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Move Over, Selfish Gene
Evolution traditionally has a problem with nice people. If only the fittest individuals survive,
then those who are nice to others at their own expense will surely be weeded out. Yet cooperation
is widespread in nature, from plants alerting each other to danger to dolphins cooperating to round
up fish.
A decades-old idea called kin selection can explain some of this: if organisms (生物) have
enough DNA in common, then they can further their own selfish genes by helping one another.
Bees and ants have a system of reproduction which leaves colony members so closely related that
they act almost as a single super-organism. And among any sexually reproducing species, parental
care helps individuals pass on their genes.
But kin selection cannot explain why humans are so nice to strangers. One idea is that we
have evolved to be super-cooperative because, over time, more cooperative groups have
outcompeted less cooperative ones. But there generally isn’t enough genetic variation between
groups to allow natural selection to favor more cooperative ones.
Some researchers think the solution lies in an idea called cultural group selection. Forget
shared genes, they argue. Selection can favor cooperative groups if the people within them share
enough culture. The idea is controversial because to work it requires that groups remain culturally
distinct. As critics point out, people tend to migrate (迁移) between groups, which should
homogenize (使同质化) ideas and customs. Those who back the concept counter that groups have
ways to maintain their distinct culture, including a process called norm (准则) enforcement. Put
simply, if someone migrates into a new cultural group, they are pressured into following the local
rules because failing to do so leads to punishment.
Earlier this year, Mathew and Handley at Arizona State University published a study testing
the idea. They sampled 759 people from four ethnic groups in Kenya who compete intensively for
land, water and livestock. The pair estimated that genetic differences between individuals from
different groups was generally less than 15%. Cultural practices and beliefs varied much more, by
10% to 20%. People cooperated most with members of their own group, as cultural group
selection predicts, and to a lesser extent with members of other groups whose norms most closely
matched their own. That makes sense if culture rather than genetics is what matters. “I think this isone of the most explicit tests of cultural group selection theory so far,” says Mathew.
Not everyone is persuaded. Krasnow at Harvard University sees no theoretical flaw with the
idea, but says that some of his research undermines it. He has found that people don’t just enforce
the rules within their group, but also punish people from other groups who fail to follow their own
group’s norms. Mathew counters that it is reasonable to enforce the norms on outsiders as a step
towards incorporating (使并入) them into your cultural group. “This is often how empires
expand,” she says.
1．The example of bees and ants is used to ________.
A．highlight the significant role of reproduction
B．demonstrate the efficiency of a super-organism
C．reveal why parents care about their selfish genes
D．explain the cause of organisms helping one another
2．For the idea of cultural group selection to work, a pre-condition is that ________.
A．cooperative groups have a larger chance of survival
B．genetic variations in the same cultural group are small
C．cultural differences are weakened with people migrating
D．cultural distinctiveness can be preserved with certain methods
3．The text is developed mainly through ________.
A．sorting information into different topics
B．narrating events in time order
C．presenting doubts and exploring answers
D．discussing similarities and differences
4．We can learn from the passage that ________.
A．culture plays a more significant role in choosing cooperators
B．being selfish is of vital importance for an individual to survive
C．Mathew’s study result contradicts what cultural group selection predicts
D．people joining a new group will be punished for not keeping their own culture
What comes to mind when you think of kung fu? If your mind is filled with images of
Shaolin monks, Bruce Lee, or Kung Fu Panda, you wouldn't be wrong. But for Laurence J.
Brahm, an American documentary filmmaker, the first thing that springs to mind is the concept of
non-violence.As Brahm explained, if you break down the character "wu" it consists of two characters: one
is "ge" meaning dagger-axe; the other is"zhi" meaning to stop. So, the meaning of martial arts in
Chinese is not the art of fighting, a concept that many people take for granted. On the contrary, he
said, kung fu is the art of stopping fighting.
