绝密★启用前
2022年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英 语 （一 ）
（科目代码:201）
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考生编号
考生姓名2022年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,
B,CorD on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
The idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early
2000s. the term “plant neurobiology" was ] around the notion that some aspects of
plant behavior could be 2 to intelligence in animals. 3 plants lack brains, the
firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that
4 consciousness , researchers previously reported.
But such an idea is untrue, according to a new opinion article. Plant biology is
complex and fascinating, but it 5 so greatly from that of animals that so-called
6 of plants9 intelligence is inconclusive, the authors wrote.
Beginning in 2006, some scientists have 7 that plants possess neuron-like cells
that interact with hormones and neurotransmitters, 8 "a plant nervous system,
9 to that in animals,“ said lead study author Lincoln Taiz. "They 10 claimed
that plants have cbrain-like command centers' at their root tips.”
This 11 makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain, 12
it to an array of electrical pulses; cells in plants also communicate through electrical
signals. 13 the signaling in a plant is only 14 similar to the firing in a
complex animal brain, which is more than “a mass of cells that communicate by
electricity,Taiz said.
“For consciousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold 15 of complexity and
capacity is required,he 16 . “Since plants don't have nervous systems, the 17
that they have consciousness are effectively zero.,,
And what's so great about consciousness, anyway? Plants can't run away from
18 , so investing energy in a body system which 19 a threat and can feel pain
would be a very 20 evolutionary strategy, according to the article.
2022年英语（一）试题第1页共14页1. [A] coined [B] discovered [C] collected [D] issued
2. [A] attributed [B] directed [C] compared [D] confined
3. [A] Unless [B] When [C] Once [D] Though
4. [A] coped with [B] consisted of [C] hinted at [D] extended to
5. [A] suffers [B] benefits [C] develops [D] differs
6. [A] acceptance [B] evidence [C] cultivation [D] creation
7. [A] doubted [B] denied [C] argued [D] requested
8. [A] adapting [B] forming [C] repairing ED] testing
9. [A] analogous [B] essential [C] suitable [D] sensitive
10. [A] just [B] ever [C] still [D] even
11. [A] restriction [B] experiment [C] perspective [D] demand
12. [A] attaching [B] reducing [C] returning [D] exposing
13. [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise
14. [A] temporarily [B] literally [C] superficially [D] imaginarily
15. [A] list [B] level [C] label [D] load
16. [A] recalled [B] agreed [C] questioned [D] added
17. [A] chances [B] risks [C] excuses ED] assumptions
18. [A] danger [B] failure [C] warning [D] control
19. [A] represents [B] includes [C] reveals [D] recognizes
20. [A] humble [B] poor [C] practical [D] easy
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C
or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
2022年英语（一）试题第2 页共14页Text 1
People often complain that plastics are too durable. Water bottles, shopping bags,
and other trash litter the planet, from Mount Everest to the Mariana Trench, because
plastics are everywhere and don't break down easily. But some plastic materials change
over time. They crack and frizzle. They "weep" out additives. They melt into sludge.
All of which creates huge headaches for institutions, such as museums, trying to
preserve culturally important objects. The variety of plastic objects at risk is dizzying:
early radios, avant-garde sculptures, celluloid animation stills from Disney films, the
first artificial heart.
Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art didn't
always know how to mix ingredients properly, says Thea van Oosten, a polymer chemist
who, until retiring a few years ago, worked for decades at the Cultural Heritage Agency
of the Netherlands. "It's like baking a cake: If you don't have exact amounts, it goes
wrong,“ she says. "The object you make is already a time bomb.^^
And sometimes, it's not the artist's fault. In the 1960s, the Italian artist Piero Gilardi
began to create hundreds of bright, colorful foam pieces. Those pieces included small
beds of roses and other items as well as a few dozen “ nature carpets一 large rectangles
decorated with foam pumpkins, cabbages, and watermelons. He wanted viewers to walk
around on the carpets- which meant they had to be durable.
Unfortunately, the polyurethane foam he used is inherently unstable. It's especially
vulnerable to light damage, and by the mid-1990s, Gilardi's pumpkins, roses, and other
figures were splitting and crumbling. Museums locked some of them away in the dark.
So van Oosten and her colleagues worked to preserve Gilardi's sculptures. They
infused some with stabilizing and consolidating chemicals. Van Oosten calls those
chemicals <c sunscreensbecause their goal was to prevent further light damage and
rebuild worn polymer fibers. She is proud that several sculptures have even gone on
display again, albeit sometimes beneath protective cases.
