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专题 24 阅读理解之说明类
《考点•题型 •技巧》
考向分析
所谓说明文，就是指研究自然科学与技术的文章。说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说
明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事理，达到教人以知识的
目的，在结构上往往采用总分、递进等方式按一定的顺序（如时间、空间、从现象到本
质）进行说明。说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情
倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、
功能等，了解事理的含意、特点等。最近五年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选
材通常是各学科的前沿问题；高科技领域的科研成果；人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方
面的经典。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此说明文是高考试
卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。阅读理解试题的中要考点之一是考查学生对
词汇和句式的掌握。说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵
活，同一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了4-5%。不过
考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，同位语、下定义、解释、举例、
同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号（如破折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明）等。
考点导航
考点01 细节理解题
说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点：⑴在列举处
命题，如用first(1y)、second(1y)、third(1y)finally、not only...but also...、then、in addition等
表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答
案项。⑵在例证处命题，句中常用由as、such as、for example、for instance等引导的短语
或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。⑶在转折对比处命题，一般
通过however、but、yet、in fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike、until、not so much…as等词
语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。⑷在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反
的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，
才能顺利地排除干扰。⑸在复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式
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学科网（北京）股份有限公司等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系。
细节类问题一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选
择项不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。
考点02 语意猜测题
说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的
生词较多，所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以 the underlined
part … in paragraph…refers to… 或 what does the underlined word mean? 或
what is the meaning of the underlined word?为设问方式。解题时考生应认真阅读原文，分析
其对某些科学原理是如何定义、如何解释的，并以此为突破口抽象概括出生词词义。也可
以通过上下文来猜测某个陌生词语的语意。或者找出某个词语在文章中的同义词。要注意
破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入语等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分。说明文在阐
述说明对象时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以it，they，them 等代词为
命题点，因此考生要根据上下文语境，认真阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同
执行者，以便准确判断代词的其实际指代对象。
考点03 主旨大意题
说明文常用文章大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中
心意思的概括和归纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以This passage m
ainly talks about ____. What is the main idea of the passage? 为设问方式。
答题时首先阅读题干，掌握问题的类型，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，
然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄
别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。
考点04 判断推理题
这种试题常以(1)the passage is intended to...(2) the author suggests that...(3) the story
implies that…(4) which point of view may the author agree to?(5) from the passage we can
conclude that...(6) the purpose of the passage is to...为设问方式。这种题型的答案在原文中不
是直接就能找到的，它要求考生进行合理的推断。如因果关系，文中的某些用词、语气也
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学科网（北京）股份有限公司往往具有隐含意义，考生要将这种含义读出来。说明文常出现图示判断题，这种试题可以
事物之间正确的依赖关系为命题点，要求考生判断其正确的流程顺序相互关系等。考生一
定要认真阅读原文，并对照原文介绍的情况，弄清图示的差异，根据题干需要最终做出正
确判断。如：动物介绍性说明文常出现动物能力判断题，考查考生对特定动物所具有能力
的判断。解题时考生应认真阅读原文对动物形态活动能力的判断，了解动物的生存环境和
是否会使用工具，是否善于爬行、飞翔和游泳等。观点态度题也是判断推理题考查的内容
之一。说明文的对象为客观事实，但设题以议论的表达方式抒发对该说明对象的想法。如
对某种新发明的赞赏，或对某个事物的批判。这类题目常见的题干表达方式有what was the
author’s attitude towards ...? 等。
高考阅读理解中，说明文为主要体裁之一。高考阅读理解题的设问主要围绕以下四方面：
细节事实题、主旨大意题、推理判断题、猜测词义题。其中，说明文主要以细节事实、主
旨大意和猜测词义三方面问题为主。
一、词义猜测类题型
阅读理解题中常要求学生猜测某些单词或短语的意思。历年英语高考题中均有此类题目，
有的文章尽管没有专门设题，但由于文章中常常出现生词，因此，词义的猜测还是贯穿在
文章的阅读理解之中。解这类题目一般是通过上下文去理解或根据构词法去猜测。判断一
个单词的意思不但离不开句子，而且还需要把句子放在上下文中，根据上下文提供的线索
加以猜测。运用构词法,语境等推测关键词义，可以根据以下几种方法猜测：
（一）内在逻辑关系
根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，
然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义。
1、通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词
通过同义词猜词，一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组，如happy and gay，即使我们不
认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思。这是高三册第八单元阅读第五段的句子：
二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词，如Man has known something about the planets
Venus，Mars，and Jupiter with the help of spaceships. 此句中的Venus（金星）,Mars（火
星）,Jupiter（木星）均为生词，但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于＂行星＂这一
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学科网（北京）股份有限公司义域.通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while，however等；二
是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如：He is so homely, not at all as handsome as his
brother.根据not at all...handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思，即不英俊，不漂亮的意
思。
1、根据因果关系猜测词义
通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章
借助关联词（如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，of course，therefore等等）
表示前因后果。例如：
You shouldn’t have blamed him for that, for it wasn’t his fault. 通过for引出的句子所表示的原
因（那不是他的错），可猜出blame的词义是＂责备＂。
2、通过定义或释义关系来推测词义
例如：But sometimes, no rain falls for a long, long time. Then there is a dry period, or drought.