Brahm's relationship with kung fu dates back to the 1970s when he was a karate student in
Hawaii. "My master always told me that if you want to fully understand karate, you have to go to
Shaolin in China. That's where the origin is, "Brahm said. In 1981,he managed to visit the Shaolin
Temple, situated at the foot of the Songshan Mountain in Central China, for the very first time. He
left the mountain, a little disappointed at not finding the martial-arts spirit he expected. But his
passion for kung fu and his desire to find out more were stronger than ever before.
Over the years he trained in many different styles, such as tai chi, Wing Chun, Jeet Kune Do
to understand all of them. "Martial arts can help us connect our body, connect our neural system,
connect our blood flow, and also help connect us into our environment to increase our awareness.
Martial arts is moving meditation (冥想)," Brahm said, his eyes bright and intense.
But to him, kung fu's charm and values are far more than that. He combined the knowledge
from many masters and scholars with his own experience as a practitioner and tutor to extract 12
key principles and values of the martial arts: perseverance, roots, loyalty, respect, harmony,
change, balance, centering, emptiness, flow, pragmatism, non-violence.
"Kung fu, in my eves, is a mirror of Chinese culture.” Brahm said “The traditional values of
kung fu, actually, are in the minds of all Chinese people.”
5．What does Paragraph 2 really want to tell us?
A．The character “ge” means “to stop”.
B．Kung fu is the “art of non-violence”.
C．The character “wu” consists of two characters.
D．Martial arts in Chinese means the “art of fighting”.
6．How did Brahm manage to get the idea of kung fu’s values?
A．He visited the Shaolin Temple in 1981.
B．He trained in many different styles over the years.
C．His master told him about it when he was in Hawaii.
D．He joined his knowledge and his experience together.
7．According to the passage, which word can best describe Brahm?A．Determined. B．Energetic. C．Confident. D．Friendly.
If Confucius(孔子)were still alive today and could celebrate his September 28 birthday with
a big cake, there would be a lot of candles. He'd need a fan or a strong wind to help him put them
out.
While many people in China will remember Confucius on his special day, few people in the
United States will give him a passing thought. It's nothing personal. Most Americans don't even
remember the birthdays of their own national heroes.
But this doesn't mean that Americans don't care about Confucius. In many ways he has
become a bridge that foreigners must cross if they want to reach a deeper understanding of China.
In the past two decades, the Chinese studies programs have gained huge popularity in
Western universities. More recently, the Chinese government has set up Confucius Institutes in
more than 80 countries. These schools teach both Chinese language and culture. The main courses
of Chinese culture usually include Chinese art, history and
philosophy(哲学). Some social scientists suggest that Westerners should take advantage of
the ancient Chinese wisdom to make up for the drawbacks(缺陷)of Western philosophy. Students
in the United States, at the same time, are racing to learn Chinese. So they will be ready for life in
a world where China is an equal power with the United States. Businessmen who hope to make
money in China are reading books about Confucius to understand their Chinese customers.
So the old thinker's ideas are still alive and well.
Today China attracts the West more than ever, and it will need more teachers to introduce
Confucius and Chinese culture to the West.
As for the old thinker, he will not soon be forgotten by people in the West, even if his
birthday is.
8．The opening paragraph is mainly intended to______________.
A．provide some key facts about Confucius
B．attract the readers' interest in the subject
C．show great respect for the ancient thinker
D．prove the popularity of modem birthday celebrations
9．We can learn from Paragraph 4 that American students___________.
A．have a great interest in studying Chinese
B．take an active part in Chinese competitionsC．try to get high scores in Chinese exams
D．fight for a chance to learn Chinese
10．What is the best title for the passage?
A．Forgotten Wisdom in America
B．Huge Fans of the Chinese Language
C．Chinese Culture for Westerners
D．Old Thinker with a Big Future
11．The passage is likely to appear in__________.
