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2025年军队文职人员招聘《英语语言文学》
模拟预测3
即刻题库 www.jike.vip
1 、 单选题
Which of the following plays deals with the story that a linguist trains a flower girl to
speak the SO-called civilized English？( )
A ： Major Barbara
B ： Pygmalion
C ： Mrs.Warren′s Profession
D ： The Quintessence of Ibsenism
正确答案： B
解析：
考查英国文学作家及其代表作。《皮格马利翁》(Pygmalion)讲述一个满口伦敦土语的卖
花女如何在一位语言学教授的教导下变成一位上流社会的贵妇。
2 、 单选题
I am so sorry for that I can’t contact you too frequently these days since I’m busy
working on an important project( )
A ： late
B ： hardly
C ： lately
D ： closely
正确答案： C
解析：
考查副词辨析。非常抱歉最近不能经常联系你，因为我最近在负责一个重要的项目。
3 、 单选题
The security of a country is( )related to the safety of the rest world.A ： merely
B ： close
C ： mere
D ： closely
正确答案： D
解析：
考查副词辨析。一个国家的安全与其他国家的安全密切相关。
4 、 单选题
( ) is the first African-American winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature.
A ： Ralph Ellison
B ： Toni Morrison
C ： Richard Wright
D ： James Baldwin
正确答案： B
解析：
考查美国文学常识。B项托妮·莫里森第一个赢得诺贝尔文学奖的非裔美国人，代表作
是The Bluest Eye《最蓝的眼睛》和Beloved《爱》。B项拉尔夫·埃里森是美国黑人小说
家，代表作是The Invisible Man《看不见的人》。C项理查德·赖特是美国黑人小说家、
评论家，代表作是Native Son《土生子》。D项詹姆斯·鲍德温是美国黑人小说家，代表
作是Go Tell It on the Mountain《向苍天呼吁》。
5 、 单选题
Pygmalion was written by ( )
A ： William Butler Yeast
B ： ernard Shaw
C ： T.S.Eliot
D ： Virginia Woolf
正确答案： B
解析：
英国文学之作家作品。George Bemard Shaw(萧伯纳)是英国现代著名的戏剧家，其代表
作为Pygmalion(《皮格马利翁》，又名《卖花女》)。
6 、 单选题The longest river in Britain is ( ).
A ： the Mersey
B ： the Sevem
C ： the Thames
D ： the Clyde
正确答案： B
解析：
英国地理。考查英国最长的河流是什么，答案为the Sevem(塞文河)，该河全长354千米。
7 、 单选题
Which of the following is regarded as the"Declaration of Intellectual Independence"?
A ： The American Scholar
B ： English Traits
C ： The Conduct of Life
D ： Representative Men
正确答案： A
解析：
美国文学。被称为“美国精神独立宣言”的是爱默生的《美国学者》。书中表达了美国
人追求自己的文化独立以及文学独立的要求。
8 、 单选题
The Financier was written by ( )
A ： Mark Twain
B ： Henry James
C ： William Faulkner
D ： Theodore Dreiser
正确答案： D
解析：
考查美国文学作家及其代表作。Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞(1871-1945)是美国小说
家，生于印第安纳州特雷霍特镇，父亲是贫苦的德国移民。他在公立学校接受了早期教
育，以后进印第安纳大学学习。一生的大部分时间从事新闻工作，走遍芝加哥、匹兹堡、
纽约等大城市，广泛深入地观察了解社会，为日后的文学创作积累了丰富的素材。代表
作：《嘉莉妹妹》《金融家》《美国悲剧》等。9 、 单选题
The fans did not think( )of him because they know how poorly he was.
A ： high
B ： highly
C ： bad
D ： badly
正确答案： B
解析：
考查副词辨析。粉丝们对他评 价不高，因为他们知道他水平差。
10 、 单选题
The anthem of Canada is ( )
A ： Canada The Beautiful
B ： O Canada
C ： God Defend Canada
D ： Advance Canada Fair
正确答案： B
解析：
考查加拿大的国家象征。加拿大国歌是O Canada。
11 、 单选题
How many syllables does the word “syllable” have？
A ： I
B ： 2
C ： 3
D ： 4
正确答案： C
解析：
语言学概念的实例分析。题目考查对syllable(音节)的理解。一般情况下，一个元音就是
一个音节，但是某些特定的辅音(如[b]、[d])可以和其他辅音(如[l])构成一个音节，因
此middle有两个音节，虽然它只有一个元音，而syllable有两个元音，却有三个音节。
12 、 单选题
The truth is that it is only by studying history( )we can learn what to expect in thefuture.
A ： which
B ： and then
C ： that
D ： by which
正确答案： C
解析：
考查强调句型。被强调的部分是状语by studying history，后面填that。故本题选C。句
意：事实上，我们只有通过研究历史，才能学会预见未来。
13 、 单选题
The Hundred Year’s War between Britain and France was fought( ).
A ： from 1327 to 1453
B ： from 1337 to 1453
C ： from 1347 to 1453
D ： from 1357 to 1453
正确答案： B
解析：
考查英国国家概况。英法百年战争从1337年持续到1453年，是世界上历时最长的战争，
断断续续持续了长达116年。
14 、 单选题
The Commonwealth of Australia is a Federation with six states and two
trritories，which are Northern Territory and( ).
A ： the Australian Capital Territory
B ： the Australian Territory
C ： the Capital Territory
D ： the Southern Territory
正确答案： A
解析：
考查澳大利亚区域划分。澳大利亚联邦是由六个州和两个地区组成的，这两个地区包括
北领地和澳大利亚首都地区。
15 、 单选题Jane Austen wrote all the following novels EXCEPT ( )
A ： Sense and Sensibility
B ： Frankenstein
C ： Pride and Prejudice
D ： Emma
正确答案： B
解析：
考查英国文学作家及其代表作。《弗兰肯斯坦》(Frankenstein)是玛丽·雪莱(Mary
Shelley)的作品，
16 、 单选题
This country is( )deflationary pressure and the country′s policy-makers should create
a better policy mix to cope with the new economic environment.
A ： confronted with
B ： coping off
C ： taking off
D ： wearing off
正确答案： A
解析：
考查词组辨析。be confronted with表示“面临，面对”，cope off表示“处理
掉”，take off表示“(飞机)起飞，突然成功”，wear off表示“磨损；逐渐消逝”。根
据后文的deflationary pressure以及better可知，confronted with符合句意。故本题选A。
句意：这个国家正面临通货紧缩的压力，国家的决策者应该制定一个更好的政策组合来
应对新的经济环境。
17 、 单选题
( ) is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the form of others in
terms of certain categories.
A ： Concord
B ： Immediate constituent
C ： Syntagmatic relations
D ： Government
正确答案： D
解析：
考查语义知识。Government(支配关系)is a relationship in which a word of a certain
class determines the form of others in terms of certain categories，18 、 单选题
The little girl( )her elder brother with breaking the doll mother bought for her.
A ： scolded
B ： accused
C ： reproached
D ： condemned
正确答案： C
解析：
考查动词辨析。小女孩指责她哥哥弄坏了妈妈给她买的洋娃娃。
19 、 单选题
I’ll work( )because I don’t want to let him down.
A ： hard
B ： hardest
C ： harder
D ： hardly
正确答案： A
解析：
考查副词辨析。我要好好学习，因为我不想让他失望。
20 、 单选题
( )in the earth’s crust，the rock may be subjected to temperatures high enough to
melt it.
A ： Deep
B ： Deeper
C ： Deepest
D ： eeply
正确答案： A
解析：
考查副词辨析。地壳深处的温度足以熔化岩石。21 、 单选题
The earliest invasion of England is that by( )
A ： the Iberian
B ： the Danes
C ： the Celts
D ： the Anglo Saxons
正确答案： C
解析：
考查英国历史。凯尔特人于公元前700年迁入英国，是最早侵略英国的部落。他们的入
侵有三次集中期。
22 、 单选题
( )is a typical tone language.
A ： French
B ： Chinese
C ： American English
D ： English
正确答案： B
解析：
考查语音学。汉语有四种音调，是典型的声调语言。
23 、 单选题
There are different types of affixes or morphemes.The affix“ed” in the
word“learned” is known as ( ) a(n)
A ： derivational morpheme
B ： free morpheme
C ： inflectional morpheme
D ： free form
正确答案： C
解析：
考查语言学词素。英语中的词素分为free morpheme(自由语素)和bound morpheme(黏
着语素)。黏着词素又可分为derivational morpheme派生语素(如词缀)和inflectional
morpheme屈折语素(如语法上的单复数，过去式等)。24 、 单选题
Which of the following statements about American education is wrong？( )
A ： Elementary and secondary education is free and compulsory.
B ： More public collges，universities than private ones.
C ： Private school fnancially supported by religious，nonreligious and private
organizations，individuals.
D ： Credits taken at community colleges are normally applicable to requirement for
a four-year bachelor’s degree.
正确答案： B
解析：
考查美国的教育情况。在美国，私立高等教育机构多于公立的。如著名的麻省理工、耶
鲁大学、哈佛大学等都是私立的。故B项的描述是错误的。其他几个选项表述均正确：A项
“中小学教育是免费和义务教育”，C项“私立学校由宗教、非宗教和私人组织或个人
资助”，D项“在社区学院取得的学分通常适用于四年制学士学位的要求”。
25 、 单选题
The northern part of the Australia has a tropical climate with only two seasons，and
the dry season lasts from( ).
A ： January to June
B ： July to November
C ： November to April
D ： May to October
正确答案： D
解析：
考查澳大利亚气候。澳大利亚的北部为热带气候，一年只有两个季节，旱季从五月持续
到十月。
26 、 单选题
A reference in a literary work to a person， a place or a thing in history or another
work of literary is an ( ) .
A ： allegory
B ： archetype
C ： analogy
D ： allusion
正确答案： D解析：
文学基本概念。文学作品中对历史上的或者其他文学作品中的人、地点或物的借用叫做
典故( allusion)。allegory指“寓言”，archetype表示“原型”，analogy意为“类推”，
均应排除。
27 、 单选题
( )you start，you will never give up.
A ： Even if
B ： If only
C ： While
D ： Once
正确答案： D
解析：
考查连词辨析。Even if表示“即使；假使”；If only表示“假她……就好了”，从句中
常用虚拟语气；While表示“当……时候；与……同时；尽管”；Once用作连词，引导
状语从句，表示“一旦；一经”。根据题意，正确答案为D。故本题选D。句意：一旦你
开始了，你就不要放弃。
28 、 单选题
Which of the following pairs is not a minimal pair？( )
A ： /sip//zip/
B ： /fi：l//li：f/
C ： /keit//feit/
D ： /sai//sei/
正确答案： B
解析：
考查语音学。根据最小对立体的定义，如果有两个词，它们除了出现在同一位置上的一
个音外，其余音都一样，那么这两个词就构成了一个最小对立体。
29 、 单选题
The Anglo-Saxons brought( )religion to Britain.
A ： Christian
B ： Druid
C ： Roman Catholic
D ： Teutonic正确答案： D
解析：
考查英国历史。五世纪中叶，盎格鲁·撒克逊部落把自己的日耳曼宗教带到英国，
即Teutonic religion，
30 、 单选题
He( )with Smith at least four times in the past three years.
A ： has been seen to meet
B ： was seen to meet
C ： had been seen meeting
D ： is seen meeting
正确答案： A
解析：
考查完成时的被动语态。由时间状语in the past three years可知，本句用完成时态。且
本句he作主语，应为he was seen to meet，两个时态加在一起可知，A为正确答案。故
本题选A。句意：在过去三年中，有人看见他与史密斯会面至少四次。
31 、 单选题
The Great Charter was signed in( )and had( )clauses.
A ： 1251，63
B ： 1251，73
C ： 1215，63
D ： 1215，73
正确答案： C
解析：
考查英国政治。在男爵们的压力下，约翰国王于1215年签署了《大宪章》。它由六十三
个条款组成。
32 、 单选题
The Catcher in the Rye is written by( )
A ： J.D.Salinger
B ： Jack London
C ： Flannery O′Connor
D ： Saul Bellow正确答案： A
解析：
美国文学。The Catcher in the Rye（《麦田里的守望者》）是美国20世纪著名作
家J．D.Salinger(1919-2010)的名著。
33 、 单选题
In 1066， ( ) landed in England and built the Norman Empire.
A ： Julius Caesar
B ： Henry VIII
C ： Oliver Cromwell
D ： William the Conqueror
正确答案： D
解析：
英国历史。题目考查诺曼王朝的建立者，答案是被称为“征服者威廉”的诺曼底公爵威
廉(DukeWilliam of Normandy)。Julius Caesar率领罗马人侵略英格兰；Henry VIII的功
绩是在英国进行了宗教改革；Oliver Cromwell则是英国内战期间的掌权者。
34 、 单选题
In communication，a smile is usually( )strong sign of a friendly and( )open attitude.
A ： the，/
B ： a，an
C ： a，/
D ： the，an
正确答案： C
解析：
考查冠词辨析。a用在可数名词sign前，泛指一类事物；friendly and open是并列关系，
修饰attitude。故本题选C。句意：在交流中，微笑通常象征一种友好 、开放的态度。
35 、 单选题
Bloomfield introduced the IC analysis， whose full name is ( ) Analysis.
A ： Internal Component
B ： Innate Capacity
C ： Internal Constituent
D ： Immediate Constituents正确答案： D
解析：
考查语义知识。IC的完整名字是Immediate constituents，意为“直接成分分析法”，
最先由Bloomfield在《语言论》中提出。
36 、 单选题
What is the construction of the sentence “The boy smiled”？( )
A ： Exocentric
B ： Endocentric
C ： oordinate
D ： Subordinate
正确答案： A
解析：
考查语义知识。Exocentric construction(离心结构)refers to a group of syntactically
related words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a
whole.There is no definable “Center” or“Head”inside the group，
37 、 单选题
Australia completely abolished the White Australia Policy during the goverment of( ).
A ： Gough Whitlam
B ： Stanly Bruce
C ： Earle Page
D ： Joseph Lyons
正确答案： A
解析：
考查澳大利亚政策。In 1972，the Australian Labor Party under the idealistic
leadership of Gough Whitlam abandoned the White Australia policy (1972年，澳大利
亚工党在高夫·惠特拉姆的理想主义领导下放弃了白澳政策)。
38 、 单选题
Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE？( )
A ： Walt Whitman introduced great innovations to American literature， and
devised a poetic style，free verse
B ： Emily Dickinson′s poems are usually long， exploring the inner life of the
individualC ： Jack Kerouac′s On the Road is a representative work of the Beat Writers
D ： Arthur Miller is concerned with the conflicts of the individual within society，
and Death of a Salesman is his masterpiece
正确答案： B
解析：
考查美国文学。Walt Whitman(沃尔特·惠特曼)发明了自由诗体，故A项叙述正确；Emily
Dickinson(艾米莉·狄金森)是美国浪漫主义时期的作家，她的作品关注生、死和永生，
故B项错误；JackK erouac(杰克·凯鲁亚克)是美国“垮掉的一代”的代表人物，代表作品是
《在路上》，故C项正确；ArthurM iller(阿瑟·米勒)关注社会中人们之间的冲突，代表作是
《小职员之死》，故D项正确。
39 、 单选题
Which of the following is not one of the leading agricultural exports of Australia?
A ： Wool
B ： Meat
C ： Wheat
D ： Grain
正确答案： D
解析：
澳大利亚农业。题目问澳大利亚主要出口的农产品是什么。澳大利亚为世界上最大的羊
毛出口国、第二大肉类出口国以及第三大小麦出口国，而美国是世界上最大的谷物出口
国。
40 、 单选题
After knowing his partner has been under arrest，he( )his crime.
A ： conceded
B ： admitted
C ： recognized
D ： confessed
正确答案： A
解析：
考查动词辨析。在得知他的搭档被捕后，他承认了自己的罪行。
41 、 单选题
It’s reported that by the end of this year the output of cement in the factory( )byabout 30%.
A ： will have risen
B ： has risen
C ： will be rising
D ： has been rising
正确答案： A
解析：
考查将来完成时。句中的时间状语by the end of this year应与将来完成时连用，A项为
将来完成时，符合要求。故本题选A。句意：据报道，截至本年底该工厂的水泥产量会
上升约30%。
42 、 单选题
Australia can be divided into three big regions，which of the following is not included？
( )
A ： The Great Dividing Range
B ： The Murray
C ： The Central Lowlands
D ： The Western Plateau
正确答案： B
解析：
考查澳大利亚地理。澳大利亚可分为三大区域，分别为A项The Great Dividing Range
(大分水岭)，C项The Central Lowlands (中央低地)和D项The Western Plateau (西部高
原)，B项The Murray(墨累河)不符合题意，它只是澳大利亚的一条河流。
43 、 单选题
Not until the game had begun( )at the sports ground.
A ： had he arrived
B ： would he have arrived
C ： did he arrive
D ： should he have arrived
正确答案： C
解析：
考查倒装句。本题因not until在句首，所以应用倒装语序。因为从句的动作发生在主句
的动作之前，所以从句用了过去完成时，主句要用过去时。故本题选C。句意：直到比
赛开始，他才到达运动场。44 、 单选题
Jean Wagner′s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his
insistence that it( )in a religious，as well as worldly，frame of reference.
A ： is to be analyzed
B ： has been analyzed
C ： be analyzed
D ： should have been analyzed
正确答案： C
解析：
考查虚拟语气。名词insistence后面的同位语从句要用虚拟语气。故本题选C。句意：吉
恩·瓦各纳对美国黑人诗歌研究的最杰出的贡献是：他坚持认为不仅要以世俗的观点而且
还要以宗教的观点来分析他们的诗。
45 、 单选题
Which of the following literary forms is regarded as the most common and influential
form that English ( ) poetry has taken since 16th century？
A ： Sonnet
B ： lank Verse
C ： Free Verse
D ： Essay
正确答案： B
解析：
考查诗歌形式。无韵体诗是用无韵五步抑扬格写成的诗歌，它被称为“可能是自16世纪
以来英国诗歌最常见和最具影响力的形式”。
46 、 单选题
The nation′s capital city Washington and New York are located in ( )
A ： the American West
B ： the Great Plains
C ： the Midwest
D ： the Middle Atlantic States
正确答案： D
解析：
美国地理。考查华盛顿和纽约位于美国的哪个地理区域。47 、 单选题
The semantic components of the word“gentleman” can be expressed as ( )
A ： +animate， +male， +human， +adult
B ： +animate， -male， +human， +adult
C ： +animate， +male， -human， +adult
D ： +animate， +male， +human， -adult
正确答案： A
解析：
考查成分分析。成分分析是分析词汇的一种方法，将单词的意义分为语义特征成分，用
加减号来表示某一语义特征在词义中存在或缺失。由题干可知，“gentleman”需要具
备animate，male，human，adult四个语义特征。
48 、 单选题
The( )nature of the plant is very different from others for its growth and distribution
depend on its host completely.