从drought所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即 drought，
由此可见drought意思为＂久旱＂，＂旱灾＂。而a dry period和drought是同义语。这种同
义或释义关系常由is，or，that is，in other words，be called或破折号等来表示。
通过句法功能来推测词义
例如：Bananas, oranges, pineapples, coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.
假如pineapples和coconuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大
致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples, coconuts和bananas, oranges是同类关系，同属fruit
类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是菠萝和椰子。
3、通过描述猜词
描述即作者为帮助读者更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内
在特征的描写。例如 The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and
walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly，it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.从例
句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类.后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活
习性。
（二）外部相关因素
外部相关因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知识，有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系
无法猜出词义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如：The snakes
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学科网（北京）股份有限公司lithered through the grass.根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither词义为＂爬
行＂。
（三）构词法
在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对
文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根,前缀,后缀,合成等构
词法知识，这些问题便不难解决了。
4、根据前缀猜测词义
例如：He fell into a ditch and lay there, semi-conscious, for a few minutes.根据词根conscious
（清醒的，有意识的），结合前缀 semi（半，部分的，不完全的），我们便可猜出
semiconscious词义＂半清醒的，半昏迷的。＂I’m illiterate about such things.词根lit-erate意
为＂有文化修养的，通晓的＂，前缀il表示否定，因此illiterate指＂一窍不通，不知道的
＂。
5、根据后缀猜测词义
例如：Insecticide is applied where it is needed.后缀cide表示＂杀者，杀灭剂＂，结合大家熟
悉的词根insect（昆虫），不难猜出insecticide意为＂杀虫剂＂。Then the vapor may change
into droplets.后缀let表示＂小的＂，词根drop指＂滴，滴状物＂。将两个意思结合起来，
便可推断出droplet词义＂小滴，微滴＂。
6、根据复合词的各部分猜测词义
例如：Growing economic problems were high-lighted by a slowdown in oil output. Hightlight或
许是一个生词，但是分析该词结构后，就能推测出其含义。它是由high（高的，强的）和
light（光线）两部分组成，合在一起便是＂以强光照射，使突出＂的意思。Bullfight is very
popular in Spain. Bull（公牛）和fight（打，搏斗）结合在一起，指一种在西班牙颇为流行
的体育运动—斗牛。
二、主旨大意类题型
主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大
意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎样把握主旨大意题呢？
通常有以下几种方法：
（一）阅读文章的标题或副标题
文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。
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学科网（北京）股份有限公司（二）寻找文章的主题句
分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇
章特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句，即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主
题.若短文由若干段组成，除仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即
段落中心。通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是
用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时，要求学生重视阅读文章的首句
和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此要求学生综观全文，对段落
的内容要融会贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。主题句的特点是：1. 相对于其他句子，
它表达的意思比较概括；2. 主题句一般结构简单；3. 段落中其他句子必定是用来解释，支
撑或发展主题句所表达的思想的。
总之，为提高阅读理解能力，在阅读时应抓中心思想，作者意图及关键词语，运用联想、
比较、归纳、推测等方法，得出最佳结论，选择最佳答案，不能主观臆测，把自己的观点
强加进去，与文章的观点混为一谈。经过长时间有计划，有目的的系统训练，使学生加快
阅读速度，提高阅读的正确性，使两者有机地统一起来，以提高学生阅读英语和运用英语
进行交际的能力，为继续学习和运用英语切实打好基础.阅读是一种综合性很强的语言实际
活动。我们只有进行大量的课内外阅读，掌握一定的阅读技巧，正确运用阅读方法，才能
有效地提高阅读理解能力。
【题型分析】
As a popular subject of study among evolutionary ecologists, three-spined stickleback is
known for their different shapes, sizes, and behaviors—they can even live in both seawater and
freshwater, and under a wide range of temperatures. But what makes that?
