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绝密★启用前
2012年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英 语 （一 ）
（科目代码：201）
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考生编号
考生姓名2012年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) fbr each numbered blank and mark A,
B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important
issue recently. The court cannot ] its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law
2 justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways
that 3 the court5 s reputation fbr being independent and impartial.
Justice Antonin Scalia, fbr example, appeared at political events. That kind of
activity makes it less likely that the court5 s decisions will be 4 as impartial
judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not 5 by an ethics code. At
the very least, the court should make itself 6 to the code of conduct that 7 to
the rest of the federal judiciary.
This and other similar cases 8 the question of whether there is still a 9
between the court and politics.
The framers of the Constitution envisioned law 10 having authority apart from
politics. They gave justices permanent positions 11 they would be free to 12
those in power and have no need to 13 political support. Our legal system was
designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely 14
Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental
social 15 like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy
decisions, the law it 16 is inescapably political- which is why decisions split along
ideological lines are so easily 17 as unjust.
The justices must 18 doubts about the court9 s legitimacy by making themselves
19 to the code of conduct. That would make their rulings more likely to be seen as
separate from politics and, 20 convincing as law.
2012年英语（一）试题第1页共14页1. [A] emphasize [B] maintain [C] modify [D] recognize
2. [A] when [B] lest [C] before [D] unless
3. [A] restored [B] weakened [C] established [D] eliminated
4. [A] challenged [B] compromised [C] suspected [D] accepted
5. [A] advanced [B] caught EC] bound [D] founded
6. [A] resistant [B] subject [C] immune [D] prone
7. [A] resorts [B] sticks [C] leads [D] applies
8. [A] evade [B] raise [C] deny [D] settle
9. [A] line [B] barrier [C] similarity [D] conflict
10. LA] by [B] as [C] through [D] towards
11. [A] so [B] since [C] provided [D] though
12. [A] serve [B] satisfy [C] upset [D] replace
13. [A] confirm [B] express [C] cultivate [D] offer
14. [A] guarded [B] followed [C] studied [D] tied
15. [A] concepts [B] theories [C] divisions [D] conventions
16. [A] excludes [B] questions [C] shapes [D] controls
17. [A] dismissed [B] released [C] ranked [D] distorted
18. [A] suppress [B] exploit [C] address [D] ignore
19. [A] accessible [B] amiable [C] agreeable [D] accountable
20. [A] by all means [B] at all costs [C] in a word [D] as a result
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B,
C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
2012年英语（一）试题第2 页共14页Text 1
Come on一Everybody9 s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half
forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually
leads to no good一drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club,
Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she
calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group
dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.
Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of examples of the social
cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage
Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention
initiative known as loveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.
The idea seems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of
the lameness of many public-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer
pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of
psychology. ccDare to be different, please don't smoke! ” pleads one billboard campaign
aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers - teenagersi who desire nothing more than
fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a
page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.
But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive.
Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the
social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw
of the social cure as it's presented here is that it doesn't work very well for very long.
Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the loveLife
program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.
There's no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior.
An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits - as well as negative
ones - spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle
form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.
Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our
peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. Ifs like the teacher who
breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved
classmates. The tactic never really works. And thafs the problem with a social cure
engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our
own firiends.
2012年英语（一）试题第3 页共14页21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as
[A] a supplement to the social cure.
[B] a stimulus to group dynamics.
[C] an obstacle to social progress.
[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors.
22. Rosenberg holds that public-health advocates should
[A] recruit professional advertisers.
[B] learn from advertisers5 experience.
[C] stay away from commercial advertisers.
[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements.
23. In the author's view, Rosenberg5s book fails to
[A] adequately probe social and biological fectors.
[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure.
[C] illustrate the functions of state funding.
[D] produce a long-lasting social effect.
24. Paragraph 5 shows that our imitation of behaviors
[A] is harmfiil to our networks of friends.
[B] will mislead behavioral studies.
[C] occurs without our realizing it.
[D] can produce negative health habits.
25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is
[A] harmful.
[B] desirable.
[C] profound.
[D] questionable.
2012年英语（一）试题第4 页共14页Text 2
A deal is a deal一except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. The company, a
major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week
when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the state's
strict nuclear regulations.
Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not:
challenge the constitutionality of Vermont9 s rules in the federal court, as part of a
desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. Ifs a stunning
move.
The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont's
only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state
approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to
operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of
the plant9s license be subject to the Vermont legislature's approval. Then, too, the
company went along.
Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply
didn't foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial
collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe system
leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee's safety and Entergy5s
management一especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe.
Enraged by Entergy's behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against
allowing an extension.
Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because
of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over
nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has
ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars
say the Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend.
Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if
every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside
the point.
The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so
damaged that it has nothing left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should
be consequences. Pennission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust. Entergy runs 11
other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth.
Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal pennission to keep it
open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews
the company9 s application, it should keep in mind what promises from Entergy are worth.
2012年英语（一）试题第5 页共14页26. The phraseccreneging on ” (Line 3, Para. 1) is closest in meaning to
[A] condemning.
[B] reaffirming.
[C] dishonoring.
[D] securing.
27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to
[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.
[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.
[C] acquire an extension of its business license.
[D [ get permission to purchase a power plant.
28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its
[A] managerial practices.
[B] technical innovativeness.
[C] financial goals.
[D] business vision.
29. In the author's view, the Vermont case will test
[A] Entergy's capacity to fillfill all its promises.
[B] the nature of states' patchwork regulations.
[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues.
[D] the limits of states5 power over nuclear issues.
30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that
[A] Entergy's business elsewhere might be affected.
[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.
[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.
[D] Vermont5S reputation might be damaged.