A ： specific
B ： peculiar
C ： extraordinary
D ： particular
正确答案： B
解析：
考查形容词辨析。这种植物特异性很强，因为它的生长发育和分布完全取决于它的寄主
植物。
49 、 单选题
Which of the following words is made up of bound morphemes only？( )
A ： Happiness
B ： Television
C ： Ecology
D ： Teacher
正确答案： C
解析：
考查黏着语素。题干为：四个选项中哪个单词只是由黏着语素bound morphemes构成
的。happiness是由happy和-ness构成，television是由tele-和vision两部分构成，teacher是由teach和-er构成。前面三个单词都有自由词素happy，vision和teach，
只有ecology是由eco-和-logy两个黏着语素组成的，因为它们无法单独使用。
50 、 单选题
There are some reasons for the increasing of the Australia’s economy，except( )
A ： its open investment environment
B ： business friendly regulatory approach
C ： its trade and economic links with emerging economies
D ： its unique geographical location in northern hemisphere
正确答案： D
解析：
考查澳大利亚国家概况。A项its open investment environment (开放的投资环境)，B
项business- friendly regulatory approach (对商人友好的管理政策)和C项its trade and
economic links with emerging economies (新兴经济体的贸易和经济联系)均是澳大利亚
经济日益增长的原因。D项its unique geographical location in northern hemisphere
(它在北半球独特的地理位置)说法错误，澳大利亚位于南半球。
51 、 单选题
Lexical ambiguity arises from polysemy or ( ) which cannot be determined by the
context.
A ： homonymy
B ： antonymy
C ： meronymy
D ： synonymy
正确答案： A
解析：
考查意义关系的具体用法。意义关系包括：一词多意、近义关系、反义关系、上下义关
系。当语境无法决定多义词或同音异义词的具体内涵时，就会产生分歧。
52 、 单选题
Great Expectation was written by ( )
A ： William M.Thackery
B ： Alfred Tennyson
C ： harles Dickens
D ： George Eliot正确答案： C
解析：
考查英国文学作家及其代表作。《远大前程》(Great Expectations)是查尔斯·狄更斯(
Charles Dickens)的作品。
53 、 单选题
Which of the following novelists wrote The Sound and the Fury？( )
A ： William Faulkner
B ： Ernest Hemingway
C ： Scott Fitzgerald
D ： John Steinbeck
正确答案： A
解析：
考查美国作家及其代表作。The Sound and the Fury《喧哗与骚动》是美国小说家威
廉·福克纳(1897-1961)的长篇小说代表作。
54 、 单选题
The National Day of Canada is( )
A ： July 1st
B ： June 1st
C ： October 1st
D ： July 3rd
正确答案： A
解析：
考查加拿大的节日。加拿大的国庆日是7月1日。
55 、 单选题
The fifth-generation computers，with artificial intelligence，( )and perfected now.
A ： developed
B ： have developed
C ： are being developed
D ： will have been developed
正确答案： C解析：
考查进行时的被动语态。空格处动词应用被动语态，首先排除A、B两项。C、D两项的
区别在于时态不同，根据句尾的now可知，应选择进行时，因此C项符合要求。故本题
选C。句意：人工智能的第五代计算机目前正在被开发和完善中。
56 、 单选题
( )is Australia’s most important industrial city and the capital of New South Wales.
A ： Melbourne
B ： Sydney
C ： anberra
D ： Brisbane
正确答案： B
解析：
考查澳大利亚城市。悉尼是重要的工业城市，也是新南威尔士州的首府，所以A
项Melbourne(墨尔本) C项Canberra (堪培拉)和D项Brisbane (布里斯班)均错误。
57 、 单选题
( )is said to be the home ofgolf.
A ： England
B ： Scotland
C ： Wales
D ： Ireland
正确答案： B
解析：
英国文化。高尔夫是一项古老的贵族运动，相传源于15世纪或更早以前的苏格兰，苏格
兰地区山多，气候湿润、多雾，非常适合牧草生长，工业文明以前，这里是连绵不断的
牧场。相传当时牧羊人放牧闲暇时，用木板玩游戏，将石子击入兔子窝或洞中。久而久
之就演变成为使用不同的球杆并按一定的规则击球的高尔夫运动。
58 、 单选题
If we are to use the technique of IC analysis to analyze the sentence“She broke the
window with a ( ) stone yesterday”，where is the first cut？
A ： Between stone and yesterday
B ： etween she and broke
C ： Between broke and the window
D ： Between window and with正确答案： B
解析：
考查语义知识。根据直接成分分析法，句子She broke the window with a stone
yesterday.在第一次划分时可分为两个部分，即She/broke the window with a stone
yesterday。
59 、 单选题
This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen( )comfortably.
A ： is worm
B ： wears
C ： Wearing
D ： are worn
正确答案： B
解析：
考查动词的主动形式表示被动意义。当不及物动词与副词连用表示主语的性格特征时，
使用主动语态表达被动含义，如The essay reads smoothly.(这篇文章读起来非常流畅)。
分析选项可知，B项正确。故本题选B。句意：这种由经验丰富的工匠制作的眼镜戴起来
很舒服。
60 、 单选题
The words “toys， walks， John′s” can be examples of( )
A ： free morphemes
B ： compounds
C ： inflectional affixes
D ： derivations
正确答案： C
解析：
语言学概念的实例分析。本题属于形态学的范畴，考查词素(morpheme)的类
型。toys、walks和John’s都是在原有单词的基础上加上了曲折词缀(inflectional affix)，
即不改变原单词含义的后缀，
61 、 不定项选择题
This year some twenty-three hundred teen-agers from all over the world will spend
about ten months in U.S. homes. They will attend U.S. schools, meet U.S. teen-agers,
and form lifelong impressions of the real America. At the same time, about thirteen
hundred American teen-agers will go abroad to learn new languages and gain a newunderstanding of world problems. On returning home they, like others who have
participated in the exchange program, will pass along their fresh impression to the
youth groups in which they are active.
What have the visiting students discovered? A German boy says, “We often
think of America only in terms of skyscrapers. Cadillacs, and gangsters. Americans
think of Germany only in terms of Hitler and concentration camps. You can’t realize
how wrong you are until you see for yourself.”
A Los Angeles girl says, “It’s the leaders of the countries who are unable to get
along. The people get along just fine.”
Observe a two-way student exchange in action. Fred Herschbach, nineteen, spent
last year in Germany at the home of George Pfafflin. In turn, Mr. Pfafflin’s son
Michael spent a year in the Herschbach home in Texas.
Fred, lanky and lively, knew little German when he arrived, but after two
months’ study the language began to come to him. School was totally different
from what he had expected—much more formal, much harder. Students rose
respectfully when the teacher entered the room. They took fourteen subjects instead
of the six that are usual in the United States. There were almost no outside activities.
Family life, too, was different. The father’s word was law, and all activities
revolved around the closely knit family unit rather than the individual. Fred found the
food—mostly starches—monotonous at first. Also, he missed having a car.
“At home, you pick up some kids in a car and go out and haven good time. In
Germany, you walk, but you soon get used to it.”
A warm-natured boy, Fred began to make friends as soon as he had mastered
enough German to communicate. “I didn’t feel as if I were with foreigners. I felt as
I did at home with my own people.” Eventually he was invited to stay at the homes
of friends in many of Germany’s major cities. “One’s viewpoint is broadened,”
he says, “by living with people who have different habits and backgrounds. You
come to appreciate their points of view and realize that it is possible for all people in
the world to come closer together. I wouldn’t trade this year for anything.”
Meanwhile, in Texas, Mike Pfafflin, a friendly German boy, was also forming
independent opinions. “I suppose I should criticize the schools,” he says. “It was
far too easy by our standards. But I have to admit that I liked it enormously In
Germany we do nothing but study. I think that maybe your schools are better training
for citizenship. There ought to be some middle ground between the two.” He took
part in many outside activities, including the dramatic group.
Mike picked up a favorite adjective of American youth; southern fried chicken
was “fabulous,” When expressing a regional point of view, he used the phrase
“we Texans.” Summing up his year, he says with feeling, “America is a second
home for me from now on. I will love it the rest of my life.”
This exciting exchange program was government sponsored at first; now it is in
the hands of private agencies, including the American Field Service and the
International Christian Youth Exchange. Screening committees make a careful check
on exchange students and host homes. To qualify, students must be intelligent,
adaptable, outgoing-potential leaders. Each student is matched, as closely as
possible, with a young person in another country whose family has the same
economic, cultural, and religious background.
After their years abroad, all students gather to discuss who, they observed. For
visiting students to accept and approve of all they saw would be a defeat for the
exchange program. They are supposed to observe evaluate, and come to fair
conclusions. Nearly all who visited the United States agreed that they had gained
faith in American ideals and deep respect for the U.S brand of democracy. All hadmade friendship that they were sure would last a life-time. Almost all were struck by
the freedom demitted American youth. Many were critical, though, of the
indifference to study in American schools, and of Americans’ lack of knowledge
about other countries.
The opinions of Americans abroad were just as vigorous. A U.S. girl in Vienna:
“At home, all we talk about is dating, movies, and clothes. Here we talk about
religion, philosophy, and political problems. I am going to miss that.”
A U.S boy in Sweden: “I learned to sit at home, read a good book, and gain
some knowledge. It I told them this back home, they would think I was a square.”
An American girl in Stuttgart, however, was very critical of the German school.
“Over here the teacher is king, and you are somewhere far below. Instead of being
friend and counselor, as in America the teacher is regarded as a foe—and behaves
like it too!”
It costs a sponsoring group about a thousand dollars to give an exchange
student a year in the United States. Transportation is the major expense, for bed,
board, and pocket money are provided by volunteer families. There is also a small
amount of federal support for the program.
For some time now, attempts have been made to include students from iron
curtain countries. But so far the Communists have not allowed their young people to
take part in this program which could open their eyes to a different world.
In Europe, however, about ten students apply for every place available, in Japan,
the ratio is fifty to one. The student exchange program is helping these eager
younger citizens of tomorrow learn a lot about the world today.
Fred Herschbach and Mike Pfafflin agreed that _____.
A ： mericans are friendlier than Germans
B ： German food is more monotonous than American foods
C ： German schools are harder than American schools
D ： The teacher in German is king
正确答案： C
解析：
句意：Fred Herschbach和Mike Pfafflin一致认为，德国学校比美国学校更为严格。第五
段第二句指出“School was totally different from what he had expected—much more
formal, much harder.”，可以得出Fred认为德国学校更正式和严格，第九段第二句中，
Mike评论“It was far too easy by our standards”，意思是按照德国的标准来讲，美国
的学校太宽松了。因此答案为C。
62 、 不定项选择题
A closer observer of the small screen once called it a “vast wasteland of violence,
sadism and murder, private eyes, gangsters and more violence - and cartoons.” That
is how Newton Minow, a US television regulator, described it in 1961.
Since than television language has become more colourful, violence more
explicit and sex more prevalent.?Lady Chatterley’s Lover has moved from the
banned book shelf to a classic BBC serial.Concern over such changing standards has shaped our view of television—and
masked its broader influence in developing countries.
To illustrate its effects, Kenny cites the case of Brazil. When television there
began to show a steady diet of local soaps in the 1970s, Brazilian women typically
had five or more children and were trapped in poverty. As the popularity of the soaps
grew, birth rates fell
According to researchers, 72% of the leading female characters in the main
soaps had no children and only 7% had more than one. One study calculated that
such soaps had the same effect on fertility rates as keeping girls in school for five
years more than normal.
It is not just birth rates that are affected. Kenny notes: “Kids who watch TV out
of school, according to a World Bank survey of young people in the shanty towns of
Fortaleza in Brazil, are considerably less likely to consume drugs.”
Television appears to have more power to reduce youth drug use than the
strictures of an educated mother and Brazilian soaps presenting educated urban
woman running their own businesses are thought to be compelling role models.
Television can also improve health, In Ghana a soap opera line that warned
mothers they were feeding their children “more than just rice” if they did not wash
their hands after defecating was followed by a seemingly permanent improvement in
personal hygiene.
Why do such changes happen? Simple, says Kenny: soap operas, whether local
versions of Ugly Betty or vintage imports of Baywatch, open up new horizons.
“Some hours could he better spout planting trees, helping old ladies across the road
or playing cricket,” he said. “But watching TV exposes people to new ideas and
different people. With that will come greater opportunity, growing equality and a
better understanding of the world. Not bad.”
What is the meaning of “mask” in the third paragraph?
A ： suggest
B ： cover
C ： discover
D ： reveal
正确答案： B
解析：
mask是“掩盖，掩饰”的意思。第三段意思为：这种变化的标准影响了人们对电视的看
法，而且掩盖了其对于发展中国家的更广泛的影响。
63 、 不定项选择题
“A writer’s job is to tell the truth,” said Hemingway in 1942. No other writer of
our time had so fiercely asserted, so pugnaciously defended or so consistently
exemplified the writer’s obligation to speak truly. His standard of truth-telling
remained, moreover, so high and so rigorous that he was ordinarily unwilling to
admit secondary evidence, whether literary evidence or evidence picked up from
other sources than his own experience. “I only know what I have seen,” was a
statement which came often to his lips and pen. What he had personally done, or
what he knew unforgettably by having gone through one version of it, was what hewas interested in telling about. This is not to say that he refused to invent freely. But
he always made it a sacrosanct point to invent in terms of what he actually knew
from having been there.
The primary intent of his writing, from first to last, was to seize and project for
the reader what he often called “the way it was.” This is a characteristically simple
phrase for a concept of extraordinary complexity, and Hemingway’s conception of
its meaning subtly changed several times in the course of his career-always in the
direction of greater complexity. At the core of the concept, however, one can
invariably discern the operation of three aesthetic instruments; the sense of place the
sense of fact and the sense of scene.
The first of these, obviously a strong passion with Hemingway, is the sense of
place. “Unless you have geography, background,” he once told George Anteil,
“You have nothing.” You have, that is to say, a dramatic vacuum. Few writers have
been more place-conscious. Few have so carefully charted out the geographical
ground work of their novels while managing to keep background so conspicuously
unobtrusive. Few, accordingly, have been able to record more economically and
graphically the way it is when you walk through the streets of Paris in search of
breakfast at corner café… Or when, at around six O’s clock of a Spanish dawn, you
watch the bulls running from the corrals at the Puerta Rochapea through the streets
of Pamplona towards the bullring.
“When I woke it was the sound of the rocket exploding that announced the
release of the bulls from the corrals at the edge of town. Down below the narrow
street was empty. All the balconies were crowded with people. Suddenly a crowd
came down the street. They were all running, packed close together. They passed
along and up the street toward the bullring and behind them came more men
running faster, and then some stragglers who were really running. Behind them was
a little bare space, and then the bulls, galloping, tossing their heads up and down. It
all went out of sight around the corner. One man fell, rolled to the gutter, and lay
quiet. But the bulls went right on and did not notice him. They were all running
together.”
This landscape is as morning-fresh as a design in India ink on clean white paper.
First is the bare white street, seen from above, quiet and empty. Then one sees the
first packed clot of runners. Behind these are the thinner ranks of those who move
faster because they are closer to bulls. Then the almost comic stragglers, who are
“really running.” brilliantly behind these shines the “little bare space,” a
desperate margin for error. Then the clot of running bulls-closing the design, except
of course for the man in the gutter making himself, like the designer’s initials, as
inconspicuous as possible.
From the passage, one can assume that which of the following statements would best
describe Hemingway’s attitude toward knowledge?
A ： One can learn about life only by living it fully.
B ： A wise person will read widely in order to learn about life.
C ： Knowledge is a powerful tool that should be reserved only for those who know
how to use it.
D ： Experience is a poor teacher.
正确答案： A解析：
全文主旨是想说明海明威非常尊崇事实，以实际经验为基础写作，因此他对知识的态度
应是知识来自于生活，只有自己生活过才能了解。
64 、 不定项选择题
Australia’s frogs are having trouble finding love. Traffic noise and other sounds of
city life, such as air conditioners and construction noise, are drowning out the mating
calls of male frogs in urban areas, 1eading to a sharp drop in frog populations. But, in
the first study of its kind, Parris, a scientist at the University of Melbourne has found
that some frogs have figured out a way to compensate for human interference in
their love lives.
A male southern brown tree frog sends out a mating call when he’s looking for
a date. It is music to the ears of a female southern brown tree frog. But, add the
sounds of nearby traffic and the message just is not going out. Parris spent seven
years studying frogs around Melbourne. She says some frogs have come up with an
interesting strategy for making themselves heard.
“We found that it’s changing the pitch of its call, so going higher up, up the
frequency spectrum, being higher and squeakier, further away from the traffic noise
and this increases the distance over which it can be for heard,” Parris said.
The old call is lower in pitch. The new one is higher in pitch.
Now, that may sound like a pretty simple solution. But, changing their calls to
cope with a noisy environment is actually quite extraordinary for frogs. And while the
males have figured out how to make themselves heard above the noise, Parris says it
may not be what the females are looking for.
“When females have a choice between two males calling, they tend to select the
one that calls at a lower frequency because, in frogs, the frequency of a call is related
to body size. So, the bigger frogs tend to call lower,” she explained. “And so they
also tend to be the older frogs, the guys perhaps with more experience, they know
what they’re doing and the women are attracted to those.”
Frog populations in Melbourne have dropped considerably since Parris began
her research, but it is not just because of noise. Much of Australia has been locked in
a 10-year drought, leaving frogs fewer and fewer ponds to go looking for that special
someone.
Why do some frogs change the pitch of its calls?
A ： To be different from others.
B ： To attract a female frog.
C ： To tend out messages.
D ： To go against traffic noises.
正确答案： D
解析：
由第三段“…further away from the traffic noise and this increases the distance over
which it can be for heard,”得知青蛙改变音高是为了避免噪音干扰。65 、 不定项选择题
When we eat may be just as important as what we eat. A new study shows that mice
that eat when they should be sleeping gain more weight than mice that eat at normal
hours. Another study sheds light on why we pack on the pounds in the first place.
Whether these studies translate into therapies that help humans beat obesity
remains to be seen, but they give scientists clues about the myriad factors that they
must take into account.
Observations of overnight workers have shown that eating at night disrupts
metabolism and the hormones that signal we’re sated. But no one had done
controlled studies on this connection until now. Biologist Fred Turek of Northwestern
University in Evanston, Illinois, and graduate student Deanna Arble examined the link
between a high-fat diet and what time of day mice eat. A control group of six
nocturnal mice ate their pellets (60％ fat by calories, mostly lard) during the night.