The researchers tracked six populations of the fish before and after seasonal changes to their
environment, using genome sequencing. Seasonal changes result in great changes in habitat
structure and balance of salt and freshwater, and only those fish able to tolerate these rapid
changes survive into the next season.
“These changes probably resemble the habitat shifts experienced by stickleback populations
during the past 10,000 years.” says Professor Barrett “We hope to gain insight into the genetic
changes that may have resulted from natural selection long in the past.”
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学科网（北京）股份有限公司Remarkably, the researchers discovered the evidence of genetic changes driven by the
seasonal shifts in habitats, which mirrored the differences found between long-established
freshwater and saltwater populations. “These genetic changes occurred in independent populations
over a single season, highlighting just how quickly the effects of natural selection can be
detected,” says Professor Barrett, “The findings suggest that we may be able to use the genetic
differences to predict how populations may adapt to environment.”
The research emphasizes the importance of studying species in dynamic environments to gain
a better understanding of how natural selection operates. In further research, they plan to
investigate how repeatable the observed genetic changes are, by testing whether they show up year
after year. Doing so would demonstrate their ability to reliably forecast the evolutionary future of
these populations.
1. What does the underlined word “that” refer to in Paragraph l?
A. Stickleback is under a wide range of temperatures.
B. Stickleback is popular with evolutionary ecologists.
C. Stickleback can adapt to different living conditions.
D. Stickleback has different shapes, sizes, and behaviors.
2. What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?
A. The difficulties of the research. B. The purpose of the research.
C. The background of the research. D. The methods of the research.
3. What is the main reason for stickleback's survival?
A. Habitat shifts. B. Genetic change.
C. Seasonal changes. D. Independent populations.
4. Why will scientists study the repetition of the gennetic changes?
A. To know what natural selection is.
B. To study specices in dynamic environments.
C. To test the reliablity of the present discoveries.
D. To forecast the evolutionary future of certain species.
检测训练
1、
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学科网（北京）股份有限公司As aging population gets bigger and dementia (老年痴呆症) more common，more families
are struggling with a complex question: How do you support a loved one with dementia,
especially when you have a full-time job and several kids?
Reg Urbanowski may have an answer to this pressing issue: ROBOTS.
He and his team managed to develop a new type of robots named TP robots. Looking like
stand-up vacuum cleaners attached to an iPad, they can be activated remotely via a smartphone
and guided remotely by a controller app similar to the way a mouse is used on a desktop computer.
All possess audio and visual communication capabilities, allowing the operator to be “in the
room” to interact with Mom or Dad.
He believes that caregivers and family members can use a TP robot to “look in” on people
with mild dementia. He says, “TP robots provide an effective solution for minimizing caregiver
burden, especially for those who have career or other out-of home activities.”
Urbanowski and his team have conducted a study that involves providing TP robots for 15
Manitoba families. These robots are programmed to provide reminders of necessary daily routine
like turning off the gas, taking medicine and having dinner. They will also help ensure patients are
getting the exercise they need to maintain their health and well-being.
Erin Crawford, Program Director with the Alzheimer Society of Manitoba, says she has faith
that TP robots will prove beneficial, particularly when it comes to reminding people with dementia
to do certain things at certain times. “It means that family members that can’t be there, for
whatever reason, know that those things are till happening,” she says.