2012年英语（一）试题第6 页共14页Text 3
In the idealized version of how science is done, fects about the world are waiting to
be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to
carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently
follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot
escape the context of our unique life experiences. Prior knowledge and interests
influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent
actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.
Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to
newly staked mining claims, they are fiill of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and
acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility
process, through which the individual researchefs me, here, now becomes the community's
anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.
Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit.
But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next.
Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make
discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication
process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the
public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly
accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works its way through the community,
the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the
science and the technology involved transforms an individual5s discovery claim into the
community's credible discovery.
Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends
to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or
incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is alreacfy known
and believed. The goal is ne^-search^ not research. Not surprisingly, newly published
discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will
always be open to challenge and potential modification or refiitation by fiiture researchers.
Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist
Albert Szent-Gybrgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and
thinking what nobody has thought.,, But thinking what nobody else has thought and
telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are
required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.
In the end, credibility "happens“ to a discovery claim一a process that corresponds
to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. "We
reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other's reasoning and each other's
conceptions of reason/5
2012年英语（一）试题第7 页共14页31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its
[A] uncertainty and complexity.
[B] misconception and deceptiveness.
[C] logicality and objectivity.
[D] systematicness and regularity.
32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that the credibility process requires
[A] strict inspection.
[B] shared efforts.
[C] individual wisdom.
[D] persistent innovation.
33. Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it
[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.
[B] has been examined by the scientific community.
[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.
[D] has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.
34. Albert Szent-Gyorgyi would most likely agree that
[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.
[B] discoveries today inspire fixture research.
[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.
[D] scientific work calls fbr a critical mind.
35. Which of the following would be the best title of the text?
[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.
[B] Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.
[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.
[D] Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.
2012年英语（一）试题第8 页共14页Text 4
If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent
civil servants. When Hoffa9s Teamsters were in their prime in I960, only one in ten
American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of
unionists in America's public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private
sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of
private-sector ones are unionized.
There are three reasons fbr the public-sector unions5 thriving. First, they can shut
things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are
mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America's public-sector workers have a
university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go
back a long way. Britain's Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated
with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from
public-sector unions.
At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of
the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state's budget is
patrolled by unions. The teachers5 unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons
and a variety of labor groups on health care.
In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the
private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have
repeatedly46 backloadedpublic-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but
adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.
Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most notoriously in education, where
charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there
is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable,
teachers9 unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.
As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp
down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker,
the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the
current system, too.
John Donahue at Harvard's Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in
Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad fbr high achievers. The
only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are
university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers5 fat pay packets
have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high
achievers may be a much bigger problem fbr America.
2012年英语（一）试题第9 页共14页36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that
[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.
[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.
[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.
[D] the government has improved its relationship with unionists.
37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?
[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.
[B] Education is required fbr public-sector union membership.
[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.
[D] Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble fbr their actions.
38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is
[A] illegally secured.
[B] indirectly augmented.
[C] excessively increased.
[D] fairly adjusted.
39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions
[A] often run against the current political system.
[B] can change people's political attitudes.
[C] may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.
[D] are dominant in the government.
40. John Donahue5s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of
[A] disapproval.
[B] appreciation.
[C] tolerance.
[D] indifference.
2012年英语（一）试题第10页 共 14页PartB
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41 -45, choose
the most suitable one from the list A - G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There
are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on
ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and
realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a
brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or
two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.
The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors,
entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as
a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and
radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)
The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves
as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise
and critique. The computer is the 21st century5 s culture machine.
But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also act with
caution. ( 4 2 ) I call it a secret war for two
reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at
work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who
use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they
are doing.
All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make
nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading.
Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use
them to create superfluous material goods一paintings, sculpture and architecture一and
superfluous experiences一music, literature, religion and philosophy.(43)
For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in
download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of
production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger
group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining
content to just consume. (44)__________________________________________
2012年英语（一）试题第11页 共 14页Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that
television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on. (45)
What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept
of “ stickiness,,一creations and experiences to which others adhere.
[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and
ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires
great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a
defining constituent of humanity.
[B] Applications like tumblr.com, which allow users to combine pictures, words and
other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add
stickiness by amusing, entertaming and enlightening others.
[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they
had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of
people every day.
[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between
downloading and uploading一between passive consumption and active creation一
whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to
imagine.
[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one
format being replaced by another in the maimer of record players being replaced
by CD players.
[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that fbr the past
half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single
medium—television一and television is defined by downloading.
[G] The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to
encourage thoughtfill downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful
uploading.
2012年英语（一）试题第12页 共 14页PartC
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into
Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the
scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science.
Newton's laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different
phenomena into a single explicatory framework.
(46) In physics, one approach takes this impulse fbr unification to its extreme, and
seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see. It is becoming
less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions
and universes that it might entail. Nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.
This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences
too. (47) Here, Darwinism seems to ofifer justification, for if all humans share common
origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more
constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might
all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world5 s languages, music, social
and religious customs and even histoiy are governed by universal features. (48) To filter
out what is unique firom what is shared might enable us to understand how complex
cultural behavior arose and what guides it inevolutionary or cognitive terms.
That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published
online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his
colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to
find universality in language.
The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested
that humans are bom with an innate language-acquisition capacity that dictates a
universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire
fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.
(49) The second, by Joshua Greenberg” takes a more empirical approach to
universality, identifidng traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages,
which are considered to represent biases that result fii)m cognitive constraints.
Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees
that between them represent more than 2,000 languages. (50) Chomsky's grammar
should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the
pathway tracked through it- whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co
dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns
is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lineage
specific and not governed by universals.
2012年英语（一）试题第13页 共 14页Section III Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
Some international students are coming to your university. Write them an email in
the name of the Students' Union to
1) extend your welcome and
2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming?? instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
PartB
52. Directions：
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay
you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
2012年英语（一）试题第14页共14页