Another group of six ate the same meal during the day, Turek says, which disrupts
their circadian rhythm—the body’s normal 24-hour cycle.
After 6 weeks, the off-schedule mice weighed almost 20％ more than the
controls, Turek and Arble report today in?Obesity, supporting the idea that
consuming calories when you should be sleeping is harmful. Turek and Arble
acknowledge that the disrupted mice ate a tad more and were a tad more sluggish,
but the differences could not account for all of the weight gain.
In the second study, a different team of researchers investigated the link
between weight and the immune system. Hundreds of genes seem to affect the
accumulation of fat, but one that helps protect us from infection might help us lose
weight with little effort, biochemist Alan Saltiel of the University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, and colleagues suggest today in?Cell. The researchers tested me weight-
adding abilities of a protein called IKK∈, which is linked with obesity, diabetes, and
chronic, low-1evel inflammation. For 3 months, the team fed six mice missing IKK∈
genes a diet of high-fat chow.
Because IKKE’s main job is immune defense, Saltiel’s team didn’t expect to
find weight differences between knockout mice and controls. But the knockout mice
did gain significantly less. Best of all, the girth the animals did add was less harmful
to their overall health. “The knockout mice don’t gain as much weight but also
don’t get diabetes, don’t get insulin resistance, and don’t get accumulation of
lipids on the liver,” Saltiel says, all of which contribute to the suite of health
problems associated with being overweight. Saltiel calls IKK∈ “an especially
appealing drug target for the treatment of metabolic disease.”
Tom Maniatis, a molecular biologist at Harvard University praises the study but
remains skeptical about any drug that would inhibit IKK∈. He helped develop the
mice used in the experiment and notes that they are vulnerable to the flu. He
suspects that suppressing IKK∈ may help people with diabetes or obesity, “but the
first time the swine flu comes along, that’s it.”
Researchers are also enthusiastic about the circadian rhythm paper Frank
Scheet, a neuroscientist at Harvard who studies sleep, was struck that “you could
see something happening [to the disrupted mice] in the first week already. That’s
consistent with human studies where we found changes in just 3 days.”
Together, the papers suggest that there’s no simple answer to why people gain
weight. Says Turek, “It’s clearly not just calories in versus calories out.”
Which of the following statements about IKK∈ is INCORRECT?A ： The basic job of IKK∈ is to protect the body from diseases.
B ： IKK∈ is a kind of protein.
C ： IKK∈ is linked with many immune diseases.
D ： The mice missing IKK∈ genes gain much more weight.
正确答案： D
解析：
由文章第五段第二句But the knockout mice did gain significantly less可知，那些缺
少IKKE的老鼠体重增加很小，因此D选项错误。
66 、 不定项选择题
A closer observer of the small screen once called it a “vast wasteland of violence,
sadism and murder, private eyes, gangsters and more violence - and cartoons.” That
is how Newton Minow, a US television regulator, described it in 1961.
Since than television language has become more colourful, violence more
explicit and sex more prevalent.?Lady Chatterley’s Lover has moved from the
banned book shelf to a classic BBC serial.
Concern over such changing standards has shaped our view of television—and
masked its broader influence in developing countries.
To illustrate its effects, Kenny cites the case of Brazil. When television there
began to show a steady diet of local soaps in the 1970s, Brazilian women typically
had five or more children and were trapped in poverty. As the popularity of the soaps
grew, birth rates fell
According to researchers, 72% of the leading female characters in the main
soaps had no children and only 7% had more than one. One study calculated that
such soaps had the same effect on fertility rates as keeping girls in school for five
years more than normal.
It is not just birth rates that are affected. Kenny notes: “Kids who watch TV out
of school, according to a World Bank survey of young people in the shanty towns of
Fortaleza in Brazil, are considerably less likely to consume drugs.”
Television appears to have more power to reduce youth drug use than the
strictures of an educated mother and Brazilian soaps presenting educated urban
woman running their own businesses are thought to be compelling role models.
Television can also improve health, In Ghana a soap opera line that warned
mothers they were feeding their children “more than just rice” if they did not wash
their hands after defecating was followed by a seemingly permanent improvement in
personal hygiene.
Why do such changes happen? Simple, says Kenny: soap operas, whether local
versions of Ugly Betty or vintage imports of Baywatch, open up new horizons.
“Some hours could he better spout planting trees, helping old ladies across the road
or playing cricket,” he said. “But watching TV exposes people to new ideas and
different people. With that will come greater opportunity, growing equality and a
better understanding of the world. Not bad.”
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as the effects of TV?
A ： Lower birth rate.
B ： Less poor young people.C ： Less drug users.
D ： Better sanitation habits.
正确答案： B
解析：
由第四段最后一句“As the popularity of the soaps grew, birth rates fell”可知肥皂剧
的发展使出生率下降，A项正确。由第六段“Television appears to have more power to
reduce youth drug use”可知电视对于减少青少年吸毒现象更有效，C项正确。由倒数
第二段“Television can also improve health”可知看电视能提高人们的健康水平，D项
正确。B项没有提及。
67 、 不定项选择题
Since the late 1970’s in the face of a severe loss of market share in dozens of
industries, manufacturers in the United States have been trying to improve
productivity—and therefore enhance their international competitiveness—through
cost-cutting programs. (Cost-cutting here is defined as raising labor output while
holding the amount of labor constant.) However, from 1978 through 1982,
productivity—the value of goods manufactured divided by the amount of labor
input—did not improve; and while the results were better in the business upturn of
the three years following, they ran 25percent lower than productivity improvements
during earlier, post-1945 upturns. At the same time, it became clear that the harder
manufactures worked to implement cost-cutting, the more they lost their competitive
edge.
With this paradox in mind, I recently visited 25 companies; it became clear to me
that the cost-cutting approach to increasing productivity is fundamentally flawed.
Manufacturing regularly observes a “40, 40, 20” rule. Roughly 40 percent of any
manufacturing-based competitive advantage derives from long-term changes in
manufacturing structure (decisions about the number, size, location, and capacity of
facilities) and in approaches to materials. Another 40 percent comes from major
changes in equipment and process technology. The final 20 percent rests on
implementing conventional cost-cutting. This rule does not imply that cost-cutting
should not be tried. The well-known tools of this approach—including simplifying
jobs and retraining employees to work smarter, not harder—do produce results. But
the tools quickly reach the limits of what they can contribute.
Another problem is that the cost-cutting approach hinders innovation and
discourages creative people. As Abernathy’s study of automobile manufacturers
has shown, an industry can easily become prisoner of its own investments in cost-
cutting techniques, reducing its ability to develop new products. And managers under
pressure to maximize cost-cutting will resist innovation because they know that more
fundamental changes in processes or systems will wreak havoc with the results on
which they are measured. Production managers have always seen their job as one of
minimizing costs and maximizing output. This dimension of performance has until
recently sufficed as a basis of evaluation, but it has created a penny-pinching,
mechanistic culture in most factories that has kept away creative managers.
Every company I know that has freed itself from the paradox has done so, in
part, by developing and implementing a manufacturing strategy. Such a strategy
focuses on the manufacturing structure and on equipment and process technology.In one company a manufacturing strategy that allowed different areas of the factory
to specialize in different markets replaced the conventional cost-cutting approach;
within three years the company regained its competitive advantage. Together with
such strategies, successful companies are also encouraging managers to focus on a
wider set of objectives besides cutting costs. There is hope for manufacturing, but it
dearly rests oil a different way of managing.
It can be inferred from the passage that the manufacturers mentioned in paragraph
1 expected that the measures they implemented would _____.
A ： encourage innovation
B ： keep labor output constant
C ： increase their competitive advantage
D ： permit business upturns to be more easily predicted
正确答案： C
解析：
由“manufacturers in the United States have been trying to improve
productivity—and therefore enhance their international competitiveness—through
cost-cutting programs”可知，C为正确选项。第三段提到，cost cutting并不
能encourage innovation，所以A错误。B项是对cost cutting的解释。
68 、 不定项选择题
A closer observer of the small screen once called it a “vast wasteland of violence,
sadism and murder, private eyes, gangsters and more violence - and cartoons.” That
is how Newton Minow, a US television regulator, described it in 1961.
Since than television language has become more colourful, violence more
explicit and sex more prevalent.?Lady Chatterley’s Lover has moved from the
banned book shelf to a classic BBC serial.
Concern over such changing standards has shaped our view of television—and
masked its broader influence in developing countries.
To illustrate its effects, Kenny cites the case of Brazil. When television there
began to show a steady diet of local soaps in the 1970s, Brazilian women typically
had five or more children and were trapped in poverty. As the popularity of the soaps
grew, birth rates fell
According to researchers, 72% of the leading female characters in the main
soaps had no children and only 7% had more than one. One study calculated that
such soaps had the same effect on fertility rates as keeping girls in school for five
years more than normal.
It is not just birth rates that are affected. Kenny notes: “Kids who watch TV out
of school, according to a World Bank survey of young people in the shanty towns of
Fortaleza in Brazil, are considerably less likely to consume drugs.”
Television appears to have more power to reduce youth drug use than the
strictures of an educated mother and Brazilian soaps presenting educated urban
woman running their own businesses are thought to be compelling role models.
Television can also improve health, In Ghana a soap opera line that warned
mothers they were feeding their children “more than just rice” if they did not washtheir hands after defecating was followed by a seemingly permanent improvement in
personal hygiene.
Why do such changes happen? Simple, says Kenny: soap operas, whether local
versions of Ugly Betty or vintage imports of Baywatch, open up new horizons.
“Some hours could he better spout planting trees, helping old ladies across the road
or playing cricket,” he said. “But watching TV exposes people to new ideas and
different people. With that will come greater opportunity, growing equality and a
better understanding of the world. Not bad.”
What does “it” refer to in the first paragraph?
A ： The small screen.
B ： A vast wasteland.
C ： Television language.
D ： Lady Chatterley’s Lover.
正确答案： A
解析：
定位至第一段句首“A closer observer of the small screen once called it a ‘vast
wasteland of violence,”“一个对电视进行过仔细观察的人曾称它为…”得知“它”指
的是电视。A项正确。第二段第一句中提到“television language…, violence...and
sex...”其中，television language与后面的violence, sex一起构成对电视的描述，所以C项
“television language”不符合。
69 、 不定项选择题
A closer observer of the small screen once called it a “vast wasteland of violence,
sadism and murder, private eyes, gangsters and more violence - and cartoons.” That
is how Newton Minow, a US television regulator, described it in 1961.
Since than television language has become more colourful, violence more
explicit and sex more prevalent.?Lady Chatterley’s Lover has moved from the
banned book shelf to a classic BBC serial.
Concern over such changing standards has shaped our view of television—and
masked its broader influence in developing countries.
To illustrate its effects, Kenny cites the case of Brazil. When television there
began to show a steady diet of local soaps in the 1970s, Brazilian women typically
had five or more children and were trapped in poverty. As the popularity of the soaps
grew, birth rates fell
According to researchers, 72% of the leading female characters in the main
soaps had no children and only 7% had more than one. One study calculated that
such soaps had the same effect on fertility rates as keeping girls in school for five
years more than normal.
It is not just birth rates that are affected. Kenny notes: “Kids who watch TV out
of school, according to a World Bank survey of young people in the shanty towns of
Fortaleza in Brazil, are considerably less likely to consume drugs.”
Television appears to have more power to reduce youth drug use than the
strictures of an educated mother and Brazilian soaps presenting educated urban
woman running their own businesses are thought to be compelling role models.
Television can also improve health, In Ghana a soap opera line that warnedmothers they were feeding their children “more than just rice” if they did not wash
their hands after defecating was followed by a seemingly permanent improvement in
personal hygiene.
Why do such changes happen? Simple, says Kenny: soap operas, whether local
versions of Ugly Betty or vintage imports of Baywatch, open up new horizons.
“Some hours could he better spout planting trees, helping old ladies across the road
or playing cricket,” he said. “But watching TV exposes people to new ideas and
different people. With that will come greater opportunity, growing equality and a
better understanding of the world. Not bad.”
The main idea of this passage is _____.
A ： the effects of TV in developing countries
B ： people begin to receive more information
C ： TV has opened up new horizons
D ： the changes of TV language
正确答案： A
解析：
由第四段“To illustrate its effects, Kenny cites the case of Brazil”可知作者借用巴西为
例解释电视对于发展中国家的影响。接下来作者从电视对于巴西出生率、青少年吸毒现
象、健康水平的影响进行分述，可知全文主旨就是电视对于发展中国家的影响。A项正
确。B项“人们开始接收更多信息”，和C项“电视打开了人们的视野”，都属于电视对
人们的影响，不全面。D项没有提及。
70 、 不定项选择题
This year some twenty-three hundred teen-agers from all over the world will spend
about ten months in U.S. homes. They will attend U.S. schools, meet U.S. teen-agers,
and form lifelong impressions of the real America. At the same time, about thirteen
hundred American teen-agers will go abroad to learn new languages and gain a new
understanding of world problems. On returning home they, like others who have
participated in the exchange program, will pass along their fresh impression to the
youth groups in which they are active.
What have the visiting students discovered? A German boy says, “We often
think of America only in terms of skyscrapers. Cadillacs, and gangsters. Americans
think of Germany only in terms of Hitler and concentration camps. You can’t realize
how wrong you are until you see for yourself.”
A Los Angeles girl says, “It’s the leaders of the countries who are unable to get
along. The people get along just fine.”
Observe a two-way student exchange in action. Fred Herschbach, nineteen, spent
last year in Germany at the home of George Pfafflin. In turn, Mr. Pfafflin’s son
Michael spent a year in the Herschbach home in Texas.
Fred, lanky and lively, knew little German when he arrived, but after two
months’ study the language began to come to him. School was totally different
from what he had expected—much more formal, much harder. Students rose
respectfully when the teacher entered the room. They took fourteen subjects instead
of the six that are usual in the United States. There were almost no outside activities.
Family life, too, was different. The father’s word was law, and all activitiesrevolved around the closely knit family unit rather than the individual. Fred found the
food—mostly starches—monotonous at first. Also, he missed having a car.
“At home, you pick up some kids in a car and go out and haven good time. In
Germany, you walk, but you soon get used to it.”
A warm-natured boy, Fred began to make friends as soon as he had mastered
enough German to communicate. “I didn’t feel as if I were with foreigners. I felt as
I did at home with my own people.” Eventually he was invited to stay at the homes
of friends in many of Germany’s major cities. “One’s viewpoint is broadened,”
he says, “by living with people who have different habits and backgrounds. You
come to appreciate their points of view and realize that it is possible for all people in
the world to come closer together. I wouldn’t trade this year for anything.”
Meanwhile, in Texas, Mike Pfafflin, a friendly German boy, was also forming
independent opinions. “I suppose I should criticize the schools,” he says. “It was
far too easy by our standards. But I have to admit that I liked it enormously In
Germany we do nothing but study. I think that maybe your schools are better training
for citizenship. There ought to be some middle ground between the two.” He took
part in many outside activities, including the dramatic group.
Mike picked up a favorite adjective of American youth; southern fried chicken
was “fabulous,” When expressing a regional point of view, he used the phrase
“we Texans.” Summing up his year, he says with feeling, “America is a second
home for me from now on. I will love it the rest of my life.”
This exciting exchange program was government sponsored at first; now it is in
the hands of private agencies, including the American Field Service and the
International Christian Youth Exchange. Screening committees make a careful check
on exchange students and host homes. To qualify, students must be intelligent,
adaptable, outgoing-potential leaders. Each student is matched, as closely as
possible, with a young person in another country whose family has the same
economic, cultural, and religious background.
After their years abroad, all students gather to discuss who, they observed. For
visiting students to accept and approve of all they saw would be a defeat for the
exchange program. They are supposed to observe evaluate, and come to fair
conclusions. Nearly all who visited the United States agreed that they had gained
faith in American ideals and deep respect for the U.S brand of democracy. All had
made friendship that they were sure would last a life-time. Almost all were struck by
the freedom demitted American youth. Many were critical, though, of the
indifference to study in American schools, and of Americans’ lack of knowledge
about other countries.
The opinions of Americans abroad were just as vigorous. A U.S. girl in Vienna:
“At home, all we talk about is dating, movies, and clothes. Here we talk about
religion, philosophy, and political problems. I am going to miss that.”
A U.S boy in Sweden: “I learned to sit at home, read a good book, and gain
some knowledge. It I told them this back home, they would think I was a square.”
An American girl in Stuttgart, however, was very critical of the German school.
“Over here the teacher is king, and you are somewhere far below. Instead of being
friend and counselor, as in America the teacher is regarded as a foe—and behaves
like it too!”
It costs a sponsoring group about a thousand dollars to give an exchange
student a year in the United States. Transportation is the major expense, for bed,
board, and pocket money are provided by volunteer families. There is also a small
amount of federal support for the program.
For some time now, attempts have been made to include students from ironcurtain countries. But so far the Communists have not allowed their young people to
take part in this program which could open their eyes to a different world.
In Europe, however, about ten students apply for every place available, in Japan,
the ratio is fifty to one. The student exchange program is helping these eager
younger citizens of tomorrow learn a lot about the world today.
Exchange students are generally placed in homes that are _____.
A ： very similar to their own homes
B ： typical of homes in the land they are visiting
C ： as different from their own home as is possible
D ： None of the above
正确答案： A
解析：
句意：交换学生通常被安置在与自己家庭情况相似的外国家庭中。文章第十一段最后一
句提到“Each student is matched, as closely as possible, with a young person in
another country whose family has the same economic, cultural, and religious
background.”，意思是每个同学与和自己家庭文化背景最相近的外国同学配对，然后
互换家庭，所以选A。
71 、 不定项选择题
“A writer’s job is to tell the truth,” said Hemingway in 1942. No other writer of
our time had so fiercely asserted, so pugnaciously defended or so consistently
exemplified the writer’s obligation to speak truly. His standard of truth-telling
remained, moreover, so high and so rigorous that he was ordinarily unwilling to
admit secondary evidence, whether literary evidence or evidence picked up from
other sources than his own experience. “I only know what I have seen,” was a
statement which came often to his lips and pen. What he had personally done, or
what he knew unforgettably by having gone through one version of it, was what he
was interested in telling about. This is not to say that he refused to invent freely. But
he always made it a sacrosanct point to invent in terms of what he actually knew
from having been there.
The primary intent of his writing, from first to last, was to seize and project for
the reader what he often called “the way it was.” This is a characteristically simple
phrase for a concept of extraordinary complexity, and Hemingway’s conception of
its meaning subtly changed several times in the course of his career-always in the
direction of greater complexity. At the core of the concept, however, one can
invariably discern the operation of three aesthetic instruments; the sense of place the
sense of fact and the sense of scene.