5. What can we infer about TP robots from Paragraph 3?
A. It’s easy to operate. B. It can clean the room.
C. It's convenient to carry. D. It can be used on a computer.
6. How will TP robots help those with dementia?
A. By having dinner with them. B. By turning off the gas for them.
C. By doing activities with them. D. By reminding them to take pills.
7. What’s Erin Crawford’s attitude to the future of TP robots?
A. Optimistic. B. Cautious. C. Doubtful. D. Critical.
8. What is the main idea of the text?
A. TP robots provide a new solution to dementia.
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学科网（北京）股份有限公司B. TP robots help to take care of dementia patients.
C. Caregivers of dementia will be replaced by TP robots.
D. Urbanowski and his team are developing a new robot.
2、
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and
consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to
existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large
portions(份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.
To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two
experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to
ostensibly(表面上)participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began, each
woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food
first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially
designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.
Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants
followed suit, taking more food than they normally would have. However, they took significantly
more when the actor was thin.
For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls.
In the other case, she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants
followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.
The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we're making
decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the “I’ll have what she's
having” effect. However, we'll adjust the influence. If an overweight person is having a large
portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a
lot, I'll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I?
12. What is the recent study mainly about?
A. Food safety. B. Movie viewership.
C. Consumer demand. D. Eating behavior.
13. What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to?
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学科网（北京）股份有限公司A. Big eaters. B. Overweight persons.
C. Picky eaters. D. Tall thin persons.
14. Why did the researchers hire the actor?
A. To see how she would affect the participants.
B. To test if the participants could recognize her.
C. To find out what she would do in the two tests.
D. To study why she could keep her weight down.
15. On what basis do we “adjust the influence” according to the last paragraph?
A. How hungry we are. B. How slim we want to be.
C. How we perceive others. D. How we feel about the food.
3、
Calling someone a “birdbrain” is considered rude. It implies that someone has a small brain
and thus is not smart. A new study found that the expression doesn’t do birds justice either: Birds’
brains are much bigger than we thought — at least compared to their small bodies.
An international team of 37 scientists measured the brain volume (脑容量) of hundreds of
dinosaurs and extinct birds by scanning fossils of their skulls. The readings were compared to a
large database containing the brain sizes of modern birds. These measurements were then
analyzed, taking into consideration each bird’s body size — resulting in something called “relative
brain size”. The results showed that a dramatic change of birds’ body size happened right after the
mass extinction of dinosaurs 66 million years ago.
According to the study, published on April 23 in the journal Current Biology, birds and
dinosaurs had similar brain sizes before the extinction. After the extinction of the dinosaurs,
however, birds had to find a way to survive, so they shrank their bodies — since smaller animals
need less food — but they kept their big brains.
“The changed landscape may have caused the rapid evolution of new brainbody scaling
patterns (缩放比例) by favoring both larger brains and smaller bodies,” US paleontologist (古生
物学家) Daniel Ksepka, who is the lead author of the study, told CNN.
This “evolutionary brain leap” — as scientists call it — also happened very rapidly. Without
dinosaurs, birds quickly repopulated. They came in all types and sizes, which contributed to the
diverse species of birds we see today.
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学科网（北京）股份有限公司But among all the bird species, certain ones “show above average rates of brain and body size
evolution”, study co-author Adam Smith at Clemson University, US, said in a statement — with
crows and parrots being the most evident. In fact, previous studies have already discovered that
these birds have an amazing cognitive capacity (认知能力). They are able to use tools, imitate
human speech and even remember human faces.
So, in the words of Smith, “calling someone ‘birdbrained’ is actually quite a compliment (恭
维)”!
