英语一阅读真题手译本2010-2024_考研英语真题（英一＋英二）_1980-2025真题一定要先转存再观看（否则资料不完整）_考研英语一历年真题_❤️7.英语一逐词翻译（2005-2025）

目录 2010.................................................................................................................1 Text 1.......................................................................................................1 Text 2.......................................................................................................7 Text 3.....................................................................................................14 Text 4.....................................................................................................21 2011...............................................................................................................29 Text 1.....................................................................................................29 Text 2.....................................................................................................35 Text 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1...................................................................................................390 Text 2...................................................................................................395 Text 3...................................................................................................400 Text 4...................................................................................................4062010 Text 1 第一段：Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in thescope andseriousnessoftheirartscoverage. 第二段：①It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. ②Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the20th centuryconsistedin large partofnewspaperreviews. ③To readsuch books todayisto marvel atthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereonce deemed suitable forpublication in general-circulation dailies. —1—第三段：①We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to thepublicationsin which itappeared. ②In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detailandatlength abouttheevents theycovered. ③Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. ④These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. —2—⑤“So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writerswho arenotread to writerswho are’.” 第四段：①Unfortunately,these critics arevirtually forgotten. ②Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. ③During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, astylist sowidely admired thathisAutobiography (1947)becameabest-seller. ④Hewasknighted in 1967,the first music critic to beso honored. —3—⑤Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists. 第五段：①Isthere anychancethatCardus’scriticism will enjoyarevival? ②Theprospectseems remote. ③Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little usefortherichly upholstered Vicwardian prosein which hespecialized. ④Moreover,theamateurtradition in music criticismhasbeenin headlongretreat. —4—21.It isindicated in Paragraphs1 and2 that____. [A] artscriticism hasdisappearedfrombig-city newspapers [B] English-language newspapersusedto carry morearts reviews [C] high-quality newspapersretain alarge bodyofreaders [D] youngreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismon dailies 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 22.Newspaperreviewsin Englandbefore World War II were characterized by____. [A] freethemes [B] casualstyle [C] elaboratelayout [D] radicalviewpoints 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A 选项分析 B C —5—D 23.Which ofthe following would Shawand Newman mostprobably agreeon? [A] It iswriters’dutyto fulfill journalistic goals. [B] It iscontemptible forwriters to bejournalists. [C] Writersarelikely to betempted into journalism. [D] Notallwriters are capable ofjournalistic writing. 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 24.Whatcanbelearned aboutCardusaccordingto thelasttwo paragraphs? [A] Hismusic criticismmay notappealtoreaderstoday. [B] Hisreputation asamusic critic haslong beenin dispute. [C] Hisstyle caterslargely to modernspecialists. [D] Hiswritings failto follow theamateurtradition. 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ 选项分析 A —6—B C D 25.Whatwouldbethebesttitle forthe text? [A] NewspapersoftheGoodOld Days [B] TheLostHorizon in Newspapers [C] MournfulDecline ofJournalism [D] ProminentCriticsin Memory 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D Text 2 第一段：①Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called businessmethods. —7—②Amazon.comreceived oneforits“one-click”online paymentsystem. ③Merrill Lynch got legalprotection foranassetallocation strategy. ④Oneinventor patentedatechniqueforlifting abox. 第二段：①Nowthenation’stop patentcourtappearscompletely readyto scale backon business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 yearsago. ②In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. —8—③In re Bilski, as the case is known , is “a very big deal”, says Dennis D. Crouch of the University ofMissouriSchooloflaw. ④It“hasthepotentialto eliminate anentire classofpatents.” 第三段：①Curbson business-method claimswould beadramaticabout-face,because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. ②That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging Internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of onlinetransactions. ③Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive moveagainstrivals thatmight beatthemto thepunch. —9—④In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents, despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. ⑤Similarly, some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents for financialproducts,even asthey tookpositionsin courtcasesopposing thepractice. 第四段：①The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in theenergy market. ②The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wantsto evaluate iswhetherit should“reconsider”its State StreetBank ruling. —10—第五段：①The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. ②Last April, for example, the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheldfor“inventions”thatare obvious. ③ThejudgesontheFederalCircuit are“reacting to theanti-patent trendatthe Supreme Court”, says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University LawSchool. 26.Business-methodpatentshave recently arousedconcernbecauseof_____. [A] theirlimitedvalue to business [B] theirconnection with assetallocation [C] thepossiblerestriction ontheir granting [D] thecontroversy over theirauthorization —11—题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 27.Which ofthe following is trueoftheBilski case? [A] Itsruling complies with thecourtdecisions [B] It involves avery big businesstransaction [C] It hasbeendismissed bythe FederalCircuit [D] It may change the legal practicesin theU.S. 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 28.Theword “about-face”(Line1,Para3)most probably means_____. [A] lossofgoodwill [B] increaseofhostility —12—[C] change ofattitude [D] enhancementofdignity 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 29.Welearn fromthelasttwo paragraphsthatbusiness-method patents_____. [A] areimmuneto legal challenges [B] areoftenunnecessarily issued [C] lowertheesteemfor patentholders [D] increasetheincidenceofrisks 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 30.Which ofthe following would bethesubjectofthetext? —13—[A] Aloomingthreatto business-method patents [B] Protection forbusiness-method patentholders [C] Alegal caseregarding business-method patents [D] Aprevailingtrend against business-method patents 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D Text 3 第一段：①In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that “social epidemics” are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well connected. ②Theideaisintuitively compelling, butit doesn’texplain howideasactually spread. —14—第二段：①The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the “two-step flow of communication”: Information flows fromthemedia to theinfluentialsandfrom themto everyone else. ②Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. ③The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands,orneighborhoods. ④In many suchcases,acursory searchforcausesfindsthatsome smallgroup ofpeople waswearing, promoting, ordeveloping whateveritis beforeanyoneelsepaid attention. ⑤Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special peoplecan drive trends. —15—第三段：①In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. ②In fact,theydon’tseemto berequiredatall. 第四段：①The researchers’ argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential membersofapopulation simply don’t interactwith that many others. ②Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friendsandcolleagues directly. —16—③For asocial epidemic to occur,however, each person so affected,must then influence his orherown acquaintances,who mustin turn influence theirs,and so on;and justhow many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. ④If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change won’t propagate very far or affect many people. 第五段：①Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability toinfluence othersandtheirtendencyto beinfluenced. ②They found that the principal requirement for what we call “global cascades”—the widespread propagation of influence through networks—is the presence not of a few —17—influentials but,rather,ofacriticalmassofeasily influencedpeople. 31.Byciting thebookTheTipping Point,theauthorintendsto_____. [A] analyze theconsequencesofsocialepidemics [B] discussinfluentials’function in spreadingideas [C] exemplify people’sintuitive responseto socialepidemics [D] describetheessentialcharacteristicsofinfluentials. 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 32.Theauthorsuggeststhatthe “two-step-flow theory”_____. [A] servesasasolutionto marketing problems [B] hashelped explain certain prevalenttrends [C] haswon supportfrominfluentials [D] requiressolid evidence foritsvalidity —18—题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 33.Whattheresearchershave observed recentlyshowsthat_____. [A] thepowerofinfluencegoeswith socialinteractions [B] interpersonallinks canbeenhanced throughthemedia [C] influentialshavemore channelsto reachthepublic [D] mostcelebrities enjoywide mediaattention 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 34.Theunderlinedphrase“thesepeople”in paragraph 4 refersto theoneswho_____. [A] stayoutside the networkofsocialinfluence [B] havelittle contactwith thesourceofinfluence —19—[C] areinfluencedandtheninfluence others [D] areinfluencedby theinitial influential 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 35.Whatistheessentialelementin thedynamicsofsocialinfluence? [A] Theeagernessto beaccepted [B] Theimpulseto influence others [C] Thereadinessto beinfluenced [D] Theinclination to relyon others 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D —20—Text 4 第一段：①Bankershave beenblaming themselves fortheirtroublesin public. ②Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. ③Their rules, moan thebanks, have forced them to report enormouslosses, and it’s just notfair. ④These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not thepricemanagersandregulators wouldlike themto fetch. 第二段：①Unfortunately,banks’ lobbyingnowseems to beworking. —21—②Thedetails may beunknowable, butthe independence ofstandard-setters, essential to theproperfunctioning ofcapitalmarkets, isbeing compromised. ③And,unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving thebanking systemwill bedifficult. 第三段：①After a bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Accounting StandardsBoard (FASB)rushedthrough rule changes. ②These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losseson long-termassetsin their income statements. ③BobHerz,theFASB’schairman,cried outagainstthose who“question ourmotives.” —22—④Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobbying group politely calls “theuseofjudgmentby management.” 第四段：①European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting StandardsBoard (IASB) dolikewise. ②The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when itcompletes itsreconstructionofruleslater thisyearisstrong. ③Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum” but “in the real word” and that Europe could yet develop differentrules. 第五段：①It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. —23—②Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity ofmarkets, notthelikely extentofbaddebts. ③Thetruth will notbeknown foryears. ④But bank’s shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. ⑤And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fearofbooking losses,yet arereluctantto buyallthose supposedbargains. 第六段：①To getthesystemworking again,lossesmustberecognized and dealtwith. —24—②America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levelswhich buyersfind attractive. ③Successfulmarkets require independentandeven combative standard-setters. ④The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions,forexample,against hostility fromspecialinterests. ⑤Butbygiving in to criticsnowthey areinviting pressure to makemoreconcessions. 36.Bankerscomplained thatthey were forcedto_____. [A] followunfavorable assetevaluation rules [B] collectpaymentsfromthird parties [C] cooperate with theprice managers —25—[D] reevaluate someoftheirassets 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 37.Accordingto theauthor,therulechanges ofthe FASBmay resultin_____. [A] thediminishing roleofmanagement [B] therevival ofthebanking system [C] thebanks’long-term assetlosses [D] theweakeningofits independence 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 38.Accordingto Paragraph 4,McCreevy objectsto theIASB’sattemptto_____. [A] keepaway frompolitical influences —26—[B] evade thepressure fromtheirpeers [C] actontheirown in rule-setting [D] takegradualmeasuresin reform 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 39.Theauthorthinksthebankswere “onthewrong planet”in thatthey_____. [A] misinterpreted marketprice indicators [B] exaggerated therealvalueoftheirassets [C] neglected the likely existenceofbaddebts. [D] deniedbooking lossesin theirsaleofassets. 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D —27—40.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsstandard-settersis oneof_____. [A] satisfaction [B] skepticism [C] objectiveness [D] sympathy 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D —28—2011 Text 1 第一段：①The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement ofhisappointmentin 2009. ②Forthe mostpart,theresponse hasbeenfavorable,to say theleast. ③“Hooray!Atlast!”wrote AnthonyTommasini,asober-sidedclassical-music critic. 第二段：①One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, isthatGilbert iscomparatively little known. ②Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “anunpretentiousmusician with noairoftheformidable conductorabouthim.” —29—③As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least someTimesreadersasfaintpraise. 第三段：①For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. ②To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestralmusic. ③All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recordedmusic fromiTunes. —30—第四段：①Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance aremissing thepoint. ②For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the20thcentury. ③These recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time andplaceofthelistener’schoosing. ④The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution ofthetraditional classicalconcert. —31—第五段：①One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new musicthatis notyet available onrecord. ②Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “amarkedly different,more vibrantorganization.” ③Butwhatwill bethenature ofthatdifference? ④Merely expanding theorchestra’srepertoire will notbeenough. ⑤If Gilbert and the Philharmonic areto succeed,they must first change the relationship between America’soldestorchestraand thenewaudienceithopesto attract. —32—21.Welearn fromParagraph 1 thatGilbert’sappointmenthas_____. [A] incurredcriticism [B] raised suspicion [C] received acclaim [D] arousedcuriosity 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 22.TommasiniregardsGilbert asanartist who is_____. [A] influential [B] modest [C] respectable [D] talented 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A 选项分析 B C —33—D 23.Theauthorbelievesthatthe devoted concertgoers_____. [A] ignore theexpensesofliveperformances [B] rejectmostkindsofrecordedperformances [C] exaggerate thevariety ofliveperformances [D] overestimate thevalue oflive performances 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 24.Accordingto thetext,which ofthefollowing istrueofrecordings? [A] Theyareofteninferior to liveconcertsin quality. [B] Theyareeasily accessible to thegeneral public. [C] Theyhelp improve the quality ofmusic. [D] Theyhave only coveredmasterpieces. 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ 选项分析 A —34—B C D 25.Regarding Gilbert’srole in revitalizing thePhilharmonic,theauthorfeels_____. [A] doubtful [B] enthusiastic [C] confident [D] puzzled 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D Text 2 第一段：①When LiamMcGee departedaspresidentofBank ofAmerica in August,his explanation wassurprisingly straight up. —35—②Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said hewasleaving “to pursuemy goalofrunningacompany.” ③Broadcastinghisambition was“very much my decision”,McGeesays. ④Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial ServicesGroup,which named himCEO andchairman onSeptember29. 第二段：①McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on whatkind ofcompany hewanted to run. ②Italso sentaclearmessage to theoutside world abouthisaspirations. ③AndMcGee isn’talone. —36—④In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation thatthey were looking foraCEOpost. ⑤As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’tget thenodalso maywish to moveon. ⑥A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncementscloud theirreputations. 第三段：①As thefirst signsofrecovery begin to take hold,deputychiefsmay bemore willing to makethe jump withoutanet. ②In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards —37—stuck with theleaderstheyhad,accordingto LiberumResearch. ③Astheeconomy picks up,opportunities will aboundforaspiring leaders. 第 四 段 ： ①The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. ②For years executives and headhuntershave adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidatesaretheoneswhomust bepoached. ③Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey: “I can’t think of a single search I’ve donewhere aboard hasnotinstructed me to lookatsittingCEOs first.” 第五段：①Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions —38—quickly. ②Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade ago, saying she wanted to be a CEO. ③Itwasayearbefore shebecame headofatiny Internet-based commoditiesexchange. ④RobertWillumstad leftCitigroup in 2005with ambitionsto beaCEO. ⑤Hefinally tookthat postatamajorfinancialinstitution threeyears later. 第六段：①Many recruiterssay theold disgrace isfading fortopperformers. —39—②The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. ③“The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,”saysoneheadhunter. ④“Thepeople who’vebeenhurttheworstarethosewho’vestayed too long.” 26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being_____. [A] arrogant [B] frank [C] self-centered [D] impulsive 题目备注 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 —40—定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 27.Accordingto Paragraph 2,seniorexecutives’quitting may bespurredby_____. [A] theirexpectation ofbetterfinancialstatus [B] theirneedto reflecton theirprivate life [C] theirstrained relationswith theboards [D] theirpursuitofnewcareergoals 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 28.Theword “poached”(Line 3,Paragraph 4)mostprobably means_____. [A] approvedof [B] attendedto [C] huntedfor —41—[D] guardedagainst 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 29.It canbeinferredfromthelast paragraphthat_____. [A] topperformers usedto cling to theirposts [B] loyalty oftop performers isgetting out-dated [C] top performerscaremore aboutreputations [D] it’ssaferto stick to the traditionalrules 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 30.Which ofthe following is thebesttitleforthe text? [A] CEOs: Whereto Go? —42—[B] CEOs: All theWay Up? [C] Top ManagersJump withoutaNet [D] TheOnlyWay Outfor TopPerformers 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D Text 3 第一段：①Therough guide to marketing successusedto bethatyou gotwhatyou paid for. ②No longer. ③While traditional “paid” media — such as television commercials and print advertisements—still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative —43—formsofmedia. ④Consumers passionate about a product may create “earned” media by willingly promoting it to friends, and a company may leverage “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts aboutproductsandsalesto customers registered with its Web site. ⑤The way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketing’s impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media. 第二段：①Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. ②Forearnedmedia,suchmarketers actasthe initiatorforusers’responses. —44—③But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media—forinstance,whenan e-commerce retailersells ad spaceonits Web site. ④We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizationsplace theircontentore-commerce engines within thatenvironment. ⑤Thistrend, whichwe believe isstill in its infancy,effectively began with retailers and travelproviders suchasairlinesandhotelsand willno doubtgo further. ⑥Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media propertythat promotescomplementary andeven competitive products. ⑦Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies —45—concerned. 第三段：①The same dramatic technologicalchangesthat haveprovided marketerswith more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. ②Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations aboutabrandorproduct. ③Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressureonthebusinessesthat originally createdthem. 第四段：①If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products,putting thereputation ofthetarget companyatrisk. —46—②In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, andthelearning curve hasbeen steep. ③Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter andthesocial-news siteDigg. 31.Consumersmay create“earned”media whenthey are_____. [A] obsessedwith online shoppingatcertain Web sites [B] inspired byproduct-promoting e-mailssentto them [C] eagerto help theirfriendspromote quality products [D] enthusiasticaboutrecommending theirfavorite products 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ —47—A B 选项分析 C D 32.Accordingto Paragraph 2,sold mediafeature_____. [A] asafebusinessenvironment [B] randomcompetition [C] strongusertraffic [D] flexibilityin organization 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 33.Theauthorindicatesin Paragraph 3 thatearnedmedia_____. [A] invite constantconflictswith passionateconsumers [B] canbeusedto produce negativeeffects inmarketing [C] may beresponsibleforfiercercompetition [D] deserve allthenegative commentsaboutthem —48—题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 34.ToyotaMotor’sexperience iscited asanexample of_____. [A] respondingeffectively to hijacked media [B] persuading customersinto boycotting products [C] cooperating with supportive consumers [D] takingadvantage ofhijacked media 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 35.Which ofthe following is thetext mainly about? [A] Alternativesto conventionalpaidmedia. [B] Conflict betweenhijacked andearnedmedia. —49—[C] Dominanceofhijacked media. [D] Popularity ofownedmedia. 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D Text 4 第一段：①It’snosurprise thatJenniferSenior’sinsightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter—nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. ②Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. —50—③Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sourcesofintense gratificationand delight.” 第二段：①The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardlythe onlyMadonna-and-child image onnewsstandsthis week. ②There are also stories about newly adoptive —and newly single —mom Sandra Bullock,aswellastheusual“JenniferAniston ispregnant”news. ③Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on thenewsstands. 第三段：①In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support —51—kitten-killing? ②It doesn’t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the childless. ③Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holesin theirlives. 第四段：①Ofcourse,theimage ofparenthood thatcelebrity magazineslike UsWeekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers likeBullock. ②According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples,single parentsaretheleasthappyofall. —52—③No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help)isapiece ofcake. 第五段：①It’shard to imaginethatmany people aredumb enough to wantchildren just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a babyis notahaircut. ②But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston. —53—36.JenniferSeniorsuggests in herarticle thatraising achildcan bring_____. [A] temporarydelight [B] enjoymentin progress [C] happinessinretrospect [D] lasting reward 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 37.Welearn fromParagraph 2 that_____. [A] celebrity moms areapermanentsourceforgossip [B] single motherswith babiesdeserve greater attention [C] newsaboutpregnantcelebritiesisentertaining [D] having childrenis highly valued by thepublic 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A 选项分析 B C —54—D 38.It issuggested in Paragraph3 thatchildlessfolks_____. [A] areconstantly exposed to criticism [B] arelargely ignored by the media [C] failto fulfill theirsocial responsibilities [D] arelesslikely tobesatisfied with theirlife 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 39.Accordingto Paragraph 4,themessage conveyed bycelebrity magazinesis_____. [A] soothing [B] ambiguous [C] compensatory [D] misleading 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ 选项分析 A —55—B C D 40.Which ofthe following canbeinferred fromthe lastparagraph? [A] Having children contributeslittle to theglamour ofcelebrity moms. [B] Celebrity moms have influencedourattitude towardschild rearing. [C] Having children intensifiesourdissatisfaction with life. [D] Wesometimesneglect thehappinessfromchild rearing. 