The first of these, obviously a strong passion with Hemingway, is the sense of
place. “Unless you have geography, background,” he once told George Anteil,
“You have nothing.” You have, that is to say, a dramatic vacuum. Few writers have
been more place-conscious. Few have so carefully charted out the geographical
ground work of their novels while managing to keep background so conspicuously
unobtrusive. Few, accordingly, have been able to record more economically andgraphically the way it is when you walk through the streets of Paris in search of
breakfast at corner café… Or when, at around six O’s clock of a Spanish dawn, you
watch the bulls running from the corrals at the Puerta Rochapea through the streets
of Pamplona towards the bullring.
“When I woke it was the sound of the rocket exploding that announced the
release of the bulls from the corrals at the edge of town. Down below the narrow
street was empty. All the balconies were crowded with people. Suddenly a crowd
came down the street. They were all running, packed close together. They passed
along and up the street toward the bullring and behind them came more men
running faster, and then some stragglers who were really running. Behind them was
a little bare space, and then the bulls, galloping, tossing their heads up and down. It
all went out of sight around the corner. One man fell, rolled to the gutter, and lay
quiet. But the bulls went right on and did not notice him. They were all running
together.”
This landscape is as morning-fresh as a design in India ink on clean white paper.
First is the bare white street, seen from above, quiet and empty. Then one sees the
first packed clot of runners. Behind these are the thinner ranks of those who move
faster because they are closer to bulls. Then the almost comic stragglers, who are
“really running.” brilliantly behind these shines the “little bare space,” a
desperate margin for error. Then the clot of running bulls-closing the design, except
of course for the man in the gutter making himself, like the designer’s initials, as
inconspicuous as possible.
From the author’s comments and the example of the bulls (paragraph 4), what was
the most likely reason for which Hemingway took care to include details of place?
A ： He felt that geography in some way illuminated other, more important events.
B ： He thought readers generally did not have enough imagination to visualize the
scenes for themselves.
C ： He thought that landscapes were more important than characters to convey
“the way it was.”
D ： He felt that without background information the readers would be unable to
follow the story.
正确答案： D
解析：
A选项说地理能够在某种程度上表现出更为重要的事件，但在文中并无此意，B选项和C
选项在文中也没提到。文章想要着力说明的是写作中对地理环境的刻画能够引导读者进
入故事情节，就像白纸上的第一道笔画一样，因此选D。
72 、 不定项选择题
This year some twenty-three hundred teen-agers from all over the world will spend
about ten months in U.S. homes. They will attend U.S. schools, meet U.S. teen-agers,
and form lifelong impressions of the real America. At the same time, about thirteen
hundred American teen-agers will go abroad to learn new languages and gain a new
understanding of world problems. On returning home they, like others who have
participated in the exchange program, will pass along their fresh impression to theyouth groups in which they are active.
What have the visiting students discovered? A German boy says, “We often
think of America only in terms of skyscrapers. Cadillacs, and gangsters. Americans
think of Germany only in terms of Hitler and concentration camps. You can’t realize
how wrong you are until you see for yourself.”
A Los Angeles girl says, “It’s the leaders of the countries who are unable to get
along. The people get along just fine.”
Observe a two-way student exchange in action. Fred Herschbach, nineteen, spent
last year in Germany at the home of George Pfafflin. In turn, Mr. Pfafflin’s son
Michael spent a year in the Herschbach home in Texas.
Fred, lanky and lively, knew little German when he arrived, but after two
months’ study the language began to come to him. School was totally different
from what he had expected—much more formal, much harder. Students rose
respectfully when the teacher entered the room. They took fourteen subjects instead
of the six that are usual in the United States. There were almost no outside activities.
Family life, too, was different. The father’s word was law, and all activities
revolved around the closely knit family unit rather than the individual. Fred found the
food—mostly starches—monotonous at first. Also, he missed having a car.
“At home, you pick up some kids in a car and go out and haven good time. In
Germany, you walk, but you soon get used to it.”
A warm-natured boy, Fred began to make friends as soon as he had mastered
enough German to communicate. “I didn’t feel as if I were with foreigners. I felt as
I did at home with my own people.” Eventually he was invited to stay at the homes
of friends in many of Germany’s major cities. “One’s viewpoint is broadened,”
he says, “by living with people who have different habits and backgrounds. You
come to appreciate their points of view and realize that it is possible for all people in
the world to come closer together. I wouldn’t trade this year for anything.”
Meanwhile, in Texas, Mike Pfafflin, a friendly German boy, was also forming
independent opinions. “I suppose I should criticize the schools,” he says. “It was
far too easy by our standards. But I have to admit that I liked it enormously In
Germany we do nothing but study. I think that maybe your schools are better training
for citizenship. There ought to be some middle ground between the two.” He took
part in many outside activities, including the dramatic group.
Mike picked up a favorite adjective of American youth; southern fried chicken
was “fabulous,” When expressing a regional point of view, he used the phrase
“we Texans.” Summing up his year, he says with feeling, “America is a second
home for me from now on. I will love it the rest of my life.”
This exciting exchange program was government sponsored at first; now it is in
the hands of private agencies, including the American Field Service and the
International Christian Youth Exchange. Screening committees make a careful check
on exchange students and host homes. To qualify, students must be intelligent,
adaptable, outgoing-potential leaders. Each student is matched, as closely as
possible, with a young person in another country whose family has the same
economic, cultural, and religious background.
After their years abroad, all students gather to discuss who, they observed. For
visiting students to accept and approve of all they saw would be a defeat for the
exchange program. They are supposed to observe evaluate, and come to fair
conclusions. Nearly all who visited the United States agreed that they had gained
faith in American ideals and deep respect for the U.S brand of democracy. All had
made friendship that they were sure would last a life-time. Almost all were struck by
the freedom demitted American youth. Many were critical, though, of theindifference to study in American schools, and of Americans’ lack of knowledge
about other countries.
The opinions of Americans abroad were just as vigorous. A U.S. girl in Vienna:
“At home, all we talk about is dating, movies, and clothes. Here we talk about
religion, philosophy, and political problems. I am going to miss that.”
A U.S boy in Sweden: “I learned to sit at home, read a good book, and gain
some knowledge. It I told them this back home, they would think I was a square.”
An American girl in Stuttgart, however, was very critical of the German school.
“Over here the teacher is king, and you are somewhere far below. Instead of being
friend and counselor, as in America the teacher is regarded as a foe—and behaves
like it too!”
It costs a sponsoring group about a thousand dollars to give an exchange
student a year in the United States. Transportation is the major expense, for bed,
board, and pocket money are provided by volunteer families. There is also a small
amount of federal support for the program.
For some time now, attempts have been made to include students from iron
curtain countries. But so far the Communists have not allowed their young people to
take part in this program which could open their eyes to a different world.
In Europe, however, about ten students apply for every place available, in Japan,
the ratio is fifty to one. The student exchange program is helping these eager
younger citizens of tomorrow learn a lot about the world today.
The greatest value of the program is that each visiting student _____.
A ： has a chance to travel in foreign countries
B ： shares what he learned with others
C ： learns a new language
D ： gains a new understanding of world problems
正确答案： D
解析：
句意：交换项目的最大价值在于每个交换生对世界问题有了新的认识。第十二段第三句
提到“They are supposed to observe evaluate, and come to fair conclusions.”。意思
是学生应该通过交换项目学会自己观察、评价国外遇到的现象并得出自己对其的看法和
结论，故选D。
73 、 不定项选择题
Many United States companies have, unfortunately, made the search for legal
protection from import competition into a major line of work. Since 1980 the United
States international Trade Commission (ITC) has received about 280 complaints
alleging damage from imports that benefit from subsidies by foreign governments.
Another 340 charge that foreign companies “dumped” their products in thee
United States at “less than fair value.” Even when no unfair practices are alleged,
the simple claim that an industry has been injured by imports is sufficient grounds to
seek relief.
Contrary to the general impression, this quest for import relief has hurt morecompanies than it has helped. As corporations begin to function globally, they
develop an intricate web of marketing, production, and research relationships. The
complexity of these relationships makes it unlikely that a system of import relief laws
will meet the strategic needs of all the units under the same parent company, №.
Suppose a United States-owned company establishes an overseas plant to
manufacture a product while its competitor makes the same product in the United
States. If the competitor can prove injury from the imports-and that the United States
company received a subsidy from a foreign government to build its plant abroad-the
United States company’s products will be uncompetitive in the United States, since
they would be subject to duties.
Perhaps the most brazen ease occurred when the ITC investigated allegations
that Canadian companies were injuring the United States salt industry by dumping
rock salt, used to de-ice roads. The bizarre aspect of the complaint was that a foreign
conglomerate with United States operations was crying for help against a United
States company with foreign operations. The “United States” company claiming
injury was a subsidiary of a Dutch conglomerate, while the “Canadian” companies
included a subsidiary of a Chicago firm that was the second-largest domestic
producer of rock salt.
The passage is chiefly concerned with _____.
A ： arguing against the increased internationalization of United States corporations
B ： warning that the application of laws affecting trade frequently has unintended
consequences
C ： demonstrating that foreign-based firms receive more subsidies from their
governments than United States firms receive from the United States government
D ： advocating the use of trade restrictions for “dumped” products but not for
other imports
正确答案： B
解析：
文章首先说到许多美国公司正在对于进口竞争寻求法律保护，然后讲到由于受到全球化
的影响，这种法律其实更多的保护了国外的进口企业，而非国内企业。由此可见，the
application of laws has unintended consequences。
74 、 不定项选择题
A closer observer of the small screen once called it a “vast wasteland of violence,
sadism and murder, private eyes, gangsters and more violence - and cartoons.” That
is how Newton Minow, a US television regulator, described it in 1961.
Since than television language has become more colourful, violence more
explicit and sex more prevalent.?Lady Chatterley’s Lover has moved from the
banned book shelf to a classic BBC serial.
Concern over such changing standards has shaped our view of television—and
masked its broader influence in developing countries.
To illustrate its effects, Kenny cites the case of Brazil. When television there
began to show a steady diet of local soaps in the 1970s, Brazilian women typically
had five or more children and were trapped in poverty. As the popularity of the soapsgrew, birth rates fell
According to researchers, 72% of the leading female characters in the main
soaps had no children and only 7% had more than one. One study calculated that
such soaps had the same effect on fertility rates as keeping girls in school for five
years more than normal.
It is not just birth rates that are affected. Kenny notes: “Kids who watch TV out
of school, according to a World Bank survey of young people in the shanty towns of
Fortaleza in Brazil, are considerably less likely to consume drugs.”
Television appears to have more power to reduce youth drug use than the
strictures of an educated mother and Brazilian soaps presenting educated urban
woman running their own businesses are thought to be compelling role models.
Television can also improve health, In Ghana a soap opera line that warned
mothers they were feeding their children “more than just rice” if they did not wash
their hands after defecating was followed by a seemingly permanent improvement in
personal hygiene.
Why do such changes happen? Simple, says Kenny: soap operas, whether local
versions of Ugly Betty or vintage imports of Baywatch, open up new horizons.
“Some hours could he better spout planting trees, helping old ladies across the road
or playing cricket,” he said. “But watching TV exposes people to new ideas and
different people. With that will come greater opportunity, growing equality and a
better understanding of the world. Not bad.”
Why does the anther mention Lady Chatterley’s Lover?
A ： To show television has great influence on our daily life.
B ： To show that television’s content has new changes.
C ： To show that violence and sex are accepted by the audience.
D ： To show the standards of TV regulation have changed
正确答案： D
解析：
A项过于笼统，是对全文主旨的概括。B项“表明电视内容产生了新的变化”意思正确，
但不是作者提及Lady Chatterley’s Lover的根本原因。由第三段开头“such changing
standards”知“这些变化的标准”指的就是第二段提到的内容。C项不能从文中找到根
据，文章提到电视内容涉及暴力和性爱，但并没说人们已经接受了这些。
75 、 不定项选择题
Many United States companies have, unfortunately, made the search for legal
protection from import competition into a major line of work. Since 1980 the United
States international Trade Commission (ITC) has received about 280 complaints
alleging damage from imports that benefit from subsidies by foreign governments.
Another 340 charge that foreign companies “dumped” their products in thee
United States at “less than fair value.” Even when no unfair practices are alleged,
the simple claim that an industry has been injured by imports is sufficient grounds to
seek relief.
Contrary to the general impression, this quest for import relief has hurt more
companies than it has helped. As corporations begin to function globally, they
develop an intricate web of marketing, production, and research relationships. Thecomplexity of these relationships makes it unlikely that a system of import relief laws
will meet the strategic needs of all the units under the same parent company, №.
Suppose a United States-owned company establishes an overseas plant to
manufacture a product while its competitor makes the same product in the United
States. If the competitor can prove injury from the imports-and that the United States
company received a subsidy from a foreign government to build its plant abroad-the
United States company’s products will be uncompetitive in the United States, since
they would be subject to duties.
Perhaps the most brazen ease occurred when the ITC investigated allegations
that Canadian companies were injuring the United States salt industry by dumping
rock salt, used to de-ice roads. The bizarre aspect of the complaint was that a foreign
conglomerate with United States operations was crying for help against a United
States company with foreign operations. The “United States” company claiming
injury was a subsidiary of a Dutch conglomerate, while the “Canadian” companies
included a subsidiary of a Chicago firm that was the second-largest domestic
producer of rock salt.
The last paragraph performs which of the following functions in the passage?
A ： It summarizes the discussion thus far and suggests additional areas of research.
B ： It presents a recommendation based on the evidence presented earlier.
C ： It cites a specific case that illustrates a problem presented more generally in the
previous paragraph.
D ： It introduces an additional area of concern not mentioned earlier.
正确答案： C
解析：
第二段讲由于全球化的影响，很多国内公司不能受到相关法律的保护，在进口公司面前
失去竞争力。最后一段便举出特定的例子证实这一观点。
76 、 不定项选择题
Since the late 1970’s in the face of a severe loss of market share in dozens of
industries, manufacturers in the United States have been trying to improve
productivity—and therefore enhance their international competitiveness—through
cost-cutting programs. (Cost-cutting here is defined as raising labor output while
holding the amount of labor constant.) However, from 1978 through 1982,
productivity—the value of goods manufactured divided by the amount of labor
input—did not improve; and while the results were better in the business upturn of
the three years following, they ran 25percent lower than productivity improvements
during earlier, post-1945 upturns. At the same time, it became clear that the harder
manufactures worked to implement cost-cutting, the more they lost their competitive
edge.
With this paradox in mind, I recently visited 25 companies; it became clear to me
that the cost-cutting approach to increasing productivity is fundamentally flawed.
Manufacturing regularly observes a “40, 40, 20” rule. Roughly 40 percent of any
manufacturing-based competitive advantage derives from long-term changes in
manufacturing structure (decisions about the number, size, location, and capacity offacilities) and in approaches to materials. Another 40 percent comes from major
changes in equipment and process technology. The final 20 percent rests on
implementing conventional cost-cutting. This rule does not imply that cost-cutting
should not be tried. The well-known tools of this approach—including simplifying
jobs and retraining employees to work smarter, not harder—do produce results. But
the tools quickly reach the limits of what they can contribute.
Another problem is that the cost-cutting approach hinders innovation and
discourages creative people. As Abernathy’s study of automobile manufacturers
has shown, an industry can easily become prisoner of its own investments in cost-
cutting techniques, reducing its ability to develop new products. And managers under
pressure to maximize cost-cutting will resist innovation because they know that more
fundamental changes in processes or systems will wreak havoc with the results on
which they are measured. Production managers have always seen their job as one of
minimizing costs and maximizing output. This dimension of performance has until
recently sufficed as a basis of evaluation, but it has created a penny-pinching,
mechanistic culture in most factories that has kept away creative managers.
Every company I know that has freed itself from the paradox has done so, in
part, by developing and implementing a manufacturing strategy. Such a strategy
focuses on the manufacturing structure and on equipment and process technology.
In one company a manufacturing strategy that allowed different areas of the factory
to specialize in different markets replaced the conventional cost-cutting approach;
within three years the company regained its competitive advantage. Together with
such strategies, successful companies are also encouraging managers to focus on a
wider set of objectives besides cutting costs. There is hope for manufacturing, but it
dearly rests oil a different way of managing.
The author’s attitude toward the culture in most factories is best described as _____.
A ： cautious
B ： critical
C ： disinterested
D ： respectful
正确答案： B
解析：
根据文章倒数第二段最后一句“This dimension of performance has until recently
sufficed as a basis of evaluation, but it has created a penny-pinching, mechanistic
culture in most factories that has kept away creative managers.”这里作者指出迫于降
低成本的压力，大多数工厂文化缺少创新。接着在最后一段中继续说到只有摆脱这种为
了最大程度减少成本的方法才能使得企业成功，因此可知作者对大多数工厂的文化是持
批判态度的。
77 、 不定项选择题
Many United States companies have, unfortunately, made the search for legal
protection from import competition into a major line of work. Since 1980 the United
States international Trade Commission (ITC) has received about 280 complaints
alleging damage from imports that benefit from subsidies by foreign governments.Another 340 charge that foreign companies “dumped” their products in thee
United States at “less than fair value.” Even when no unfair practices are alleged,
the simple claim that an industry has been injured by imports is sufficient grounds to
seek relief.
Contrary to the general impression, this quest for import relief has hurt more
companies than it has helped. As corporations begin to function globally, they
develop an intricate web of marketing, production, and research relationships. The
complexity of these relationships makes it unlikely that a system of import relief laws
will meet the strategic needs of all the units under the same parent company, №.
Suppose a United States-owned company establishes an overseas plant to
manufacture a product while its competitor makes the same product in the United
States. If the competitor can prove injury from the imports-and that the United States
company received a subsidy from a foreign government to build its plant abroad-the
United States company’s products will be uncompetitive in the United States, since
they would be subject to duties.
Perhaps the most brazen ease occurred when the ITC investigated allegations
that Canadian companies were injuring the United States salt industry by dumping
rock salt, used to de-ice roads. The bizarre aspect of the complaint was that a foreign
conglomerate with United States operations was crying for help against a United
States company with foreign operations. The “United States” company claiming
injury was a subsidiary of a Dutch conglomerate, while the “Canadian” companies
included a subsidiary of a Chicago firm that was the second-largest domestic
producer of rock salt.
The passage warns of which of the following dangers?
A ： Companies in the United States may receive no protection from imports unless
they actively seek protection from import competition.
B ： Companies that seek legal protection from import competition may incur legal
costs that far exceed any possible gain.
C ： ompanies that are United States owned but operate internationally may not be
eligible for protection from import competition under the laws of the countries in
which their plants operate.