13. How did the scientists learn the brain sizes of dinosaurs and extinct birds?
A. By studying their fossil skulls. B. By searching the database.
C. By experimenting on their brains. D. By analyzing their body size.
14. How did the birds change after the extinction of the dinosaurs?
A. The birds’ bodies shrank as their brains became smaller.
B. The birds’ bodies became larger while their brains became smaller.
C. The birds’ brains remained almost the same as their bodies shrank.
D. The birds’ brains became larger to adapt to the environment.
15. According to Adam Smith, calling someone “birdbrained” is ________.
A. to make rude remarks B. to laugh at one’s small body size
C. to praise one’s intelligence D. to suggest the person is not smart
16. What is the purpose of this text?
A. To describe how birds’ evolution happened.
B. To explain the origin of the word “birdbrain”.
C. To show the amazing abilities of bird species.
D. To present the latest study on birds’ brain size.
4、
Smart phones, tablets, fitness trackers, headphones and most of the electronic devices we use
today are made of metal, plastic and glass. But electronics don’t have to be. Sala de Medeiros and
her colleagues found a way to turn an ordinary piece of paper into a simple electronic keypad.
Many teams around the world are working on paper-based electronics. But this new device is
different from any other device. It’s the first to power itself and also resist water and dust. The
user’s touch gives it all the power it needs to run.
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学科网（北京）股份有限公司No single moment inspired her paper keypad. Instead, she focused on devices other engineers
have been working on. Then she discovered that high cost was a problem with some flexible
electronics. So she decided to work with low-cost materials.
Teflon(聚四氟乙烯) is a chemical coating that keeps food from sticking to pots and pans.
Similar com-pounds(复合物) can also make paper waterproof. So she started testing the chemical
but the one that was sup-posed to do the best job didn’t work at all. After some research, Sala de
Medeiros found out that this chemical reacts with air. She had to buy special equipment that
forbade any air getting in the way. Now, the chemical works as planned. Then the team placed a
stencil(钢板) with the shape of a circuit(电路) onto the back of the paper and sprayed on several
layers of materials. Finally, the team flipped over the paper and printed a keypad of numbers on
the other side. They also added a tiny Bluetooth chip, which let their paper device talk to a
computer. The source of electricity comes from the tap of a finger. When you’re typing we can
create the energy by touching or rubbing.
The electronic keypad is regular paper most people could afford but wouldn’t easily get wet
or dirty. It also should fit in your pocket.
1. Which of the following is the unique feature of the new device?
A. It’s the first device made of paper. B. It has little electricity or metal.
C. It gets powered through touch. D. It has no trouble cleaning itself.
2. Why did Teflon fail to work at first?
A. It was exposed to the air. B. It was of low quality.
C. It damaged the equipment. D. It kept food stuck to pots.
3. What is the third paragraph mainly about?
A. The process of creating the device. B. The significance of the research.
C. The application of the device. D. The way to develop Teflon.
4. Which of the following can replace the underlined words “flipped over” in Para. 3?
A. Cleaned up. B. Cut up. C. Held onto. D. Turned over.
5、
An artwork jointly created by a robot and a human artist will go on sale this week. The
artwork — known as an NFT — is to be sold during an online auction (拍卖) on Tuesday. NFT
stands for non-fungible token. It is a piece of art that only exists on a computer technology known
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学科网（北京）股份有限公司as blockchain (区块链).
NFTs can exist in the form of images, video, music and text. They are usually bought with
electronic money. While anyone can view NFTs, the buyer has official ownership rights over the
objects. NFTs have recently been growing in popularity among investors and collectors. Earlier
this month, an artwork in the form of an NFT sold for nearly $70 million.
The piece to be sold this week was a cooperative effort between a human-like robot, known
as Sophia, and Italian artist Andrea Bonaceto. The company behind Sophia, Hanson Robotics,
says the auction will be the first sale of a piece jointly created by a human artist, a robot and
artificial intelligence (AI). The artwork, called “Sophia Instantiation”, is a 12-second video file. It
combines online and physical paintings from Sophia with elements (要素) from Bonaceto’s work.
The artwork also includes influences from art history.
The digital artwork will come with a physical artwork created by Sophia on a printed copy of
the online piece. The online auction is to be held by a company called Nifty Gateway. After the
sale, Sophia will meet with the buyer to study his or her face, before adding a final element to the
artwork. Sophia’s creator, David Hanson, said this part of the project will permit the new owner to
have an unusual “personal connection” to the artwork.
Bonaceto said he hopes his collaboration with Sophia will “make a statement in the art world,
and even the technology world” about the way robots and humans can cooperate in the future.