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D —56—2012 Text 1 第一段：①Come on—Everybody’sdoingit. ②That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when wehearthewordspeerpressure. ③Itusually leadsto no good—drinking,drugs andcasualsex. ④But in her new book Join the club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives andpossibly theworld. 第二段：①Rosenberg, therecipientof aPulitzer Prize, offers ahostofexamples ofthe social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called —57—Rage Against the Hazesets outto make cigarettes uncool. ②In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young peopleto promote safesexamong theirpeers. 第三段：①Theideaseems promising, andRosenbergisaperceptive observer. ②Her critique of the lameness of many public-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding ofpsychology. ③“Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers—teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. —58—④Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page fromadvertisers,so skilled atapplying peerpressure. 第四段：①But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. ②Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of thesocialandbiological factorsthatmake peerpressureso powerful. ③The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very wellforvery long. ④Rage AgainsttheHaze failed oncestate fundingwascut. —59—⑤EvidencethattheLoveLife program produceslasting changes is limited and mixed. 第五段：①There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. ②An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits—as well as negative ones—spreadthrough networksoffriendsviasocial communication. ③This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day. 第六段：①Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can selectourpeergroupsandsteer theiractivities in virtuousdirections. —60—②It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back rowby pairing them with better-behaved classmates. ③Thetactic neverreally works. ④And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world,asin school,weinsiston choosingourown friends. 21.Accordingto thefirst paragraph,peerpressure oftenemerges as_____. [A] asupplement to thesocialcure [B] astimulusto group dynamics [C] anobstacle to schoolprogress [D] acauseofundesirablebehaviors 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ —61—A B 选项分析 C D 22.Rosenbergholdsthatpublic-health advocatesshould _____. [A] recruitprofessionaladvertisers [B] learnfrom advertisers’ experience [C] stay awayfromcommercial advertisers [D] recognizethelimitationsofadvertisements 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 23.In the author’sview, Rosenberg’sbook failsto _____. [A] adequately probesocial andbiological factors [B] effectively evadetheflaws ofthesocialcure [C] illustrate thefunctionsofstate funding [D] producealong-lasting socialeffect —62—题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 24.Paragraph5 showsthat ourimitation ofbehaviors_____. [A] isharmful to ournetworks offriends [B] will mislead behavioralstudies [C] occurswithoutourrealizing it [D] canproducenegative health habits 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 25.The authorsuggestsin the lastparagraph thattheeffectofpeerpressure_____. [A] harmful [B] desirable —63—[C] profound [D] questionable 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D Text 2 第一段：①Adealisadeal—except,apparently, whenEntergy isinvolved. ②Thecompany, amajor energy supplierin New England,provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide bythe state’sstrict nuclearregulations. 第二段：①Instead,thecompany hasdoneprecisely whatit hadlongpromised it would not: challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effortto keepits VermontYankee nuclearpowerplantrunning. —64—②It’sastunningmove. 第三段：①The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’sonly nuclearpowerplant,anaging reactorin Vernon. ②As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission fromstate regulators to operatepast2012. ③In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant's license besubjectto theVermontlegislature’sapproval. ④Then,too,thecompany wentalong. —65—第四段：①Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’tforesee whatwouldhappen next. ②Astring ofaccidents,includingthepartial collapseofacoolingtowerin 2007andthe discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management—especially after the company made misleading statements aboutthepipe. ③Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension. 第五段：①Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory powerovernuclearissues. —66—②The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermontcasewill offeraprecedent-settingtest ofhowfarthose powersextend. ③Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result ifevery state setsits ownrules. ④ButhadEntergy keptits word,thatdebate would bebeside thepoint. 第六段：①The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already sodamaged thatithasnothingleft to losebygoing to warwith thestate. ②Butthere shouldbeconsequences. —67—③Permissionto run anuclearplantisapublic trust. ④Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. ⑤Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it openforanother20years. ⑥But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application,itshouldkeep in mind whatpromisesfromEntergy areworth. 26.Thephrase “reneging on”(Line3,Para. l)isclosestin meaningto_____. [A] condemning [B] reaffirming —68—[C] dishonoring [D] securing 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 27.Byentering into the2002agreement,Entergy intendedto_____. [A] obtainprotection fromVermontregulators [B] seekfavor fromthefederallegislature [C] acquirean extension ofitsbusinesslicense [D] get permissionto purchaseapowerplant 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 28.Accordingto Paragraph 4,Entergy seems to have problems with its_____. —69—[A] managerialpractices [B] technicalinnovativeness [C] financialgoals [D] businessvision 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 29.In the author’sview, theVermontcasewill test_____. [A] Entergy’scapacity to fulfill allits promises [B] thenatureofstates’patchworkregulations [C] thefederalauthority over nuclearissues [D] thelimits ofstates’powerover nuclearissues 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D —70—30.It canbeinferredfromthelast paragraphthat_____. [A] Entergy’sbusinesselsewhere might beaffected [B] theauthority oftheNRCwill bedefied [C] Entergy willwithdraw its Plymouth application [D] Vermont’sreputationmight bedamaged 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D Text 3 第一段：①In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carryouttheirwork. ②But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous andcomplicated route. —71—③We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experiences. ④Prior knowledge and interests influence what we experience, what we think our experiencesmean,and thesubsequentactionswe take. ⑤Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deception abound. 第二段：①Consequently, discovery claimsshouldbethought ofasprotoscience. ②Similarto newly staked mining claims,they arefull ofpotential. —72—③But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. ④This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’ me, here, nowbecomesthe community’sanyone,anywhere,anytime. ⑤Objective knowledge is the goal,notthestarting point. 第三段：①Once a discovery claimbecomes public,the discoverer receives intellectual credit. ②But,unlike with mining claims,thecommunity takes controlofwhathappensnext. —73—③Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. ④As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery. 第四段：①Two paradoxesexist throughoutthiscredibility process. ②First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed asincomplete orincorrect. —74—③Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known andbelieved. ④Thegoal isnew-search,notresearch. ⑤Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification orrefutation byfutureresearchers. ⑥Second,novelty itself frequently provokesdisbelief. ⑦Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Szent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing whateverybody hasseenand thinking whatnobody hasthought.” —75—⑧But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may notchange theirviews. ⑨Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated. 第五段：①In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim—a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. ②“Wereason together, challenge,revise, andcomplete each other’sreasoning andeach other’sconceptionsofreason.” 31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its_____. —76—[A] uncertaintyandcomplexity [B] misconceptionanddeceptiveness [C] logicality andobjectivity [D] systematicnessand regularity 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 32.It canbeinferredfromParagraph 2 thatcredibility processrequires_____. [A] strictinspection [B] sharedefforts [C] individualwisdom [D] persistentinnovation 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D —77—33.Paragraph3 showsthat adiscovery claimbecomes credibleafterit_____. [A] hasattracted theattention ofthegeneral public [B] hasbeenexamined by the scientific community [C] hasreceived recognition fromeditorsandreviewers [D] hasbeenfrequentlyquotedby peerscientists 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 34.AlbertSzent-Gyorgyi would most likely agree that_____. [A] scientific claimswill survive challenges [B] discoveriestodayinspire futureresearch [C] effortsto makediscoveries are justified [D] scientific work callsforacritical mind 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A 选项分析 B —78—C D 35.Which ofthe following would bethebesttitleofthetext? [A] Novelty asan EngineofScientific Development. [B] Collective Scrutiny inScientific Discovery. [C] Evolution ofCredibility inDoing Science. [D] Challenge to Credibility atthe Gate to Science. 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D Text 4 第一段：①If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably representcivilservants. ②When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American —79—governmentworkers belonged to aunion;now36% do. ③In 2009 the number ofunionists in America’s public sector passedthat of their fellow members in theprivatesector. ④In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sectoronesareunionized. 第二段：①There arethree reasonsforthepublic-sector unions’thriving. ②First,they canshutthings down withoutsuffering much in the wayofconsequences. ③Second,they aremostly bright and well-educated. —80—④AquarterofAmerica’spublic-sector workers have auniversitydegree. ⑤Third,theynowdominate left-of-centre politics. ⑥Some oftheirtiesgo backalong way. ⑦Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. ⑧Itscurrentleader,Ed Miliband,oweshisposition to votesfrompublic-sector unions. —81—第三段：①Atthestate level theirinfluence canbeeven morefearsome. ②Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of thestate’s budget ispatrolled byunions. ③The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of laborgroupsonhealth care. 第四段：①In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in theprivate one. ②Butthe realgainscome in benefitsandwork practices. ③Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay —82—increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous. 第五段：①Reform hasbeenvigorously opposed,perhapsmostnotoriously in education, wherecharterschools,academiesandmerit payallfaced drawn-outbattles. ②Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting goodones. 第六段：①As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. ②In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, thehardline Republicangovernor. —83—③Butmany within thepublic sectorsufferunderthecurrentsystem,too. 第七段：①John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. ②The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250, 000 a year are university sportscoachesandthepresidentofthe United States. ③Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system thatdoesnotreward high achievers may beamuch bigger problemforAmerica. 36.It canbelearnedfromthe first paragraphthat_____. —84—[A] Teamstersstill havealarge body ofmembers [B] Jimmy Hoffa usedto work asacivil servant [C] unionshaveenlarged theirpublic-sector membership [D] thegovernmenthasimproved its relationship with unionists 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 37.Which ofthe following is trueofParagraph 2? [A] Public-sectorunionsareprudentin taking actions. [B] Educationisrequired forpublic-sector unionmembership. [C] LaborParty haslongbeenfighting against public-sectorunions. [D] Public-sectorunionsseldomget in troublefortheir actions. 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D —85—38.It canbelearnedfromParagraph 4thatthe income in thestate sectoris_____. [A] illegally secured [B] indirectly augmented [C] excessively increased [D] fairly adjusted 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 39.Theexample oftheunionsin Wisconsin showsthatunions_____. [A] oftenrun againstthecurrentpoliticalsystem [B] canchange people’spolitical attitudes [C] may beabarrierto public-sector reforms [D] aredominant in thegovernment 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A 选项分析 B —86—C D 40.JohnDonahue’sattitude towardsthepublic-sectorsystemisoneof_____. [A] disapproval [B] appreciation [C] tolerance [D] indifference 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D —87—2013 Text 1 第一段：①In the2006film version ofThe DevilWears Prada,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affecther. ②Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poorgirl doubtlessfoundhergarment. 第二段：①This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish world described in Overdressed. Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictmentof“fast fashion”. ②In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. —88—③Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. ④These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable— meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that—and to renew their wardrobe every fewweeks. ⑤By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles,shaking an industry longaccustomed to aseasonalpace. 第三段：①Thevictims ofthisrevolution,ofcourse,arenotlimitedto designers. ②For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, —89—andusemassiveamountsofharmful chemicals. 第四段：①Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers likeMichaelPollan’sThe OmnivoresDilemma. ②“Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable andwasteful,”Cline argues. ③Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year—about 64 items per person—andno matterhowmuch theygive away,this excessleadsto waste. 第五段：①Towards the end of Overdressed. Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes —andbeautifully. —90—②But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’tbeknocked off. 第六段：①Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment—including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line—Cline believeslasting change canonly beeffected bythecustomer. ②She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food orin energy. ③Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’tafford notto. 21.Priestly criticizesherassistantforher_____. —91—[A] insensitivity to fashion [B] obsessionwith high fashion [C] poorbargaining skill [D] lackofimagination 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 22.Accordingto Cline,mass-market labelsurge consumersto_____. [A] combatunnecessary waste [B] shopfortheirgarments morefrequently [C] resisttheinfluence ofadvertisements [D] shutoutthefeverish fashionworld 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D —92—23.Theword “indictment”(Line3,Para.2)isclosestin meaning to_____. [A] tolerance [B] indifference [C] enthusiasm [D] accusation 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 24.Which ofthe following canbeinferred fromthe lastparagraph? [A] Vanity hasmore oftenbeen foundin idealists. [B] Thefast-fashion industryignores sustainability. [C] Pricingis vitalto environment-friendly purchasing. [D] People aremore interested in unaffordable garments. 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A 选项分析 B —93—C D 25.Whatisthesubjectofthe text? [A] Satire onanextravagantlifestyle [B] Challenge to ahigh-fashion myth [C] Criticismofthe fast-fashion industry [D] Exposureofamass-market secret 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D Text 2 第一段：①An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted—the trouble is,noone knowswhich half. ②In theinternetage,atleast in theory,thisfraction canbemuchreduced. —94—③By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural”adsatthose mostlikely to buy. 第二段：In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked andsentbehaviouralads?Orshouldthey have explicit permission? 第三段：①In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not track” (DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers thatthey didnotwantto befollowed. ②Microsoft’s Internet Explorer and Apple’s Safari both offer DNT; Google’s Chrome isdueto doso thisyear. —95—③In February the FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would getcracking on responding toDNT requests. 第四段：①On May 31stMicrosoftset offtherow. ②It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear with Windows 8, would have DNT asadefault. 第五段：①Advertisersarehorrified. ②Human nature beingwhatitis,mostpeoplestick with defaultsettings. —96—③Fewswitch DNT onnow,butiftracking isoffitwill stay off. ④Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences. ⑤People will notgetfewerads,hesays. ⑥“They’ll get lessmeaningful,lesstargeted ads.” 第六段：①Itisnotyet clearhowadvertisers will respond. ②Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companieshave promised to doso. —97—③Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’sdefault,some may ignore aDNTsignal and pressonanyway. 第七段：①Also unclearis whyMicrosofthasgone italone. ②After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it isstill working outhow. ③If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: there is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm. ④DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8—though the firm —98—hascomparedsome ofitsotherproductsfavourably with Google’son thatcountbefore. ⑤Brendon Lynch, Microsoft’s chief privacy officer, blogged: “We believe consumers shouldhave morecontrol.” ⑥Couldit really bethatsimple? 26.It issuggested in Paragraph1 that“behavioural”adshelp advertisers to_____. [A] provide betteronlineservices [B] easecompetition among themselves [C] avoid complaints fromconsumers [D] lowertheiroperationalcosts 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A 选项分析 B —99—C D 27.“theindustry”(Line 5,Para.3) refersto_____. [A] internetbrowserdevelopers [B] digitalinformation analysts [C] e-commerce conductors [D] onlineadvertisers 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 28.BobLiodice holdsthatsetting DNT asadefault_____. [A] may cutthenumberofjunkads [B] failsto affecttheadindustry [C] will notbenefitconsumers [D] goesagainsthuman nature 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ —100—A B 选项分析 C D 29.Which ofthe following is trueaccordingto Paragraph 6? [A] Advertisersarewillingto implementDNT. [B] DNTmay notserve its intendedpurpose. [C] DNTis losing itspopularity among consumers. [D] Advertisersareobliged to offerbehaviouralads. 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 30.Theauthor’sattitudetowardswhatBrendonLynch said in hisblog isoneof_____. [A] indulgence [B] understanding [C] appreciation [D] skepticism —101—题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D Text 3 第一段：①Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely—though by nomeansuniformly—glowingly positive. ②Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillmentand opportunity forall. 第 二 段 ： ①Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us,from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. —102—②You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to. 第三段：①Butsuchgloominess ismisplaced. ②The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years—so why shouldn’twe? ③Take a broader look at our species’ place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. ④Look up Homo sapiens in the “Red List” of threatened species of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and you will read: “Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and —103—there arenomajorthreatsresulting in an overallpopulation decline.” 第四段：①So whatdoesourdeepfuture hold? ②A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about thatquestion. ③Forexample,the Long NowFoundationhasasitsflagship projectamechanicalclock thatisdesigned to still bemarking time thousandsofyearshence. 第五段：①Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than aboutthemore immediatefuture. ②The potential evolution of today’s technology, and its social consequences, is —104—dazzlingly complicated, and it’s perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore themany possibilitieswecanenvisage. ③That’sonereasonwhy wehavelaunchedArc, anewpublication dedicatedto thenear future. 第六段：①But take alonger view andthere isasurprising amountthatwecansaywith considerableassurance. ②As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves. 第七段：①This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to beapassing fad. —105—②To besure,the futureisnotall rosy. ③But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened theexistenceofearlierhumans, andto improve thelotofthoseto come. 31.Ourvisionofthefuture usedto beinspired by_____. [A] ourdesire forlivesoffulfillment [B] ourfaith in scienceandtechnology [C] ourawarenessofpotentialrisks [D] ourbeliefin equalopportunity 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A 选项分析 B C —106—D 32.TheIUCN’s“Red List”suggeststhathuman beings are_____. [A] asustained species [B] theworld’sdominantpower [C] athreatto theenvironment [D] amisplaced race 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 33.Which ofthe following is trueaccordingto Paragraph 5? [A] Theinterestin sciencefiction is ontherise. [B] Archelpslimit the scopeoffuturological studies. [C] Technologyoffers solutionsto socialproblems. [D] Ourimmediate futureis hardto conceive. 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ 选项分析 A —107—B C D 34.Toensurethe futureofmankind,itis crucialto_____. [A] adoptanoptimistic viewoftheworld [B] drawon ourexperience fromthe past [C] explore ourplanet’sabundantresources [D] curbourambition to reshapehistory 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 35.Which ofthe following would bethebesttitleforthe text? [A] TheEver-bright ProspectsofMankind [B] Science,Technology and Humanity [C] Evolution oftheHuman Species [D] UncertaintyaboutOurFuture 题目备注 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 —108—定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D Text 4 第一段：①On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration lawMonday—amodestpolicyvictory fortheObama Administration. ②But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal governmentandthestates. 第二段：①In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforcefederalimmigration law. —109—②The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization” and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. ③Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones. 第三段：①Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’sliberals,ruled thatthe state flewtoo closeto thefederalsun. ②On the overturned provisions the majority held Congress had deliberately “occupied thefield,”andArizona hadthusintrudedon thefederal’sprivileged powers. 第四段：①However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify thelegal statusofpeople who comein contactwith lawenforcement. —110—②That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federalcolleagues. 第五段：①Two ofthe threeobjecting Justices—Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas— agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed aboutwhich Arizona rules conflicted with thefederalstatute. ②The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robustdefense ofstate privilegesgoing backto theAlien andSeditionActs. 第六段：①The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describesin hisobjectionas“ashocking assertion offederalexecutive power”. —111—②The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities,even ifstate lawscomplied with federalstatutes tothe letter. ③In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state lawthatitdisagrees with. 第七段：①Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control ofcitizenship andthebordersis among them. ②But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status,itcould. ③Itneverdid so. —112—④The Administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’simmigrationwishes, nostate shouldbeallowed to doso either. ⑤EveryJustice rightly rejected thisremarkable claim. 36.Three provisionsofArizona’splan were overturned because they_____. [A] disturbedthe powerbalance betweendifferentstates [B] oversteppedtheauthority offederalimmigration law [C] deprived thefederalpoliceofConstitutionalpowers [D] contradictedboththefederalandstate policies 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D —113—37.Onwhich ofthe following didtheJusticesagree,accordingto Paragraph 4? [A] Congress’sintervention in immigration enforcement [B] Federalofficers’duty to withhold immigrants’information [C] State’slegitimate rolein immigration enforcement [D] State’sindependencefromfederalimmigration law 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 38.It canbeinferredfromParagraph 5 thattheAlien and Sedition Acts_____. [A] stoodin favor ofthe states [B] supported the federalstatute [C] underminedthe states’interests [D] violatedtheConstitution 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A 选项分析 B C —114—D 39.TheWhite Houseclaims thatitspowerofenforcement_____. [A] isdependenton thestates’support [B] isestablished bythefederalstatutes [C] outweighsthatheld bythestates [D] rarely goesagainststate laws 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 40.Whatcanbelearned fromthelastparagraph? [A] Immigration issuesareusually decidedbyCongress. [B] TheAdministrationis dominantoverimmigration issues. [C]Justiceswanted tostrengthen itscoordination with Congress. [D]Justicesintendedto checkthepowerofthe Administration. 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ 选项分析 A —115—B C D —116—2014 Text 1 第一段：①In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency”, George Osborne,Chancellorofthe Exchequer,introducedthe“upfrontwork search”scheme. ②Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV, register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit—and then they should report weekly ratherthanfortnightly. ③Whatcouldbemore reasonable? 