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专题 02 动词的时态和语态（解析版）
Part1 1：知识点梳理
1. 常见的十种动词时态，尤其是对一般过去时和现在完成时的考查；
2. 被动语态。
知识点1 基本用法
1. 常见的十种动词时态有：一般现在时、现在完成时、现在进行时、现在完成进行时、一般
将来时、将来进行时、过去将来时、一般过去时、过去进行时和过去完成时。
2. 动词的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表
示主语是动作的承受者。不及物动词或不及物动词短语不能用于被动语态。
People speak English all over the world. (主动语态)
English is spoken all over the world. (被动语态)
一般 ask/asks asked shall/will ask should/would ask
进行 am/is/are asking was/were asking shall/will be asking should/would be asking
完成 have/has asked had asked shall/will have asked should/would have asked
完成 shall/will have been
have/has been asking had been asking should/would have been asking
进行 asking
知识点1 常考时态的用法
1. 一般现在时
(1)表示经常性或习惯性的动作。
Tom often goes to school by bike.
(2)表示自然现象、客观事实或普遍真理。
Spring follows winter.
(3)表示现有的性质、能力或状态。
The flowers look beautiful.
(4)表示按计划安排好了将要发生的动作，这种情况仅限于少数有“开始”或“移动”意义的词，
例如come, go, leave, start, arrive, begin, meet, fall, close, open, end, stop, return, take off等。
The party begins at 7 o’clock.
(5)在时间、条件、让步状语从句中，常用一般现在时表示将来的动作或状态。I’ll write you a letter as soon as I get there.
If I have enough time, I’ll travel around the world.
Wherever you go, you will see the same thing.
2. 现在进行时
(1)表示此时此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态。
Are you working hard this term?
The car is being repaired.
(2)come, go, leave, do, send, take off, sail, arrive, return等表示方位移动的短暂性动词常用进行时表
将来。
We are going hiking this Sunday.
(3)与always, often, all the time, constantly, continuously, forever等连用表示频繁反复发生的动作或状
态，常含有批评、抱怨、不满或赞扬等感情色彩，但并非强调动作正在进行。
He is always getting angry with me.
3. 现在完成时
(1)表示过去的动作现已结束，但对现在产生影响，常带有already, just, ever, never等副词。
He has already obtained a scholarship.
(2)表示动作或状态从过去开始，一直持续到现在。此时，通常用延续性动词，并常与表示一段时
间的状语连用，例如for ten minutes, since 1980, in recent years, so far。
The film has been on for half an hour.
(3)表示到目前为止的一段时间内，第……次做某事。
It’s the third time that I’ve seen the film.
4. 现在完成进行时
(1)发生在过去的动作或状态，持续到现在或将继续下去，可以译成“一直”。现在完成时侧重持
续或影响到现在，不强调将来的延续。
I have been cleaning the house all the afternoon.
(2)到目前为止，多次重复发生的动作或状态。
I have been telephoning him several times this morning.
5. 一般将来时
(1)表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
The football game will begin soon.
(2)表示事物固有的属性或必然趋势。
Fish will die without water.
(3)表示临时的决定。
— We don’t have any milk in our fridge.— I’ll go and buy some.
(4)其他表示将来的结构
① be going to do表示主观打算或有迹象将要发生某事。
I’m going to have my hair cut after work.
Look at the clouds in the sky. It is going to rain.
② be＋to do表示按计划、安排将要发生的动作，还可表示命令或注定要发生的事。
There is to be an English exam next Monday.
Father warned his son，“You are to be back by ten.”
The worst is still to come.
③ be about to do表示正要去做某事，但不与表将来的时间状语连用。
I am about to go shopping.
注意：if条件句中一般不用将来时，如果使用will，其意义为“愿意”。
If you will give her another chance, she will surprise you.
6. 过去将来时
表示对过去某一时刻而言将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
He said he would come to our school.
7. 一般过去时
(1)表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示过去的时间状语连用。
I bought a new bike last week.
(2)表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。
He often watched TV at night.
8. 过去进行时
(1)表示过去某段时间里或某一时刻正在进行的动作或存在的状态。
I was playing computer games when my parents came home.
He slipped out of the classroom when the teacher was not noticing him.
(2)表示过去频繁发生的动作或习惯，常与always等副词连用。
Mrs. Black was always having dinner with her old parents.