Despite success stories like van Oosten's, preservation of plastics will likely get
harder. Old objects continue to deteriorate. Worse, biodegradable plastics,designed to
disintegrate, are increasingly common.
And more is at stake here than individual objects. Joana Lia Ferreira, an assistant
professor of conservation and restoration at the NOVA School of Science and
Technology, notes that archaeologists first defined the great material ages of human
history- Stone Age, Iron Age, and so on- after examining artifacts in museums. We
now live in an age of plastic, she says, “and what we decide to collect today, what we
decide to preserve...will have a strong impact on how in the future we'll be seen.^^
2022年英语（一）试题第3 页共14页21. According to Paragraph 1, museums are faced with difficulties in
[A] maintaining their plastic items.
[B] obtaining durable plastic artifacts.
[C] handling outdated plastic exhibits.
[D] classifying their plastic collections.
22. Van Oosten believes that certain plastic objects are
[A] immune to decay.
[B] improperly shaped.
[C ] inherently flawed.
[D] complex in structure.
23. Museums stopped exhibiting some of Gilardi's artworks to
[A] keep them from hurting visitors.
[B] duplicate them for future display.
[C] have their ingredients analyzed.
[D] prevent them from further damage.
24. The author thinks that preservation of plastics is
[A] costly.
[B] unworthy.
[C] unpopular.
[D] challenging.
25. In Ferreira's opinion, preservation of plastic artifacts
[A] will inspire future scientific research.
[B] has profound historical significance.
[C] will help us separate the material ages.
[D] has an impact on today's cultural life.
2022年英语（一）试题第4 页共14页Text 2
As the latest crop of students pen their undergraduate application form and weigh
up their options, it may be worth considering just how the point, purpose and value of a
degree has changed and what Generation Z need to consider as they start the third stage
of their educational journey.
Millennials were told that if you did well in school, got a decent degree, you would
be set up for life. But that promise has been found wanting. As degrees became
universal, they became devalued. Education was no longer a secure route of social
mobility. Today, 28 per cent of graduates in the UK are in non-graduate roles, a
percentage which is double the average among the OECD countries.
This is not to say that there is no point in getting a degree, but rather stress that a
degree is not for everyone, that the switch from classroom to lecture hall is not an
inevitable one and that other options are available.
Thankfully, there are signs that this is already happening, with Generation Z
seeking to learn from their millennial predecessors, even if parents and teachers tend to
be still set in the degree mindset. Employers have long seen the advantages of hiring
school leavers who often prove themselves to be more committed and loyal employees
than graduates. Many too are seeing the advantages of scrapping a degree requirement
for certain roles.
For those for whom a degree is the desired route, consider that this may well be the
first of many. In this age of generalists, it pays to have specific knowledge or skills.
Postgraduates now earn 40 per cent more than graduates. When more and more of us
have a degree, it makes sense to have two.
It is unlikely that Generation Z will be done with education at 18 or 21; they will
need to be constantly up-skilling throughout their career to stay employable. It has been
estimated that this generation, due to the pressures of technology, the wish for personal
fulfilment and desire for diversity, will work for 17 different employers over the course
of their working life and have five different careers. Education, and not just knowledge
gained on campus, will be a core part of Generation Z's career trajectory.
Older generations often talk about their degree in the present and personal tense: 'I
am a geographer' or CI am a classist9. Their sons or daughters would never say such a
thing; it's as if they already know that their degree won't define them in the same way.
2022年英语（一）试题第5 页共14页26. The author suggests that Generation Z should
[A] be careful in choosing a college.
[B] be diligent at each educational stage.
[C] reassess the necessity of college education.
[D] postpone their undergraduate application.
27. The percentage of UK graduates in non-graduate roles reflects
[A] Millennial's opinions about work.
[B] the shrinking value of a degree.
[C] public discontent with education.
[D] the desired route of social mobility.
28. The author considers it a good sign that
[A] Generation Z are seeking to earn a decent degree.
[B] school leavers are willing to be skilled workers.
[C] employers are taking a realistic attitude to degrees.
[D] parents are changing their minds about education.
29. It is advised in Paragraph 5 that those with one degree should
[A] make an early decision on their career.
[B] attend on-the-job training programs.
[C] team up with high-paid postgraduates.