第二段：①Moreapparentreasonablenessfollowed. ②There will nowbeaseven-day waitfor thejobseeker’sallowance. —117—③“Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on,” he claimed. ④“We’re doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help thoseon benefitsgetinto work faster.” ⑤Help? ⑥Really? ⑦On first hearing, this was thesocially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with “reforms” to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effortfromthe newlyunemployed to findwork, andsubsidiseslaziness. ⑧What motivated him, we were to understand,was his zeal for “fundamental fairness,” —118—— protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received theirbenefits. 第三段：①Losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart,delighted attheprospectofdoubling your income fromthegenerousstate. ②Itis financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know thatsupportis minimal andextraordinarily hardto get. ③You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offerspurposeandstructure in yourlife. ④Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. —119—⑤Askanyone newly unemployed whatthey wantandtheansweris always: ajob. 第四段：①But inOsborneland,your firstinstinct isto fallinto dependency—permanent dependency if you can get it—supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. ②It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system neverhappened. ③The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk ofunemployment andreceive unconditionalpayments ifthedisasterhappens. ④Even the very phrase “jobseeker’s allowance” is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker” who had no fundamental right to a benefit he or she has earned through making nationalinsurancecontributions. —120—⑤Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited “allowance,” conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at £71.70 a week, one of the least generousin theEU. 21.GeorgeOsborne’s scheme wasintendedto _____. [A] encourage jobseekers’activeengagementin job seeking [B] provide theunemployed with easier accessto benefits [C] guarantee jobseekers’legitimate right to benefits [D] motivate theunemployed to reportvoluntarily 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 22.Thephrase “to sign on”(Line 3,Para 2)most probablymeans_____. [A] tocheckon theavailability ofjobsatthejobcentre —121—[B] to acceptthegovernment’srestrictionson the allowance [C] to registerforanallowance fromthegovernment [D] toattend agovernmentjob-training program 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 23.Whatpromoted thechancellorto develop hisscheme? [A] Adesire tosecure abetterlife forall [B] An eagernessto protecttheunemployed [C] An urge to begenerousto theclaimants [D] Apassionto ensurefairnessfortaxpayers 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D —122—24.Accordingto Paragraph 3,beingunemployed makesonefeel_____. [A] uneasy [B] insulted [C] enraged [D] guilty 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 25.Towhich ofthe following would theauthormost probably agree? [A] Unemploymentbenefits shouldnotbemadeconditional. [B] TheBritish welfaresystemindulgesjobseekers’ laziness. [C] Thejobseekers’allowance hasmettheiractualneeds. [D] Osborne’sreformswill reducetherisk ofunemployment. 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A 选项分析 B C —123—D Text 2 第一段：①All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of anyotherprofession—with thepossible exception ofjournalism. ②But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America. 第二段：①During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twiceasfast asinflation. ②The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pileinto law schools. —124—③Butmost lawgraduatesnever getabig-firm job. ④Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort systemacostly nightmare. 第三段：①There aremany reasonsforthis. ②Oneistheexcessive costsofalegal education. ③There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparationfor thebarexam. —125—④This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. ⑤Law-schooldebtmeansthat theyhave to work fearsomely hard. 第四段：①Reforming thesystem wouldhelpboth lawyersandtheir customers. ②Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern theprofessionhave beentoo conservative to implementthem. ③Oneideaisto allow people to studylawasanundergraduate degree. ④Anotheris to letstudentssitforthebarafter onlytwo years oflaw school. —126—⑤If thebar exam is truly astern enough test for awould-be lawyer, those who can sit it earliershould beallowed to doso. ⑥Studentswho donotneedtheextra training could cuttheirdebtmountainby athird. 第五段：①Theotherreasonwhy costsaresohigh istherestrictive guild-like ownership structure ofthebusiness. ②Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. ③Thiskeepsfeeshigh and innovation slow. —127—④There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers fromthepressureto make money ratherthanserve clients ethically. 第六段：①In fact,allowing non-lawyers to ownsharesinlaw firmswould reducecosts and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professionalmanagersto focusonimprovingfirms’efficiency. ②After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions. ③America shouldfollow. —128—26.Alotofstudentstake uplaw astheirprofession dueto_____. [A] thegrowing demand fromclients [B] theincreasingpressure ofinflation [C] theprospectofworking in big firms [D] theattraction offinancial rewards 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 27. Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states? [A] Highertuition feesforundergraduate studies [B] Receivingtraining by professionalassociations [C] Admissionsapprovalfromthebarassociation [D] Pursuing abachelor’sdegree inanothermajor 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A 选项分析 B —129—C D 28.Hindranceto thereformofthe legal system originatesfrom_____. [A] therigid bodiesgoverning the profession [B] lawyers’andclients’ strongresistance [C] thestern examforwould-be lawyers [D] non-professionals’sharpcriticism 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 29. The guild-like ownership structure is considered “restrictive” partly because it_____. [A] preventslawyers fromgaining dueprofits [B] bansoutsiders’involvementin theprofession [C] aggravatestheethicalsituation in thetrade [D] keepslawyers fromholding law-firmshares 题目备注 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 —130—定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 30.In this text, theauthormainly discusses_____. [A] thefactorsthathelp make asuccessfullawyer in America [B] aproblemin America’slegal profession andsolutionstoit [C] theroleofundergraduate studiesin America’slegaleducation [D] flawedownership ofAmerica’slawfirms anditscauses 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D Text 3 第一段：①The US$3-million Fundamental Physics Prize is indeed an interesting experiment, asAlexanderPolyakov said whenheaccepted thisyear’s awardin March. —131—②Andit isfarfromtheonlyoneofits type. ③As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchershave joinedtheNobelPrizesin recentyears. ④Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accountsofInternetentrepreneurs. ⑤These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to usetheirwealth to drawattention to those whohave succeededin science. 第二段：①What’snotto like? —132—②Quite alot,accordingto ahandful ofscientists quotedin theNewsFeature. ③You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buytheirprizesthe prestige oftheNobels. ④The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. ⑤Theycould distortthe achievement-basedsystemofpeer-review-led research. ⑥Theycould cementthestatusquoofpeer-reviewed research. ⑦Theydo notfundpeer-reviewed research. —133—⑧Theyperpetuatethemyth ofthe lonegenius. 第三段：①Thegoals oftheprize-giversseemasscattered asthecriticism. ②Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have madetheircareersin research. 第四段：①As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about howscienceprizes—both newandold—are distributed. ②The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative viewofwhatthelifesciencesinclude. —134—③But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still beliving, haslong been outgrown by the collaborative nature ofmodem research— as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging thediscovery oftheHiggs boson. ④The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decidedwhathewanted to do with hisownmoney. ⑤Time,ratherthan intention,hasgiven themlegitimacy. 第五段：①As much assome scientists may complain aboutthe newawards,two things seemclear. ②First,mostresearcherswould acceptsuch aprize ifthey were offeredone. —135—③Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere. ④It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism—that is the culture of research,after all—butitis theprize-givers’moneyto do with astheyplease. ⑤Itiswise to take suchgifts with gratitude andgrace. 31.TheFundamental Physics Prize isseen as_____. [A] asymbol oftheentrepreneurs’ wealth [B] ahandsome reward forresearchers [C] apossiblereplacement oftheNobelPrizes [D] anexample ofbankers’investments —136—题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 32.Thecritics think thatthenewawardswill mostbenefit_____. [A] theprofit-oriented scientists [B] theachievement-based system [C] thefoundersofthenewawards [D] peer-review-ledresearch 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 33.Thediscovery oftheHiggs bosonisatypicalcasewhich involves_____. [A] legitimate concernsoverthenewprizes [B] controversiesover therecipients’status —137—[C] thejointeffortofmodemresearchers [D] thedemonstration ofresearchfindings 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 34.Accordingto Paragraph4,whichofthefollowing istrue oftheNobels? [A] History hasnever castdoubt onthem [B] Theirendurancehasdonejustice to them [C] Theyarethemostrepresentative honor [D] Theirlegitimacy haslongbeenin dispute 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 35.Theauthorbelievesthatthe newawardsare_____. —138—[A] unworthyofpublicattention [B] subjectto undesirable changes [C] harmful to theculture ofresearch [D] acceptable despitethecriticism 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D Text 4 第一段：①“The Heart of the Matter,” the just-released report by the American Academy ofArts andSciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming theimportance of the humanities and social sciencesto the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. ②Regrettably, however, the report’s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberaleducationmaycause moreharmthan good. —139—第二段：①In 2010,leadingcongressionalDemocratsandRepublicanssentletters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by “federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others” to “maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education.” ②In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences. ③Among the commission’s 51 members are top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music andjournalism. 第三段：①Thegoals identified in thereportaregenerally admirable. —140—②Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy; stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies. ③To encourage innovation and competition, thereport calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students’ ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challengesofthe day. ④The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and theexpansion ofstudy abroadprograms. 第四段：①Unfortunately, despite 2½ years in the making, “The Heart of the Matter” never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading collegesanduniversities. —141—②The commission ignores that for several decades America’s colleges and universities have produced graduates who don’t know the content and character of liberal education andarethusdeprived ofitsbenefits. ③Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing “progressive,” or left-liberalpropaganda. 第五段：Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive publicpolicy asthe propersubjectofstudywhile portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets and self-reliance—as falling outside the boundariesofroutine,andsometimes legitimate,intellectual investigation. 第六段：①TheAAAS displays greatenthusiasmforliberaleducation. —142—②Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge thatCongress asked it to illuminate. 36.Accordingto Paragraph 1,whatistheauthor’sattitudetoward theAAAS’sreport? [A] Critical [B] Appreciative [C] Contemptuous [D] Tolerant 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 37.Influentialfiguresin theCongress requiredthattheAAAS reporton howto_____. [A] definethegovernment’srole in education [B] safeguard individuals’rights to education [C] retain people’sinterest in liberaleducation —143—[D] keepaleading position in liberaleducation 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 38.Accordingto Paragraph 3,thereportsuggests_____. [A] anexclusive study ofAmericanhistory [B] agreateremphasis ontheoreticalsubjects [C] theapplication ofemerging technologies [D] fundingforthestudy offoreign languages 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 39.Theauthorimpliesin Paragraph 5that professorsare_____. [A] supportive offreemarkets —144—[B] conservative aboutpublic policy [C] biasedagainst classicalliberal ideas [D] cautiousaboutintellectual investigation 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 40.Which ofthe following would bethebesttitleforthe text? [A] Ways to Grasp“TheHeartoftheMatter” [B] Illiberal Educationand “The HeartoftheMatter” [C] TheAAAS’sContribution to LiberalEducation [D] Progressive Policy vs. LiberalEducation 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D —145—2015 Text 1 第一段：①King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they die in their sleep.” ②But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections haveforced himto eathiswordsand standdown. ③So,doesthe Spanish crisissuggest thatmonarchyisseeingits lastdays? ④Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificentuniforms andmajestic lifestyles? 第二段：①TheSpanish caseprovidesarguments bothforandagainst monarchy. —146—②When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of nationalunity. 第 三 段 ： ①It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’ continuingpopularity asheadsofstate. ②And so, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world,with 10 kingdoms(notcounting Vatican city andAndorra). ③But unlike their absolutist counterparts in theGulf andAsia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial butrespectedpublic figure. —147—第四段：①Evenso,kings andqueensundoubtedly haveadownside. ②Symbolic ofnationalunity asthey claim to be,their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today — embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. ③At atime when Thomas Piketty and other economistsare warning ofrising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families shouldstill bethesymbolic heartofmodern democratic states. 第 五 段 ： ①The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. ②Princesandprincesseshave day-jobsandridebicycles, nothorses(orhelicopters). —148—③Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusivenessmakes itincreasingly difficultto maintain the right image. 第六段：WhileEurope’smonarchieswill no doubtbesmart enough to survive forsome time to come,itis theBritish royals who havemost to fearfrom theSpanish example. 第七段：①It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her ratherordinary (ifwell-heeled)granny style. ②Thedangerwill comewith Charles,who hasbothanexpensive taste oflifestyle anda pretty hierarchicalview oftheworld. ③He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide aservice—asnon-controversialand non-politicalheadsofstate. —149—④Charles ought to know that asEnglish history shows,it is kings, not republicans,who arethemonarchy’sworstenemies. 21.Accordingto thefirst two paragraphs,King JuanCarl ofSpain_____. [A] easedhisrelationship with hisrivals [B] usedto enjoyhigh public support [C] wasunpopularamong Europeanroyals [D] endedhisreign in embarrassment 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 22.Monarchsarekept asheadsofstate inEurope mostly_____. [A] togive voters morepublic figuresto lookupto [B] to achieve abalance betweentradition and reality —150—[C] owingto their undoubtedandrespectablestatus [D] dueto theireverlasting politicalembodiment 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 23.Which ofthe following is shownto beodd,accordingto Paragraph4? [A] Aristocrats’excessive reliance on inherited wealth [B] Theroleofthenobility in modemdemocracies [C] Thesimple lifestyle ofthearistocratic families [D] Thenobility’sadherenceto their privileges 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 24.TheBritish royals“havemostto fear”becauseCharles_____. —151—[A] failsto adapthimself to hisfuturerole [B] failsto change hislifestyle asadvised [C] takesrepublicansashispotential allies [D] takesatough lineon politicalissues 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 25.Which ofthe following is thebesttitleofthetext? [A] Carlos,Glory andDisgrace Combined [B] Charles,Anxiousto Succeed tothe Throne [C] Carlos,aLessonforAll EuropeanMonarchs [D] Charles,Slowto React to theComing Threats 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D —152—Text 2 第一段：①Justhowmuch doestheConstitution protectyourdigital data? ②The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phonewithoutawarrantifthephone isonoraroundapersonduringan arrest. 第 二 段 ： ①California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessionsofsuspectsatthetime oftheirarrest. ②It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies. 第三段：①Thecourtwould berecklessly modestifit followed California’advice. —153—②Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and shouldprovide updatedguidelinesto police,lawyers anddefendants. 第四段：①They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone—a vast storehouse of digital information—is similar to, say,going through asuspect’spurse. ②The court has ruled that police don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through thewallet orpocketbook ofan arrestee withoutawarrant. ③Butexploring one’ssmartphoneismore likeenteringhisorherhome. ④A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical —154—history andcomprehensive recordsofrecentcorrespondence. ⑤The development of “cloud computing”, meanwhile, has made that exploration so much theeasier. 第五段：①Americansshouldtakestepsto protecttheirdigital privacy. ②But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. ③Citizens still have aright to expect private documents to remain private and protected by theConstitution’sprohibition onunreasonable searches. 第六段：①As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn't ease the challenge of —155—line-drawing. ②In many cases, it would not be overly burdensome for authorities to obtain a warrant to searchthrough phonecontents. ③They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protectionswhen facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are noterasedoraltered while waiting forawarrant. ④The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they areentitled to more freedom. 第七段：①Butthe justicesshouldnotswallow California’sargument whole. —156—②New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’sprotections. ③Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rulesfor the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment appliesto digitalinformation now. 26.TheSupreme Courtwill workoutwhether,duringanarrest,it islegitimate to_____. [A] preventsuspectsfromdeleting theirphone contents [B] searchforsuspects’mobile phoneswithout awarrant [C] checksuspects’phone contentswithout beingauthorized [D] prohibitsuspectsfromusing theirmobile phones 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A 选项分析 B —157—C D 27.Theauthor’sattitudetoward California’sargumentis oneof_____. [A] disapproval [B] indifference [C] tolerance [D] cautiousness 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 28.Theauthorbelievesthatexploring one’sphonecontentsis comparable to_____. [A] going through one’swallet [B] handling one’shistorical records [C] scanningone’scorrespondences [D] gettinginto one’sresidence 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ 选项分析 A —158—B C D 29.In Paragraphs5 and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthat_____. [A] principlesarehard tobeclearly expressed [B] thecourtis giving policeless roomforaction [C] phonesareused tostoresensitive information [D] citizens’privacy isnoteffectively protected 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 30.Orin Kerr’scomparison is quoted to indicatethat_____. [A] theConstitution shouldbeimplementedflexibly [B] principlesoftheConstitution shouldneverbealtered [C] California’ argumentviolatesprinciplesoftheConstitution [D] newtechnology requiresreinterpretation oftheConstitution 题目备注 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 —159—定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D Text 3 第一段：①The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process,editor-in-chiefMarcia McNutt announcedtoday. ②The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published researchfindings. 第二段：①“Readersmusthave confidencein theconclusionspublishedin ourjournal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. —160—②Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to astatistics boardofreviewingeditors(SBoRE). ③Manuscriptswill beflagged upforadditionalscrutiny bythejournal’sinternaleditors, orbyits existing Board ofReviewing Editors orbyoutside peerreviewers. ④TheSBoRE panelwill thenfind externalstatisticians toreviewthese manuscripts. 第三段：Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increasereproducibility in theresearchwepublish.” 第四段：①Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.” —161—②He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to benovel,uniqueandlikely to have alasting impact. ③This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.” 第五段：①Johnloannidis,aphysician who studiesresearchmethodology,says thatthe policy is“amost welcome step forward”and“longoverdue”. ②“Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. —162—③I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essentialthan expertreview,”hesays. ④But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review. 第六段：①Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyse data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux,acell biologist. ②Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who canverify theprocess”. ③Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, —163—but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers thatneedscrutiny’in thefirst place”. 31.It canbelearnedfromParagraph 1that_____. [A] Scienceintendsto simplify itspeer-review process [B] journalsarestrengtheningtheir statisticalchecks [C] fewjournalsareblamed formistakesin dataanalysis [D] lackofdataanalysis iscommonin research projects 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 32.Thephrase “flagged up”(Para.2)istheclosestin meaningto_____. [A] found [B] revised [C] marked [D] stored —164—题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 33.GiovanniParmigianibelievesthat theestablishmentoftheSBoRE may_____. [A] poseathreatto allitspeers [B] meet with strong opposition [C] increaseScience’s circulation [D] setanexample forotherjournals 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 34.David Vaux holdsthatwhatScienceisdoingnow_____. [A] addsto researchers’workload [B] diminishestheroleofreviewers —165—[C] hasroomforfurtherimprovement [D] isto failin theforeseeablefuture 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 35.Which ofthe following is thebesttitleofthetext? [A] ScienceJoinsPush toScreen Statisticsin Papers [B] ProfessionalStatisticiansDeserve MoreRespect [C] DataAnalysisFindsIts Way ontoEditors’Desks [D] StatisticiansAreComing Back with Science 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D —166—Text 4 第 一段 ：①Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the “unsettling dearth ofintegrity acrossso manyofourinstitutions”. ②Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism”in society shouldbeprofitandthemarket. ③But “it’s us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit.” 第二段：①Driving her point home, she continued: “It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become oneofthemost dangerousgoalsforcapitalismand freedom.” ②This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, shethought, making itmore likely thatit would lose its way asit hadwith —167—widespreadillegal telephonehacking. 第三段：①As the hacking trial concludes—finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge—the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands. ②Journalistsareknown to have hackedthephonesofupto 5,500people. ③This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired bytheNewsoftheWorld in 2001to bethepointpersonforphone hacking. ④Othersawaittrial. ⑤Thislong story still unfolds. —168—第四段：①In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespreadphonehacking butthe termsonwhich the trial tookplace. ②Oneofthe astonishing revelationswashow little Rebekah Brooks knew ofwhat went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired howthestoriesarrived. ③Thecoreofhersuccessfuldefencewasthatsheknew nothing. 第五段：①In today’sworld,ithasbecome normal thatwell-paid executivesshouldnot beaccountableforwhathappensin theorganisationsthatthey run. ②Perhapsweshould notbeso surprised. —169—③For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society shouldbeprofit. ④The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation,sales,impactand,in newspapers,circulation. ⑤Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality andaccountability. 第六段：①The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to befair in whatwaswritten orto betrayanycommon humanity. ②Itwasto ruin livesin the questforcirculation andimpact. —170—③Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recordedanswers. 36.Accordingto thefirst two paragraphs,Elisabeth wasupsetby_____. [A] theconsequencesofthecurrentsorting mechanism [B] companies’financiallossdueto immoralpractices [C] governmental ineffectivenesson moral issues [D] thewidemisuse ofintegrity among institutions 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 37.It canbeinferredfromParagraph 3 that_____. [A] GlennMulcaire may denyphone hacking asacrime [B] morejournalists may befoundguilty ofphonehacking [C] AndyCoulson shouldbeheld innocentofthecharge —171—[D] phonehacking will beacceptedon certain occasions 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 38.TheauthorbelievesthatRebekah Brooks’sdefence_____. [A] washardlyconvincing [B] centeredontrivial issues [C] revealed acunningpersonality [D] waspartofaconspiracy 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 39.Theauthorholdsthatthecurrentcollective doctrineshows_____. [A] amarginalized lifestyle —172—[B] unfairwealth distribution [C] generally distorted values [D] arigid moral code 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 40.Which ofthe following is suggested inthelast paragraph? [A] Thequalityofwritings isofprimary importance. [B] Moral awarenessmattersin editing anewspaper. [C] Commonhumanity iscentralto newsreporting. [D] Journalistsneedstricter industrialregulations. 