9. 过去完成时
(1)表示过去某时间或某动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态，即“过去的过去”。
I had read the report by last weekend.
When I came back, he had eaten all the sweets.
(2)在hardly/scarcely... when, no sooner... than, It was the first/second... time (that)... 等句型中。
We had hardly/scarcely left the house when it began to rain.
No sooner had we left the house than it began to rain.It was the third time he had been out of work that year.
(3)表希望、想法、打算、意图的动词用过去完成时，表示未曾实现的愿望，意为“本打算……，
本希望……”。这类动词有mean, intend, expect, hope, want, plan, think, suppose等。
They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.
知识点2 几组时态的区别
I have just finished my homework.我刚刚写完
现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影 作业。(看上去好像是过去才发生的事情,但是对
现在完成时
响和结果,动作到现在刚完成或还在继续 我现在有了影响。因为写完了作业,就可以做自己
想做的事情。)
过去完成时指的是相对于过去的某一
When he came in,I had had my supper.他进来
特定时间更早发生的动作,发生在“过去
过去完成时 时,我就已经吃完晚餐了。(吃在进来之前,所以用
的过去”,即过去完成时至少涉及两个过
过去完成时。)
去的动作
知识点4 固定结构中的时态
This/That/It is/was the 若主句中为is,则从句时态 This is the first time we have
first/second...time+that从句“是……次做 用现在完成时;若为was,则从 seen a film in the cinema together
某事” 句时态用过去完成时 as a family.
若be动词用一般过去时,
It+be...before... I’m sorry you’ve been
则before 从句中常用一般过去
waiting so long,but it’ll still be
“要过……才”或“在……以后 时;若be动词用将来时,则
才” some time before Brian gets back.
before 从句中常用一般现在时
was/were doing...when“正在做某事,
这时(突然)” I was about to leave when he
came in.
was/were about to do...when...“正要 在when引导的从句中,谓
I had just locked the door
做某事,这时(突然)” 语动词用过去式
when I realised I had left my key
had done...when“刚做完某事,这时 on the kitchen table.
(突然)”
It has been three years since
he worked here.
他不在这工作已经三年
since从句用过去时。该句 了。
型表某个动作持续多久。但若
It has been three years since
It is/has been+时间段+since since后跟延续性动词,要翻译 he smoked.
成否定含义,即“没做某事已经
他已经戒烟三年了。
多久了”
It has been three years since
he began to smoke.
他吸烟有三年了。
知识点5 八种时态的标志词ago,yesterday,the day before yesterday,last week/year/night/month...,in 1989,just now,at
一般过
the age of five,one day,ago,long ago,once upon a time,then(那时),on that day,the other day(几
去时
天以前)
现在
now,these days,at this moment/time
进行时
过去
at this time yesterday,at that time或“when+一般过去时从句”,at 1:00 last night
进行时
现在 recently,recent years,these days/years,lately,since,for+时段(但还在延续),in the past few
years,ever since,in the last/past five months,up to now,since then,so
完成时
far,ever,never,yet,lately,once,twice,three/four times...,already,before,just
过去
before,by the end of last year/term/month
完成时
一般 tomorrow,next day/week/month/year...,soon,in a few minutes,by...,the day after
将来时 tomorrow,in the future
过去
the next day/morning/year...,the following month/week...
将来时
知识点6 主动语态表示被动意义
This kind of material washes
easily.
不及物动词与状语连用,用以 cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,l
The pen writes smoothly.
表示主语的品质和状态 ock,wash,drive,keep
Meat won’t keep long in such hot
weather.
begin,finish,start,open,close, The shop closes at 6 p.m.every
表开始、结束、运动的动词
stop,end,run day.
Your hair wants cutting.
有些表示“需要”的动词后
need,require,want,be worth The floor requires washing.
加动词的-ing形式
The book is worth reading.
The question is difficult to
answer.
hard,difficult,easy,heavy,fit,
不定式在某些形容词之后,且
good,comfortable,convenient,imp The box is heavy to carry.
与主语有动宾关系
ossible
The project is impossible to
complete in a year.
