文档内容
义务教育教科书
书 名 生物学 七年级上册
责任编辑 陈彦理 邓晓峰 李 炘
责任校对 丁文隽 洪淑娴
美术编辑 许 畅 张金风 李小玥
出 版 江苏凤凰教育出版社(南京市湖南路 1 号A楼 邮编 210009)
重 印 江苏凤凰出版传媒股份有限公司
发 行 江苏凤凰出版传媒股份有限公司
照 排 南京紫藤制版印务中心
印 刷 南通印刷总厂有限公司
开 本 787 毫米×1092 毫米 1/16
印 张 9.5
版 次 2024 年 7 月第 1 版
印 次 2024 年 7 月第 1 次印刷
书 号 ISBN 978-7-5743-0964-7
定 价 9.42元
审 批 号 苏费核(2024年)0403号 举报电话 12315
邮购电话 025-85406265,025-85400774
印装质量 025-83658579
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提供盗版线索者给予重奖7
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