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D —173—2016 Text 1 第一段：①France,which pridesitselfastheglobalinnovatoroffashion,hasdecidedits fashion industryhaslostan absoluteright to definephysicalbeautyforwomen. ②Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crimeto employ ultra-thin modelsonrunways. ③The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “incite excessive thinness” by promoting extreme dieting. 第二段：①Such measureshave acouple ofuplifting motives. ②They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up with impinging on health. —174—③That’sastart. ④And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death—assome have done. ⑤It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine theirindividualworth. 第三段：①The bans, if fully enforced, would suggest to women (and many men) that they shouldnotletothersbearbitersoftheir beauty. ②And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques. —175—第四段：①The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change aculture thatstill regardsbeautyasskin-deep—and bone-showing. ②Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index ofbodymass couldresultin a$85,000fineandsix monthsin prison. 第五段：①The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornmentandidealized bodytypes. ②In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement. —176—第六段：①In contrast to France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. ②The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states: “We are aware of and take responsibility forthe impactthe fashion industry has on body ideals,especially on youngpeople.” ③The charter’s main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week (CFW), which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. ④Butin generalit relieson aname-and-shame method ofcompliance. 第七段：①Relying on ethical persuasion ratherthan law to address the misuseof body idealsmay bethebeststep. —177—②Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards ofaparticularindustry. 21.Accordingto thefirst paragraph,whatwouldhappen in France? [A] Physicalbeautywould beredefined. [B] Newrunwayswould beconstructed. [C] Websitesaboutdieting wouldthrive. [D] Thefashionindustry woulddecline. 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 22.Thephrase “impinging on”(Line 2,Para.2)isclosestin meaning to_____. [A] indicatingthestateof —178—[B] heightening thevalue of [C] losing faith in [D] doingharmto 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 23.Which ofthe following is trueofthefashionindustry? [A] TheFrenchmeasureshavealreadyfailed. [B] Itsinherentproblemsaregetting worse. [C] Modelsarenolonger underpeerpressure. [D] Newstandardsarebeingsetin Denmark. 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D —179—24.Adesignerismostlikely to berejectedby CFW for_____. [A] pursuingperfectphysical conditions [B] caringtoo muchaboutmodels’character [C] showinglittle concernforhealth factors [D] setting ahigh agethreshold formodels 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 25.Which ofthe following may bethebesttitle ofthe text? [A] TheGreatThreatsto theFashion Industry [B] JustAnotherRoundofStruggle forBeauty [C] ADilemma fortheStarving Modelsin France [D] AChallenge to theFashion Industry’sBodyIdeals 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A 选项分析 B C —180—D Text 2 第一段：①Forthe first time in history more people livein townsthanin thecountry. ②In Britain thishashad acuriousresult. ③While polls show Britons rate “the countryside” alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country,this haslimited political support. 第二段：①Acenturyago Octavia Hill launchedtheNationalTrust notto rescue stylish housesbutto save“thebeautyofnaturalplacesforeveryoneforever.” ②It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could —181—experience “arefreshing air.” ③Hill’spressure laterledto thecreation ofnationalparks andgreen belts. ④They don’t make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it. ⑤Itneedsconstantguardianship. 第四段：①At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. ②The Conservatives’ planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation,even authorizing “off-plan”buildingwhere localpeoplemight object. —182—③Theconcept ofsustainable developmenthasbeendefined asprofitable. ④Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. ⑤TheLiberal Democratsare silent. ⑥Only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to usinggreen land. ⑦Its Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local Conservative parties. —183—第五段：①The sensible place to buildnewhouses,factoriesandofficesiswhere people are,in citiesandtownswhere infrastructure isin place. ②The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million housesin theLondonareaalone,with nointrusion on green belt. ③WhatistrueofLondoniseven trueroftheprovinces. 第六段：①The idea that “housing crisis” equals “concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk. ②Theissue isnotthe needformore housesbut,asalways, whereto putthem. —184—③Under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. ④Hefavoursout-of-town shoppingsites against high streets. ⑤Thisisnotafreemarket butabiasedone. ⑥Ruraltownsandvillageshave grown andwill always grow. ⑦Theydo sobestwhere buildingsticks to theiredgesandrespectstheircharacter. ⑧Wedonotruin urbanconservation areas. —185—⑨Why ruin ruralones? 第七段：①Developmentshouldbeplanned,notlet rip. ②AftertheNetherlands,Britain is Europe’s most crowdedcountry. ③Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence,while still permittinglow-density urbanliving. ④There is no doubt of the alternative—the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain orIreland. —186—⑤Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum. 26.Britain’spublic sentimentaboutthecountryside____. [A] isnotwellreflected in politics [B] isfully backed bytheroyalfamily [C] didn’t starttill the Shakespearean age [D] hasbroughtmuch benefitto theNHS 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 27. According to Paragraph 2, the achievements of the National Trust are now being____. [A] largelyovershadowed [B] properlyprotected —187—[C] effectively reinforced [D] gradually destroyed 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 28.Which ofthe following canbeinferred fromParagraph 3? [A] Labourisunderattackforopposing development. [B] TheConservativesmay abandon“off-plan”building. [C] Ukipmay gain fromitssupportforrural conservation. [D] TheLiberalDemocratsarelosing political influence. 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 29.TheauthorholdsthatGeorge Osborne’spreference_____. —188—[A] showshisdisregard forthecharacterofrural areas [B] stressesthenecessityofeasing thehousingcrisis [C] highlights hisfirmstand againstlobby pressure [D] revealsastrong prejudiceagainst urbanareas 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 30.In the lastparagraph,theauthorshowshisappreciationof_____. [A] thesize ofpopulation in Britain [B] theenviable urbanlifestyle in Britain. [C] thetown-and-countryplanningin Britain [D] thepoliticallife intoday’sBritain 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D —189—Text 3 第一段：①“There is one and only one social responsibility of business,” wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobelprize-winning economist, “That is,to use its resourcesand engage in activities designed to increaseits profits.” ②But even if you accept Friedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders’ money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut. ③New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies—at least when theyareprosecutedforcorruption. 第二段：①The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion ayear onCSR,accordingto anestimate byEPG,aconsulting firm. ②Thiscouldadd valueto theirbusinessesin threeways. —190—③First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal” that a company’s products are ofhigh quality. ④Second, customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect way to donateto thegood causesit helps. ⑤And third, through a more diffuse “halo effect,” whereby its good deeds earn it greater considerationfromconsumersand others. 第三段：①Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects becauseconsumerscanbeaffectedby allthree. ②A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under —191—America’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act(FCPA). ③It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations,they could beinfluenced onlybythe halo effect. 第 四 段 ： ①The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmestendedto get more lenientpenalties. ②Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms’ political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns didnotreceive lowerfines. 第五段：①In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a casebasedonits merits,they doseemto beinfluencedby acompany’srecordin CSR. —192—②“We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern,such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials,” says one researcher. 第六段：①Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businessesoughtto spendonCSR. ②Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than theotherpossiblebenefits,when theydecidetheirdo-gooding policies. ③But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law,evidence ofgood charactercanwin themalesscostly punishment. —193—31.Theauthorviews Milton Friedman’sstatementaboutCSR with_____. [A] tolerance [B] skepticism [C] approval [D] uncertainty 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 32.Accordingto Paragraph 2,CSR helpsacompany by_____. [A] guarding itagainst malpractices [B] protectingit frombeingdefamed [C] winning trustfromconsumers [D] raising thequality ofits products 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A 选项分析 B C —194—D 33.Theexpression “morelenient”(Para.4)isclosestin meaning to_____. [A] lesscontroversial [B] moreeffective [C] morelasting [D] lesssevere 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 34.Whenprosecutorsevaluate acase,acompany’s CSR record_____. [A] hasan impactontheirdecision [B] comesacrossasreliable evidence [C] increasesthe chanceofbeingpenalized [D] constitutespartoftheinvestigation 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ 选项分析 A —195—B C D 35.Which ofthe following is trueofCSR,accordingto the lastparagraph? [A] Itsnegative effectsonbusinessesareoften overlooked. [B] Thenecessary amountofcompanies’spendingonitis unknown. [C] Companies’financialcapacity forithasbeenoverestimated. [D] It hasbrought much benefitto thebanking industry. 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D Text 4 第一段：①There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish storieson newsprint. —196—②Exactly whenthatday will beisamatterofdebate. ③“Sometime in thefuture,thepaper’spublishersaid backin 2010. 第二段：①Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print. ②The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper—printing presses, delivery trucks—isn’t justexpensive;it’sexcessive at atime when online-only competitorsdon’t have thesame setoffinancialconstraints. ③Readersare migrating away fromprint anyway. —197—④And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue fromprintis still declining. 第三段：Overhead may be high and circulation lower,but rushing to eliminate its print edition would beamistake,saysBuzzFeed CEO JonahPeretti. 第四段：①Perettisays theTimes shouldn’twastetime getting outoftheprint business, butonlyif theygo aboutdoingit theright way. ②“Figuring outaway to acceleratethat transition would makesenseforthem,”hesaid, “but if you discontinue it, you’re going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.” 第五段：①Sometimesthat’sworth making achange anyway. —198—②Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming. ③“It wasseenasablunder,”hesaid. ④Themove turned outto beforesighted. ⑤AndifPeretti were in charge attheTimes? ⑥“I wouldn’t pick a year to end print,” he said. “I would raise prices and make it into more ofalegacy product.” —199—第六段：①The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and they’d feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. ②“So ifyou’reoverpaying forprint,you couldfeellikeyou were helping,”Perettisaid. ③“Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.” ④In other words, if you’re going to make a print product, make it for the people who arealreadyobsessedwith it. ⑤Which maybewhattheTimes isdoingalready. —200—⑥Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year—more than twice asmuch asadigital-only subscription. 第七段：①“It’s a really hard thing to do and it’s a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn’t have alegacy business,”Peretti remarked. ②“But we’re going to have questions like that where we have things we’re doing that don’t makesense whenthe market changesandthe world changes. ③In thosesituations,it’sbetterto bemoreaggressive than lessaggressive.” 36.TheNewYorkTimesisconsideringendingits printedition partly dueto_____. [A] thehigh costofoperation [B] theincreasingonline adsales [C] thepressurefromits investors [D] thecomplaintsfromits readers —201—题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 37.Peretti suggeststhat,in faceofthepresentsituation,the Timesshould_____. [A] endtheprint edition forgood [B] makestrategic adjustments [C] seeknewsourcesofreadership [D] aimforefficient management 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 38.It canbeinferredfromParagraphs5 and6thata“legacy product”_____. [A] helpsrestore theglory offormertimes [B] ismeantforthe mostloyal customers —202—[C] will have thecostofprinting reduced [D] expandsthepopularity ofthepaper 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 39.Peretti believesthat,in achangingworld,_____. [A] traditionalluxuriescanstay unaffected [B] cautiousnessfacilitatesproblem-solving [C] aggressivenessbetter meets challenges [D] legacy businessesarebecoming outdated 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 40.Which ofthe following would bethebesttitleofthetext? —203—[A] Shiftto Online NewspapersAll atOnce [B] MakeYourPrint NewspaperaLuxury Good [C] KeepYourNewspapersForeverin Fashion [D] Cherish theNewspaperStill in YourHand 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D —204—2017 Text 1 第一段：First two hours, now three hours—this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight, at least at some major U.S. airportswith increasingly massive security lines. 第二段：①Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security procedures in return forincreasedsafety. ②The crash of EgyptAir Flight 804, which terrorists may have downed over the MediterraneanSea, providesanothertragicreminderofwhy. ③But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return underminespublicsupportfortheprocess. ④And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans’ economic and private lives, not —205—to mention infuriating. 第三段：①Last year, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons—both fake and real—pastairportsecuritynearly every time theytried. ②Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving economy and low oil prices, have resulted in long waits at major airports such asChicago’sO’Hare International. ③It is notyet clear howmuch more effective airline security hasbecome—butthe lines areobvious. 第四段：①Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel,so theTSAisnowrushingto get newscreenersontheline. —206—②Partoftheissueisthatairportshave only so much roomforscreening lanes. ③Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees,though theairlinesstrongly dispute this. 第五段：①There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airportsorrushingto hire: Enrollmore peoplein thePreCheck program. ②PreCheck issupposed to beawin-win fortravelersandthe TSA. ③Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes. —207—④This allows the TSA to focus on travelers who are higher risk, saving time for everyone involved. ⑤TheTSA wantsto enroll25million people in PreCheck. 第六段：①Ithasnotgottenanywhere close to that,andonebig reasonis sticker shock: Passengers mustpay$85 everyfiveyears to processtheir backgroundchecks. ②Since thebeginning, thisprice taghasbeenPreCheck’sfatalflaw. ③Upcoming reformsmight bringthepriceto amorereasonable level. ④But Congress should look into doing so directly, by helping to finance PreCheck enrollmentorto cutcostsinotherways. —208—第七段：①The TSAcannot continuediverting resourcesinto underusedPreCheck lanes while mostofthetraveling publicsuffersin unnecessary lines. ②Itislong pasttime to make theprogramwork. 21.Thecrash ofEgyptAir Flight 804is mentioned to_____. [A] explain American’stoleranceofcurrentsecurity checks [B] stresstheurgency to strengthen security worldwide [C] highlight thenecessity ofupgrading majorU.S. airports [D] emphasize theimportance ofprivacy protection 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A 选项分析 B C —209—D 22.Which ofthe following contributesto longwaits atmajor airports? [A] Newrestrictionson carry-on bags [B] Thedecliningefficiency oftheTSA [C] An increasein the numberoftravelers [D] Frequentunexpectedsecretchecks 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 23.Theword “expedited”(Line 4,Para.5)isclosestin meaning to_____. [A] quieter [B] cheaper [C] wider [D] faster 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ 选项分析 A —210—B C D 24.Oneproblemwith thePreCheck programis_____. [A] adramatic reduction ofits scale [B] itswrongly-directed implementation [C] thegovernment’sreluctance to backit [D] anunreasonable priceforenrollment 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 25.Which ofthe following would bethebesttitleforthe text? [A] LessScreening forMoreSafety [B] PreCheck—aBelated Solution [C] Getting Stuck in Security Lines [D] UnderusedPreCheck Lanes 题目备注 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 —211—定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D Text 2 第一段：①“The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers,” wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii’slastreigning monarch,in 1897. ②Starwatcherswere among themostesteemed members ofHawaiian society. ③Sadly, allisnotwell with astronomy in Hawaii today. ④Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT), agiant observatory thatpromisesto revolutionize humanity’sviewofthecosmos. —212—第二段：①At issue is the TMT’s planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko, that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens. ②ButMaunaKea isalso hometo some oftheworld’smostpowerfultelescopes. ③Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea’s peak rises above the bulk of our planet’s dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity. 第三段：①Oppositionto telescopesonMaunaKeaisnothingnew. ②A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environmentalists have long viewed their presence as disrespect for sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what wasonceasovereign nation. —213—第四段：①Some blame forthecurrentcontroversy belongs to astronomers. ②In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is not the only way ofunderstandingtheworld. ③They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Kea’s fragile ecosystems or its holinessto theisland’sinhabitants. ④Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past; it is a living culture undergoing a renaissancetoday. 第五段：①Yet science has acultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization. —214—②The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesiansto Hawaii’sshoresinspires astronomerstodayto explore theheavens. ③Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questionsaboutwho weare,where wecome fromandwhere wearegoing. ④Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know ourselvesandourtrueancestralhomes. 第六段：①The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of MaunaKea. ②The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescope’svisibility around the island and —215—to avoid archaeologicaland environmentalimpact. ③To limit thenumber oftelescopeson MaunaKea,old oneswill beremovedat the end oftheirlifetimesandtheir sitesreturned toanaturalstate. ④There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their culturalheritage andto study thestars. 26.QueenLiliuokalani’s remark in Paragraph1 indicates_____. [A] herconservative viewon thehistorical roleofastronomy [B] theimportance ofastronomy in ancientHawaiian society [C] theregrettable decline ofastronomy in ancienttimes [D] herappreciationofstar watchers’featsin hertime 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ 选项分析 A —216—B C D 27.MaunaKea isdeemed asan idealastronomical site dueto_____. [A] itsgeographicalfeatures [B] itsprotective surroundings [C] itsreligiousimplications [D] itsexisting infrastructure 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 28.Theconstruction oftheTMT isopposed bysome localspartlybecause_____. [A] itmay risk ruiningtheir intellectuallife [B] itremindsthemofahumiliating history [C] theirculture will loseachanceofrevival [D] theyfearlosing controlofMaunaKea 题目备注 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 —217—定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 29.It canbeinferredfromParagraph 5 thatprogress in today’sastronomy_____. [A] isfulfilling thedreams ofancientHawaiians [B] helpsspreadHawaiian culture acrosstheworld [C] may uncovertheorigin ofHawaiian culture [D] will eventually soften Hawaiians’hostility 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 30.Theauthor’sattitudetoward choosingMaunaKea astheTMT siteisone of_____. [A] severe criticism [B] passive acceptance [C] slighthesitancy —218—[D] fullapproval 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D Text 3 第一段：①Robert F. Kennedy once said that a country’s GDP measures “everything exceptthatwhich makes lifeworthwhile.” ②With Britain voting to leave the European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow asaresult,itis nowatimely moment to assesswhathewasreferring to. 第二段：①The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over halfacentury. —219—②Many argue thatitis aflawedconcept. ③Itmeasuresthings thatdo notmatterandmissesthings thatdo. ④By most recent measures, the UK’s GDP has been the envy of the Western world, with recordlowunemployment andhigh growth figures. ⑤If everything was going so well, then why did over 17 million people vote for Brexit, despite thewarningsaboutwhatitcoulddo to theircountry’seconomic prospects? 第三段：①A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being shedssomelight onthatquestion. ②Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in —220—ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvements for its citizens. ③Rather than just focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment ofhowcountriesare performing. 第四段：①While allofthese countriesfacetheirown challenges,there areanumberof consistentthemes. ②Yes, there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash, but in key indicatorsin areassuchashealth andeducation,majoreconomieshavecontinuedto decline. ③Yetthisisn’t thecasewith all countries. —221—④Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measuresincludingcivil society,income equality andtheenvironment. 第五段：This isalessonthat richcountriescanlearn:When GDP isno longerregarded asthesolemeasure ofacountry’ssuccess,theworld looksvery different. 第六段：①So, what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations, as a measure, it is no longerenough. ②It does not include important factors such as environmental quality or education outcomes—all thingsthatcontribute to aperson’ssenseofwell-being. 第七段：①Thesharphitto growth predictedaroundtheworld andin theUKcouldlead to adeclinein theeveryday serviceswedepend onforourwell-being andforgrowth. —222—②But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress. 31.RobertF.Kennedy iscited because he_____. [A] praisedtheUKforits GDP [B] identified GDP with happiness [C] misinterpreted the roleofGDP [D] hadalowopinion ofGDP 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 32.It canbeinferredfromParagraph 2 that_____. [A] theUKis reluctantto remold its economic pattern —223—[B] GDP asthemeasure ofsuccessiswidely defied in theUK [C] theUKwill contributelessto theworld economy [D] policymakersin theUK arepaying lessattention to GDP 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 33.Which ofthe following is trueabouttherecentannualstudy? [A] It issponsoredby163countries. [B] It excludesGDP asanindicator. [C] Itscriteria arequestionable. [D] Itsresultsareenlightening. 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D —224—34.In the lasttwo paragraphs,theauthorsuggests that_____. [A] theUKis preparingforaneconomic boom [B] high GDP foreshadowsan economic decline [C] itis essentialto considerfactorsbeyondGDP [D] itrequirescautionto handleeconomic issues 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 35.Which ofthe following is thebesttitleforthe text? [A] High GDP ButInadequateWell-being, aUK Lesson [B] GDP Figures,aWindowonGlobalEconomic Health [C] RobertF.Kennedy, aTerminatorofGDP [D] Brexit,the UK’sGateway to Well-being 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A 选项分析 B C —225—D Text 4 第一段：①In a rare unanimous ruling, the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction ofaformerVirginia governor,RobertMcDonnell. ②But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobile from a company seeking accessto government. 第二段：The high court’sdecision said thejudge in Mr. McDonnell’s trial failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his “official acts,” or the former governor’s decisions on “specific”and“unsettled”issuesrelated to hisduties. 第三段：Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials, unless done with clearintentto pressure thoseofficials, isnotcorruption,the justicesfound. —226—第四段：①The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is “distasteful”and“nasty.” ②But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approvalofacontractorregulation. ③Simply arranging a meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event is not an “official act”. 第五段：①Thecourt’sruling islegally soundin defining akind offavoritismthatisnot criminal. ②Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fearofprosecutionforbribery. —227—③“The basic compact” underlying representative government, wrote Chief Justice John Robertsforthecourt,“assumes thatpublic officialswill hearfrom theirconstituentsand actontheir concerns.” 