D ： Companies that are not United States owned may seek legal protection from
import competition under United States import relief laws.
正确答案： D
解析：
从第二段第一句话以及“Internationalization increases the danger that foreign
companies will use import relief laws against the very companies the laws were
designed to protect.”可知，D为正确选项。
78 、 不定项选择题
Australia’s frogs are having trouble finding love. Traffic noise and other sounds of
city life, such as air conditioners and construction noise, are drowning out the mating
calls of male frogs in urban areas, 1eading to a sharp drop in frog populations. But, in
the first study of its kind, Parris, a scientist at the University of Melbourne has foundthat some frogs have figured out a way to compensate for human interference in
their love lives.
A male southern brown tree frog sends out a mating call when he’s looking for
a date. It is music to the ears of a female southern brown tree frog. But, add the
sounds of nearby traffic and the message just is not going out. Parris spent seven
years studying frogs around Melbourne. She says some frogs have come up with an
interesting strategy for making themselves heard.
“We found that it’s changing the pitch of its call, so going higher up, up the
frequency spectrum, being higher and squeakier, further away from the traffic noise
and this increases the distance over which it can be for heard,” Parris said.
The old call is lower in pitch. The new one is higher in pitch.
Now, that may sound like a pretty simple solution. But, changing their calls to
cope with a noisy environment is actually quite extraordinary for frogs. And while the
males have figured out how to make themselves heard above the noise, Parris says it
may not be what the females are looking for.
“When females have a choice between two males calling, they tend to select the
one that calls at a lower frequency because, in frogs, the frequency of a call is related
to body size. So, the bigger frogs tend to call lower,” she explained. “And so they
also tend to be the older frogs, the guys perhaps with more experience, they know
what they’re doing and the women are attracted to those.”
Frog populations in Melbourne have dropped considerably since Parris began
her research, but it is not just because of noise. Much of Australia has been locked in
a 10-year drought, leaving frogs fewer and fewer ponds to go looking for that special
someone.
Parris is the first person who made study for _____
A ： frog’s population
B ： frog’s love lives
C ： frog’s mating calls and living environment
D ： the effects of human noises on frog
正确答案： C
解析：
根据Parris和first…study定位到第一段。本段首先提到由于城市生活的噪音使得城市地
区的青蛙在求偶时出现问题，也就是这一它们的生存环境对它们求偶的影响，而Parris
就是研究这个问题的。同时，通读全文可知主要讲由于人类噪音干扰，青蛙改变叫声来
求偶。全文围绕“mating calls”展开，最后一段又指出青蛙数量下降是由于干旱，属于
生存环境方面。因此选项C为正确答案。第一段最后一句虽然提到“love lives”，但是
强调的是Parris发现青蛙如何来弥补人类对它们的“love lives”的影响，研究的不
是love lives本身，因此选项B不正确。Parris主要研究的是人类噪音对其求偶的影响，选
项D“对青蛙的影响”太过宽泛，因此排除。
79 、 不定项选择题
When we eat may be just as important as what we eat. A new study shows that mice
that eat when they should be sleeping gain more weight than mice that eat at normal
hours. Another study sheds light on why we pack on the pounds in the first place.
Whether these studies translate into therapies that help humans beat obesityremains to be seen, but they give scientists clues about the myriad factors that they
must take into account.
Observations of overnight workers have shown that eating at night disrupts
metabolism and the hormones that signal we’re sated. But no one had done
controlled studies on this connection until now. Biologist Fred Turek of Northwestern
University in Evanston, Illinois, and graduate student Deanna Arble examined the link
between a high-fat diet and what time of day mice eat. A control group of six
nocturnal mice ate their pellets (60％ fat by calories, mostly lard) during the night.
Another group of six ate the same meal during the day, Turek says, which disrupts
their circadian rhythm—the body’s normal 24-hour cycle.
After 6 weeks, the off-schedule mice weighed almost 20％ more than the
controls, Turek and Arble report today in?Obesity, supporting the idea that
consuming calories when you should be sleeping is harmful. Turek and Arble
acknowledge that the disrupted mice ate a tad more and were a tad more sluggish,
but the differences could not account for all of the weight gain.
In the second study, a different team of researchers investigated the link
between weight and the immune system. Hundreds of genes seem to affect the
accumulation of fat, but one that helps protect us from infection might help us lose
weight with little effort, biochemist Alan Saltiel of the University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, and colleagues suggest today in?Cell. The researchers tested me weight-
adding abilities of a protein called IKK∈, which is linked with obesity, diabetes, and
chronic, low-1evel inflammation. For 3 months, the team fed six mice missing IKK∈
genes a diet of high-fat chow.
Because IKKE’s main job is immune defense, Saltiel’s team didn’t expect to
find weight differences between knockout mice and controls. But the knockout mice
did gain significantly less. Best of all, the girth the animals did add was less harmful
to their overall health. “The knockout mice don’t gain as much weight but also
don’t get diabetes, don’t get insulin resistance, and don’t get accumulation of
lipids on the liver,” Saltiel says, all of which contribute to the suite of health
problems associated with being overweight. Saltiel calls IKK∈ “an especially
appealing drug target for the treatment of metabolic disease.”
Tom Maniatis, a molecular biologist at Harvard University praises the study but
remains skeptical about any drug that would inhibit IKK∈. He helped develop the
mice used in the experiment and notes that they are vulnerable to the flu. He
suspects that suppressing IKK∈ may help people with diabetes or obesity, “but the
first time the swine flu comes along, that’s it.”
Researchers are also enthusiastic about the circadian rhythm paper Frank
Scheet, a neuroscientist at Harvard who studies sleep, was struck that “you could
see something happening [to the disrupted mice] in the first week already. That’s
consistent with human studies where we found changes in just 3 days.”
Together, the papers suggest that there’s no simple answer to why people gain
weight. Says Turek, “It’s clearly not just calories in versus calories out.”
Which of the following statements is CORRECT according to Fred Turek’s research?
A ： The nocturnal mice and the off-schedule mice ate different pellets.
B ： The off-schedule mice ate significantly more and are more lively.
C ： If the nocturnal mice consume calories during the day, it should be very
harmful.
D ： After 6 weeks, the group of mice ate at night gained more weight.正确答案： D
解析：
题目考查Fred Turek’s research，可将范围限定在第二、三段。第三段第一句清楚表明，
在六周之后，那些饮食时间不规律的老鼠体重增加了百分之二十。off-schedule表
示“不规律”。答案D正确。A选项错误，由第二段最后一句可知，其它的老鼠在白天吃
的东西和夜间吃的一样。第三段最后一句可知，那些吃猪油越多的老鼠，行动越呆滞，
排除B。实验表明只有正常的饮食才对身体有好处，C选项错误。
80 、 不定项选择题
“A writer’s job is to tell the truth,” said Hemingway in 1942. No other writer of
our time had so fiercely asserted, so pugnaciously defended or so consistently
exemplified the writer’s obligation to speak truly. His standard of truth-telling
remained, moreover, so high and so rigorous that he was ordinarily unwilling to
admit secondary evidence, whether literary evidence or evidence picked up from
other sources than his own experience. “I only know what I have seen,” was a
statement which came often to his lips and pen. What he had personally done, or
what he knew unforgettably by having gone through one version of it, was what he
was interested in telling about. This is not to say that he refused to invent freely. But
he always made it a sacrosanct point to invent in terms of what he actually knew
from having been there.
The primary intent of his writing, from first to last, was to seize and project for
the reader what he often called “the way it was.” This is a characteristically simple
phrase for a concept of extraordinary complexity, and Hemingway’s conception of
its meaning subtly changed several times in the course of his career-always in the
direction of greater complexity. At the core of the concept, however, one can
invariably discern the operation of three aesthetic instruments; the sense of place the
sense of fact and the sense of scene.
The first of these, obviously a strong passion with Hemingway, is the sense of
place. “Unless you have geography, background,” he once told George Anteil,
“You have nothing.” You have, that is to say, a dramatic vacuum. Few writers have
been more place-conscious. Few have so carefully charted out the geographical
ground work of their novels while managing to keep background so conspicuously
unobtrusive. Few, accordingly, have been able to record more economically and
graphically the way it is when you walk through the streets of Paris in search of
breakfast at corner café… Or when, at around six O’s clock of a Spanish dawn, you
watch the bulls running from the corrals at the Puerta Rochapea through the streets
of Pamplona towards the bullring.
“When I woke it was the sound of the rocket exploding that announced the
release of the bulls from the corrals at the edge of town. Down below the narrow
street was empty. All the balconies were crowded with people. Suddenly a crowd
came down the street. They were all running, packed close together. They passed
along and up the street toward the bullring and behind them came more men
running faster, and then some stragglers who were really running. Behind them was
a little bare space, and then the bulls, galloping, tossing their heads up and down. It
all went out of sight around the corner. One man fell, rolled to the gutter, and lay
quiet. But the bulls went right on and did not notice him. They were all running
together.”This landscape is as morning-fresh as a design in India ink on clean white paper.
First is the bare white street, seen from above, quiet and empty. Then one sees the
first packed clot of runners. Behind these are the thinner ranks of those who move
faster because they are closer to bulls. Then the almost comic stragglers, who are
“really running.” brilliantly behind these shines the “little bare space,” a
desperate margin for error. Then the clot of running bulls-closing the design, except
of course for the man in the gutter making himself, like the designer’s initials, as
inconspicuous as possible.
According to the author, Hemingway’s primary purpose in telling a story was _____.
A ： to construct a well-told story that the reader would thoroughly enjoy
B ： to construct a story that would reflect truths that were not particular to a
specific historical period
C ： to begin from reality but to allow his imagination to roam from “the way it
was” to “the way it might have been.”
D ： to report faithfully reality as Hemingway had experienced it
正确答案： D
解析：
从第一段可以得知，海明威写作十分遵从事实与自己的经验，即“His standard of
truth-telling remained… other sources than his own experience.”以及他自己所说
的“I only know what I have seen”。
81 、 不定项选择题
In its modern form the concept of “literature” did not emerge earlier than the
eighteenth century and was not fully developed until the nineteenth century. Yet the
conditions for its emergence had been developing since the Renaissance. The word
itself came into English use in the fourteenth century, following French and Latin
precedents; its root was Latin?littera, a letter of the alphabet.?Litterature, in the
common early spelling, was then in effect a condition of reading: of being able to
read and of having read. It was often close to the sense of modern?literacy, which
was not in the language until the late nineteenth century, its introduction in part
made necessary by the movement of?literature?to a different sense. The normal
adjective associated with literature was?literate. Literary appeared in the sense of
reading ability and experience in the seventeenth century, and did not acquire its
specialized modern meaning until the eighteenth century.
Literature?as a new category was then a specialization of the area formerly
categorized as?rhetoric?and?grammar: a specialization to reading and, in the material
context of the development of printing, to the printed word and especially the book.
It was eventually to become a more general category than?poetry?or the
earlier?poesy, which had been general terms for imaginative composition, but which
in relation to the development of?literaturebecame predominantly specialized, from
the seventeenth century, to metrical composition and especially written and printed
metrical composition. But literature was never primarily the active composition─the
“making”─which poetry had described. As reading rather than writing, it was a
category of a different kind. The characteristic use can be seen in Bacon “learned inall literature and erudition, divine and humane”─and as late as Johnson “he had
probably more than common literature, as his son addresses him in one of his most
elaborate Latin poems.”?Literature, that is to say, was a category of use and
condition rather than of production. It was a particular specialization of what had
hitherto been seen as an activity or practice, and a specialization, in the
circumstances, which was inevitably made in terms of social class. In its first
extended sense, beyond the bare sense of “literacy,” it was a definition of
“polite” or “humane” learning, and thus specified a particular social distinction.
New political concepts of the “nation” and new valuations of the “vernacular”
interacted with a persistent emphasis on “literature” as reading in the “classical”
languages. But still, in this first stage, into the eighteenth century,?literature?was
primarily a generalized social concept, expressing a certain (minority) level of
educational achievement. This carded with it a potential and eventually realized
alternative definition of?literature?as “printed books:” the objects in and through
which this achievement was demonstrated.
It is important that, within the terms of this development, literature normally
included all printed books. There was not necessary specialization to “imaginative”
works. Literature was still primarily reading ability and experience, and this included
philosophy, history, and essays as well as poems. Were the new eighteenth century
novels literature? That question was first approached, not by definition of their mode
or content, but by reference to the standards of “polite” or “humane” learning.
Was drama literature? This question was to exercise successive generations, not
because of any substantial difficulty but because of the practical limits of the
category. If literature was reading, could a mode written for spoken performance be
said to be literature, and if not, where was Shakespeare?
At one level the definition indicated by this development has persisted.
Literature lost its earliest sense of reading ability and reading experience, and
became an apparently objective category of printed works of a certain quality. The
concerns of a “literary editor” or a “literary supplement” would still be defined
in this way. But three complicating tendencies can then be distinguished: first, a shift
from “learning” to “taste” or “sensibility” as a criterion defining literary
quality; second, an increasing specialization of literature to “creative” or
“imaginative” works; third, a development of the concept of “tradition” within
national terms, resulting in the more effective definition of “a national literature.”
The source of each of these tendencies can be discerned from the Renaissance, but it
was in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that they came through most
powerfully, until they became, in the twentieth century, in effect received
assumptions.
Which of the following can best serve as the title of this passage?
A ： The Development of the Concept of Literature.
B ： The Development of the Modern Concept of Literature.
C ： The Development of Literature,
D ： The Development of Literacy.
正确答案： A
解析：
统观全文，讲述了literature的概念及范畴的发展过程，如何由最初的意义发展到现代的意义。
82 、 不定项选择题
In its modern form the concept of “literature” did not emerge earlier than the
eighteenth century and was not fully developed until the nineteenth century. Yet the
conditions for its emergence had been developing since the Renaissance. The word
itself came into English use in the fourteenth century, following French and Latin
precedents; its root was Latin?littera, a letter of the alphabet.?Litterature, in the
common early spelling, was then in effect a condition of reading: of being able to
read and of having read. It was often close to the sense of modern?literacy, which
was not in the language until the late nineteenth century, its introduction in part
made necessary by the movement of?literature?to a different sense. The normal
adjective associated with literature was?literate. Literary appeared in the sense of
reading ability and experience in the seventeenth century, and did not acquire its
specialized modern meaning until the eighteenth century.
Literature?as a new category was then a specialization of the area formerly
categorized as?rhetoric?and?grammar: a specialization to reading and, in the material
context of the development of printing, to the printed word and especially the book.
It was eventually to become a more general category than?poetry?or the
earlier?poesy, which had been general terms for imaginative composition, but which
in relation to the development of?literaturebecame predominantly specialized, from
the seventeenth century, to metrical composition and especially written and printed
metrical composition. But literature was never primarily the active composition─the
“making”─which poetry had described. As reading rather than writing, it was a
category of a different kind. The characteristic use can be seen in Bacon “learned in
all literature and erudition, divine and humane”─and as late as Johnson “he had
probably more than common literature, as his son addresses him in one of his most
elaborate Latin poems.”?Literature, that is to say, was a category of use and
condition rather than of production. It was a particular specialization of what had
hitherto been seen as an activity or practice, and a specialization, in the
circumstances, which was inevitably made in terms of social class. In its first
extended sense, beyond the bare sense of “literacy,” it was a definition of
“polite” or “humane” learning, and thus specified a particular social distinction.
New political concepts of the “nation” and new valuations of the “vernacular”
interacted with a persistent emphasis on “literature” as reading in the “classical”
languages. But still, in this first stage, into the eighteenth century,?literature?was
primarily a generalized social concept, expressing a certain (minority) level of
educational achievement. This carded with it a potential and eventually realized
alternative definition of?literature?as “printed books:” the objects in and through
which this achievement was demonstrated.
It is important that, within the terms of this development, literature normally
included all printed books. There was not necessary specialization to “imaginative”
works. Literature was still primarily reading ability and experience, and this included
philosophy, history, and essays as well as poems. Were the new eighteenth century
novels literature? That question was first approached, not by definition of their mode
or content, but by reference to the standards of “polite” or “humane” learning.
Was drama literature? This question was to exercise successive generations, not
because of any substantial difficulty but because of the practical limits of thecategory. If literature was reading, could a mode written for spoken performance be
said to be literature, and if not, where was Shakespeare?
At one level the definition indicated by this development has persisted.
Literature lost its earliest sense of reading ability and reading experience, and
became an apparently objective category of printed works of a certain quality. The
concerns of a “literary editor” or a “literary supplement” would still be defined
in this way. But three complicating tendencies can then be distinguished: first, a shift
from “learning” to “taste” or “sensibility” as a criterion defining literary
quality; second, an increasing specialization of literature to “creative” or
“imaginative” works; third, a development of the concept of “tradition” within
national terms, resulting in the more effective definition of “a national literature.”
The source of each of these tendencies can be discerned from the Renaissance, but it
was in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that they came through most
powerfully, until they became, in the twentieth century, in effect received
assumptions.
What challenged the definition of literature as reading in the eighteenth century?
A ： The emergence of novels.
B ： The emergence of dramas.
C ： The emergence of poems
D ： The emergence of essays.
正确答案： B
解析：
由倒数第二段Was drama literature?...If literature was reading, could a mode written
for spoken performance be said to be literature...可知，对于literature的阅读内涵提出
挑战的是戏剧这一以表演为形式的创作。
83 、 不定项选择题
This year some twenty-three hundred teen-agers from all over the world will spend
about ten months in U.S. homes. They will attend U.S. schools, meet U.S. teen-agers,
and form lifelong impressions of the real America. At the same time, about thirteen
hundred American teen-agers will go abroad to learn new languages and gain a new
understanding of world problems. On returning home they, like others who have
participated in the exchange program, will pass along their fresh impression to the
youth groups in which they are active.
What have the visiting students discovered? A German boy says, “We often
think of America only in terms of skyscrapers. Cadillacs, and gangsters. Americans
think of Germany only in terms of Hitler and concentration camps. You can’t realize
how wrong you are until you see for yourself.”
A Los Angeles girl says, “It’s the leaders of the countries who are unable to get
along. The people get along just fine.”
Observe a two-way student exchange in action. Fred Herschbach, nineteen, spent
last year in Germany at the home of George Pfafflin. In turn, Mr. Pfafflin’s son
Michael spent a year in the Herschbach home in Texas.
Fred, lanky and lively, knew little German when he arrived, but after twomonths’ study the language began to come to him. School was totally different
from what he had expected—much more formal, much harder. Students rose
respectfully when the teacher entered the room. They took fourteen subjects instead
of the six that are usual in the United States. There were almost no outside activities.
Family life, too, was different. The father’s word was law, and all activities
revolved around the closely knit family unit rather than the individual. Fred found the
food—mostly starches—monotonous at first. Also, he missed having a car.