Sophia’s art could be “a very, very important historical piece”, said Pablo Fraile, a Miami-
based art collector and expert in NFTs. “It’s the first time these ideas have been put together,” he
said.
21. The author’s main purpose in writing paragraph 2 is to ________.
A. explain the value of different forms of NFTs
B. teach readers how to buy NFTs with electronic money
C. provide readers with some information about NFTs
D. advise readers to collect or invest in NFTs
22. What can we know about “Sophia Instantiation”?
A. It is the first NFT artwork to be sold.
B. It is a physical artwork created by Sophia.
C. It is an artwork with elements from art history.
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学科网（北京）股份有限公司D. It is the first artwork created by a robot and AI.
23. What is Pablo Fraile’s attitude towards “Sophia Instantiation”?
A. Positive. B. Uncaring. C. Opposed. D. Skeptical.
24. What can be the best title for the text?
A. An NFT Will Gain High Popularity Among Investors
B. More NFTs Will Be Created by Humans and Robots
C. Sophia Will Be Necessary in Creating Online Artworks
D. Online Artwork That Robot Helps Create Will Be Sold
6、
We already know that salt can lead to heart disease. But could it also affect our mind?
Scientists found that a high-salt diet caused cognitive impairments in mice» and it could produce
the same effect on humans.
Costantino Iadecola, director of the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research the Institute, said
they fed the mice eight to sixteen times their normal salt intake and then tested the mice. After
about three months, the mice had a big change in their behavior. Mice are very curious, and they
like to look for new things. However, the tested mice lost the ability to identify a normal object.
When the mice were put in their cage and asked to find a quiet spot, they did not remember where
the quiet spot was. Then when the mice were building a nest, which is something the mice do
daily, they, were unable to do so. The research suggested humans would experience a similar
response.
Studies have shown Australians eat around double the recommended amount of salt each
day, most of it coming from processed food. Dr. Ladecola said the estimated two teaspoons of salt
the average Australian eats each day could affect the brain function in the long term. However, the
decline might not be as obvious as in the mice, who were given extremely high levels of salt. "But
probably over years and perhaps decades—as opposed to a few months for the mouse—even
lower levels of salt may have a terrible effect," Dr ladecola said.
“High levels of salt cause serious immune changes in the organs in and around the stomach,
resulting in an almost autoimmune effect on the brain. It is part of a growing body of evidence that
we really are what we eat,“ Bryce Vissel, director of the Centre for Neuroscience at the University
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学科网（北京）股份有限公司of Technology Sydney, said. "Those changes in turn cause all sorts of responses in the body, which
over time certainly contribute to cognitive impairments."
9. Which can describe the tested mice?
A. They remained quiet all day. B. They became smarter than ever.
C. They forgot some routine things. D. They were quick at finding objects.
10. What do we know about Australians?
A. They ignore health advice. B. They have a higher-salt diet.
C. They dislike processed food. D. They value their brain health.
11. What does the last paragraph mainly focus on?
A. Studies carried out by Bryce Vissel. B. Immune changes brought about by salt.
C. Effects of daily diets on human behaviors. D. Links between salt intake and brain damage.
12. What does the text suggest?
A. Brain health counts much. B. The body never tells a lie.
C. Low-salt diet is to be advocated. D. Heart diseases can be prevented.
7、
Bioprinting is the medically and bio-technologically equal to 3D printing. By using the same
principles, the aim is to rapidly develop living structures similar to human-grown organs and
tissue that can be used to heal people or test new drugs.
Of course, printing biological tissue is much more complex than building a mechanical part.
There are complex layers of cells in living tissue. Bioprinters use bioink made from cells,
biochemical nutrients and biological stands to support cells in an exact order. Bioinks have to
operate under conditions that are suitable for living, growing tissue, so they cannot really be
printed at temperatures that top body temperature.
Perhaps the simplest form of bioprinting is inkjet printing. Bioink is sprayed through tiny
tubes so it has to be almost liquid and this limits the biological materials that can be printed. Most
3D printers operate by squeezing material through a pipe and bioprinters can use squeezing too,
though care has to be taken not to damage cells through extreme force. Other techniques such as
laser-assisted bioprinting or electrospinning (静电纺丝) are incredibly exact and can be used with
thicker bioinks, but they are more tricky to use with living cells and not as rapid or able to create
large quantities of tissue.