第 六 段 ： ①But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, notthecourts,to ensureequality ofaccessto government. ②Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donationorapersonalgift. ③This type of integrity requires well-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying, and information about each elected leader’ssourceofwealth. —228—第七段：①Favoritismin officialaccesscan fanpublicperceptionsofcorruption. ②Butit isnotalways corruption. ③Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different types of access for average peopleandthe wealthy. ④If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society—that all are equalin treatmentbygovernment—isundermined. ⑤Goodgovernancerestson anunderstanding oftheinherentworth ofeachindividual. —229—第八段：Thecourt’sruling is astep forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism. 36.Theunderlinedsentence(Para. l)mostprobably showsthatthe court_____. [A] avoided definingthe extentofMcDonnell’sduties [B] madeno compromise in convicting McDonnell [C] wascontemptuousofMcDonnell’sconduct [D] refusedto commenton McDonnell’sethics 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 37. According to Paragraph 4, an official act is deemed corruptive only if it involves_____. [A] leaking secretsintentionally [B] sizablegains in theformofgifts [C] concrete returnsforgift-givers [D] breaking contractsofficially —230—题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 38.Thecourt’sruling isbasedon the assumption thatpublic officials are_____. [A] justifiedin addressingtheneedsoftheirconstituents [B] qualified to dealindependently with bureaucratic issues [C] allowed to focusontheconcernsoftheirsupporters [D] exemptfromconviction onthecharge offavoritism 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 39.Well-enforced lawsin governmenttransparency areneededto_____. [A] awaken theconscience ofofficials [B] guarantee fairplay inofficial access —231—[C] allowforcertain kindsoflobbying [D] inspire hopesin average people 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 40.Theauthor’sattitudetoward thecourt’sruling is_____. [A] sarcastic [B] tolerant [C] skeptical [D] supportive 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D —232—2018 Text 1 第一段：Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robotscome fortheirjobs? 第二段：①Don’tdismissthatpossibility entirely. ②About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University ofOxford study,with themiddle classdisproportionately squeezed. ③Lower-income jobslike gardening ordaycaredon’tappealto robots. ④Butmany middle-classoccupations—trucking, financialadvice, software engineering —have arousedtheirinterest,orsoonwill. —233—⑤Therich own the robots,sothey will befine. 第三段：①Thisisn’t to bealarmist. ②Optimistspointoutthattechnological upheavalhasbenefitedworkers in thepast. ③The Industrial Revolution didn’t go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than itdestroyed. ④Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving downprices,andfreeworkers fromhard,boringwork. —234—⑤Butin the mediumterm, middle-class workersmay needalot ofhelpadjusting. 第四段：①The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age,should berethinking education andjob training. ②Curriculums—from grammar school to college—should evolve to focus less on memorizing factsandmore oncreativity and complex communication. ③Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping studentswork alongside robots. ④Online educationcansupplementthetraditional kind. —235—⑤Itcouldmake extra trainingand instruction affordable. ⑥Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt. 第五段：①Thechallenge ofcoping with automation underlinestheneedfortheU.S. to revive itsfading businessdynamism: Starting newcompanies must bemadeeasier. ②In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition bydreaming up waysto combine laborandmachines. ③Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualreality haven’tbeeninvented yet. ④TheU.S. needsthenewcompanies thatwill inventthem. —236—第六段：①Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income andlaborincome,taxes andthe safetynetwill have to berethought. ②Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companiesforjob creation,and reduce inequality. 第七段：①Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. ②Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. ③But policies to help workersadaptwill beindispensable. 21.Whowill bemost threatenedbyautomation? —237—[A] Leadingpoliticians [B] Low-wage laborers [C] Robotowners [D] Middle-class workers 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 22.Which ofthe following bestrepresentstheauthor’sview? [A] Worriesaboutautomation arein factgroundless. [B] Optimists’opinionson newtech find little support. [C] Issuesarising fromautomation needto betackled. [D] Negative consequencesofnewtechcan beavoided. 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D —238—23.Educationin theageofautomationshouldputmoreemphasison_____. [A] creative potential [B] job-hunting skills [C] individualneeds [D] cooperativespirit 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 24.Theauthorsuggeststhattax policiesbeaimedat_____. [A] encouraging thedevelopmentofautomation [B] increasingthereturn oncapitalinvestment [C] easingthehostility betweenrich andpoor [D] preventing theincome gap fromwidening 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A 选项分析 B C —239—D 25.In this text, theauthorpresentsaproblemwith_____. [A] opposingviews onit [B] possible solutionsto it [C] itsalarming impacts [D] itsmajorvariations 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D Text 2 第一段：①A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americansdisapprove ofPresidentTrump’suseofTwitter. ②The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through othersources,notapresident’s socialmedia platform. —240—第二段：①Most Americansrely on socialmediato checkdaily headlines. ②Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their medialiteracy skills. ③Such atrend isbadlyneeded. ④During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter usersin thepolitically critical state ofMichigan wasfake news,accordingto the University ofOxford. ⑤And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely ornevertrust newsfromthemedia giant. —241—第三段：①Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating factfromfiction in cyberspace. ②A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14 and 24 foundthey use“distributed trust”to verify stories. ③They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those thatareopenaboutanybias. ④“Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves andactively seeking outopposingviewpoints,”thesurvey concluded. 第四段：①Such active research canhave anothereffect. —242—②A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people’s reliance on social media led to greater politicalengagement. 第五段：①Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values andinterests. ②Thisforcesusersto bemoreconsciousoftheir rolein passing alonginformation. ③A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakesin reporting. —243—④About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration ofactualnews”via socialmedia. ⑤In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. ⑥“This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone,editorin chiefatBarna Group. 第六段：So when young people are critical ofan over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills—and in their choices on when to share on social media. 26.Accordingto Paragraphs1 and2,many youngAmericans castdoubton_____. [A] thejustificationofthenews-filteringpractice —244—[B] people’spreferenceforsocialmediaplatforms [C] theadministration’sability to handleinformation [D] socialmediaasareliable sourceofnews 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 27.Thephrase “beefup”(Line 2,Para.2)isclosestin meaningto_____. [A] sharpen [B] define [C] boast [D] share 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D —245—28.Accordingto theKnight Foundation survey, young people_____. [A] tendto voice theiropinionsin cyberspace [B] verify newsbyreferring to diverse sources [C] haveastrongsenseofresponsibility [D] liketo exchange views on“distributed trust” 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 29.TheBarna survey foundthat amain causeforthefake newsproblemis_____. [A] readers’outdatedvalues [B] journalists’biased reporting [C] readers’ misinterpretation [D] journalists’made-up stories 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A 选项分析 B C —246—D 30.Which ofthe following would bethebesttitleforthe text? [A] ARisein CriticalSkills forSharing NewsOnline [B] ACounteractionAgainsttheOver-tweeting Trend [C] TheAccumulation ofMutual Truston SocialMedia [D] ThePlatforms forProjection ofPersonalInterests 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D Text 3 第一段：①Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain’s National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sidesmeanwell. ②DeepMind isoneoftheleadingartificialintelligence (Al) companiesin theworld. —247—③The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to furtherconcentration ofpowerin thetech giants. ④It is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients in 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients’ rights and their expectations ofprivacy. 第二段：①DeepMind hasalmost apologized. ②TheNHS trusthasmended itsways. —248—③Further arrangements—and there may be many—between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patientsand allunnecessarydata hasbeencleaned. ④There arelessonsaboutinformed patientconsentto learn. ⑤Butprivacy isnottheonlyangle in thiscaseandnoteven the mostimportant. ⑥Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing lawit “controlled”thedataandDeepMind merely “processed”it. ⑦But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possessionofbits,thatgives thedatavalue. —249—第三段：①Thegreat questioniswho shouldbenefitfromtheanalysis ofallthedatathat ourlivesnowgenerate. ②Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge aboutthem. ③Thatmissestheway thesurveillance economy works. ④The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data ofcountlessmillionsmore. 第四段：①The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. —250—②Thispractice doesnotaddresstherealworry. ③It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients andsave lives. ④What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. ⑤If software promises to save lives on the scale that drugs now can, big data may be expected to behave asabig pharmahasdone. ⑥We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices nowmay turn out to have giganticconsequenceslater. —251—⑦Alongstruggle will beneededto avoid afuture ofdigitalfeudalism. ⑧MsDenham’sreportisawelcome start. 31.Whatistrueofthe agreementbetweentheNHS andDeepMind? [A] It causedconflictsamong tech giants. [B] It failed to paydueattention to patients’rights. [C] It fell shortofthelatter’sexpectations. [D] It putbothsidesinto adangeroussituation. 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 32.TheNHS trust respondedto Denham’sverdictwith_____. —252—[A] empty promises [B] tough resistance [C] necessaryadjustments [D] sincereapologies 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 33.Theauthorarguesin Paragraph 2that_____. [A] privacy protection must besecuredatallcosts [B] leaking patients’data isworse than selling it [C] making profitsfrompatients’dataisillegal [D] thevalue ofdatacomes fromtheprocessingofit 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D —253—34.Accordingto thelast paragraph,therealworry arising fromthisdealis_____. [A] theviciousrivalry among big pharmas [B] theineffective enforcement ofprivacy law [C] theuncontrolled useofnewsoftware [D] themonopolyofbig databy techgiants 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 35.Theauthor’sattitudetoward theapplication ofAl tohealthcare is_____. [A] ambiguous [B] cautious [C] appreciative [D] contemptuous 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A 选项分析 B C —254—D Text 4 第一段：①TheU.S. Postal Service (USPS) continuesto bleedred ink. ②It reported a net lossof $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue. ③Meanwhile,it hasmore than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly foremployee health andretirementcosts. ④There are many reasons this formerly stable federal institution finds itself at the brink ofbankruptcy. ⑤Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that —255—haspermanently decreaseddemand foritsbread-and-butterproduct,first-classmail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to thenewreality. 第二段：①And interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPS’s ultimate overseer —Congress—insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service, aspects of the status quo they depend on getprotected. ②This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years, leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization. 第三段：①Now comes word that everyone involved—Democrats, Republicans, the Postal Service, the unions and the system’s heaviest users—has finally agreed on a plan to fix thesystem. —256—②Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated $28.6 billion over five years, which could help pay for new vehicles, among other survival measures. ③Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and fromshifting postal retireesinto Medicare. ④The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its unions. 第四段：①Ifit clearstheHouse,thismeasurewould still haveto get through theSenate —where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessaryto keep thePostal Service afloat,notcomprehensive reform. —257—②There’s no change to collective bargaining at the USPS, a major omission consideringthatpersonnelaccountsfor 80percentofthe agency’scosts. ③Also missing isany discussionofeliminating Saturday letter delivery. ④That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS $2 billion peryear. ⑤Butpostalspecial-interestgroupsseemto have killed it,atleast in theHouse. ⑥The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting frightened aboutapolitically embarrassing short-termcollapse attheUSPS. ⑦It is not, however, a sign that they’re getting serious about transforming the postal —258—systemforthe21stcentury. 36.Thefinancial problemwith theUSPS iscausedpartly by_____. [A] itsunbalancedbudget [B] itsrigid management [C] thecostfortechnicalupgrading [D] thewithdrawalofbank support 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 37.Accordingto Paragraph 2,theUSPS failsto modernize itself dueto_____. [A] theinterferencefrominterestgroups [B] theinadequatefunding fromCongress [C] theshrinking demand forpostalservice [D] theincompetenceofpostalunions —259—题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 38.Thelong-standing complaintby theUSPSand itsunionscan beaddressedby_____. [A] removing itsburdenofretiree health care [B] making more investmentin newvehicles [C] adopting anewrate-increase mechanism [D] attracting more first-class mail users 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 39.In the lastparagraph,theauthorseems to view legislatorswith_____. [A] respect [B] tolerance —260—[C] discontent [D] gratitude 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 40.Which ofthe following would bethebesttitleforthe text? [A] TheUSPS Starts to Miss ItsGoodOld Days [B] ThePostal Service:Keep AwayfromMy Cheese [C] TheUSPS: ChronicIllnessRequiresaQuickCure [D] ThePostalService NeedsMoreThan aBand-Aid 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D —261—2019 Text 1 第一段：①Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bossesofbig banks. ②Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years iftheir banksareunderinvestigation forwrongdoing. ③The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and torestore public trustin financialinstitutions. ④Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long-term decision-making, not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations. 第二段：①“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly —262—traded companies,saysthe Bank ofEngland’stop economist,AndrewHaldane. ②He quotes agiant ofclassical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them atonce”ratherthan puttingthemaside to beeaten last. 第三段：①The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, henotes,hasdroppedfromseven years to seven monthsin recentdecades. ②Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’seffortsto invest in long-termresearchorto build upcustomerloyalty. ③Thishasbeendubbed“quarterly capitalism.” —263—第四段：①In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorter attention spans in financial markets. ②“There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in aspeechthisweek. 第五段 ：①In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism.” ②In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journalfindsthat “a substantialpart” ofexecutive payisnowtied to performance. 第六段：①Much more could bedoneto encourage “long-termism,”such aschanges in —264—thetax codeandquickerdisclosure ofstockacquisitions. ②In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years cansometimes earnmore voting rightsin acompany. 第七段：①Within companies,the right compensation design canprovide incentivesfor executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. ②Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance,notjustfortheshorttermbutfor thelong term. 21.Accordingto Paragraph 1,onemotive in imposing thenewruleisto_____. [A] enhancebankers’sense ofresponsibility [B] helpcorporationsachieve largerprofits —265—[C] buildanewsystem offinancial regulation [D] guaranteethebonusesoftop executives 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 22.Alfred Marshall isquotedto indicate_____. [A] theconditionsforgenerating quickprofits [B] governments’impatience in decision-making [C] thesolid structure ofpublicly tradedcompanies [D] “short-termism”in economicactivities 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can —266—be_____. [A] indirect [B] adverse [C] minimal [D] temporary 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 24.TheUS andFrance examples areused to illustrate_____. [A] theobstaclesto preventing “short-termism” [B] thesignificanceoflong-term thinking [C] theapproachesto promoting“long-termism” [D] theprevalenceofshort-termthinking 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A 选项分析 B C —267—D 25.Which ofthe following would bethebesttitleforthe text? [A] Failure ofQuarterly Capitalism [B] Patience asaCorporateVirtue [C] DecisivenessRequiredofTop Executives [D] Frustration ofRisk-taking Bankers 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D Text 2 第一段：①Grade inflation —the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) overthe pastfewdecades—is often consideredaproductofa consumer erain highereducation,in whichstudentsaretreated like customers to bepleased. ②But another, related force—a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called —268—“grade forgiveness”—ishelping raise GPAs. 第二段：Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating astudent’s overallGPA. 第三段：①The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve theirgraduation rates. ②When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-levelcourses. ③But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, andeven graduate students,to get theirlowgradesforgiven. —269—第四段：①College officialstend to emphasize thatthegoalofgrade forgiveness isless about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degreeprogramandgraduation withoutincurring abigpenalty. ②“Ultimately,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s registrar, “we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent courses ormasterthecontentthatallows themto graduate ontime.” 第五段：①That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needsaswell. ②For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention — so better grades can, by boostingfigureslikethose,meanmore money. —270—③And anything thatraises GPAs will likely make students—who,at theend ofthe day, are paying the bill—feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is anotherbigconcernforcolleges. 第六段：①Indeed,grade forgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesareresponding to consumers’expectations forhigher education. ②Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least appearto be. ③On this,students’andcolleges’incentivesseemto bealigned. 26.Whatiscommonly regarded asthecauseofgrade inflation? —271—[A] Thechangeofcoursecatalogs [B] Students’indifference toGPAs [C] Colleges’neglectofGPAs [D] Theinfluenceofconsumerculture 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 27.Whatwasthe original purpose ofgrade forgiveness? [A] To helpfreshmen adaptto college learning [B] To maintain colleges’graduation rates [C] To preparegraduatesforachallenging future [D] To increaseuniversities’income fromtuition 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D —272—28.Accordingto Paragraph 5,grade forgivenessenablescollegesto_____. [A] obtainmorefinancialsupport [B] boosttheir studentenrollments [C] improve their teachingquality [D] meetlocal governments’needs 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 29.Whatdoesthephrase“to bealigned”(Para. 6)most probably mean? [A] To counterbalanceeachother [B] To complementeachother [C] To beidenticalwith eachother [D] To becontradictoryto each other 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A 选项分析 B C —273—D 30.Theauthorexaminesthepractice ofgrade forgiveness by_____. [A] assessingits feasibility [B] analyzing the causesbehindit [C] comparing differentviewsonit [D] listingits long-run effects 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D Text 3 第一段：①This yearmarks exactly two centuriessincethe publication ofFrankenstein; or,TheModemPrometheus,”byMary Shelley. ②Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the authorproduced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised —274—by technologiesyet to come. 第二段：Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions: “What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans humans? ” 第三段：①What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate theway humansthink, continuesto evade scientists. ②Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as“Westworld”and “Humans.” 第四段：①Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced,saysDavid Eagleman,aStanford University neuroscientist. —275—②“We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousnessactually isandhowyou couldever buildamachineto get there.” 第五段：①Butthatdoesn’tmean crucialethicalissuesinvolving AI aren’tathand. ②Thecoming useofautonomousvehicles,forexample, posesthornyethicalquestions. ③Human drivers sometimesmustmake split-seconddecisions. ④Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences,andwhattheireyesand earstell themin thatmoment. —276—⑤AI“vision”today isnotnearly assophisticated asthat ofhumans. ⑥And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem. 第六段：①Wheneverdecisionsarebasedon massesofdata,“you quickly get into alot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency thatishelping thegovernmentdevelop avoluntary codefortheethicaluseofAI. ②Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish theirown guidelines. ③Britain issetting up adataethicscenter. —277—④Indiareleased its AIethicsstrategy this spring. 第七段：①On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy AI” that would cause “overall harm,”orto develop AI-directed weaponsoruse AI forsurveillance that would violate internationalnorms. ②It also pledged notto deploy AI whoseuse would violate international laws orhuman rights. 第八段：①Whilethestatementis vague,it representsonestarting point. ②So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent,andfair. —278—第九段：①To putit anotherway: Howcanwemake surethatthethinking ofintelligent machinesreflectshumanity’shighestvalues? ②Only thenwill they beusefulservantsand notFrankenstein’sout-of-control monster. 31.Mary Shelley’snovel Frankensteinismentioned becauseit_____. [A] fascinatesAIscientistsall overtheworld [B] hasremained popularforaslongas200years [C] involvessome concernsraised byAItoday [D] hassparked seriousethicalcontroversies 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 32.In David Eagleman’sopinion,ourcurrentknowledge ofconsciousness_____. —279—[A] helpsexplain artificial intelligence [B] canbemisleading torobotmaking [C] inspirespopularsci-fi TVseries [D] istoo limited forusto reproduce it 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 33.Thesolution to theethicalissuesbroughtbyautonomousvehicles_____. [A] canhardlyever befound [B] isstill beyond ourcapacity [C] causeslittlepublic concern [D] hasarousedmuch curiosity 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D —280—34.Theauthor’sattitudetoward Google’spledgesisoneof_____. [A] affirmation [B] skepticism [C] contempt [D] respect 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 35.Which ofthe following would bethebesttitleforthe text? [A] AI’sFuture:In theHandsofTech Giants [B] Frankenstein,theNovel Predicting theAge ofAI [C] TheConscienceofAI:Complex ButInevitable [D] AIShall BeKillers OnceOutofControl 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A 选项分析 B C —281—D Text 4 第一段：States will beableto forcemore peopleto paysalestax whenthey make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighterwallets butisabigfinancial win forstates. 第二段：①The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisionsthatstatessaid costthembillionsofdollarsin lostrevenueannually. ②The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases. 第三段：①The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such asawarehouseoroffice,thebusinessdidn’t haveto collectsalestax forthestate. —282—②Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves ifthey weren’tcharged it,butmostdidn’trealize they oweditand fewpaid. 第四段：①Justice AnthonyKennedywrote thatthepreviousdecisionswere flawed. ②“Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined byfourotherjustices. ③Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited states’ ability to seek long-term prosperity and haspreventedmarket participantsfrom competing onan even playing field.” 第五段：①The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collectsalestaxon onlinepurchasesalready. —283—②Now,rivalswill becharging salestax where theyhadn’t before. ③Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical storesin whateverstate apurchaseisbeing shippedto. ④Amazon.com, with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state thatcharges it,though third-party sellerswho usethesite don’thave to. 