Part 2：高考真题精选1.（2022新高考I卷）
The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that __________ (be)previously
unprotected,
答案：were
解析：考查时态和主谓一致。句意：该计划将把保护范围扩大到大量以前未受保护的地区，将许多
现有的大熊猫保护区纳入一个管理机构，以提高效率，减少管理上的不一致性。设空处在 that引导
的限制性定语从句中作谓语，先行词为 a significant number of areas，先行词在从句中作主语，根据
“previously (之前地)”可知从句的时态应为一般过去时，根据主谓一致，从句主语复数，从句谓语复
数形式。故填were。
2.（2022新高考I卷）
After a three-year pilot period, the GPNP will be officially set up next year. The GPNP __________
(design)to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity(完整性)of natural
ecosystems, preserving biological diversity, protecting ecological buffer zones, and leaving behind precious
natural assets(资产)for future generations”.
答案：is designed
解析：考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：GPNP旨在体现“保护自然生态系统的真实性和完整性，
保护生物多样性，保护生态缓冲区，为子孙后代留下宝贵的自然资产”的指导原则。设空处在句中
作谓语，和句子的主语The GPNP之间为被动关系；叙述客观事实，应用一般现在时。故设空处应
为一般现在时的被动语态，主语单数，谓语单数形式。故填is designed。
3（2022全国甲卷）
In the last five years, Cao ___________ (walk) through 34 countries in six continents
答案：has walked
的
解析：考查动词时态。句意：在过去 五年中，曹操穿越了六大洲的34个国家，2016年，他到达了
乞力马扎罗山顶，这是非洲最高的山峰。根据时间状语 in the last five years可知，此处应用现在完成
时，主语Cao为第三人称单数，助动词用has。故填has walked。
4.（2022全国乙卷）
The chairman of the China Culture Promotion Society ___________ (address) the opening ceremony.
答案：addressed
解析：考查时态。句意：中国文化促进会会长在开幕式上致辞。陈述过去事情，用一般过去时。故填addressed。
5（2022年浙江卷1月）
Travelling to conferences, lectures, workshops, and the like frequently by plane ________（view） as
important for scientists to get together and exchange information.
答案：is viewed或has been viewed
解析：考查被动语态。句意：对科学家而言，旅行去参加会议、讲座、工作室之类的地方来相聚并
交流信息这件事被视为是重要的。描述人们普遍认知的事情用一般现在时，此处也可以表示强调人
们从过去到现在的认知，动名词作主语与主谓之间存在被动关系，故填 is viewed 或 has been
viewed。
6（2022年浙江卷1月）
But Cobb and others ________ （be） now questioning that idea pushing conferences to provide more
chances to participate remotely, and ________（change） their personal behavior to do their part in
dealing with the climate change crisis.
答案：are；changing
解析：考查时态和主谓一致。句意：但是现在Cobb和其他人正在质疑那个想法，推动会议提供更多
远程参加的机会以及为了尽自己的能力来应对气候变化危机，他们正在改变他们的个人行为。第一
空：根据句意可知，此处也应使用现在进行时，主语为复数，故填are。第二空：分析句子结构可知，
此处and连接并列的动词questioning和change，故填changing。
7（2022年浙江卷1月）
On a website called No Fly Climate Sci, for example, roughly 200 academics —many of them climate
scientists __________ （promise） to fly as little as possible since the effort started two years ago.
答案：have promised
解析：考查时态。句意：例如，在一个叫“无飞行科学家”的网站上，自从两年前成立以来，大约
有200个学者，他们中很多人承诺尽可能少飞行。根据时间状语“since+过去时间”可知主句应使用
现在完成时，故填have promised。
8.（2022年新高考2卷）
Henry ___42___ (fix) his car when he heard the screams. He looked up and saw Eric hanging from the
balcony. He quickly ___43___ (throw) his tools aside, and started running, arms out.
答案：42. was fixing 43. threw解析：
【42题详解】
考查谓语动词。句意：听到尖叫声时，亨利正在修车。根据句子结构，设空处应该填写谓语动词。
根据空后的when he heard the screams，可知，设空处的动作是正在发生的，同时该句描述的是过去
的事实。故使用过去进行时。fix为动词，意为“修理”，其过去进行时为 was fixing。故填was
fixing。
【43题详解】
考查谓语动词过去式。句意：他迅速把工具扔到一边，伸出胳膊跑了起来。根据句子结构，设空处
与空后的and started构成并且结构。故应该使用一般过去时。throw为动词，意为“扔”，过去时为
threw。故填threw。
9.（2021.6新高考1卷 语法填空）
What comes next is the endless series of steps. You can't help wondering how hard it 6 (be) for the
people then to put all those rocks into place.