“At home, you pick up some kids in a car and go out and haven good time. In
Germany, you walk, but you soon get used to it.”
A warm-natured boy, Fred began to make friends as soon as he had mastered
enough German to communicate. “I didn’t feel as if I were with foreigners. I felt as
I did at home with my own people.” Eventually he was invited to stay at the homes
of friends in many of Germany’s major cities. “One’s viewpoint is broadened,”
he says, “by living with people who have different habits and backgrounds. You
come to appreciate their points of view and realize that it is possible for all people in
the world to come closer together. I wouldn’t trade this year for anything.”
Meanwhile, in Texas, Mike Pfafflin, a friendly German boy, was also forming
independent opinions. “I suppose I should criticize the schools,” he says. “It was
far too easy by our standards. But I have to admit that I liked it enormously In
Germany we do nothing but study. I think that maybe your schools are better training
for citizenship. There ought to be some middle ground between the two.” He took
part in many outside activities, including the dramatic group.
Mike picked up a favorite adjective of American youth; southern fried chicken
was “fabulous,” When expressing a regional point of view, he used the phrase
“we Texans.” Summing up his year, he says with feeling, “America is a second
home for me from now on. I will love it the rest of my life.”
This exciting exchange program was government sponsored at first; now it is in
the hands of private agencies, including the American Field Service and the
International Christian Youth Exchange. Screening committees make a careful check
on exchange students and host homes. To qualify, students must be intelligent,
adaptable, outgoing-potential leaders. Each student is matched, as closely as
possible, with a young person in another country whose family has the same
economic, cultural, and religious background.
After their years abroad, all students gather to discuss who, they observed. For
visiting students to accept and approve of all they saw would be a defeat for the
exchange program. They are supposed to observe evaluate, and come to fair
conclusions. Nearly all who visited the United States agreed that they had gained
faith in American ideals and deep respect for the U.S brand of democracy. All had
made friendship that they were sure would last a life-time. Almost all were struck by
the freedom demitted American youth. Many were critical, though, of the
indifference to study in American schools, and of Americans’ lack of knowledge
about other countries.
The opinions of Americans abroad were just as vigorous. A U.S. girl in Vienna:
“At home, all we talk about is dating, movies, and clothes. Here we talk about
religion, philosophy, and political problems. I am going to miss that.”
A U.S boy in Sweden: “I learned to sit at home, read a good book, and gain
some knowledge. It I told them this back home, they would think I was a square.”
An American girl in Stuttgart, however, was very critical of the German school.
“Over here the teacher is king, and you are somewhere far below. Instead of being
friend and counselor, as in America the teacher is regarded as a foe—and behaves
like it too!”It costs a sponsoring group about a thousand dollars to give an exchange
student a year in the United States. Transportation is the major expense, for bed,
board, and pocket money are provided by volunteer families. There is also a small
amount of federal support for the program.
For some time now, attempts have been made to include students from iron
curtain countries. But so far the Communists have not allowed their young people to
take part in this program which could open their eyes to a different world.
In Europe, however, about ten students apply for every place available, in Japan,
the ratio is fifty to one. The student exchange program is helping these eager
younger citizens of tomorrow learn a lot about the world today.
It is reasonable to suppose that the author wishes that _____.
A ： merican schools provided fewer outside activities
B ： more money were available to finance the exchange program
C ： the program were government sponsored
D ： visiting foreign students will completely accept the culture of America
正确答案： B
解析：
句意：以下说法比较合理的一项是，作者希望交换项目可以得到更多资金支持。倒数第
三段中，作者指出，负责交换项目的组织需要为每位学生提供一千美元的资金支持，食
宿费由各家庭支付，政府只提供一少部分资金支持，而这导致最后一段中描述的很多学
生争抢一个交换名额的情况，由此可以推断，作者希望能有更多的资金支持交换项目，
从而使更年轻人从项目中受益。
84 、 不定项选择题
“A writer’s job is to tell the truth,” said Hemingway in 1942. No other writer of
our time had so fiercely asserted, so pugnaciously defended or so consistently
exemplified the writer’s obligation to speak truly. His standard of truth-telling
remained, moreover, so high and so rigorous that he was ordinarily unwilling to
admit secondary evidence, whether literary evidence or evidence picked up from
other sources than his own experience. “I only know what I have seen,” was a
statement which came often to his lips and pen. What he had personally done, or
what he knew unforgettably by having gone through one version of it, was what he
was interested in telling about. This is not to say that he refused to invent freely. But
he always made it a sacrosanct point to invent in terms of what he actually knew
from having been there.
The primary intent of his writing, from first to last, was to seize and project for
the reader what he often called “the way it was.” This is a characteristically simple
phrase for a concept of extraordinary complexity, and Hemingway’s conception of
its meaning subtly changed several times in the course of his career-always in the
direction of greater complexity. At the core of the concept, however, one can
invariably discern the operation of three aesthetic instruments; the sense of place the
sense of fact and the sense of scene.
The first of these, obviously a strong passion with Hemingway, is the sense ofplace. “Unless you have geography, background,” he once told George Anteil,
“You have nothing.” You have, that is to say, a dramatic vacuum. Few writers have
been more place-conscious. Few have so carefully charted out the geographical
ground work of their novels while managing to keep background so conspicuously
unobtrusive. Few, accordingly, have been able to record more economically and
graphically the way it is when you walk through the streets of Paris in search of
breakfast at corner café… Or when, at around six O’s clock of a Spanish dawn, you
watch the bulls running from the corrals at the Puerta Rochapea through the streets
of Pamplona towards the bullring.
“When I woke it was the sound of the rocket exploding that announced the
release of the bulls from the corrals at the edge of town. Down below the narrow
street was empty. All the balconies were crowded with people. Suddenly a crowd
came down the street. They were all running, packed close together. They passed
along and up the street toward the bullring and behind them came more men
running faster, and then some stragglers who were really running. Behind them was
a little bare space, and then the bulls, galloping, tossing their heads up and down. It
all went out of sight around the corner. One man fell, rolled to the gutter, and lay
quiet. But the bulls went right on and did not notice him. They were all running
together.”
This landscape is as morning-fresh as a design in India ink on clean white paper.
First is the bare white street, seen from above, quiet and empty. Then one sees the
first packed clot of runners. Behind these are the thinner ranks of those who move
faster because they are closer to bulls. Then the almost comic stragglers, who are
“really running.” brilliantly behind these shines the “little bare space,” a
desperate margin for error. Then the clot of running bulls-closing the design, except
of course for the man in the gutter making himself, like the designer’s initials, as
inconspicuous as possible.
It has been suggested that part of Hemingway’s genius lies in the way in which he
removes himself from his stories in order to let readers experience the stories for
themselves. Which of the following elements of the passage support this suggestion?
Ⅰ. The comparison of “designer’s initials” to the man who fell and lay in the
gutter (the last paragraph) during the running of bulls
Ⅱ. Hemingway’s stated intent to project for the reader “he way it was” (the
second paragraph)
III. Hemingway’s ability to invent fascinating tales from his own experience
A ： I only
B ： Ⅱ only
C ： I and Ⅱ only
D ： I and III only
正确答案： C
解析：
最后一段的“as inconspicuous as possible”说明“the man in the gutter”是完全不引
人注目的，而作者本身就如同这个角色一样，将自己置身度外，让读者自己体会。因
此Ⅰ是正确的。当作者将故事如同故事本身所发上的那样呈现在读者眼前时，作者本身
也就脱离故事了，因此Ⅱ也是正确的。85 、 不定项选择题
When we eat may be just as important as what we eat. A new study shows that mice
that eat when they should be sleeping gain more weight than mice that eat at normal
hours. Another study sheds light on why we pack on the pounds in the first place.
Whether these studies translate into therapies that help humans beat obesity
remains to be seen, but they give scientists clues about the myriad factors that they
must take into account.
Observations of overnight workers have shown that eating at night disrupts
metabolism and the hormones that signal we’re sated. But no one had done
controlled studies on this connection until now. Biologist Fred Turek of Northwestern
University in Evanston, Illinois, and graduate student Deanna Arble examined the link
between a high-fat diet and what time of day mice eat. A control group of six
nocturnal mice ate their pellets (60％ fat by calories, mostly lard) during the night.
Another group of six ate the same meal during the day, Turek says, which disrupts
their circadian rhythm—the body’s normal 24-hour cycle.
After 6 weeks, the off-schedule mice weighed almost 20％ more than the
controls, Turek and Arble report today in?Obesity, supporting the idea that
consuming calories when you should be sleeping is harmful. Turek and Arble
acknowledge that the disrupted mice ate a tad more and were a tad more sluggish,
but the differences could not account for all of the weight gain.
In the second study, a different team of researchers investigated the link
between weight and the immune system. Hundreds of genes seem to affect the
accumulation of fat, but one that helps protect us from infection might help us lose
weight with little effort, biochemist Alan Saltiel of the University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, and colleagues suggest today in?Cell. The researchers tested me weight-
adding abilities of a protein called IKK∈, which is linked with obesity, diabetes, and
chronic, low-1evel inflammation. For 3 months, the team fed six mice missing IKK∈
genes a diet of high-fat chow.
Because IKKE’s main job is immune defense, Saltiel’s team didn’t expect to
find weight differences between knockout mice and controls. But the knockout mice
did gain significantly less. Best of all, the girth the animals did add was less harmful
to their overall health. “The knockout mice don’t gain as much weight but also
don’t get diabetes, don’t get insulin resistance, and don’t get accumulation of
lipids on the liver,” Saltiel says, all of which contribute to the suite of health
problems associated with being overweight. Saltiel calls IKK∈ “an especially
appealing drug target for the treatment of metabolic disease.”
Tom Maniatis, a molecular biologist at Harvard University praises the study but
remains skeptical about any drug that would inhibit IKK∈. He helped develop the
mice used in the experiment and notes that they are vulnerable to the flu. He
suspects that suppressing IKK∈ may help people with diabetes or obesity, “but the
first time the swine flu comes along, that’s it.”
Researchers are also enthusiastic about the circadian rhythm paper Frank
Scheet, a neuroscientist at Harvard who studies sleep, was struck that “you could
see something happening [to the disrupted mice] in the first week already. That’s
consistent with human studies where we found changes in just 3 days.”
Together, the papers suggest that there’s no simple answer to why people gain
weight. Says Turek, “It’s clearly not just calories in versus calories out.”
Which of the following is the best title for this passage?A ： IKK∈: an appealing drug target for losing weight.
B ： Teach you how to lose weight.
C ： New researches about losing weight.
D ： Calories in versus calories out.
正确答案： C
解析：
文章通过两个试验论述了体重和饮食规律及免疫系统之间的关系，通过这些最新的科学
试验来寻求一种有效的减肥方式。C选项最恰当。A选项不正确，文章并不是只论述
了IKK∈，而且也并不是是一种有效的减肥药。B不恰当，文章并没有教人们如何减肥的，
只是探讨了影响体重的一些因素。D选项文中没有涉及。
86 、 不定项选择题
Australia’s frogs are having trouble finding love. Traffic noise and other sounds of
city life, such as air conditioners and construction noise, are drowning out the mating
calls of male frogs in urban areas, 1eading to a sharp drop in frog populations. But, in
the first study of its kind, Parris, a scientist at the University of Melbourne has found
that some frogs have figured out a way to compensate for human interference in
their love lives.
A male southern brown tree frog sends out a mating call when he’s looking for
a date. It is music to the ears of a female southern brown tree frog. But, add the
sounds of nearby traffic and the message just is not going out. Parris spent seven
years studying frogs around Melbourne. She says some frogs have come up with an
interesting strategy for making themselves heard.
“We found that it’s changing the pitch of its call, so going higher up, up the
frequency spectrum, being higher and squeakier, further away from the traffic noise
and this increases the distance over which it can be for heard,” Parris said.
The old call is lower in pitch. The new one is higher in pitch.
Now, that may sound like a pretty simple solution. But, changing their calls to
cope with a noisy environment is actually quite extraordinary for frogs. And while the
males have figured out how to make themselves heard above the noise, Parris says it
may not be what the females are looking for.
“When females have a choice between two males calling, they tend to select the
one that calls at a lower frequency because, in frogs, the frequency of a call is related
to body size. So, the bigger frogs tend to call lower,” she explained. “And so they
also tend to be the older frogs, the guys perhaps with more experience, they know
what they’re doing and the women are attracted to those.”
Frog populations in Melbourne have dropped considerably since Parris began
her research, but it is not just because of noise. Much of Australia has been locked in
a 10-year drought, leaving frogs fewer and fewer ponds to go looking for that special
someone.
Female frogs may not be attracted by the new call because _____.
A ： it is strange and unusual
B ： they are used to the old call
C ： the male frogs don’t know how to attract themD ： lower frequency has special physical meaning
正确答案： D
解析：
由倒数第二段“When females have a choice between two males calling, …So, the
bigger frogs tend to call lower,”可知体型大的青蛙叫声更低，更能吸引异性。D项指出
低频率叫声有着特殊的物理意义，即青蛙的体型差异。所以D项真确。
87 、 不定项选择题
Since the late 1970’s in the face of a severe loss of market share in dozens of
industries, manufacturers in the United States have been trying to improve
productivity—and therefore enhance their international competitiveness—through
cost-cutting programs. (Cost-cutting here is defined as raising labor output while
holding the amount of labor constant.) However, from 1978 through 1982,
productivity—the value of goods manufactured divided by the amount of labor
input—did not improve; and while the results were better in the business upturn of
the three years following, they ran 25percent lower than productivity improvements
during earlier, post-1945 upturns. At the same time, it became clear that the harder
manufactures worked to implement cost-cutting, the more they lost their competitive
edge.
With this paradox in mind, I recently visited 25 companies; it became clear to me
that the cost-cutting approach to increasing productivity is fundamentally flawed.
Manufacturing regularly observes a “40, 40, 20” rule. Roughly 40 percent of any
manufacturing-based competitive advantage derives from long-term changes in
manufacturing structure (decisions about the number, size, location, and capacity of
facilities) and in approaches to materials. Another 40 percent comes from major
changes in equipment and process technology. The final 20 percent rests on
implementing conventional cost-cutting. This rule does not imply that cost-cutting
should not be tried. The well-known tools of this approach—including simplifying
jobs and retraining employees to work smarter, not harder—do produce results. But
the tools quickly reach the limits of what they can contribute.
Another problem is that the cost-cutting approach hinders innovation and
discourages creative people. As Abernathy’s study of automobile manufacturers
has shown, an industry can easily become prisoner of its own investments in cost-
cutting techniques, reducing its ability to develop new products. And managers under
pressure to maximize cost-cutting will resist innovation because they know that more
fundamental changes in processes or systems will wreak havoc with the results on
which they are measured. Production managers have always seen their job as one of
minimizing costs and maximizing output. This dimension of performance has until
recently sufficed as a basis of evaluation, but it has created a penny-pinching,
mechanistic culture in most factories that has kept away creative managers.
Every company I know that has freed itself from the paradox has done so, in
part, by developing and implementing a manufacturing strategy. Such a strategy
focuses on the manufacturing structure and on equipment and process technology.
In one company a manufacturing strategy that allowed different areas of the factory
to specialize in different markets replaced the conventional cost-cutting approach;
within three years the company regained its competitive advantage. Together withsuch strategies, successful companies are also encouraging managers to focus on a
wider set of objectives besides cutting costs. There is hope for manufacturing, but it
dearly rests oil a different way of managing.
The primary function of the first paragraph of the passage is to _____.
A ： present a historical context for the author’s observations
B ： anticipate challenges to the prescriptions that follow
C ： clarify some disputed definitions of economic terms
D ： summarize a number of long—accepted explanations
正确答案： A
解析：
第一段是通过提供历史数据说明cost-cutting并不能improve productivity，所以A为正确
选项。
88 、 不定项选择题
Many United States companies have, unfortunately, made the search for legal
protection from import competition into a major line of work. Since 1980 the United
States international Trade Commission (ITC) has received about 280 complaints
alleging damage from imports that benefit from subsidies by foreign governments.
Another 340 charge that foreign companies “dumped” their products in thee
United States at “less than fair value.” Even when no unfair practices are alleged,
the simple claim that an industry has been injured by imports is sufficient grounds to
seek relief.
Contrary to the general impression, this quest for import relief has hurt more
companies than it has helped. As corporations begin to function globally, they
develop an intricate web of marketing, production, and research relationships. The
complexity of these relationships makes it unlikely that a system of import relief laws
will meet the strategic needs of all the units under the same parent company, №.
Suppose a United States-owned company establishes an overseas plant to
manufacture a product while its competitor makes the same product in the United
States. If the competitor can prove injury from the imports-and that the United States
company received a subsidy from a foreign government to build its plant abroad-the
United States company’s products will be uncompetitive in the United States, since
they would be subject to duties.
Perhaps the most brazen ease occurred when the ITC investigated allegations
that Canadian companies were injuring the United States salt industry by dumping
rock salt, used to de-ice roads. The bizarre aspect of the complaint was that a foreign
conglomerate with United States operations was crying for help against a United
States company with foreign operations. The “United States” company claiming
injury was a subsidiary of a Dutch conglomerate, while the “Canadian” companies
included a subsidiary of a Chicago firm that was the second-largest domestic
producer of rock salt.
According to the passage, the International Trade Commission is involved in which of
the following?A ： Investigating allegations of unfair import competition
B ： Granting subsidies to companies in the United States that have been injured by
import competition
C ： Recommending legislation to ensure fair trade
D ： Identifying international corporations that wish to build plants in the United
States
正确答案： A
解析：
文章最后一段提到investigated allegations。B项Granting subsidies市政府的工
作。C、D项在文章中没有提到。
89 、 不定项选择题
In its modern form the concept of “literature” did not emerge earlier than the
eighteenth century and was not fully developed until the nineteenth century. Yet the
conditions for its emergence had been developing since the Renaissance. The word
itself came into English use in the fourteenth century, following French and Latin
precedents; its root was Latin?littera, a letter of the alphabet.?Litterature, in the
common early spelling, was then in effect a condition of reading: of being able to
read and of having read. It was often close to the sense of modern?literacy, which
was not in the language until the late nineteenth century, its introduction in part
made necessary by the movement of?literature?to a different sense. The normal
adjective associated with literature was?literate. Literary appeared in the sense of
reading ability and experience in the seventeenth century, and did not acquire its
specialized modern meaning until the eighteenth century.
Literature?as a new category was then a specialization of the area formerly
categorized as?rhetoric?and?grammar: a specialization to reading and, in the material
context of the development of printing, to the printed word and especially the book.