第六段：①Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside thosestates. ②Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also —284—haven’t beencollectingsalestax nationwide. ③Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collectthestate’s salestax fromcustomers andsendit to thestate. 第七段：①Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for localandonlinebusinesses. ②The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. ③Thoseretailers may faceheadachescomplying with variousstate salestax laws. ④The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, —285—“Small businessesand internetentrepreneursarenotwell served atallbythis decision.” 36.TheSupreme Courtdecision Thursdaywill_____. [A] betterbusinesses’relationswith states [B] putmost onlinebusinessesin adilemma [C] makemore online shopperspaysalestax [D] forcesome statesto cutsalestax 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 37.It canbelearnedfromparagraphs2and3 thattheoverruled decisions_____. [A] haveled to thedominance ofe-commerce [B] havecostconsumersalot overtheyears [C] werewidely criticized by onlinepurchasers [D] wereconsideredunfavorable bystates —286—题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 38.Accordingto Justice AnthonyKennedy,thephysical presencerulehas_____. [A] hinderedeconomic development [B] brought prosperity to thecountry [C] harmed fairmarket competition [D] boostedgrowth in states’revenue 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 39.Whoaremostlikely to welcome theSupreme Courtruling? [A] Internetentrepreneurs [B] Big-chain owners —287—[C] Third-party sellers [D] Small retailers 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 40.In dealing with theSupreme Courtdecision Thursday,theauthor_____. [A] givesafactualaccountofitanddiscussesitsconsequences [B] describesthe long andcomplicated processofits making [C] presentsitsmain pointswith conflicting viewsonthem [D] citessome casesrelated to itand analyzestheir implications 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D —288—2020 Text 1 第一段：①A group of Labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the newyearwith acall to institute aUK“town ofculture”award. ②The proposal is that it should sit alongside theexisting city of culture title, which was held byHull in 2017,andhasbeenawardedto Coventry for2021. ③Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in £220m of investment and an avalanche of arts, ought not to be confined to cities. ④Britain’s towns, it is true, are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack theresourcesto puttogetherabid to beattheir bigger competitions. ⑤A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting —289—fundingand creatingjobs. 第二段：①Some might see the proposal as a booby prize for the fact that Britain is no longer ableto apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture,a sought-after awardbagged by Glasgow in1990and Liverpoolin 2008. ②A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows what will follow—village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamletofculture? 第三段：①Itisalso wise to recall thatsuchtitles arenotacure-all. ②A badly run “year of culture” washes in and washes out of a place like the tide, bringing prominencefor aspellbutleaving no lasting benefitsto thecommunity. —290—③Thereally successfulholdersofsuchtitlesarethose thatdo agreat dealmore thanfill hotelbedroomsandbring in high-profile arts eventsandgood pressforayear. ④They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image ofthe city into abolderandmore optimistic light. ⑤It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. ⑥But it can be done: Glasgow’s year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of a complex series of factors that have turned the city into the powerhouse ofart,music andtheatre thatit remainstoday. —291—第四段：①A “town of culture” could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town’s peculiarities—helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and aboveallcelebrating itspeople. ②Jeremy Wright, the culture secretary, should welcome this positive, hope-filled proposal,andturn it into action. 21.Cooperandhercolleaguesargue thata“town ofculture”award could_____. [A] consolidate thetown-city tiesin Britain [B] promote cooperation among Britain’stowns [C] increasetheeconomic strength ofBritain’stowns [D] focusBritain’slimited resourceson culturalevents 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A 选项分析 B C —292—D 22.Accordingto Paragraph 2,theproposalmight beregarded bysome as_____. [A] asensible compromise [B] aself-deceiving attempt [C] aneye-catching bonus [D] aninaccessible target 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 23.Theauthorsuggeststhatatitleholderissuccessfulonly ifit_____. [A] endeavoursto maintain itsimage [B] meets theaspiration ofits people [C] bringsits localartsto prominence [D] commitsto itslong-termgrowth 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A 选项分析 B —293—C D 24.Glasgow ismentioned in Paragraph 3to present_____. [A] acontrasting case [B] asupportingexample [C] abackgroundstory [D] arelated topic 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 25.Whatistheauthor’sattitude towardstheproposal? [A] Skeptical [B] Objective [C] Favorable [D] Critical 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ —294—A B 选项分析 C D Text 2 第一段：①Scientific publishinghaslongbeenalicence to printmoney. ②Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles withoutmonetaryreward. ③Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge. 第二段：①With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market foritsjournal. —295—②Until thiscentury,university librarieswerenotvery price sensitive. ③Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations,atatime whentherestofthepublishing industryis in anexistential crisis. 第三段：TheDutch giantElsevier, which claimsto publish 25% ofthe scientific papers produced in the world, made profits of more than £900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than £210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate effortsto change them. 第四段：①The most drastic,andthoroughly illegal, reactionhasbeentheemergenceof Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claimsto offer accessto every paywalled article publishedsince 2015. —296—②The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its usersandmustbetransformed so thatit worksforallparticipants. 第五段：①In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by fundingbodies. ②In someways ithasbeenvery successful. ③More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms: eitherfreely available fromthe momentofpublication,orpaywalled for ayear or more so thatthepublisherscanmake aprofit beforebeingplacedon generalrelease. —297—第六段：①Yetthe newsystemhasnotworked outanycheaperfortheuniversities. ②Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging theirwriters feesto coverthecostsofpreparinganarticle. ③Theserange fromaround £500to $5,000. ④A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these “article preparationcosts”had beensteadilyrising atarateaboveinflation. 第七段：①In some ways thescientific publishing modelresembles the economy ofthe social Internet: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profitsaremadeby afewbig firmswho runthemarket places. —298—②In bothcases,weneedarebalancingofpower. 26.Scientific publishingisseen as“alicence toprint money”partlybecause_____. [A] itsfundinghasenjoyed asteady increase [B] itsmarketing strategy hasbeensuccessful [C] itspaymentforpeerreviewisreduced [D] itscontentacquisitioncostsnothing 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 27.Accordingto Paragraphs2 and3,scientific publisherslikeElsevierhave_____. [A] thrivedmainly on university libraries [B] gonethrough anexistential crisis [C] revived thepublishing industry [D] financedresearchersgenerously —299—题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 28.Howdoesthe authorfeelaboutthesuccessofSci-Hub? [A] Relieved [B] Puzzled [C] Concerned [D] Encouraged 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 29.It canbelearnedfromParagraphs5and6 thatopenaccessterms_____. [A] allowpublisherssome roomto makemoney [B] renderpublishingmuch easierforscientists —300—IC] reducethecostofpublication substantially [D] freeuniversities fromfinancialburdens 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 30.Which ofthe following characterisesthe scientific publishing model? [A] Trialsubscription isoffered [B] Labourtriumphsover status [C] Costsarewellcontrolled [D] Thefewfeedonthe many 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D —301—Text 3 第一段：①Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level theplaying field. ②But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only themostprivileged anddoeslittle to helpaverage people. 第二段：A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure “gender parity” on boards and commissions,provide acasein point. 第三段：①Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government boardsarelessthan 40percentfemale. ②In orderto ensurethatelite women have moresuch opportunities, they have proposed —302—imposing governmentquotas. ③If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percentofboardseats forwomen by2022. 第四段：①The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in California, which last year became thefirst state to require genderquotasforprivate companies. ②In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies peopleonthebasisofsex,isprobably unconstitutional. 第五段：①The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to addressan“important”policyinterest. —303—②Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of“equalprotection”. 第六段：①Butare suchgovernmentmandateseven necessary? ②Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in thegeneral population,butsowhat? 第七段：①The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without governmentinterference. ②According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boardsofglobalcorporationsincreasedby 54percent. —304—第八段：①Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably leadto lessexperienced private sectorboards. ②That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota. 第九段：Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a “golden skirt” phenomenon, where the same elite women scoopupmultiple seatson avariety ofboards. 第十段：Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity, remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsorsfeelgood butdolittle tohelp average women. —305—31.Theauthorbelievesthatthe bills sponsoredbyLewis andHaddadwill_____. [A] helplittle to reducegenderbias [B] poseathreatto thestate government [C] raisewomen’sposition in politics [D] greatlybroadencareeroptions 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 32.Which ofthe following is trueoftheCalifornia measure? [A] It hasirritated private businessowners. [B] It iswelcomed bytheSupreme Court. [C] It may go against the Constitution. [D] It will settle thepriorcontroversies. 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A 选项分析 B —306—C D 33.Theauthormentions thestudy byCatalyst to illustrate_____. [A] theharmfromarbitrary boarddecisions [B] theimportance ofconstitutionalguarantees [C] thepressureonwomen in globalcorporations [D] theneedlessnessofgovernmentinterventions 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 34.Norway’sadoption ofanationwide corporate genderquotahasledto_____. [A] theunderestimation ofelite women’srole [B] theobjectionto female participation onboards [C] theentryofunqualified candidatesinto theboard [D] thegrowing tensionbetween laborand management 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ —307—A B 选项分析 C D 35.Which ofthe following canbeinferred fromthe text? [A] Women’sneed in employment shouldbeconsidered. [B] Feasibility shouldbeaprimeconcernin policymaking. [C] Everyone shouldtry hard to promotesocialjustice. [D] Majorsocialissuesshouldbethe focusoflegislation. 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D Text 4 第一段：①Last Thursday,theFrench Senate passedadigitalservicestax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumersorusersin France. —308—②Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue fromsuchservices. ③Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a “ GAFA tax”, meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon—in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States. 第二段：①The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within thenext fewweeks. ②But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which inturn could lead totrade sanctionsagainstFrance. —309—第三段：①The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. ②Instead, the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. ③These have included Britain’s DPT (diverted profits tax), Australia’s MAAL (multinationalantiavoidance law), andIndia’s SEP (significanteconomic presence)test, to name butafew. ④At the same time, the European Union, Spain, Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digitalservicestaxes. —310—第四段：①These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countriesbelieve they should have aright to tax, even ifinternationaltax rulesdonotgrant themthatright. ②In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with thecurrenteconomy. 第 五 段 ： ①In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countriesto reachaconsensusby the endof2020 onaninternational solution. ②Both France and the United States are involved in the organization’s work, but France’s digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the futureholdsforthe internationaltax system. —311—第六段：France’s planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations thatwill prove burdensome andcostly. 36.TheFrench Senate haspassedabillto_____. [A] regulate digital servicesplatforms [B] protectFrench companies’interests [C] imposealevy ontech multinationals [D] curbthe influenceofadvertising 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 37.It canbelearnedfromParagraph 2thatthe digitalservicestax_____. [A] may triggercountermeasuresagainst France [B] isaptto arousecriticismathome andabroad —312—[C] aimsto easeinternational tradetensions [D] will promptthe tech giantsto quitFrance 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 38.Thecountriesadoptingtheunilateralmeasuresshare theopinionthat_____. [A] redistribution oftechgiants’revenue mustbeensured [B] thecurrentinternationaltax systemneedsupgrading [C] techmultinationals’monopoly should beprevented [D] allcountriesought to enjoyequaltaxing rights 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 39.It canbelearnedfromParagraph 5thatthe OECD’scurrentwork_____. —313—[A] isbeingresisted by US companies [B] needsto bereadjusted immediately [C] isfacedwith uncertain prospects [D] needsto involve morecountries 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 40.Which ofthe following might bethebesttitle forthis text? [A] FranceIs Confrontedwith Trade Sanctions [B] France LeadstheCharge onDigital Tax [C] France Says “NO”to TechMultinationals [D] FranceDemandsaRole in theDigitalEconomy 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D —314—2021 Text 1 第一段：①HowcanBritain’strain operatorspossibly justify yet anotherincrease to rail passengerfares? ②It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of traveling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use therail networkto get to workorotherwise. ③This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 percent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, butit isstill wellabovethe official ConsumerPrice Index (CPI) measureofinflation. 第二段：①Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that thecostofinvesting in andrunning therail network shouldbeborne bythosewho useit, ratherthan thegeneraltaxpayer. —315—②Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise thedaily commuteofastockbrokerfromSurrey? ③Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those whomustendurethe relatively poorinfrastructure oftheMidlandsandtheNorth. 第三段：①However, over the past 12 months, those commuters have also experienced some oftheworst railstrikesin years. ②It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantialsums they arenowpaying to travel. —316—③Theresponsibility forthelatestwave ofstrikes restsonthe unions. ④However, there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action shouldreceive compensation for thedisruption theyhave suffered. 第四段：①The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement sothat,even when strikesoccur,servicescancontinueto operate. ②This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems onBritain’srailways. ③Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely ifthey mustalso endure cramped,unreliable services,punctuated byregular chaoswhen timetablesarechanged,orplannedmaintenanceismanaged incompetently. —317—④The threat of nationalisation may have been off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if thejustified angerofpassengersisnotaddressedin shortorder. 21.Theauthorholdsthatthis year’sincrease in railpassengerfares_____. [A] haskept pacewith inflation [B] isabigsurprise to commuters [C] remainsanunreasonablemeasure [D] will easetrain operator’sburden 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 22.Thestockbrokerin Paragraph 2is usedto standfor_____. [A] cardrivers [B] railtravelers [C] localinvestors —318—[D] ordinarytaxpayers 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 23.It isindicated in Paragraph3 thattrain operators_____. [A] areoffering compensation to commuters [B] aretryingto repairrelationswith theunions [C] havefailed to provideanadequate service [D] havesuffered hugelossesowing to thestrikes 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 24.If unable to calmdownpassengers,therailway may have to face_____. [A] thelossofinvestment —319—[B] thecollapseofoperations [C] areduction ofrevenue [D] achange ofownership 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 25.Which ofthe following would bethebesttitleforthe text? [A] WhoAre toBlame fortheStrikes [B] ConstantComplainingDoesn’t Work [C] Can Nationalisation Bring Hope? [D] Ever-rising FaresAren’tSustainable 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D —320—Text 2 第一段：①Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation hasslowedin pace. ②Onereasonfor theturnaroundmay bethe country’santipoverty program. 第二段：①In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in schoolorget regular medical care. ②Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduceinequality andbreakthecycle ofpoverty. ③They’realreadyusedin dozensofcountriesworldwide. —321—④In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reducesevere growth problems among children. 第三段：①ButCCT programsdon’tgenerally considereffectsontheenvironment. ②In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, saysPaul Ferraro,aneconomist atJohnsHopkins University. 第四段：①That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. ②However,those correlationsdon’tprovecause andeffect. —322—③The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs,supported thetraditionalview. ④There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raisefor meat,Ferraro says. 第五段：①Such programsdonothave to negatively affecttheenvironment,though. ②Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. ③Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestationrates. —323—第六段：①Ferraro analyzed satellite datashowingannualforestlossfrom2008to 2012 —including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program–in 7,468 forested villagesacross15provinces. ②“We see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says. 第七段：①That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policiesagainst inclementweather,Ferraro says. ②Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplementtheir harvests. 第八段：①Whetherthisresearch translateselsewhereis anybody’sguess. —324—②Ferraro suggests the results may transfer to other parts of Asia, due to commonalities such astheimportance ofgrowing riceandmarket access. ③And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what’s good for people may also begoodfortheenvironment. ④Even if this program didn’t reduce poverty, Ferraro says, “the value of the avoided deforestation justforcarbondioxide emissions aloneismorethan theprogramcosts.” 26.Accordingto thefirst two paragraphs,CCT programsaim to_____. [A] facilitate healthcarereform [B] helppoorfamilies get betteroff [C] improve localeducationsystems [D] lowerdeforestationrates —325—题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 27.Thestudy basedonan areain Mexico iscited to showthat_____. [A] cattle raising hasbeenamajormeansoflivelihoodforthepoor [B] CCT programshave helpedpreserve traditional lifestyles [C] antipoverty effortsrequire theparticipation oflocalfarmers [D] economicgrowth tendsto causeenvironmentaldegradation 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 28.In hisstudy aboutIndonesia,Ferraro intendsto find out_____. [A] itsacceptance levelofCCTs [B] itsannualrateofpoverty alleviation —326—[C] therelation ofCCTs to itsforestloss [D] theroleofits forestsin climate change 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 29.Accordingto Ferraro,theCCT programin Indonesia ismostvaluable in that_____. [A] itwill benefitotherAsian countries [B] itwill reduceregionalinequality [C] itcan protecttheenvironment [D] itcan benefitgrain production 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 30.Whatisthetext centeredon? —327—[A] Theeffectsofaprogram [B] Thedebatesoveraprogram [C] Theprocessofastudy [D] Thetransferability ofastudy 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D Text 3 第一段：①As a historian who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past, I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (What better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?). ②I’ve found quite a few, and—since I started posing them on Twitter—they have been causingquiteastir. —328—③People have been surprisedto seeevidence thatVictorianshadfun andcould,and did, laugh. ④They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter. 第二段：①Of course, I need to concede that my collection of ‘Smiling Victorians’ makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably andstiffly in frontofpaintedbackups,orstaring absentlyinto themiddledistance. ② Howdowe explain this trend? —329—第三段：①During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images assitters shifted position oradjustedtheir limbs. ②The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate,and soanon-committalblankstare became thenorm. 第四段：①Butexposure timeswere muchquicker bythe1880s,andtheintroductionof the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s digital standards,theexposure wasalmostinstantaneous. ②Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere foranexplanation ofwhy Victoriansstill hesitated to smile. 第五段：①One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy —330—grin. ②“Nature gave uslips to conceal ourteeth,”ran onepopular Victorian maxim, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state ofhygiene. ③A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular ‘pearly whites’ was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed). 第六段：①A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened gnashers) lacked class: drunks, tramps, and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide asLewis Carroll’s gurn-exposing Cheshire Cat, butit wasnot abecoming look forproperly bredpersons. ②Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to —331—photographic portraits there could be “nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”. 31.Accordingto Paragraph 1,theauthor’spostsonTwitter_____. [A] changed people’simpression ofthe Victorians [B] highlighted socialmedia’srolein Victorian studies [C] re-evaluated theVictorian’snotion ofpublic image [D] illustratedthedevelopmentofVictorian photography 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 32.Whatdoestheauthorsay abouttheVictorian portraits hehascollected? [A] Theyarein popularuseamong historians. [B] Theyarerareamong photographsofthatage. [C] Theymirror 19th-century socialconventions. [D] Theyshoweffectsofdifferentexposure times. —332—题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 33.Whatmight havekepttheVictorians fromsmiling forpicturesin the1890s? [A] Theirinherentsocial sensitiveness [B] Theirtension beforethecamera [C] Theirdistrust ofnewinventions [D] Theirunhealthy dentalcondition 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 34.Mark Twain isquotedto showthatthedisapprovalofsmiles inpictureswas_____. [A] adeep-rootbelief [B] amisguided attitude —333—[C] acontroversialview [D] athought-provoking idea 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 35.Which ofthe following questionsdoesthetext answer? [A] Whydid mostVictorians lookstern in photographs? [B] Why didtheVictorians startto viewphotographs? [C] Whatmadephotographydevelop in theVictorian period? [D] Howdid smiling in photographsbecome apost-Victorian norm? 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D —334—Text 4 第一段：①From the early days of broadband,advocates for consumers and web-based companied worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections hadthepowerandincentive to favor affiliated websitesovertheirrivals’. ②That’s why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online, preserving the freedom andinnovation thathave beenthelifeblood oftheInternet. 第二段：①Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill—in part because of pushback frombroadbandproviders,anti-regulatory conservativesandthecourts. ②A federal appeals court weighed in again Tuesday, but instead of providing a badly neededresolutions,itonlyprolonged thefight. ③At issue before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was —335—the latest take of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on net neutrality, adoptedonaparty-linevote in 2017. ④The Republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted when it had a Democratic majority in 2015, but rejected the commission’sauthority to requirebroadband providersto domuch ofanything. ⑤The order also declared that state and local governments couldn’t regulate broadband providers either. 第 三 段 ： ①The commission argued that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like AT&T favoring its ownvideo-streaming service atthe expenseoftheNetflix and AppleTV. ②Yet the FCC also ended the investigations of broadband providers that imposed data capsontheirrivals’streaming servicesbutnottheirown. —336—第 四 段 ： ①On Tuesday, the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2017 order deregulating broadband providers, citing a Supreme Court ruling from 2005 that upheld asimilarly deregulatory move. ②But Judge Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that “the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service,” and said Congress or the Supreme Court could intervene to “avoid trapping Internet regulation in technological anachronism.” 