【答案】was
【解析】考查动词时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，此处应该填谓语动词。根据空后的提示词
then可知，表示当时的情况，故此处谓语动词应用一般过去时；从句主语为it，是第三人称单数形
式。故填was。
10.（2021.6 浙江卷 语法填空）
After Lincoln was elected President of the US in 1861, they rented the house and 10 (sell) most of
their furniture.
【答案】sold
【解析】考查一般过去时。句意：1861年，林肯被选举为国家总统后，他们租了房子并且卖掉了大
部分的家具。rent和sold为并列谓语，用and连接，所以都用一般过去时。
11.（2021.6全国甲卷 语法填空）
It 1 (build) originally to protect the city in the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored
（修复）.
【答案】was built ;
【解析】考查动词的时态/语态以及主谓一致。根据句子结构可知，空格填写谓语动词， 又因it指
代前面The Xi'an City Wall，和build是被动关系，且是在 the Tang dynasty被建立，故用过去式的被
动语态。本句句意：它最初是在唐代为保护这座城市而建的，现在已经完全修复。故填was built。12.（2021.6全国甲卷 语法填空）
We 6 (hire) our bikes from the rental place at the South Gate.
【答案】hired
【解析】考查动词的时态。根据句子的结构可知空格应该填写谓语动词，根据后文My bike was old
可知， 应该为过去的时态，主语为we, 为主动语态，故填hired。
13.（2021.6 浙江卷 语法填空）
It doesn't impress like George Washington's plantation on the Pohomac, but Lincoln's home in downtown
Springfield, Illinois, 1 (prove) irresistible to visitors since it opened to the publie.
【答案】has proved 或 has proven
【解析】考查现在完成时。结合句中since一词，可以判断句子的谓语应该用现在完成时。句意：自
从它开放后，林肯的家已经证明是让游客们不可抵挡地想去参观的。
14.（2021.6 浙江卷 语法填空）
Mary's niece wrote, pretty, "The little home 5 (paint) white.
【答案】was painted
【解析】考查一般过去时的被动语态。句意：这个小房子被粉刷成白色。房子被粉刷，所以用被动。
动作发生在过去，所以用一般过去时。
15.（2021.1 浙江卷 语法填空）
It is calculated by dividing a person’s weight in kg by their height in meters squared, and a BMI of
between 19 and 25 4 (consider) healthy.
【答案】is considered
【解析】考查被动语态。句意：介于19-25的BMI数值被认为是健康的。分析句子结构a BMI of
between 19 and 25 (consider) healthy.可知 Consider做谓语，主语是单数，根据句意谓语动词应为被
动且时态为一般现在时，故答案为 is considered。
16.（2021.1 浙江卷 语法填空）
In cities, however, the gain 6 (be) 1.3 in women and 1.6 in men.
【答案】was
【解析】考查系动词。句意：然而在城市里，女人增长数值是1.3，男人增长为1.6。分析句子结构
可知主the gain是单数且该句陈述过去研究数据时态为一般过去时，故答案为was。17.（2021.6全国甲卷 改错）
One of the questions are: Who will you go in times of trouble?
【答案】are改为is；
【解析】考查主谓一致。主语为one of the questions，表示问题中的一个，是单数意义，谓语动词应
为单数，故are改为is。
18.（2021.6全国乙卷 改错）
That's our view on housework. And hopes this can inspire more thinking on the topic!
把hopes改为hope
考查省略句。分析题目可知，此处表示(I) hope this can inspire…，故hope应用动词原形形式。故把
hopes改为hope。
19.（2021.6全国乙卷 改错）
I also water the flowers in the yard and tidying up my own bedroom whatever necessary.
【答案】把tidying改为tidy
【解析】考查谓语动词。根据句中的and可知，water和tidy应为并列动作，所以动词形式应该保持
一致。故把tidying改为tidy。
20.（2021.3 天津卷 单选）
We quite enough work for the morning; now let's take a break.
A. have done B. will do C. had done D. were doing
【答案】A
【解析】考查时态。句意：今天上午我们做的工作够多的了，现在让我们休息一下吧。根据后半
句"now let's take a break."可知，做很多工作这件事情是从过去某个时间开始一直到现在，应用现在
完成时。故选A。