[D] further their studies in a specific field.
30. What can be concluded about Generation Z from the last two paragraphs?
[A] Lifelong learning will define them.
[B] They will make qualified educators.
[C] Degrees will no longer appeal to them.
[D] They will have a limited choice of jobs.
2022年英语（一）试题第6 页共14页Text 3
Enlightening, challenging, stimulating, fun. These were some of the words that
Nature readers used to describe their experiences of art-science collaborations in a series
of articles on partnerships between artists and researchers. Nearly 40% of the roughly
350 people who responded to an accompanying poll said they had collaborated with
artists; and almost all said they would consider doing so in future.
Such an encouraging result is not surprising. Scientists are increasingly seeking out
visual artists to help them communicate their work to new audiences. "Artists help
scientists reach a broader audience and make emotional connections that enhance
learning,one respondent said.
One example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the senses came last
month when the Sydney Symphony Orchestra performed a reworked version of Antonio
Vivaldi's The Four Seasons. They reimagined the 300-year-old score by injecting the
latest climate prediction data for each season- provided by Monash University's Climate
Change Communication Research Hub. The performance was a creative call to action
ahead of November's United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow, UK.
But a genuine partnership must be a two-way street. Fewer artists than scientists
responded to the Nature poll; however, several respondents noted that artists do not
simply assist scientists with their communication requirements. Nor should their work be
considered only as an object of study. The alliances are most valuable when scientists
and artists have a shared stake in a project, are able to jointly design it and can critique
each other's work. Such an approach can both prompt new research as well as result in
powerful art.
More than half a century ago, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology opened its
Center for Advanced Visual Studies (CAVS) to explore the role of technology in culture.
The founders deliberately focused their projects around light~~hence the "visual studies'
in the name. Light was a something that both artists and scientists had an interest in, and
therefore could form the basis of collaboration. As science and technology progressed,
and divided into more sub-disciplines, the centre was simultaneously looking to a time
when leading researchers could also be artists, writers and poets, and vice versa.
Nature9 s poll findings suggest that this trend is as strong as ever, but, to make a
collaboration work, both sides need to invest time, and embrace surprise and challenge.
The reach of art-science tie-ups needs to go beyond the necessary purpose of research
communication, and participants must not fall into the trap of stereotyping each other.
Artists and scientists alike are immersed in discovery and invention, and challenge and
critique are core to both, too.
2022年英语（一）试题第7 页共14页31. According to Paragraph 1, art-science collaborations have
[A] caught the attention of critics.
[B] received favourable responses.
[C] promoted academic publishing.
[D] sparked heated public disputes.
32. The reworked version of The Four Seasons is mentioned to show that
[A] art can off er audiences easy access to science.
[B] science can help with the expression of emotions.
[C] public participation in science has a promising future.
[D] art is effective in facilitating scientific innovations.
33. Some artists seem to worry that in the art-science partnership
[A] their role may be underestimated.
[B] their reputation may be impaired.
[C] their creativity may be inhibited.
[D] their work may be misguided.
34. What does the author say about CAYS?
[A] It was headed alternately by artists and scientists.
[B] It exemplified valuable art-science alliances.
[C] Its projects aimed at advancing visual studies.
[D] Its founders sought to raise the status of artists.
35. In the last paragraph, the author holds that art-science collaborations
[A] are likely to go beyond public expectations.
[B] will intensify interdisciplinary competition.
[C] should do more than communicating science.
[D] are becoming more popular than before.
2022年英语（一）试题第8 页共14页Text 4
The personal grievance provisions of New Zealand's Employment Relations Act
2000 (ERA) prevent an employer from firing an employee without good cause. Instead,
dismissals must be justified. Employers must both show cause and act in a procedurally
fair way.
Personal grievance procedures were designed to guard the jobs of ordinary workers
from 4 unjustified dismissals”. The premise was that the common law of contract lacked
sufficient safeguards for workers against arbitrary conduct by management. Long gone
are the days when a boss could simply give an employee contractual notice.
But these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly paid
managers and executives. As countless boards and business owners will attest,
constraining firms from firing poorly performing, high-earning managers is a handbrake
on boosting productivity and overall performance. The difference between C-grade and
A-grade managers may very well be the difference between business success or failure.
Between preserving the jobs of ordinary workers or losing them. Yet mediocrity is no
longer enough to justify a dismissal.
Consequently- and paradoxically- laws introduced to protect the jobs of ordinary
workers may be placing those jobs at risk.
