧洲，没有商业价值的树种被合理地视为土生森林群落的
成员——因此应该得到相应的保护。
50.这种保护系统往往忽视陆地群落中诸多缺乏商业价值、但对陆地群落健康运行至关重
要的物种，而最终导致它们的灭绝。
12 / 12