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学科网（北京）股份有限公司Once the bioprinter has done its work, the post-processing stage begins. Bioreactor systems
are often employed to help the tissue grow up. They can be used to copy the forces and
biochemical support that tissue needs to grow and differentiate correctly.
Bioprinting may be a relatively new field but the results so far are encouraging. Stem cells,
which have the potential to turn into several types of cells, are being used to create bone. Organ
printing can improve the health of society in general by wiping out the problem of diseases caused
by organ failure, costly treatments and social care. That promise may be years away from
realization but rapid prototyping (原型技术) enabled by bioprinting is pushing medical advances
forward at pace.
29. What does the underlined word “they” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. Cells. B. Bioinks.
C. Nutrients. D. Biological stands.
30. What should we pay attention to when using bioprinting?
A. The sort of human organs.
B. The thickness of bioinks.
C. The force of squeezing.
D. The order of cells.
31. What can we infer from the 3rd and 4th paragraphs?
A. The process of bioprinting is practical.
B. Bioreactor systems tend not to damage cells.
C. Most 3D printers limit the biological materials.
D. Laser-assisted bioprinting can produce much tissue.
32. Which is the suitable title for the passage?
A. Bioprinting Cures People of Diseases
B. Bioprinting is Similar to 3D Printing
C. Bioprinting Gets Care from Society
D. Bioprinting Has Much Potential
8、
Adulting is hard. While high school students are at the forefront of technological and learning
skills, it’s often not until they leave home that they learn everyday life skills. Some believe that
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学科网（北京）股份有限公司high schools should offer a commonsense course in which students are taught how to pay bills,
change a tire or cook. Now, one Kentucky school is offering an “adulting day” to teach such skills
to students in their senior year.
The class of 2019 at Bullitt Central High School in Shepherdsville, Ky., traded in their
algebra and literature classes for a day to learn some positive life skills, according to Wave 3
News.
“I think that the idea occurred to me, originally, when I saw a Facebook post that parents
passed around saying they needed a class in high school on taxes and cooking, ” Christy Hardin,
director of the BCHS Family Resource & Youth Services Center, told Wave 3. “Our kids can get
that, but they have to choose it. And “Wednesday” was a day they could pick and choose pieces
they didn’t feel like they had gotten so far.”
Members of the community helped provide the lessons for the students one on one, including
local police who taught them how to interact with officers during traffic stops, a speaker who
explained how to decipher the difference between homesickness and depression, and others who
discussed how to use credit cards, how to cook in a dorm room and how to change a tire.
While many people on Facebook applauded the idea, with some arguing, “This should be
taught in every high school, ” others wondered what became of home economics.
Now known as Family and Consumer Sciences, these courses teach students how to cook,
sew and budget, along with other skills. In many districts, however, the classes are electives and
students do not always choose to take them.
“About time this came back, it was called Home Economics,” one woman wrote. “In today’s
diverse make up of families it would be a welcome addition.”
Another shared, “We had home economics that taught us to cook and learned how to sew. We
also had business math that taught us banking and finances. Why in the world is that not taught
today? I mean, a special day called adulting to teach kids this stuff should be a required class
credit.”
17. What can we infer from the first paragraph?
A. High school students are too busy to learn everyday life skills.
B. The schools in other districts have never taught everyday life skills to students.
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学科网（北京）股份有限公司C. High school students are advanced in technological and learning skills.
D. High school students are lacking in everyday life skills.
18. What put BCHS in the spotlight?
A. It did everything it could to cater to the parents.
B. It taught life skills at the cost of academic courses.
C. It offered parents opportunities to instruct classes.
D. It allow students to decide on their own subjects.
19. The underlined word “decipher” in paragraph 4 probably means “________”.
A. determine B. demonstrate C. discriminate D. distribute
20. Which of the following skills are included in the courses?
a. use credit cards b. learn algebra and literature c. change a tire d. how to cook
A. abc B. bcd C. acd D. abd
21. What are people’s attitudes towards the courses?
A. Supportive B. Opposed C. Skeptical D. Indifferent
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