If not placing jobs at risk, to the extent employment protection laws constrain
business owners from dismissing underperforming managers, those laws act as a
constraint on firm productivity and therefore on workers9 wages. Indeed, in “An
International Perspective on New Zealand's Productivity Paradox” (2014), the
Productivity Commission singled out the low quality of managerial capabilities as a
cause of the country's poor productivity growth record.
Nor are highly paid managers themselves immune from the harm caused by the
ERA'S unjustified dismissal procedures. Because employment protection laws make it
costlier to fire an employee, employers are more cautious about hiring new staff.
This makes it harder for the marginal manager to gain employment. And firms pay staff
less because firms carry the burden of the employment arrangement going wrong.
Society also suffers from excessive employment protections. Stringent job dismissal
regulations adversely affect productivity growth and hamper both prosperity and overall
well-being.
Across the Tasman Sea, Australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by
excluding employees earning above a specified <chigh-income threshold“ from the
protection of its unfair dismissal laws. In New Zealand, a 2016 private members9 Bill
tried to permit firms and high-income employees to contract out of the unjustified
dismissal regime. However, the mechanisms proposed were unwieldy and the Bill was
voted down following the change in government later that year.
2022年英语（一）试题第9 页共14页36. The personal grievance provisions of the ERA are intended to
[A] punish dubious corporate practices.
[B] improve traditional hiring procedures.
[C] exempt employers from certain duties.
[D] protect the rights of ordinary workers.
37. It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that the provisions may
[A] hinder business development.
[B] undermine managers9 authority.
[C] affect the public image of the firms.
[D] worsen labor-management relations.
38. Which of the following measures would the Productivity Commission support?
[A] Imposing reasonable wage restraints.
[B] Enforcing employment protection laws.
[C] Limiting the powers of business owners.
[D] Dismissing poorly performing managers.
39. What might be an effect of ERA’S unjustified dismissal procedures?
[A] Highly paid managers lose their jobs.
[B] Employees suffer from salary cuts.
[C] Society sees a rise in overall well-being.
[D] Employers need to hire new staff.
40. It can be inferred that the “high-income thresholdin Australia
[A] has secured managers9 earnings.
[B] has produced undesired results.
[C] is beneficial to business owners.
[D] is difficult to put into practice.
2022年英语（一）试题第10页共14页Part B
Directions:
Read the following comments on an article titled “The Case Against Zoos“ by Emma
Mairis and a list of statements summarizing the comments. Choose the best statement
from the list A-G for each numbered name (41-45). There are two extra choices which
you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
(41) Teri Byrd:___________________________
I was a zoo and wildlife park employee for years. Both the wildlife park and zoo
claimed to be operating for the benefit of the animals and for conservation purposes.
This claim was false. Neither one of them actually participated in any contributions to
animal research or conservation. They are profitable institutions whose bottom line is
much more important than the condition of the animals.
Animals despise being captives in zoos. No matter how you “enhance“ enclosures,
they do not allow for freedom, a natural diet or adequate exercise. Animals end up
stressed and unhealthy or dead. It's past time for transparency with these institutions, and
it's past time to eliminate zoos from our culture.
(42) Karen R. Sime:___________________________
As a zoology professor, I agree with Emma Marris that zoo displays can be sad and
cruel. But she underestimates the educational value of zoos.
The zoology program at my university attracts students for whom zoo visits were
the crucial formative experience that led them to major in biological sciences. These are
mostly students who had no opportunity as children to travel to wilderness areas,
wildlife refuges or national parks. Although good TV shows can help stir children's
interest in conservation, they cannot replace the excitement of a zoo visit as an intense,
immersive and interactive experience. Surely there must be some middle ground that
balances zoos' treatment of animals with their educational potential.
(43) Greg Newberry:___________________________
Emma Manis's article is an insult and a disservice to the thousands of passionate,
dedicated people who work tirelessly to improve the lives of animals and protect our
planet. She uses outdated research and decades-old examples to undermine the noble
mission of organizations committed to connecting children to a world beyond their own.
Zoos are at the forefront of conservation and constantly evolving to improve how
they care for animals and protect each species in its natural habitat. Are there tragedies?
Of course. But they are the exception, not the norm that Ms. Mairis implies. A distressed
animal in a zoo will get as good or better treatment than most of us at our local hospital.