It was eventually to become a more general category than?poetry?or the
earlier?poesy, which had been general terms for imaginative composition, but which
in relation to the development of?literaturebecame predominantly specialized, from
the seventeenth century, to metrical composition and especially written and printed
metrical composition. But literature was never primarily the active composition─the
“making”─which poetry had described. As reading rather than writing, it was a
category of a different kind. The characteristic use can be seen in Bacon “learned in
all literature and erudition, divine and humane”─and as late as Johnson “he had
probably more than common literature, as his son addresses him in one of his most
elaborate Latin poems.”?Literature, that is to say, was a category of use and
condition rather than of production. It was a particular specialization of what had
hitherto been seen as an activity or practice, and a specialization, in the
circumstances, which was inevitably made in terms of social class. In its first
extended sense, beyond the bare sense of “literacy,” it was a definition of
“polite” or “humane” learning, and thus specified a particular social distinction.
New political concepts of the “nation” and new valuations of the “vernacular”
interacted with a persistent emphasis on “literature” as reading in the “classical”
languages. But still, in this first stage, into the eighteenth century,?literature?wasprimarily a generalized social concept, expressing a certain (minority) level of
educational achievement. This carded with it a potential and eventually realized
alternative definition of?literature?as “printed books:” the objects in and through
which this achievement was demonstrated.
It is important that, within the terms of this development, literature normally
included all printed books. There was not necessary specialization to “imaginative”
works. Literature was still primarily reading ability and experience, and this included
philosophy, history, and essays as well as poems. Were the new eighteenth century
novels literature? That question was first approached, not by definition of their mode
or content, but by reference to the standards of “polite” or “humane” learning.
Was drama literature? This question was to exercise successive generations, not
because of any substantial difficulty but because of the practical limits of the
category. If literature was reading, could a mode written for spoken performance be
said to be literature, and if not, where was Shakespeare?
At one level the definition indicated by this development has persisted.
Literature lost its earliest sense of reading ability and reading experience, and
became an apparently objective category of printed works of a certain quality. The
concerns of a “literary editor” or a “literary supplement” would still be defined
in this way. But three complicating tendencies can then be distinguished: first, a shift
from “learning” to “taste” or “sensibility” as a criterion defining literary
quality; second, an increasing specialization of literature to “creative” or
“imaginative” works; third, a development of the concept of “tradition” within
national terms, resulting in the more effective definition of “a national literature.”
The source of each of these tendencies can be discerned from the Renaissance, but it
was in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that they came through most
powerfully, until they became, in the twentieth century, in effect received
assumptions.
What did literature mean in its earliest sense?
A ： Reading ability.
B ： Reading ability and experience
C ： Writing ability
D ： Reading and writing
正确答案： B
解析：
根据第一段Litterature...of being able to read and of having read, Literary...reading
ability and experience...和最后一段第二句Literature lost its earliest sense of reading
ability and reading experience可知，最初的literature指的是阅读的能力和经历。
90 、 不定项选择题
When we eat may be just as important as what we eat. A new study shows that mice
that eat when they should be sleeping gain more weight than mice that eat at normal
hours. Another study sheds light on why we pack on the pounds in the first place.
Whether these studies translate into therapies that help humans beat obesity
remains to be seen, but they give scientists clues about the myriad factors that theymust take into account.
Observations of overnight workers have shown that eating at night disrupts
metabolism and the hormones that signal we’re sated. But no one had done
controlled studies on this connection until now. Biologist Fred Turek of Northwestern
University in Evanston, Illinois, and graduate student Deanna Arble examined the link
between a high-fat diet and what time of day mice eat. A control group of six
nocturnal mice ate their pellets (60％ fat by calories, mostly lard) during the night.
Another group of six ate the same meal during the day, Turek says, which disrupts
their circadian rhythm—the body’s normal 24-hour cycle.
After 6 weeks, the off-schedule mice weighed almost 20％ more than the
controls, Turek and Arble report today in?Obesity, supporting the idea that
consuming calories when you should be sleeping is harmful. Turek and Arble
acknowledge that the disrupted mice ate a tad more and were a tad more sluggish,
but the differences could not account for all of the weight gain.
In the second study, a different team of researchers investigated the link
between weight and the immune system. Hundreds of genes seem to affect the
accumulation of fat, but one that helps protect us from infection might help us lose
weight with little effort, biochemist Alan Saltiel of the University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, and colleagues suggest today in?Cell. The researchers tested me weight-
adding abilities of a protein called IKK∈, which is linked with obesity, diabetes, and
chronic, low-1evel inflammation. For 3 months, the team fed six mice missing IKK∈
genes a diet of high-fat chow.
Because IKKE’s main job is immune defense, Saltiel’s team didn’t expect to
find weight differences between knockout mice and controls. But the knockout mice
did gain significantly less. Best of all, the girth the animals did add was less harmful
to their overall health. “The knockout mice don’t gain as much weight but also
don’t get diabetes, don’t get insulin resistance, and don’t get accumulation of
lipids on the liver,” Saltiel says, all of which contribute to the suite of health
problems associated with being overweight. Saltiel calls IKK∈ “an especially
appealing drug target for the treatment of metabolic disease.”
Tom Maniatis, a molecular biologist at Harvard University praises the study but
remains skeptical about any drug that would inhibit IKK∈. He helped develop the
mice used in the experiment and notes that they are vulnerable to the flu. He
suspects that suppressing IKK∈ may help people with diabetes or obesity, “but the
first time the swine flu comes along, that’s it.”
Researchers are also enthusiastic about the circadian rhythm paper Frank
Scheet, a neuroscientist at Harvard who studies sleep, was struck that “you could
see something happening [to the disrupted mice] in the first week already. That’s
consistent with human studies where we found changes in just 3 days.”
Together, the papers suggest that there’s no simple answer to why people gain
weight. Says Turek, “It’s clearly not just calories in versus calories out.”
According to the passage, what’s Tom Maniatis’s attitude towards the second
study?
A ： Doubting.
B ： Supportive.
C ： Negative.
D ： Neutral.正确答案： A
解析：
根据文章第六段第一句Tom Maniatis, a molecular biologist at Harvard University
praises the study but remains skeptical about any drug that would inhibit IKK∈，我
们可以了解到Tom Maniatis表扬了这次试验，但是skeptical表示但仍有怀疑。
91 、 不定项选择题
Many United States companies have, unfortunately, made the search for legal
protection from import competition into a major line of work. Since 1980 the United
States international Trade Commission (ITC) has received about 280 complaints
alleging damage from imports that benefit from subsidies by foreign governments.
Another 340 charge that foreign companies “dumped” their products in thee
United States at “less than fair value.” Even when no unfair practices are alleged,
the simple claim that an industry has been injured by imports is sufficient grounds to
seek relief.
Contrary to the general impression, this quest for import relief has hurt more
companies than it has helped. As corporations begin to function globally, they
develop an intricate web of marketing, production, and research relationships. The
complexity of these relationships makes it unlikely that a system of import relief laws
will meet the strategic needs of all the units under the same parent company, №.
Suppose a United States-owned company establishes an overseas plant to
manufacture a product while its competitor makes the same product in the United
States. If the competitor can prove injury from the imports-and that the United States
company received a subsidy from a foreign government to build its plant abroad-the
United States company’s products will be uncompetitive in the United States, since
they would be subject to duties.
Perhaps the most brazen ease occurred when the ITC investigated allegations
that Canadian companies were injuring the United States salt industry by dumping
rock salt, used to de-ice roads. The bizarre aspect of the complaint was that a foreign
conglomerate with United States operations was crying for help against a United
States company with foreign operations. The “United States” company claiming
injury was a subsidiary of a Dutch conglomerate, while the “Canadian” companies
included a subsidiary of a Chicago firm that was the second-largest domestic
producer of rock salt.
It can be inferred from the passage that the minimal basis for a complaint to the
international Trade Commission is which of the following?
A ： foreign competitor has received a subsidy from a foreign government.
B ： A foreign competitor has substantially increased the volume of products shipped
to the United States.
C ： A foreign competitor selling products in the United States at less than fair
market value.
D ： The company requesting import relief has been injured by the sale of imports in
the United States.
正确答案： D解析：
从文章第一段第二句可知A项是抱怨的其中一个根据，第三句可知C也是其中一个原因，
文章第二段集中说明国内公司申请法律保护却受到进口的严重影响，这是抱怨的最终给
要得原因，所以D正确，而文章并没有提到大量提高进口产品的数量。
92 、 不定项选择题
When we eat may be just as important as what we eat. A new study shows that mice
that eat when they should be sleeping gain more weight than mice that eat at normal
hours. Another study sheds light on why we pack on the pounds in the first place.
Whether these studies translate into therapies that help humans beat obesity
remains to be seen, but they give scientists clues about the myriad factors that they
must take into account.
Observations of overnight workers have shown that eating at night disrupts
metabolism and the hormones that signal we’re sated. But no one had done
controlled studies on this connection until now. Biologist Fred Turek of Northwestern
University in Evanston, Illinois, and graduate student Deanna Arble examined the link
between a high-fat diet and what time of day mice eat. A control group of six
nocturnal mice ate their pellets (60％ fat by calories, mostly lard) during the night.
Another group of six ate the same meal during the day, Turek says, which disrupts
their circadian rhythm—the body’s normal 24-hour cycle.
After 6 weeks, the off-schedule mice weighed almost 20％ more than the
controls, Turek and Arble report today in?Obesity, supporting the idea that
consuming calories when you should be sleeping is harmful. Turek and Arble
acknowledge that the disrupted mice ate a tad more and were a tad more sluggish,
but the differences could not account for all of the weight gain.
In the second study, a different team of researchers investigated the link
between weight and the immune system. Hundreds of genes seem to affect the
accumulation of fat, but one that helps protect us from infection might help us lose
weight with little effort, biochemist Alan Saltiel of the University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, and colleagues suggest today in?Cell. The researchers tested me weight-
adding abilities of a protein called IKK∈, which is linked with obesity, diabetes, and
chronic, low-1evel inflammation. For 3 months, the team fed six mice missing IKK∈
genes a diet of high-fat chow.
Because IKKE’s main job is immune defense, Saltiel’s team didn’t expect to
find weight differences between knockout mice and controls. But the knockout mice
did gain significantly less. Best of all, the girth the animals did add was less harmful
to their overall health. “The knockout mice don’t gain as much weight but also
don’t get diabetes, don’t get insulin resistance, and don’t get accumulation of
lipids on the liver,” Saltiel says, all of which contribute to the suite of health
problems associated with being overweight. Saltiel calls IKK∈ “an especially
appealing drug target for the treatment of metabolic disease.”
Tom Maniatis, a molecular biologist at Harvard University praises the study but
remains skeptical about any drug that would inhibit IKK∈. He helped develop the
mice used in the experiment and notes that they are vulnerable to the flu. He
suspects that suppressing IKK∈ may help people with diabetes or obesity, “but the
first time the swine flu comes along, that’s it.”
Researchers are also enthusiastic about the circadian rhythm paper Frank
Scheet, a neuroscientist at Harvard who studies sleep, was struck that “you couldsee something happening [to the disrupted mice] in the first week already. That’s
consistent with human studies where we found changes in just 3 days.”
Together, the papers suggest that there’s no simple answer to why people gain
weight. Says Turek, “It’s clearly not just calories in versus calories out.”
What does the word “nocturnal” mean in the second paragraph?
A ： Hungry.
B ： Nightly
C ： Healthy
D ： Greedy
正确答案： B
解析：
第二段主要描述实验对比老鼠在夜间饮食和在白天饮食是否会对新陈代谢产生影响。后
一句讲的是白天老鼠正常饮食，由此可以推断这一句指的是夜间的老鼠。nocturnal
和nightly的意思最接近，即夜间的。
93 、 不定项选择题
In its modern form the concept of “literature” did not emerge earlier than the
eighteenth century and was not fully developed until the nineteenth century. Yet the
conditions for its emergence had been developing since the Renaissance. The word
itself came into English use in the fourteenth century, following French and Latin
precedents; its root was Latin?littera, a letter of the alphabet.?Litterature, in the
common early spelling, was then in effect a condition of reading: of being able to
read and of having read. It was often close to the sense of modern?literacy, which
was not in the language until the late nineteenth century, its introduction in part
made necessary by the movement of?literature?to a different sense. The normal
adjective associated with literature was?literate. Literary appeared in the sense of
reading ability and experience in the seventeenth century, and did not acquire its
specialized modern meaning until the eighteenth century.
Literature?as a new category was then a specialization of the area formerly
categorized as?rhetoric?and?grammar: a specialization to reading and, in the material
context of the development of printing, to the printed word and especially the book.
It was eventually to become a more general category than?poetry?or the
earlier?poesy, which had been general terms for imaginative composition, but which
in relation to the development of?literaturebecame predominantly specialized, from
the seventeenth century, to metrical composition and especially written and printed
metrical composition. But literature was never primarily the active composition─the
“making”─which poetry had described. As reading rather than writing, it was a
category of a different kind. The characteristic use can be seen in Bacon “learned in
all literature and erudition, divine and humane”─and as late as Johnson “he had
probably more than common literature, as his son addresses him in one of his most
elaborate Latin poems.”?Literature, that is to say, was a category of use and
condition rather than of production. It was a particular specialization of what had
hitherto been seen as an activity or practice, and a specialization, in the
circumstances, which was inevitably made in terms of social class. In its firstextended sense, beyond the bare sense of “literacy,” it was a definition of
“polite” or “humane” learning, and thus specified a particular social distinction.
New political concepts of the “nation” and new valuations of the “vernacular”
interacted with a persistent emphasis on “literature” as reading in the “classical”
languages. But still, in this first stage, into the eighteenth century,?literature?was
primarily a generalized social concept, expressing a certain (minority) level of
educational achievement. This carded with it a potential and eventually realized
alternative definition of?literature?as “printed books:” the objects in and through
which this achievement was demonstrated.
It is important that, within the terms of this development, literature normally
included all printed books. There was not necessary specialization to “imaginative”
works. Literature was still primarily reading ability and experience, and this included
philosophy, history, and essays as well as poems. Were the new eighteenth century
novels literature? That question was first approached, not by definition of their mode
or content, but by reference to the standards of “polite” or “humane” learning.
Was drama literature? This question was to exercise successive generations, not
because of any substantial difficulty but because of the practical limits of the
category. If literature was reading, could a mode written for spoken performance be
said to be literature, and if not, where was Shakespeare?
At one level the definition indicated by this development has persisted.
Literature lost its earliest sense of reading ability and reading experience, and
became an apparently objective category of printed works of a certain quality. The
concerns of a “literary editor” or a “literary supplement” would still be defined
in this way. But three complicating tendencies can then be distinguished: first, a shift
from “learning” to “taste” or “sensibility” as a criterion defining literary
quality; second, an increasing specialization of literature to “creative” or
“imaginative” works; third, a development of the concept of “tradition” within
national terms, resulting in the more effective definition of “a national literature.”
The source of each of these tendencies can be discerned from the Renaissance, but it
was in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that they came through most
powerfully, until they became, in the twentieth century, in effect received
assumptions.
What is the earliest adjective associated with literature?
A ： Literary.
B ： Literate.
C ： Literacy.
D ： Literal.
正确答案： B
解析：
第一段讲的是literature的总体发展，根据The normal adjective associated with
literature was?literate一句可知，最早的与literature有关的形容词是Literate。
94 、 不定项选择题
Australia’s frogs are having trouble finding love. Traffic noise and other sounds ofcity life, such as air conditioners and construction noise, are drowning out the mating
calls of male frogs in urban areas, 1eading to a sharp drop in frog populations. But, in
the first study of its kind, Parris, a scientist at the University of Melbourne has found
that some frogs have figured out a way to compensate for human interference in
their love lives.
A male southern brown tree frog sends out a mating call when he’s looking for
a date. It is music to the ears of a female southern brown tree frog. But, add the
sounds of nearby traffic and the message just is not going out. Parris spent seven
years studying frogs around Melbourne. She says some frogs have come up with an
interesting strategy for making themselves heard.
“We found that it’s changing the pitch of its call, so going higher up, up the
frequency spectrum, being higher and squeakier, further away from the traffic noise
and this increases the distance over which it can be for heard,” Parris said.
The old call is lower in pitch. The new one is higher in pitch.
Now, that may sound like a pretty simple solution. But, changing their calls to
cope with a noisy environment is actually quite extraordinary for frogs. And while the
males have figured out how to make themselves heard above the noise, Parris says it
may not be what the females are looking for.
“When females have a choice between two males calling, they tend to select the
one that calls at a lower frequency because, in frogs, the frequency of a call is related
to body size. So, the bigger frogs tend to call lower,” she explained. “And so they
also tend to be the older frogs, the guys perhaps with more experience, they know
what they’re doing and the women are attracted to those.”
Frog populations in Melbourne have dropped considerably since Parris began
her research, but it is not just because of noise. Much of Australia has been locked in
a 10-year drought, leaving frogs fewer and fewer ponds to go looking for that special
someone.
What does the word “considerably” in the last paragraph mean?
A ： immediately
B ： directly
C ： carefully
D ： much
正确答案： D
解析：
considerably位于最后一段句首，作为副词修饰drop。该句意思是自从Parris开始她的
研究后，墨尔本的青蛙数量下降…。B项“直接地”，C项“认真地”明显不符合题意。
由最后一段最后一句知十年干旱期间，池塘的数量越来越少，可知青蛙数量下降有一个
过程，不是突然的，因此A项错误。
95 、 不定项选择题
“A writer’s job is to tell the truth,” said Hemingway in 1942. No other writer of
our time had so fiercely asserted, so pugnaciously defended or so consistently
exemplified the writer’s obligation to speak truly. His standard of truth-telling
remained, moreover, so high and so rigorous that he was ordinarily unwilling to
admit secondary evidence, whether literary evidence or evidence picked up fromother sources than his own experience. “I only know what I have seen,” was a
statement which came often to his lips and pen. What he had personally done, or
what he knew unforgettably by having gone through one version of it, was what he
was interested in telling about. This is not to say that he refused to invent freely. But
he always made it a sacrosanct point to invent in terms of what he actually knew
from having been there.
The primary intent of his writing, from first to last, was to seize and project for
the reader what he often called “the way it was.” This is a characteristically simple
phrase for a concept of extraordinary complexity, and Hemingway’s conception of
its meaning subtly changed several times in the course of his career-always in the
direction of greater complexity. At the core of the concept, however, one can
invariably discern the operation of three aesthetic instruments; the sense of place the
sense of fact and the sense of scene.