A．a personal biography B．a history paper
C．a cultural newspaper D．a philosophy textbook
Usually, when your teacher asks a question, there is only one correct answer. But there is one
question that has millions of correct answers. That question is “What’s your name?” Everyone
gives a different answer, but everyone is correct.
Have you ever wondered about people’s names? Where do they come from? What do they mean?
People’s first names, or given names, are chosen by their parents. Sometimes the name of a
grandparent or other member of the family is used. Some parents choose the name of a well-
known person. A boy could be named George Washington Smith; a girl could be named Helen
Keller Jones.
Some people give their children names that mean good things. Clara means “bright”; Beatrice
means “one who gives happiness”; Donald means “world ruler”; Leonard means “as brave as a
lion”.
The earliest last names, or surnames, were taken from place names. A family with the name Brook
or Brooks probably lived near a brook (小溪); someone who was called Longstreet probably lived
on a long, paved road. The Greenwood family lived in or near a leafy forest.
Other early surnames came from people’s occupations. The most common occupational name is
Smith, which means a person who makes things with iron or other metals. In the past, smiths were
very important workers in every town and village. Some other occupational names are: Carter—a
person who owned or drove a cart; Potter—a person who made pots and pans.
The ancestors of the Baker family probably baked bread for their neighbors in their native village.
The Carpenter’s great-great-great-grandfather probably built houses and furniture.
Sometimes people were known for the color of their hair or skin, or their size, or their specialabilities. When there were two men who were named John in the same village, the John with gray
hair probably became John Gray. Or the John who was very tall could call himself John Tallman.
John Fish was probably an excellent swimmer and John Lightfoot was probably a fast runner or a
good dancer.
Some family names were made by adding something to the father’s name. English-speaking
people added –s or –son. The Johnsons are descendants of John; the Roberts family’s ancestor was
Robert. Irish and Scottish people added Mac or Mc or O. Perhaps all of the MacDonnells and the
O’Donnells are descendants of the same Donnell.
12．Which of the following aspects do the surnames in the passage NOT cover?
A．Places where people lived. B．People’s characters.
C．Talents that people possessed. D．People’s occupations.
13．According to the passage, the ancestors of the Potter family most probably _______.
A．owned or drove a cart B．made things with metals
C．made kitchen tools or containers. D．built houses and furniture.
14．Suppose an English couple whose ancestors lived near a leafy forest wanted their new-born
son to become a world leader, the baby might be named ________.
A．Beatrice Smith B．Leonard Carter
C．George Longstreet D．Donald Greenwood
Sometimes it’s hard to let go. For many British people, that can apply to institutions and
objects that represent their country’s past-age-old castles, splendid homes… and red phone boxes.
Beaten first by the march of technology and lately by the terrible weather in junkyards (废品
场), the phone boxes representative of an age are now making something of a comeback. Adapted
in imaginative ways, many have reappeared on city streets and village greens housing tiny cafes,
cellphone repair shops or even defibrillator machines (除颤器).
The original iron boxes with the round roofs first appeared in 1926. They were designed by
Giles Gilbert Scott, the architect of the Battersea Power Station in London. After becoming an
important part of many British streets, the phone boxes began disappearing in the 1980s, with the
rise of the mobile phone sending most of them away to the junkyards.
About that time, Tony Inglis’ engineering and transport company got the job to remove phone
boxes from the streets and sell them out. But Inglis ended up buying hundreds of them himself,
with the idea of repairing and selling them. He said that he had heard the calls to preserve theboxes and had seen how some of them were listed as historic buildings.
As Inglis and, later other businessmen, got to work, repurposed phone boxes began
reappearing in cities and villages as people found new uses for them. Today, they are once again a
familiar sight, playing roles that are often just as important for the community as their original
purpose.
In rural areas, where ambulances can take a relatively long time to arrive, the phone boxes
have taken on a lifesaving role. Local organizations can adopt them for l pound, and install
defibrillators to help in emergencies.