第五段：①In the meantime, the court threw out the FCC’s attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality, while preserving the commission’s power to preempt individual state lawsthatundermine itsorder. ②That means more battles like the one now going on between the Justice Department and California, which enacted a tough net neutrality law in the wake of the FCC’s —337—abdication. 第六段：①Theendlesslegal battlesandback-and-forth attheFCCcry outforCongress to act. ②It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting opennessandinnovation online. 36.There haslongbeenconcernthatbroadbandproviders would_____. [A] bringweb-based firms undercontrol [B] slowdownthetraffic ontheirnetwork [C] showpartiality in treating clients [D] intensify competition with theirrivals 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ —338—A B 选项分析 C D 37.Facedwith thedemand fornetneutrality rules,the FCC_____. [A] sticksto anout-of-date order [B] takean anti-regulatory stance [C] hasissued aspecialresolution [D] hasallowed the statesto intervene 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 38.Whatcanbelearned aboutAT&T fromparagraph 3? [A] It protectsagainst unfaircompetition [B] It engages in anti-competitive practices [C] It isundertheFCC’sinvestigation [D] It isin pursuitofquality service —339—题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 39.Judge Patricia Millett arguesthattheappealscourt’sdecision_____. [A] focusontrivialities [B] conveys anambiguousmessage [C] isatoddswith itsearlierrulings [D] isoutoftouchwith reality 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 40.Whatdoestheauthorargue in thelast paragraph? [A] Congressneedsto take actionto ensurenetneutrality. [B] TheFCC shouldbeputunderstrict supervision. —340—[C] Rulesneedto besetto diversify online services. [D] Broadbandproviders’rightsshouldbeprotected. 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D —341—2022 Text 1 第一段：①People often complain thatplasticsaretoo durable. ②Water bottles, shopping bags, and other trash litter the planet, from Mount Everest to theMariana Trench,because plasticsareeverywhereand don’tbreak downeasily. ③Butsome plastic materialschange over time. ④Theycrack andfrizzle. ⑤They“weep”outadditives. —342—⑥Theymelt into sludge. ⑦All of which creates huge headaches for institutions, such as museums, trying to preserve culturally important objects. ⑧The variety of plastic objects at risk is dizzying: early radios, avant-garde sculptures, celluloid animation stillsfromDisney films, thefirst artificial heart. 第二段：①Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art didn’t always know how to mix ingredients properly, says Thea van Oosten, a polymer chemist who, until retiring a few years ago, worked for decades at the Cultural Heritage Agency oftheNetherlands(RCE). ②“It’slikebaking acake:Ifyou don’thave exact amounts,it goeswrong,”shesays. —343—③“Theobjectyou make isalreadyatime bomb.” 第三段：①Andsometimes,it’snotthe artist’s fault. ②In the 1960s, the Italian artist Picro Gilardi began to create hundreds of bright, colorfulfoampieces. ③Those pieces included small beds of roses and other items as well as a few dozen “nature carpets” — large rectangles decorated with foam pumpkins, cabbages, and watermelons. ④He wanted viewers to walk around on the carpets—which meant they had to be durable. 第四段：①Unfortunately,thepolyurethane foamheusedisinherently unstable. —344—②It’s especially vulnerable to light damage, and by the mid-1990s,Gilardi’s pumpkins, roses,andotherfigureswere spitting andcrumbling. ③Museumslocked some ofthemaway in thedark. 第五段：①So van Oosten andhercolleaguesworked to preserve Gilardi’ssculptures. ②Theyinfused somewith stabilizingand consolidating chemicals. ③Van Oosten calls those chemicals “sunscreens” because their goal was to prevent furtherlight damageand rebuildworn polymer fibers. —345—④ She is proud that several sculptures have even gone on display again, albeit sometimesbeneathprotective cases. 第六段：①Despite successstorieslike vanOosten’s,preservation ofplasticswill likely get harder. ②Old objectscontinue to deteriorate. ③Worse,biodegradable plasticsdesigned to disintegrate,are increasingly common. 第七段：①Andmore isatstake herethan individualobjects. ②Joana Lia Ferreira, an assistant professor of conservation and restoration at the NOVA School of Science and Technology, notes that archaeologists first defined the great material ages of human history—Stone Age, Iron Age, and so on—after —346—examining artifacts in museums. ③We now live in an age of plastic, she says, “and what we decide to collect today, what we decide to preserve...will have a strong impact on how in the future we’ll be seen.” 21.Accordingto Paragraph 1,museumsarefacedwith difficultiesin_____. [A] maintainingtheirplastic items [B] obtainingdurableplastic artifacts [C] handling outdatedplastic exhibits [D] classifying theirplastic collections 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 22.VanOosten believes thatcertain plastic objectsare_____. —347—[A] immuneto decay [B] improperly shaped [C] inherentlyflawed [D] complex in structure 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 23.Museums stoppedexhibiting someofGilardi’sartworks to_____. [A] keepthem fromhurtingvisitors [B] duplicatethemforfuture display [C] havetheiringredients analyzed [D] preventthemfromfurtherdamage 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D —348—24.Theauthorthinksthat preservation ofplasticsis_____. [A] costly [B] unworthy [C] unpopular [D] challenging 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 25.In Ferreira’sopinion,preservation ofplastic artifacts_____. [A] will inspire future scientific research [B] hasprofoundhistorical significance [C] will helpusseparate thematerial ages [D] hasan impactontoday’scultural life 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D —349—Text 2 第一段：As the latest crop of students pen their undergraduate application form and weigh up their options, it may be worth considering just how the point, purpose and value of a degree has changed and what Generation Z need to consider as they start the third stage oftheireducationaljourney. 第二段：①Millennials weretold that ifyou did wellin school,got adecentdegree,you would besetup forlife. ②Butthatpromise hasbeenfound wanting. ③Asdegreesbecame universal, theybecamedevalued. ④Educationwasno longerasecureroute ofsocialmobility. —350—⑤Today, 28 per cent of graduates in the UK are in non-graduate roles, a percentage which isdouble the average among OECD countries. 第三段：This isnotto saythatthere isno pointingetting adegree,butratherstress that a degree is not for everyone, that the switch from classroom to lecture hall is not an inevitable oneandthat otheroptionsareavailable. 第四段：①Thankfully, there aresignsthatthis isalreadyhappening, with Generation Z seeking to learn from their millennial predecessors, even if parents and teachers tend to bestill setin thedegree mindset. ②Employers have long seen the advantages of hiring school leavers who often prove themselves to bemore committed andloyal employeesthan graduates. ③Many too are seeing the advantages of scrapping a degree requirement for certain roles. —351—第五段：①Forthoseforwhomadegree isthe desired route,considerthatthismaywell bethefirst ofmany. ②In thisage ofgeneralists,itpays to have specificknowledge orskills. ③Postgraduatesnowearn40 percentmore thangraduates. ④Whenmore andmore ofushave adegree,it makessenseto have two. 第六段：①It isunlikely thatGenerationZ will bedonewith education at18or21;they will needto beconstantly up-skilling throughouttheircareerto stay employable. ②Ithasbeenestimated thatthisgeneration,dueto thepressuresoftechnology, thewish —352—for personal fulfilment and desire for diversity, will work for 17 different employers over thecourse oftheir working lifeand havefive differentcareers. ③ Education, and not just knowledge gained on campus, will be a core part of Generation Z’scareertrajectory. 第七段：①Older generations often talk about their degree in the present and personal tense:‘Iamageographer’or‘Iamaclassist’. ②Their sons or daughters would never say such a thing; it’s as if they already know thattheirdegree won’t definethemin thesameway. 26.TheauthorsuggeststhatGeneration Zshould_____. [A] becarefulin choosingacollege [B] bediligent ateacheducationalstage [C] reassessthenecessity ofcollege education —353—[D] postponetheir undergraduate application 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 27.Thepercentage ofUKgraduatesin non-graduate rolesreflect_____. [A] Millennial’sopinionsaboutwork [B] theshrinking valueofadegree [C] publicdiscontentwith education [D] thedesiredrouteofsocialmobility 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 28.Theauthorconsidersit agood sign that_____. [A] GenerationZ areseeking toearn adecentdegree [B] Schoolleaversarewilling to beskilled workers —354—[C] Employersaretaking arealistic attitude to degrees [D] Parentsarechanging their mindsabouteducation 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 29.It isadvised in Paragraph 5thatthose with onedegree should_____. [A] makeanearly decision ontheircareer [B] attend onthejobtraining programs [C] teamupwith high-paid postgraduates [D] furthertheir studiesinaspecific field 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 30.Whatcanbeconcluded aboutGeneration Zfromthe lasttwo paragraphs? [A] Lifelong learningwill define them. —355—[B] Theywill make qualified educators. [C] Depresswillno longerappealthem. [D] Theywill have alimited choiceofjobs. 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D Text 3 第一段：①Enlightening,challenging, stimulating, fun. ②These were some of the words that Nature readers used to describe their experience of art-science collaborations in a series of articles on partnerships between artists and researchers. ③Nearly 40% of the roughly 350 people who responded to an accompanying poll said, they had collaborated with artists; and almost all said they would consider doing so in —356—future. 第二段：①Such anencouraging results isnotsurprising. ②Scientists are increasingly seeking out visual artists to help them communicate their work to newaudiences. ③“Artistshelp scientists reach abroaderaudience andmake emotionalconnectionsthat enhance learning,”Onerespondentsaid. 第三段：①One example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the scenes came last month when the Sydney Symphony Orchestra performed a reworked version ofAntonio Vivaldi’sThe FourSeasons. ②They reimagined the300-year-old score by injecting thelatest climate prediction data —357—for each season—provided by Monash University’s Climate Change Communication Research Hub. ③The performance was a creative call to action ahead of November’s United Nations Climate Change Conferencein Glasgow,UK. 第四段：①Butagenuinepartnership mustbeatwo-way street. ② Fewer artist than scientists responded to the Nature pol1, however, several respondents noted that artists do not simply assist scientists with their communication requirements. ③Norshouldtheirwork beconsideredonly asanobjectofstudy. ④The alliances are most valuable when scientists and artists have a shared stake in a —358—project,areableto jointly design itand cancritique eachother’swork. ⑤Such anapproach canboth promptnewresearchaswellasresultin powerfulart. 第五段：①More than half a century ago, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology opened its Center for Advanced Visual Studies (CAVS) to explore the role of technology in culture. ②The founders deliberately focused their projects around light—hence the “visual studies”in thename. ③Light was a something that both artists and scientists had an interest in, and therefore could formthebasisofcollaboration. ④As science and technology progressed, and divided into more sub-disciplines, the —359—centre was simultaneously looking to a time when leading researchers could also be artists,writers andpoets,andvice versa. 第六段：①Nature’s poll findings suggest that this trend is as strong as ever, but, to make a collaboration work, both sides need to invest time, and embrace surprise and challenge. ②The reach ofart-science tie-ups needsto go beyond the necessary purposeof research communication,and participantsmust notfall into thetrapofstereotyping eachother. ③Artists and scientists alike are immersed in discovery and invention, and challenge andcritique arecore to both,too. 31.Accordingto paragraph1,art-science collaborationshave_____. [A] caughttheattentionofcritics [B] received favorable responses —360—[C] promoted academic publishing [D] sparked heatedpublicdisputes 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 32.Thereworked version ofThe FourSeasonsismentionedto showthat_____. [A] artcanofferaudienceseasyaccessto science [B] sciencecanhelp with the expression ofemotions [C] publicparticipation in science hasapromising future [D] artiseffective in facilitating scientific innovations 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 33.Some artistsseemto worry aboutin theart-science partnership_____. [A] theirrole may beunderestimated —361—[B] theirreputation may beimpaired [C] theircreativity may beinhibited [D] theirwork may bemisguided 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 34.Whatdoestheauthorsay aboutCAVS? [A] It washeaded alternately byartists andscientists [B] It exemplified valuable art-science alliances [C] Itsprojectsaimed atadvancingvisualstudies [D] Itsfounderssoughtto raise thestatusofartists 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 35.In the lastparagraph,theauthorholdsthatart-sciencecollaborations_____. —362—[A] arelikely to go beyond public expectations [B] will intensify interdisciplinary competition [C] shoulddomore than communicating science [D] arebecoming morepopularthan before 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D Text 4 第一段：①ThepersonalgrievanceprovisionsofNewZealand’sEmploymentRelations Act2000(ERA)prevent anemployer fromfiring anemployeewithoutgood cause. ②Instead,dismissals must bejustified. ③Employersmust bothshowcauseandactin aprocedurally fairway. —363—第二段：①Personal grievance procedures were designed to guard the jobs of ordinary workers from“unjustified dismissals”. ②The premise was that the common law of contract lacked sufficient safeguards for workers against arbitrary conductby management. ③Long gone are the days when a boss could simply give an employee contractual notice. 第三段：①But theseprovisionscreatedifficultiesforbusinesseswhenapplied to highly paid managersandexecutives. ②As countless boards and business owners will attest, constraining firms from firing poorly performing, high-earning managers is a handbrake on boosting productivity and overall performance. —364—③ The difference between C-grade and A-grade managers may very well be the difference betweenbusinesssuccessorfailure. ④Between preserving thejobsofordinary workersorlosing them. ⑤Yetmediocrity isno longerenough to justify adismissal. 第四段：Consequently—and paradoxically—laws introduced to protect the jobs of ordinaryworkers may beplacing thosejobsatrisk. 第五段：①If not placing jobs at risk, to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners from dismissing under-performing managers, those laws act asaconstraintonfirm productivity and thereforeonworkers’wages. —365—②Indeed, in “An International Perspective on New Zealand’s Productivity Paradox” (2014), the Productivity Commission singled out the low quality of managerial capabilitiesasacauseofthecountry’spoorproductivity growth record. 第六段：①Norare highly paid managers themselves immune fromtheharmcaused by theERA’sunjustified dismissal procedures. ②Because employment protection laws make it costlier to fire an employee, employers aremorecautiousabouthiring newstaff. ③Thismakesit harderforthemarginalmanagerto gain employment. ④ And firms pay staff less because firms carry the burden of the employment arrangementgoing wrong. —366—第七段：①Society also suffersfromexcessive employmentprotections. ②Stringent job dismissal regulations adversely affect productivity growth and hamper both prosperity and overall well-being. 第八段：①Across the Tasman Sea, Australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by excluding employees earning above a specified “high-income threshold” fromtheprotection ofitsunfairdismissallaws. ②In New Zealand, a 2016 private members’ Bill tried to permit firms and high-income employeesto contractoutoftheunjustified dismissal regime. ③However, the mechanisms proposed were unwieldy and the Bill was voted down following thechange in governmentlater thatyear. —367—36.Thepersonalgrievance provisionsofthe ERA areintendedto ____. [A] punishdubiouscorporatepractices [B] improve traditional hiring procedures [C] exemptemployers fromcertainduties [D] protecttherightsofordinaryworkers 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 37.It canbelearnedfromparagraph 3thatthe provisionsmay ____. [A] hinderbusinessdevelopment [B] undermine managers’authority [C] affectthepublic image ofthefirms [D] worsenlabor-management relations 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ 选项分析 A —368—B C D 38.Which ofthe following measureswouldbetheProductivity Commission support? [A] Imposing reasonable wage restraints. [B] Enforcingemployment protectionlaws. [C] Limiting thepowersofbusinessowners. [D] Dismissingpoorly performing managers. 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D 39.Whatmight bean effectofERA’sunjustified dismissal procedures? [A] Highlypaid managerslosetheirjobs. [B] Employees sufferfromsalary cuts. [C] Society seesarise in overallwell-being. [D] Employers needto hirenewstaff. 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ —369—A B 选项分析 C D 40.It canbeinferredthatthe “high-income threshold”in Australia ____. [A] hassecuredmanagers’ earnings [B] hasproduced undesired results [C] isbeneficialto businessowners [D] isdifficult to putinto practice 题型分析 主旨题 细节题 例证题 观点态度题 推理题 猜词题 题目备注 定位到第__段第__句，同义替换：___________________________ A B 选项分析 C D —370—年 2023 Text1 文章主题： 难度系数：★★★★ 【第一段】 （1）Theweather inTexas mayhave cooled since therecent extreme heat，butthe temperaturewill be high at the State Board of Education meeting in Austin this month as officials debate how climate change is taught inTexas schools. 【第二段】 （1）PatHardy，who sympathises with theviews oftheenergysector，is resisting proposed changes toscience standards forpre-teen pupils. （2）These would emphasise the primacy of human activity in recent climate change and encourage discussion ofmitigation measures. 【第三段】 （1）Mostscientists andexperts sharply disputeHardy's views." （2）They casually dismiss the career work of scholars and scientists as just another misguided opinion.” says Dan Quinn，senior communications strategist at the Texas Freedom Network，a non-profit group thatmonitors publiceducation. （3）“What millions of Texas kids learn in their public schools is determined too often by the — 371 —politicalideology of partisan board members，rather thanfacts and soundscholarship.” 【第四段】 （1）Such debates reflect fierce discussions across the US and around the world, as researchers， policymakers，teachers and students step updemands for agreaterfocus onteaching about thefacts of climatechange inschools. 【第五段】 （1）A study last year by the National Center for Science Education，a nonprofit group of scientists andteachers，lookingat howstatepublicschools across thecountry address climatechange inscience classes，gave barely half ofUSstates agrade B+ orhigher. （2）Amongthe10worst performers were someof themostpopulous states，including Texas，which was given the lowest grade (F)and has a disproportionate influence because its textbooks are widely soldelsewhere. 【第六段】 （1）GlennBranch，the centre' sdeputy director，cautions that setting state-level science standards is onlyone limited benchmark ina country that decentralises decisions tolocal school boards. （2）Even if a state is considered a high performer in its science standards，" that does not mean it — 372 —willbe taught”,hesays. 【第七段】 （1）Another issue is that，while climate change is well integrated into some subjects and at some ages—such as earth and space sciences in high schools—it is not as well represented in curricula for youngerchildren and insubjects that are morewidely taught，such as biology andchemistry. It isalso less prominent inmanysocial studies courses. 【第八段】 （1）Branch points out that，even if a growing number of official guidelines and textbooks reflect scientific consensus on climate change，unofficial educational materials that convey more slanted perspectives are beingdistributed toteachers. （2）Theyinclude materials sponsored bylibertarian think-tanks and energy industry associations. 【题目】 21.InParagraph 1,the weather inTexas is mentioned to . A.forecast a policy shiftinTexas schools B. stress theconsequences ofclimatechange C.indicatetheatmosphere at theboard meeting D.draw thepublic's attention toenergy shortages — 373 —题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： A 选项 B 分析 C D 22.WhatdoesQuinn thinkofHardy? A.Sheexaggerates theexisting panic. B. Shedenies thevalue ofscientificwork. C.Sheshows noconcernfor pre-teens. D.Sheexpresses self-contradictory views. 题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： A 选项 B 分析 C D 23.Thestudymentioned inParagraph 5showsthat . A.climateeducation is insufficient at statepublicschools B. policymakers have littledrive forscience education C.Texasis reluctant torewriteits science textbooks D.environmental teachingin somestates lacks supervision 题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： A 选项 B 分析 C D — 374 —24.AccordingtoBranch，state-level science standardsin theUS . A.call for regular revision B. require urgent application C.havelimited influence D.cater tolocal needs 题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： A 选项 B 分析 C D 25.Itis implied inthelastparagraph thatclimate changeteachingin someschools . A.agrees tomajorpublicdemands B. reflects teachers' personal biases C.maymisrepresent theenergy sector D.can beswayed byexternal forces 题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： A 选项 B 分析 C D 年 2023 Text2 文章主题： 难度系数：★★★★ 【第一段】 （1）Communities throughout New England have been attempting to regulate short-term rentals sincesites likeAirbnb tookoff inthe 2010s. — 375 —（2）Now，withrecord-high homeprices andhistorically lowinventory，there's an increased urgency in such regulation，particularly among those who worry that developers will come in and buy up swaths ofhousingtoflip fora fortuneontheshort-term rental market. 【第二段】 （1）In New Hampshire，where the rental vacancy rate has dropped below 1 percent，housing advocates fear uncheckedshort-term rentals willput further pressure onanalready strained market. （2）The state Legislature recently voted against a bill that would've made it illegal for towns to createlegislation restricting short-term rentals. 【第三段】 （1）“we are at a crisislevel onthesupplyofrental housing," saidNick Taylor，executivedirector of theWorkforce HousingCoalition of theGreaterSeacoast. （2）Withoutenough affordable housing insouthern NewHampshire towns，" employers are having a hard time attracting employees，and workers are having a hard time finding a place to live,”Taylor said. 【第四段】 （1）However，short-term rentals also providehousingfor tourists，pointed outRyan Castle，CEOof alocal association ofrealtor. — 376 —（2）“Alot ofworkers are servicing thetourist industry，and thetourism industryis serviced bythose peoplecoming inshort term,"Castlesaid，"and soit's acyclical effect.” 【第五段】 （1）Short-term rentals themselves are not the crux of the issue，said Keren Horn,an expert on affordable housingpolicy.“ （2）I think individuals being able to rent out their second home is a good thing. If it's their vacation homeanyway, and it's justempty，why can't you makemoney offit?”Horn said. （3） Issues arise，however，whendevelopers attempt tocreate large-scale short-term rental facilities —defacto hotels—to bypass taxesand regulations. （4）“Ithinkthequestion is，shouldn't a developer who's reallybuildingahotel，butdisguising it as nota hotel，betreated and taxed and regulated likea hotel?”Hornsaid. 【第六段】 （1）At the end of 2018，Governor Charlie Baker of Massachusetts signed a bill to rein in those potential investor-buyers. — 377 —（2）Thebill requires every rental host toregister withthe state，mandates theycarry insurance，and opens thepotential for local taxes ontopofa new statelevy. （3）Boston took things even further, requiring renters to register with the city's Inspectional Services Department. 【第七段】 （1）Horn said similar registration requirements could benefit struggling cities and towns，but“if we want tomakea change inthehousingmarket, themain one is wehave tobuilda lotmore.” 【题目】 26.Whichof thefollowingis true ofNew England? A.Its housingsupplyis at a verylowlevel. B. Its communities are inneed offunding. C.Its rental vacancy rate isgoing upslowly. D.Its homeprices are understrict control. 题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： A 选项 B 分析 C D 27.Thebillmentioned in Paragraph 2wasintendedto . A.curb short-term rental speculation B. ensurethe supplyof cheap housing C.punishillegal dealings inhousing — 378 —D.allowa free short-term rental market 题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： A 选项 B 分析 C D 28.Compared with Castle，Tayloris more likely tosupport . A.further investment in local tourism B. anincreasein affordable housing C.strictmanagement of real estate agents D.afavorable policy forshort-term workers 题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： A 选项 B 分析 C D 29.WhatdoesHorn emphasize inParagraph 5? A.Theurgency toupgrade short-term rental facilities. B. Theefficient operationof thelocal housingmarket. C.Thenecessityto stopdevelopers from evading taxes. D.Theproper procedures for renting out spare houses. 题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： A 选项 B 分析 C D 30.Hornholdsthat imposing registration requirements is . A.anirrational decision — 379 —B. anunfeasible proposal C.anunnecessary measure D.aninadequate solution 题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： A 选项 B 分析 C D 年 2023 Text3 文章主题： 难度系数：★★★★ 【第一段】 （1）If you're heading for your nearest branch of Waterstones, the biggest book retailer in the UK, in search of the Duchess of Sussex's new children's book The Bench, you might have to be prepared to hunt around a bit; the same maybe true of The President's Daughter, the new thriller by Bill Clinton andJames Patterson. （2）Both of these books are published next week by Penguin Random House ( PRH), a company currently involved ina stand-off with Waterstones. 【第二段】 （1）Theproblem began late lastyear，whenPRHconfirmed that it hadintroduced acredit limit with Waterstones“ at a verysignificant level”. — 380 —（2）The trade magazine The Bookseller reported that Waterstones branch managers were being told to remove PRH books from prominent areas such as tables，display spaces and windows，and were" quietlyretiring them totheirrelevant sections”. 