The first of these, obviously a strong passion with Hemingway, is the sense of
place. “Unless you have geography, background,” he once told George Anteil,
“You have nothing.” You have, that is to say, a dramatic vacuum. Few writers have
been more place-conscious. Few have so carefully charted out the geographical
ground work of their novels while managing to keep background so conspicuously
unobtrusive. Few, accordingly, have been able to record more economically and
graphically the way it is when you walk through the streets of Paris in search of
breakfast at corner café… Or when, at around six O’s clock of a Spanish dawn, you
watch the bulls running from the corrals at the Puerta Rochapea through the streets
of Pamplona towards the bullring.
“When I woke it was the sound of the rocket exploding that announced the
release of the bulls from the corrals at the edge of town. Down below the narrow
street was empty. All the balconies were crowded with people. Suddenly a crowd
came down the street. They were all running, packed close together. They passed
along and up the street toward the bullring and behind them came more men
running faster, and then some stragglers who were really running. Behind them was
a little bare space, and then the bulls, galloping, tossing their heads up and down. It
all went out of sight around the corner. One man fell, rolled to the gutter, and lay
quiet. But the bulls went right on and did not notice him. They were all running
together.”
This landscape is as morning-fresh as a design in India ink on clean white paper.
First is the bare white street, seen from above, quiet and empty. Then one sees the
first packed clot of runners. Behind these are the thinner ranks of those who move
faster because they are closer to bulls. Then the almost comic stragglers, who are
“really running.” brilliantly behind these shines the “little bare space,” a
desperate margin for error. Then the clot of running bulls-closing the design, except
of course for the man in the gutter making himself, like the designer’s initials, as
inconspicuous as possible.
One might infer from the passage that Hemingway preferred which one of the
following sources for his novels and short stories?
A ： Stories that he had heard from friends or chance acquaintances
B ： Stories that he had read about in newspapers or other secondary sources
C ： Stories that came to him in periods of meditation or in dream
D ： Stories that he had lived rather than read about
E ： Hemingway’s obsession for geographic details progressively overshadowed thedramatic element of his stories
正确答案： D
解析：
从“he was ordinarily unwilling to admit secondary evidence, whether literary
evidence or evidence picked up from other sources than his own experience”可知他
只相信自己的经验。
96 、 不定项选择题
This year some twenty-three hundred teen-agers from all over the world will spend
about ten months in U.S. homes. They will attend U.S. schools, meet U.S. teen-agers,
and form lifelong impressions of the real America. At the same time, about thirteen
hundred American teen-agers will go abroad to learn new languages and gain a new
understanding of world problems. On returning home they, like others who have
participated in the exchange program, will pass along their fresh impression to the
youth groups in which they are active.
What have the visiting students discovered? A German boy says, “We often
think of America only in terms of skyscrapers. Cadillacs, and gangsters. Americans
think of Germany only in terms of Hitler and concentration camps. You can’t realize
how wrong you are until you see for yourself.”
A Los Angeles girl says, “It’s the leaders of the countries who are unable to get
along. The people get along just fine.”
Observe a two-way student exchange in action. Fred Herschbach, nineteen, spent
last year in Germany at the home of George Pfafflin. In turn, Mr. Pfafflin’s son
Michael spent a year in the Herschbach home in Texas.
Fred, lanky and lively, knew little German when he arrived, but after two
months’ study the language began to come to him. School was totally different
from what he had expected—much more formal, much harder. Students rose
respectfully when the teacher entered the room. They took fourteen subjects instead
of the six that are usual in the United States. There were almost no outside activities.
Family life, too, was different. The father’s word was law, and all activities
revolved around the closely knit family unit rather than the individual. Fred found the
food—mostly starches—monotonous at first. Also, he missed having a car.
“At home, you pick up some kids in a car and go out and haven good time. In
Germany, you walk, but you soon get used to it.”
A warm-natured boy, Fred began to make friends as soon as he had mastered
enough German to communicate. “I didn’t feel as if I were with foreigners. I felt as
I did at home with my own people.” Eventually he was invited to stay at the homes
of friends in many of Germany’s major cities. “One’s viewpoint is broadened,”
he says, “by living with people who have different habits and backgrounds. You
come to appreciate their points of view and realize that it is possible for all people in
the world to come closer together. I wouldn’t trade this year for anything.”
Meanwhile, in Texas, Mike Pfafflin, a friendly German boy, was also forming
independent opinions. “I suppose I should criticize the schools,” he says. “It was
far too easy by our standards. But I have to admit that I liked it enormously In
Germany we do nothing but study. I think that maybe your schools are better training
for citizenship. There ought to be some middle ground between the two.” He tookpart in many outside activities, including the dramatic group.
Mike picked up a favorite adjective of American youth; southern fried chicken
was “fabulous,” When expressing a regional point of view, he used the phrase
“we Texans.” Summing up his year, he says with feeling, “America is a second
home for me from now on. I will love it the rest of my life.”
This exciting exchange program was government sponsored at first; now it is in
the hands of private agencies, including the American Field Service and the
International Christian Youth Exchange. Screening committees make a careful check
on exchange students and host homes. To qualify, students must be intelligent,
adaptable, outgoing-potential leaders. Each student is matched, as closely as
possible, with a young person in another country whose family has the same
economic, cultural, and religious background.
After their years abroad, all students gather to discuss who, they observed. For
visiting students to accept and approve of all they saw would be a defeat for the
exchange program. They are supposed to observe evaluate, and come to fair
conclusions. Nearly all who visited the United States agreed that they had gained
faith in American ideals and deep respect for the U.S brand of democracy. All had
made friendship that they were sure would last a life-time. Almost all were struck by
the freedom demitted American youth. Many were critical, though, of the
indifference to study in American schools, and of Americans’ lack of knowledge
about other countries.
The opinions of Americans abroad were just as vigorous. A U.S. girl in Vienna:
“At home, all we talk about is dating, movies, and clothes. Here we talk about
religion, philosophy, and political problems. I am going to miss that.”
A U.S boy in Sweden: “I learned to sit at home, read a good book, and gain
some knowledge. It I told them this back home, they would think I was a square.”
An American girl in Stuttgart, however, was very critical of the German school.
“Over here the teacher is king, and you are somewhere far below. Instead of being
friend and counselor, as in America the teacher is regarded as a foe—and behaves
like it too!”
It costs a sponsoring group about a thousand dollars to give an exchange
student a year in the United States. Transportation is the major expense, for bed,
board, and pocket money are provided by volunteer families. There is also a small
amount of federal support for the program.
For some time now, attempts have been made to include students from iron
curtain countries. But so far the Communists have not allowed their young people to
take part in this program which could open their eyes to a different world.
In Europe, however, about ten students apply for every place available, in Japan,
the ratio is fifty to one. The student exchange program is helping these eager
younger citizens of tomorrow learn a lot about the world today.
The major expense that a group sponsoring an exchange student must meet is _____.
A ： bed and board
B ： pocket money and incidentals
C ： transportation
D ： transportation, bed board and pocket money
正确答案： C解析：
句意：进行交换生项目的组织必须为每位交换生提供的主要开支是交通费用。倒数第三
段第二、三句指出，这些组织需要支付的主要开支为交通费，食宿和零用钱由各家庭志
愿提供，故选C。
97 、 不定项选择题
In its modern form the concept of “literature” did not emerge earlier than the
eighteenth century and was not fully developed until the nineteenth century. Yet the
conditions for its emergence had been developing since the Renaissance. The word
itself came into English use in the fourteenth century, following French and Latin
precedents; its root was Latin?littera, a letter of the alphabet.?Litterature, in the
common early spelling, was then in effect a condition of reading: of being able to
read and of having read. It was often close to the sense of modern?literacy, which
was not in the language until the late nineteenth century, its introduction in part
made necessary by the movement of?literature?to a different sense. The normal
adjective associated with literature was?literate. Literary appeared in the sense of
reading ability and experience in the seventeenth century, and did not acquire its
specialized modern meaning until the eighteenth century.
Literature?as a new category was then a specialization of the area formerly
categorized as?rhetoric?and?grammar: a specialization to reading and, in the material
context of the development of printing, to the printed word and especially the book.
It was eventually to become a more general category than?poetry?or the
earlier?poesy, which had been general terms for imaginative composition, but which
in relation to the development of?literaturebecame predominantly specialized, from
the seventeenth century, to metrical composition and especially written and printed
metrical composition. But literature was never primarily the active composition─the
“making”─which poetry had described. As reading rather than writing, it was a
category of a different kind. The characteristic use can be seen in Bacon “learned in
all literature and erudition, divine and humane”─and as late as Johnson “he had
probably more than common literature, as his son addresses him in one of his most
elaborate Latin poems.”?Literature, that is to say, was a category of use and
condition rather than of production. It was a particular specialization of what had
hitherto been seen as an activity or practice, and a specialization, in the
circumstances, which was inevitably made in terms of social class. In its first
extended sense, beyond the bare sense of “literacy,” it was a definition of
“polite” or “humane” learning, and thus specified a particular social distinction.
New political concepts of the “nation” and new valuations of the “vernacular”
interacted with a persistent emphasis on “literature” as reading in the “classical”
languages. But still, in this first stage, into the eighteenth century,?literature?was
primarily a generalized social concept, expressing a certain (minority) level of
educational achievement. This carded with it a potential and eventually realized
alternative definition of?literature?as “printed books:” the objects in and through
which this achievement was demonstrated.
It is important that, within the terms of this development, literature normally
included all printed books. There was not necessary specialization to “imaginative”
works. Literature was still primarily reading ability and experience, and this included
philosophy, history, and essays as well as poems. Were the new eighteenth century
novels literature? That question was first approached, not by definition of their modeor content, but by reference to the standards of “polite” or “humane” learning.
Was drama literature? This question was to exercise successive generations, not
because of any substantial difficulty but because of the practical limits of the
category. If literature was reading, could a mode written for spoken performance be
said to be literature, and if not, where was Shakespeare?
At one level the definition indicated by this development has persisted.
Literature lost its earliest sense of reading ability and reading experience, and
became an apparently objective category of printed works of a certain quality. The
concerns of a “literary editor” or a “literary supplement” would still be defined
in this way. But three complicating tendencies can then be distinguished: first, a shift
from “learning” to “taste” or “sensibility” as a criterion defining literary
quality; second, an increasing specialization of literature to “creative” or
“imaginative” works; third, a development of the concept of “tradition” within
national terms, resulting in the more effective definition of “a national literature.”
The source of each of these tendencies can be discerned from the Renaissance, but it
was in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that they came through most
powerfully, until they became, in the twentieth century, in effect received
assumptions.
When did the modern concept of “literature” emerge?
A ： In the seventeenth century.
B ： In the eighteenth century.
C ： In the nineteenth century.
D ： In the twentieth century.
正确答案： B
解析：
根据第一句话did not emerge earlier than the eighteenth century可知，“literature”
从十八世纪起才具有了现在的内涵。
98 、 不定项选择题
Australia’s frogs are having trouble finding love. Traffic noise and other sounds of
city life, such as air conditioners and construction noise, are drowning out the mating
calls of male frogs in urban areas, 1eading to a sharp drop in frog populations. But, in
the first study of its kind, Parris, a scientist at the University of Melbourne has found
that some frogs have figured out a way to compensate for human interference in
their love lives.
A male southern brown tree frog sends out a mating call when he’s looking for
a date. It is music to the ears of a female southern brown tree frog. But, add the
sounds of nearby traffic and the message just is not going out. Parris spent seven
years studying frogs around Melbourne. She says some frogs have come up with an
interesting strategy for making themselves heard.
“We found that it’s changing the pitch of its call, so going higher up, up the
frequency spectrum, being higher and squeakier, further away from the traffic noise
and this increases the distance over which it can be for heard,” Parris said.
The old call is lower in pitch. The new one is higher in pitch.Now, that may sound like a pretty simple solution. But, changing their calls to
cope with a noisy environment is actually quite extraordinary for frogs. And while the
males have figured out how to make themselves heard above the noise, Parris says it
may not be what the females are looking for.
“When females have a choice between two males calling, they tend to select the
one that calls at a lower frequency because, in frogs, the frequency of a call is related
to body size. So, the bigger frogs tend to call lower,” she explained. “And so they
also tend to be the older frogs, the guys perhaps with more experience, they know
what they’re doing and the women are attracted to those.”
Frog populations in Melbourne have dropped considerably since Parris began
her research, but it is not just because of noise. Much of Australia has been locked in
a 10-year drought, leaving frogs fewer and fewer ponds to go looking for that special
someone.
According to Parris, what are the reasons for the dropping of the frog’s population
in Melbourne?
A ： ir conditioners and construction noise.
B ： The urban noises and the lack of rainfall.
C ： The change of the frequency of the mating call.
D ： Fewer ponds.
正确答案： B
解析：
第一段提到“Traffic noise and other sounds of city life, such as air conditioners and
construction noise,”可知A项是各种噪音中的两种，因此A不全面。D项“池塘数量的减
少是由于干旱”不是根本原因。C项“求偶叫声频率的改变是青蛙面对噪音干扰的反
应”，不是其数量减少的原因。B项正确。
99 、 不定项选择题
Since the late 1970’s in the face of a severe loss of market share in dozens of
industries, manufacturers in the United States have been trying to improve
productivity—and therefore enhance their international competitiveness—through
cost-cutting programs. (Cost-cutting here is defined as raising labor output while
holding the amount of labor constant.) However, from 1978 through 1982,
productivity—the value of goods manufactured divided by the amount of labor
input—did not improve; and while the results were better in the business upturn of
the three years following, they ran 25percent lower than productivity improvements
during earlier, post-1945 upturns. At the same time, it became clear that the harder
manufactures worked to implement cost-cutting, the more they lost their competitive
edge.
With this paradox in mind, I recently visited 25 companies; it became clear to me
that the cost-cutting approach to increasing productivity is fundamentally flawed.
Manufacturing regularly observes a “40, 40, 20” rule. Roughly 40 percent of any
manufacturing-based competitive advantage derives from long-term changes in
manufacturing structure (decisions about the number, size, location, and capacity of
facilities) and in approaches to materials. Another 40 percent comes from major
changes in equipment and process technology. The final 20 percent rests onimplementing conventional cost-cutting. This rule does not imply that cost-cutting
should not be tried. The well-known tools of this approach—including simplifying
jobs and retraining employees to work smarter, not harder—do produce results. But
the tools quickly reach the limits of what they can contribute.
Another problem is that the cost-cutting approach hinders innovation and
discourages creative people. As Abernathy’s study of automobile manufacturers
has shown, an industry can easily become prisoner of its own investments in cost-
cutting techniques, reducing its ability to develop new products. And managers under
pressure to maximize cost-cutting will resist innovation because they know that more
fundamental changes in processes or systems will wreak havoc with the results on
which they are measured. Production managers have always seen their job as one of
minimizing costs and maximizing output. This dimension of performance has until
recently sufficed as a basis of evaluation, but it has created a penny-pinching,
mechanistic culture in most factories that has kept away creative managers.
Every company I know that has freed itself from the paradox has done so, in
part, by developing and implementing a manufacturing strategy. Such a strategy
focuses on the manufacturing structure and on equipment and process technology.
In one company a manufacturing strategy that allowed different areas of the factory
to specialize in different markets replaced the conventional cost-cutting approach;
within three years the company regained its competitive advantage. Together with
such strategies, successful companies are also encouraging managers to focus on a
wider set of objectives besides cutting costs. There is hope for manufacturing, but it
dearly rests oil a different way of managing.
The author refers to Abernathy’s study most probably in order to _____.
A ： qualify an observation about one rule governing manufacturing
B ： address possible objections to a recommendation about improving
manufacturing competitiveness
C ： support an earlier assertion about method of increasing productivity
D ： suggest the centrality in the Unit States economy of a particular manufacturing
industry
正确答案： C
解析：
“As Abernathy’s study of automobile manufacturers has shown, an industry can
easily become prisoner of its own investments in cost-cutting techniques, reducing its
ability to develop new products.”提到Abernathy的研究主要是否定cost-cutting，从而
肯定新方法对于提高生产力的帮助。
100 、 不定项选择题
Since the late 1970’s in the face of a severe loss of market share in dozens of
industries, manufacturers in the United States have been trying to improve
productivity—and therefore enhance their international competitiveness—through
cost-cutting programs. (Cost-cutting here is defined as raising labor output while
holding the amount of labor constant.) However, from 1978 through 1982,
productivity—the value of goods manufactured divided by the amount of laborinput—did not improve; and while the results were better in the business upturn of
the three years following, they ran 25percent lower than productivity improvements
during earlier, post-1945 upturns. At the same time, it became clear that the harder
manufactures worked to implement cost-cutting, the more they lost their competitive
edge.
With this paradox in mind, I recently visited 25 companies; it became clear to me
that the cost-cutting approach to increasing productivity is fundamentally flawed.
Manufacturing regularly observes a “40, 40, 20” rule. Roughly 40 percent of any
manufacturing-based competitive advantage derives from long-term changes in
manufacturing structure (decisions about the number, size, location, and capacity of
facilities) and in approaches to materials. Another 40 percent comes from major
changes in equipment and process technology. The final 20 percent rests on
implementing conventional cost-cutting. This rule does not imply that cost-cutting
should not be tried. The well-known tools of this approach—including simplifying
jobs and retraining employees to work smarter, not harder—do produce results. But
the tools quickly reach the limits of what they can contribute.
Another problem is that the cost-cutting approach hinders innovation and
discourages creative people. As Abernathy’s study of automobile manufacturers
has shown, an industry can easily become prisoner of its own investments in cost-
cutting techniques, reducing its ability to develop new products. And managers under
pressure to maximize cost-cutting will resist innovation because they know that more
fundamental changes in processes or systems will wreak havoc with the results on
which they are measured. Production managers have always seen their job as one of
minimizing costs and maximizing output. This dimension of performance has until
recently sufficed as a basis of evaluation, but it has created a penny-pinching,
mechanistic culture in most factories that has kept away creative managers.
Every company I know that has freed itself from the paradox has done so, in
part, by developing and implementing a manufacturing strategy. Such a strategy
focuses on the manufacturing structure and on equipment and process technology.
In one company a manufacturing strategy that allowed different areas of the factory
to specialize in different markets replaced the conventional cost-cutting approach;
within three years the company regained its competitive advantage. Together with
such strategies, successful companies are also encouraging managers to focus on a
wider set of objectives besides cutting costs. There is hope for manufacturing, but it
dearly rests oil a different way of managing.
The author of the passage is primarily concerned with _____.
A ： summarizing a thesis
B ： recommending a different approach
C ： comparing points of view
D ： making a series of predictions
正确答案： B
解析：
“cost-cutting approach to increasing productivity is fundamentally flawed.
Manufacturing regularly observes a ‘40, 40, 20’ rule.”由此句可知，cost-cutting已
经不是提高生产力的好方法，而是要通过“40, 40, 20” rule来提高生产力，所以作者是
在recommending a different approach。