Others also looked at the phone boxes and saw business opportunities. LoveFone, a company
that advocates repairing cellphones rather than abandoning them, opened a mini workshop in a
London phone box in 2016.
The tiny shops made economic sense, according to Robert Kerr, a founder of LoveFone. He
said that one of the boxes generated around $13,500 in revenue a month and cost only about $400
to rent.
Inglis said phone boxes called to mind an age when things were built to last. “I like what they
are to people, and I enjoy bringing things back,” he said.
15．The phone boxes are making a comeback ______.
A．to form a beautiful sight of the city
B．to improve telecommunications services
C．to remind people of a historical period
D．to meet the requirement of green economy
16．Why did the phone boxes begin to go out of service in the 1980s?
A．They were not well-designed. B．They provided bad services.
C．They had too short a history. D．They lost to new technologies.
17．The phone boxes are becoming popular mainly because of ______.
A．their new appearance and lower prices B．the push of the local organizations
C．their changed roles and functions D．the big funding of the businessmen
Many people want to travel around the world and enjoy new cultures, especially the different
festivals. There are festivals going on somewhere in the world every day of the year. These range
from very large events which involve whole cities to local celebrations in tiny villages or
neighborhoods of towns or cities. We have selected a few of the more unusual, colorful festivalsfrom around the world. You can choose anyone you like best!
The Million Ringgit Charity Duck Race: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Thirteen years ago, Eric Schechter and his friends were brainstorming to find new ways of
raising money for local charities when they came up with the idea of rubber duck races. The event,
crazy as it may sound, involves racing "cool" rubber ducks down a local waterway and having
members of the community "adopt" the ducks for a chance to win valuable donated prizes,
possibly even $1 million bucks.
La Tomatina: Bunol, Spain
"The tomato battle is in honor of Saint Luis Beltran, the patron saint of Bunol. Residents and
visitors take part in a tomato-throwing battle that decimates more than 88,000 pounds of tomatoes.
This crazy event began with a serious aim as a symbolic protest against Franco. But the Tomatina
is now celebrated as an amusing way to end the summer."
Mighty Mud Mania: Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
"Children's dreams really do come true in the City of Scottsdale. Children aged 1 to 13, get to
participate in a mud race to end all mud races. During the running of the Mighty Mud Obstacle(泥
坑) course, several mud pits strategically placed, provide wet and really dirty obstacles as kids
compete for the fastest time in each heat. There are also mud puddle pools for the tiny tots, and a
mini mud course for those six and younger. In addition, Mighty Mudway features water and mud
games. There are also water slides, sandcastle buildings and fun for all ages. Moms and dads,
remember to send your kids out with old clothes and shoes. And have no fear, Rural Metro Fire
Department is on hand to offer plenty of water for the muddy children."
Canberra Sled Dog Classic: Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
Dog sledding is one of the fastest growing sports on the east coast of Australia. As there's no
snow (the trail is earth and sand and is smooth and wide with a few hills and turns), the sleds have
wheels instead of runners, but the excitement is the same.
18．Which of the following means the summer is over?
A．Mighty Mud Mania. B．La Tomatina.
C．Canberra Sled Dog Classic. D．The Million Ringgit Charity Duck Race.
19．What can you enjoy in all the four festivals mentioned?
A．Fantastic activities. B．Beautiful beaches.
C．Delicious food. D．Amazing sceneries.20．The main purpose of the passage is to _______.
A．share personal experiences B．compare cultures in different countries
C．introduce favorable festivals D．offer practical tips on choosing activities
Welcome to Edinburgh, the world's leading festival city.
Edinburgh International Science Festival
Time: 6 April to 20 April
Edinburgh International Science Festival, founded in 1983, is the world's first public science
festival. The two-week festival gives audiences amazing experiences through a diverse program of
inspiring events. Alongside the annual festival in Edinburgh, the organization has a strong focus
on education and runs a touring program that visits schools around Scotland throughout the year.