2022年英语（一）试题第n 页共14页(44) Dean Gallea:___________________________
As a fellow environmentalist, animal-protection advocate and longtime vegetarian, I
could properly be in the same camp as Emma Mams on the issue of zoos. But I believe
that well-run zoos, and the heroic animals that suffer their captivity, do serve a higher
purpose. Were it not for opportunities to observe these beautiful, wild creatures close to
home, many more people would be driven by their fascination to travel to wild areas to
seek out, disturb and even hunt them down.
Zoos are, in that sense, similar to natural history and archaeology museums, serving
to satisfy our need for contact with these living creatures while leaving the vast majority
undisturbed in their natural environments.
(45) John Fraser:___________________________
Emma Mairis selectively describes and misrepresents the findings of our research.
Our studies focused on the impact of zoo experiences on how people think about
themselves and nature, and the data points extracted from our studies do not, in any way,
discount what is learned in a zoo visit.
Zoos are tools for thinking. Our research provides strong support for the value of
zoos in connecting people with animals and with nature. Zoos provide a critical voice for
conservation and environmental protection. They afford an opportunity for people from
all backgrounds to encounter a range of animals, from drone bees to springbok or salmon,
to better understand the natural world we live in.
[A] Zoos, which spare no effort to take care of animals, should not be subjected to
unfair criticism.
[B] TO pressure zoos to spend less on their animals would lead to inhumane outcomes
for the precious creatures in their care.
[C] While animals in captivity deserve sympathy, zoos play a significant role in
starting young people down the path of related sciences.
[D] ZOOS save people trips to wilderness areas and thus contribute to wildlife
conservation.
[E ] For wild animals that cannot be returned to their natural habitats, zoos offer the
best alternative.
[F] ZOOS should have been closed down as they prioritize money making over animals9
well-being.
[G] Mairis distorts our findings, which actually prove that zoos serve as an
indispensable link between man and nature.
2022年英语（一）试题第12页共14页Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into
Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Between 1807 and 1814 the Iberian Peninsula (comprising Spain and Portugal) was
the scene of a titanic and merciless struggle. It took place on many different planes:
between Napoleon's French army and the angry inhabitants; between the British, ever
keen to exacerbate the emperor's difficulties, and the marshals sent from Paris to try to
keep them in check; between new forces of science and meritocracy and old ones of
conservatism and birth. (46) It was also and this is unknown even to many people well
、
read about the period, a battle between those who made codes and those who broke them.
I first discovered the Napoleonic code-breaking battle a few years ago when I was
reading Sir Charles Oman's epic History of the Peninsular War. In volume V he had
attached an appendix, “The Scovell Ciphers.^^ (47) It listed many documents in code
that had been captured fiom the French army of Spain and whose secrets had been
、
revealed by the work of one George Scovell, an officer in British headquarters. Oman
rated Scovell9 s significance highly, but at the same time, the general nature of his History
meant that (48) he could not analyze cacefiilly what this obscure officer may or may not
have contributed to that great struggle between nations or indeed tell us anything much
about the man himself. Keen to read more, I was surprised to find that Oman's appendix,
published in 1914, was the only considered thing that had been written about this secret
war.
I became convinced that this story was every bit as exciting and significant as that
of Enigma and the breaking of German codes in the Second World War. The question
was , could it be told?
Studying Scovell's papers at the Public Record Office, London, I found that he had
left an extensive journal and copious notes about his work in the peninsula. What was
more, many original French dispatches had been preserved in this collection, which, I
realized, was priceless. (49) There may have been many spies and intelligence officers
during the Napoleonic Wars, but it is usually extremely difficult to find the material they
actually provided or worked on.
As I researched ScovelFs story, I found far more of interest besides his intelligence
work. His status in Lord Wellington's headquarters and the recognition given to him for
his work were bound up with the class politics of the army at the time. His story of
self-improvement and hard work would make a fascinating biography in its own right,
but represents something more than that. (50) Just as the code-breaking has its wider
relevance in the struggle for Spain, so his attempts to make his way up the promotion
ladder speak volumes about British society.
2022年英语（一）试题第13页共14页Section III Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
Write an email to a professor at a British university, inviting him/her to organize a
team for the international innovation contest to be held at your university.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name in the email; Use "Li Ming,9 instead. (10 points)
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay,
you should
1) describe the picture briefly,
2) interpret the implied meaning, and
3) give your comments.
Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
2022年英语（一）试题第14页共14页