【第三段】 （1）PRH declined to comment on the issue, but a spokesperson for Waterstones told me: "Waterstones are currently operating with reduced credit terms from PRH, the only publisher in the UKtoplace any limitations onourability totrade. （2）We are not boycotting PRH titles but we are doing our utmost to ensure that availability for customers remains good despitethelower overalllevels ofstock. （3）We are hopeful with our shops now open again that normality will return and that we will be allowed tobuyappropriately. Certainly，ourshops are exceptionally busy. （4）Thesales forour MayBooks of theMonthsurpassed anymonth since2018.” 【第四段】 （1）In themeantime，PRHauthors have been thelosers. — 381 —（2）Big-name PRH authors may suffer a bit，but it's those mid-list authors，who normally rely on Waterstones staff 's passion forpromoting books bylesser-known writers，whowillbe praying for an endtothedispute. 【第五段】 （1）It comes at a time when authors are already worried about the consequences of the proposed merger between PRH and another big publisher，Simon &Schuster—the reduction in the number of unaligned UK publishers islikely toleadto fewer biddingwars，loweradvances，and more conformity interms ofwhat is published. 【第六段】 （1）“This is all part ofa wider changetowards concentration of power andcartels. （2）Literary agencies are getting bigger to have the clout tonegotiate better terms with publishers， publishers consolidating todeal with Amazon,”says Lownie. （3）“The publishing industry talks about diversity in terms of authors and staff but it also needs a plurality ofways of delivering intellectual contact, choice and different voices. （4）After all, manyofthemost interesting books inrecent years have comefrom smallpublishers.” — 382 —【第七段】 （1）We shall see whether that plurality is a casualty of the current need among publishers to be big enoughtotakeonall-comers. 【题目】 31.Theauthormentions two booksinParagraph 1topresent . A.anongoing conflict B. anintellectual concept C.aprevailing sentiment D.aliterary phenomenon 题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： A 选项 B 分析 C D 32.Whydid Waterstones shops retire PRH books totheirrelevant sections? A.Tomake them easilynoticeable. B. Tocomply with PRH's requirement. C.Torespond toPRH'sbusiness move. D.Toarrange them ina systematicway. 题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： A 选项 B 分析 C D 33.Whatmessage doesthe spokesperson forWaterstones seem toconvey? A.Their customers remain loyal. — 383 —B. Thecredit limitwill beremoved. C.Theirstock is underestimated. D.Thebookmarket is rather slack. 题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： A 选项 B 分析 C D 34.Whatcan beoneconsequenceofthe current dispute? A.Sales ofbooks bymid-listPRHwriters fall offconsiderably. B. Lesser-known PRHwriters become thetarget ofcriticism. C.Waterstones staffhesitate topromotebig-nameauthors’ books. D.Waterstones branches suffer asevere reduction inrevenue. 题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： A 选项 B 分析 C D 35.Whichof thefollowingstatements bestrepresents Lownie' s view? A.Smallpublishers ought tostick together. B. Bigpublishers willlose theirdominance. C.Thepublishingindustry is havingahard time. D.Themerger ofpublishers is aworryingtrend. 题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： A 选项 B 分析 C D — 384 —年 2023 Text4 文章主题： 难度系数：★★★★ 【第一段】 （1）Scientific papers are the recordkeepers of progress in research. Each year researchers publish millionsof papers inmorethan30,000journals. （2）The scientific community measures the quality of those papers in a number of ways, including the perceived quality of the journal ( as reflected by the title's impact factor) and the number of citations aspecific paper accumulates. （3）The careers of scientists and the reputation of their institutions depend on the number and prestigeof thepapers they produce，but even moresoonthecitations attracted bythese papers. 【第二段】 （1）Citationcartels，where journals，authors，and institutionsconspire toinflate citation numbers， have existed fora longtime. （2） In 2016, researchers developed an algorithm to recognize suspicious citation patterns ， including groups of authors that disproportionately cite one another and groups of journals that cite eachotherfrequently toincrease theimpact factors oftheirpublications. — 385 —（3）Recently，another expression of this predatory behavior has emerged: so-called support service consultancies that provide language and other editorial support to individual authors and to journals sometimesadvise contributors toadda numberof citationstotheirarticles. 【第三段】 （1）The advent of electronic publishing and authors’ need tofind outlets for their papers resulted in thousands ofnew journals. （2）Thebirth ofpredatory journals wasn't far behind. （3）These journals can act as milk cows where every single article in an issue may cite a specific paper ora series ofpapers. （4）In some instances，there is absolutely no relationship between the content of the article and the citations. （5）The peculiar part is that the journal that the editor is supposedly working for is not profiting at all—itis just providingcitations tootherjournals. （6）Such practices can lead an article to accrue more than150 citations in the same year that it was published. — 386 —【第四段】 （1）Howinsidiousis this type ofcitation manipulation? （2）In oneexample，anindividual—acting as author，editor，and consultant—was able touseat least 15journals as citation providers to articles publishedbyfive scientistsat three universities. （3）The problem is rampant in Scopus，a citation database，which includes a high number of the new“international” journals. （4） In fact，a listing in Scopus seems to be a criterion to be targeted in this type of citation manipulation. 【第五段】 （1）Scopus itselfhas all thedata necessary todetect thismalpractice. （2）Redflags include alarge numberofcitations toan articlewithin thefirst year. （3）Andfor authors who wishtosteer clear ofcitation cartel activities: whenan editor，areviewer， or a support service asks you to add inappropriate references，do not oblige and do report the request tothe journal. — 387 —【题目】 36.AccordingtoParagraph 1，thecareers ofscientists can bedetermined by . A.howmanycitations theirworks contain B. howmanytimestheir papers are cited C.theprestige ofthe peoplethey workwith D.thestatus theyhave in scientificcircles 题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： A 选项 B 分析 C D 37.Thesupportservice consultancies tend to . A.recommend journals totheirclients B. listcitation patterns theirclients C.askauthors toincludeextracitations D.advisecontributors tocite each other 题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： A 选项 B 分析 C D 38.Thefunctionofthe“ milkcow” journalsis to . A.boost citation counts forcertain authors B. helpscholars publish articles at lowcost C.instructfirst-time contributors incitation D.increase thereadership of newjournals 题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： 选项 A — 388 —分析 B C D 39.Whatcan belearned aboutScopusfrom thelasttwoparagraphs? A.It fosters competitionamong citation providers. B. It has thecapabilitytoidentify suspicious citations. C.It hinders thegrowth of "international”journals. D.It is established toprevent citation manipulation. 题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： A 选项 B 分析 C D 40.Whatshouldan authordoto dealwith citation manipulators? A.Take legal action. B. Demand an apology. C.Seekprofessional advice. D.Reveal theirmisconduct. 题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： A 选项 B 分析 C D — 389 —2024 Text1 文章主题： 难度系数：★★★ 【第一段】 （1）Nearly 2,000years ago,as theRomans began to pullout of Scotland, theyleft behind acurious treasure:10 tons ofnails, nearly amillion ofthe things. (2) The nail hoard was discovered in1960ina four-metre-deep pit covered bytwo metres ofgravel. 【第二段】 （1）Whyhad theRomansburied amillion nails?The likely explanation is that thewithdrawal was rushed, and theydidn't want thelocal Caledonians getting theirhands on10tons ofweapon-grade iron. （2）TheRomans buried the nails sodeep that they would not be discovered foralmost two millennia. 【第三段】 （1）Later civilizations would valuetheskilled blacksmith's labour in anail even morethan theraw material （2）As RomaAgrawal explainsin her new delightful bookNuts andBolts,early 17th-century — 390 —Virginians would sometimes burndown theirhomes iftheywere planning to relocate. （3）Thiswas an attempt to recover thevaluable nails, which could bereused after siftingtheashes. （4）The ideathat one might burn down anentire housejustto reclaim thenails underlines howscarce, costly andvaluable thesimple-seeming technology was. 【第四段】 （1）Theprice of nailsfell by90%between thelate 1700sand mid-1900s, as economist Daniel Sichel pointsout in aresearch paper. （2）According to Sichel, although thefalling priceof nails was driven partly bycheaper iron and cheaper energy, most ofthecredit goes tonail manufacturers who simply found more efficient ways toturn steel intonails. 【第五段】 （1）Nails themselves have changed over theyears, but Sichel studied them because theyhaven't changedmuch — 391 —（2）Roman lampsand Roman chariots are very different from LED strips and sports cars, but Roman nails are stillclearly nails. （3）It would beabsurd totry to track thechanging price of sportscars since1695,but to askthesame question ofnails makes perfect sense. 【第六段】 （1）Imake noapology forbeing obsessed byaparticular feature of everyday objects: theirprice. I am an economist, after all. （2）After writing two books about thehistory ofinventions, onething I've learnt is that whileit isthe enchantingly sophisticated technologies that get all thehype, it's thecheap technologies that change theworld. 【第七段】 （1）TheGutenberg printing press transformed civilisation not bychanging the natureof writingbut bychanging is cost—andit would have achieved little withoutaparallel collapse in theprice of surfaces to write on,thanks to an often-overlooked technology called paper. — 392 —（2）Solarpanels had afew niche uses untilthey became cheap; now they are transforming the global energy system. 【题目】 21.TheRomans buried thenailsprobablyforthesakeof . [A]saving them forfuture use [B]keeping them from rusting [C]letting them growin value [D]hidingthem from the locals 题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： A 选项 B 分析 C D 22.Theexampleofearly 17th-century Virginians isused to . . [A]highlight thethriftiness ofearly American colonists [B]illustrate thehigh status ofblacksmiths in that period [C]contrast theattitudes ofdifferent civilisations toward nails [D]showthepreciousness ofnail-making technology at that time 题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： A 选项 B 分析 C D 23.Whatplayedthemajor role inlowering the priceof nails after thelate 1700s? [A]Increased productivity. [B]Wideruseof newenergies. — 393 —[C]Fiercer market competition. [D]Reducedcost ofraw materials. 题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： A 选项 B 分析 C D 24.Itcan belearned fromParagraph 5thatnails . [A]haveundergone many technological improvements [B]have remained basically the samesinceRoman times [C]are less studied than other everyday products [D]are oneoftheworld's mostsignificant inventions 题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： A 选项 B 分析 C D 25.Whichof thefollowingonebest summaries thelasttwo paragraphs? [A]Cheap technologies bringabout revolutionary change. [B]Technological innovation is integral toeconomic success. [C]Technology defines people's understanding oftheworld. [D]Sophisticated technologies develop from smallinventions. 题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： A 选项 B 分析 C D — 394 —2024 Text2 文章主题： 难度系数：★★★★ 【第一段】 (1)Parenting tipsobtained from hunter-gatherers inAfrica may bethekey tobringing upmore contented children, researchers have suggested. (2) Theidea isbased onstudies ofcommunities such as theKung ofBotswana, where each child is cared for bymany adults. (3)Kung children as young as four willhelp to lookafter younger ones and ‘baby-wearing", inwhich infants are carried inslings, is considered the norm. 【第二段】 （1）According to DrNikhil Chaudhary, an evolutionary anthropologist at Cambridge University,thesepractices, known as alloparenting, couldlead toless anxiety forchildren and parents. 【第三段】 （1）DrAnnie Swanepoel, a child psychiatrist,believes thatthere are ways to incorporate them into western life. — 395 —（2）In Germany，one scheme haspaired an old people's homewith anursery. （3）Theresidents helpto lookafter thechildren, an arrangement akin to alloparenting. （4）Anothermeasure couldbeencouraging friendships between children in different school years to mirrortheunsupervised mixed-age playgroups inhunter-gatherercommunities. 【第四段】 （1）In apaper published in theJournal of ChildPsychology andPsychiatry,researchers saidthat the western nuclear family was arecent invention which broke with evolutionary history. （2）Thisabrupt shift to an"intensive mothering narrative", which suggests that mothers should manage childcare alone,was likely to havebeen harmful. " （3）"Such narratives can lead tomaternal exhaustionand have dangerous consequences," they wrote. 【第五段】 （1）By contrast, inhunter-gatherer societies adults otherthan theparents can provide almosthalf ofa — 396 —child's care. （2）Oneprevious studylooked at theEfe peopleofthe DemocraticRepublicofCongo. （3）It found that infants had an average of14alloparents aday bythetimethey were 18weeks old and were passed between caregivers eight times an hour. 【第六段】 （1）Chaudhary said that parents nowhad less childcaresupport from family and social networks than during mostof humans’evolutionary history, but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and maternal depression ,whichcould have a“knock-on" benefit to child's wellbeing. （2）An infant born toa hunter- gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers—thiscontrasts starkly to nursery settingin theUK where regulation call fora ratio ofone carerto four children aged two tothree. — 397 —【第七段】 （1）Whilehunter-gathererchildren learn from observation andimitationin mixed-age playgroups, researchers saidthat western "instructive teaching", where pupils are asked to sit still,may contribute toconditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. （2）Chaud hary said that Britain should explorethepossibility that oldersiblings helpingtheir parents “might also enhance theirown social development." 【题目】 26.Accordingto the firsttwo paragraph, alloparenting refers to thepractice of . . [A]sharing childcare among communitymembers [B]assigning babies to specific adult caregivers [C]teaching parenting skills toolder children [D]carrying infants around bytheirparents 题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： A 选项 B 分析 C D 27.Theschemein Gemany is mentioned to illustrate . [A]anattempt to facilitateintergenerational communication [B]an approach to integrating alloparentinginto western society [C]theconventional parenting stylein western culture [D]thedifferences betweenwestern andAfrican ways ofliving — 398 —题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： A 选项 B 分析 C D 28.Accordingto Paragraph 4,the"intensivemothering narrative” . [A]alleviateparenting pressure [B]consideratefamily relationships [C]results in thechild-centered family [D]departs from thecourse ofevolution 题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： A 选项 B 分析 C D 29.whatcan welearn aboutnursery in theUK? [A]They tend to fall short ofofficial requirements. [B]They havedifficulty findingenough caregivers. [C]They ought to improvetheir carer-to-child ratio. [D]They should try to prevent parental depression. 题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： A 选项 B 分析 C D — 399 —30.Whichof thefollowingwouldbethe besttitleforthe text? [A]Instructiveteaching: adilemmafor anxious parents [B]For ahappier family, learn from thehunter-gatherers [C]Mix-aged playgroup, a betterchoice for lonely children [D]Tracing thehistory ofparenting: from Africa to Europe 题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： A 选项 B 分析 C D 2024 Text3 文章主题： 难度系数：★★★ 【第一段】 （1）APolishdigital artist who uses classical paintingstyles to createdreamy fantasy landscapes. （2）Greg Rutkowski has made illustrations forgames such as Dungeons & Dragons, and Magic: The Gathering. And he's become asudden hitin thenew world oftext-to-image AI generation. 【第二段】 （1）His distinctivestyle is nowoneof themostcommonly usedprompts in thenew open-source AI art generator StableDiffusion, which was launched latelast month. — 400 —（2）Thetool, alongwith otherpopular image-generation AI models, allows anyonetocreate impressiveimages based ontextprompts. （3）For example,type in“Wizard with swordand a glowing orbofmagic fire fights a fierce dragon Greg Rutkowski," andthesystem will produce somethingthat looks not amillion miles away from works in Rutkowski's style. 【第三段】 （1）But these open-source programs are built byscraping images from theinternet, often without permission andproper attribution toartists. （2）As aresult, they are raising tricky questions about ethics and copyright. And artists like Rutkowskihave had enough. 【第四段】 （1）According tothewebsite Lexica, which tracks over10million images and prompts generated by StableDifusion, Rutkowski's name has been used as a prompt around 93,000times. — 401 —（2）Someofthe world's most famous artists，suchas Michelangelo,Pablo Picasso,andLeonardo da Vinci,brought uparound 2,000promptseach orless. （3）Rutkowski's name also features as a prompt thousands oftimes inthe Discord ofanother text-to-imagegenerator, Midjourney.Rutkowski was initiallysurprised butthought it might bea good way to reach newaudiences. （4）Then he tried searching forhis name to seeifa piece hehad worked onhad been published. （5）Theonlinesearch brought back work that had his name attached to itbut wasn't his. 【第五段】 （1）“It's been just amonth. Whatabout ina year? Iprobably won't beable to find mywork out there becausetheinternet will beflooded with AIart,"Rutkowski says. "That's concerning." 【第六段】 （1）Otherartists besides Rutkowskihave been surprised bytheapparent popularity oftheirwork in text-to-imagegenerators—and someare now fighting back. — 402 —【第七段】 （1）Karla Ortiz,an illustratorbased in San Francisco who found her work in StableDiffusion's data set, has been raising awareness about theissues around AIart and copyright. （2）Artists say they risk losingincome as people start using AI-generated images based on copyrighted material for commercial purposes. （3）But it's also alot morepersonal, Ortizsays, arguing that because art is soclosely linked to a person, it could raise data protection and privacy problems. 【第八段】 (1)“There is acoalition growing within artist industriesto figure out howto tackle ormitigate this," says Ortiz. （2）Thegroup isinitsearly days ofmobilization, which couldinvolvepushingfor new policies or regulation. （3）Onesuggestion is that AImodels could be trained onimages in thepublicdomain, and AI companies could forgepartnerships with museums and artists, Ortiz says. — 403 —【题目】 31.Whatcan belearned aboutRutkowski fromthe first twoparagraphs? [A]Heis enthusiasticabout usingAImodels.. [B]He ispopular with theusers of an AIart generator. [C]He attracts admiration from other illustrators. [D]Hespecializes in classical paintingdigitalization. 题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： A 选项 B 分析 C D 32.Theproblemwith open-sourceAl art generators is thatthey . [A]lack flexibility inresponding to prompts [B]produce artworks inunpredictable styles [C]make unauthorized useofonlineimages [D]collect user information without consent 题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： A 选项 B 分析 C D 33.Aftersearchingonline, Rutkowskifound . [A]auniqueway to reach audiences [B]anew method to identify AIimages [C]AI-generated work bearing hisname [D]heated disputesregarding his copyright 题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： 选项 A — 404 —分析 B C D 34.Accordingto Ortiz, AI companies are advisedto . [A]campaign for newpolicies orregulations [B]offer their services to publicinstitutions [C]strengthen theirrelationships with AIusers [D]adopt adifferent strategy forAI model training 题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： A 选项 B 分析 C D 35.Whatisthe text mainly about? [A]Artists'responses to AIart generation. [B]AI’s expanded role inartisticcreation. [C]Privacy issuesin theapplication ofAI. [D]Opposingviews onAIdevelopment. 题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： A 选项 B 分析 C D — 405 —2024 Text4 文章主题： 难度系数：★★★★ 【第一段】 （1）Themiracle oftheChesapeake Bay lies not in itsdepths, but in thecomplexity ofits natural construction, theinteraction offresh and salinewaters, and themixoflandand water. （2）Theshallows provide homes forhundreds ofspecies whilestoring floodwaters, filtering pollutantsfrom water, and protecting nearby communities from potentiallydestructive storm surges. 【第二段】 （1）Allthis was put at great risk late lastmonth, when theU.S.SupremeCourt issued aruling in an Idaho case that provides theU.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) far less authority to regulate wetlands and waterways. （2）Specifically, a5-4 majority decided that wetlands protected bytheEPAunder it Clean WaterAct authority musthave a"continuous surface connection"to bodies ofwater. — 406 —（3）Thisnarrowing oftheregulatory scopewas avictory forbuilders, mining operators and other commercial interests often at odds withenvironmental rules. （3）And itcarries "significant repercussions for water qualityand flood control throughout the United States," as JusticeBrett Kavanaugh observed. 【第三段】 （1）In Maryland, thegood news isthat there are many state laws in placethat provide wetlands protections. （2）But that's avery shortsighted view, particularly when it comes totheChesapeakeBay. （3）Thereality isthat water,and thepollutantsthat so often comewith it, don't respect state boundaries. （4）TheChesapeake draws from a64000-square-mile watershed that extends to Virginia,Pennsylvania，New York,West Virginia,the District ofColumbiaand Delaware. — 407 —（5）Willthose jurisdictionsextend thesameprotections nowdenied under Sackett v.EPA? Perhaps some, but all?Thatseems unlikely. 【第四段】 （1）It istoo easy, and misleading, to see such court rulings as merely standing upfor therights of land owners when the consequences can beso dire fortheir neighbors. （2）And it's areminder that they EPA's involvementin theChesapeake Bay Program has long been crucial as themeans totranscend theinfluence ofdeep-pocketed special interests inneighboring states. （3）Pennsylvaniafarmers，to use onetelling example, aren't thinkingabout nextyear 's blue crab harvest inMaryland when they decide whether to spread animal wasteontheir fields,yet therunoff intonearby creeks can haveenormous impacts downstream. 【第五段】 （1）And sowewould call onstate lawmakers from Richmond to Albanyto consider reviewing theirown wetlands protections and see forthemselves theenormous stakes involved. — 408 —（2）Wecan offer them avisit toBlackwater National WildlifeRefuge in Dorchester County where baldeagles fly over tidalmarshes so shallowyou could not paddlea boat across them but teeming withaquatic life.It's worth thescenic drive. 【题目】 36.TheChesapeakeBay is described inParagraph 1as . [A]avalue natural environment [B]acontroversial conservation area [C]aplace with commercial potential [D]aheadache for nearby communities 题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： A 选项 B 分析 C D 37.TheU.S.Supreme Court's rulingin theIdahocase . [A]reinforces water pollution control [B]weakens the EPA's regulatory power [C]will endconflicts among local residents [D]may face opposition from miningoperators 题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： A 选项 B 分析 C D 38.Howdoes theauthorfeel aboutthe futureofthe ChesapeakeBay? [A]Worried. — 409 —[B]Puzzled. [C]Relieved. [D]Encouraged. 题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： A 选项 B 分析 C D 39.Whatcan beinferred abouttheEPA 's involvementin theChesapeakeBay Program? [A]It has restored thebalance among neighboring jurisdictions. [B]It has triggered a radical reform in commercial fisheries. [C]It has set afineexampleofrespecting state authorities. [D]It has ensured thecoordination ofprotection efforts. 题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： A 选项 B 分析 C D 40.Theauthorholdsthatthe state lawmakers should . [A]becautious about theinfluence of landowners [B]attach dueimportance to wetlands protections [C]recognize theneed to expand wildliferefuges [D]improvethewellbeing of endangered species 题目 定位 例证题 词汇题 推理题 态度题 细节题 中心思想题 分析 此题可定位到第 段第 句，可同义替换为： A 选项 B 分析 C D — 410 —2024年英译汉试题（英语一） 【第一段】 （1）“Elephants never forget”—orso they say—and that piece offolklore seems to have some foundation. 【第二段】 （1）TheAfrican savannaelephant, also known as theAfrican bush elephant, is distributedacross 37 African countries. （2）They movebetween a variety of habitats, including forests, grasslands, woodlands, wetlands and agricultural land. （3）（46）They sometimes travel morethansixty miles tofind food orwater ,and are very good at working out where other elephants are—even when theyare out ofsight. （4）Using tracking devices,researchers have shown that theyhave“remarkablespatial acuity." （5）When findingtheir way to waterholes, they headed offinexactly theright direction, onone occasion from adistance ofroughly thirty miles. Whatis more, they almostalways seem tochoose the nearest waterhole. — 411 —（6）(47)The researchers are convinced that theelephants always knowprecisely where they are in relation toall theresources they need, andcan thereforetake shortcuts, as well as following familiar routes. 【第三段】 （1）Although the cues used byAfrican elephants forlong-distance navigation are not yet understood, smell maywell play a part. 【第四段】 （1）Elephants are very choosy eaters, but until recentlylittle was known about howthey selected theirfood. （2）(48)One possibility was that they merely usedtheir eyes and tried out theplants they found, but that would probably result in a lotofwasted timeandenergy, not least because theireyesight is actually not very good. — 412 —【第五段】 （1）（49）Thevolatilechemicals produced byplants can becarried along way, and they are very characteristic:Each plant or treehas itsownparticular odorsignature. （2）Whatis more, they can bedetected even when they are notactually visible. （3）New research suggests that smell is acrucial factorin guiding elephants-and probably other herbivores—to thebest food resources. 【第六段】 （1）Theresearchers first established what kindsof plant theelephants preferred eitherto eat or avoid when foraging freely. （2） They then set upa “food station”experiment, in which they gave theelephants aseries of choices based only onsmell. — 413 —（3）(50)The experiment showed that elephants may well usesmell to identify patches oftrees that are good to eat, and secondly to assess thequality of thetrees within each patch. （4）Free-ranging elephants presumably also usethisinformation to locate theirpreferred food. 【第七段】 （1）Theirwell-developed hippocampal structures may enable elephants ,likerats and people, to construct cognitivemaps. — 414 —