Edinburgh International Book Festival
Time: 10 August to 20 August
Edinburgh International Book Festival is the largest public celebration of the written word in
the world, which was first held in 1997. Every August around 1,000 writers and thinkers from
across the world gather with the audiences in Edinburg. Here book lovers can rub shoulders with
world-renowned authors --- or just relax in the sunshine with a deckchair, a drink and a favorite
read.
Scottish International Storytelling Festival
Time: 19 October to 31 October
Beginning in 1989, the Scottish International Storytelling Festival is the largest storytelling
event in the world. Drawing heavily on traditional tale-tellers from Scotland — as well as
international guests with stories from their own cultures, the festival is a very special celebration
of the oral tradition. Skilled storytellers draw their audiences in, bringing together past and
present, real and unreal, for an attractive 10 days.
Edinburgh International Children's Festival
Time: 25 May to 2 June
Edinburgh International Children's Festival is the one dedicated specifically to children. It
brings some of the world's best theatre, dance and plays made for young people to Edinburgh for
nine days of inspiring and entertaining shows and special events. The Festival began in 1980 and
is now spread over 10 activity fields, attracting a loyal audience of 10,000 families, schools and
artists.21．What is the duration of Edinburgh International Science Festival?
A．About one week. B．Less than 10 days.
C．About two weeks. D．More than half a month.
22．What can the tourists do in Edinburgh International Book Festival?
A．Meet world-famous authors. B．Buy all their favorite books.
C．Relax by listening to stories. D．Share stories with audiences.
23．Which festival has the longest history?
A．Edinburgh International Science Festival.
B．Edinburgh International Book Festival.
C．Scottish International Storytelling Festival.
D．Edinburgh International Children's Festival.
USA TODAY 10Best's Readers Choice Awards are currently on hold.We asked our readers to
vote for the top events across six categories:music,general food,specialty food,film,cultural and
emerging industries(founded in the past five years).These are some of the winners:
Kutztown Folk Festival
The nine-day Kutztown Folk Festival is the nation's oldest continuously operated folk life
festival,drawing visitors from around the globe.A celebration of Pennsylvania Dutch culture and
heritage,the event includes America's largest quilt sale,200 craftsmen and folk artists,local food
and family friendly entertainment.
Water Lantern Festival
The Water Lantern Festival is all about connections.Magical nights in cities across the US
include food,live music and the beauty of thousands of lanterns decorated with letters of love,
hope and dreams floating on the water.
Carnaval of Quebec
The Quebec Carnaval is a 10-day festival of winter,the world's largest,complete with nighl
parades(庆祝游行），ice skating,snow sculptures and a towering ice palace.Other highlighls
include ice canoe racing,a sugar shack and iconic Caribou drinks.
San Francisco Chinese New Year Parade
San Francisco has celebrated its Chinese heritage during its annual Chinese New Year
Festival&Parade since just after the Gold Rush.The parade ranks among the best in the world,
with 100 units,fancy costumes,fireworks and a 268-foot Golden Dragon,which takes a team of 100men and women to march through the streets.It has become one of the largest events of its kind in
the world,drawing some three million spectators and television viewers.
24．What can you see during Kutztown Folk Festival?
A．Modern arts.
B．Quilts for sale.
C．Traditional weddings.
D．Shows on stage.
25．Which festival is meant to promote interpersonal relationships?
A．Kutztown Folk Festival.
B．Carnaval of Quebec.
C．Water Lantern Festival.
D．San Francisco Chinese New Year Parade.
26．Carnaval of Quebec and San Francisco Chinese New Year Parade both...
A．include special food
B．relate to parades
C．take place only at nights
D．have sculpture exhibitions
In 1888 an Egyptian farmer digging in the sand near the village of Istabl Antar uncovered a
mass tomb. The bodies weren’t human. They were feline—ancient cats that had been mummified
and buried in holes in astonishing numbers. “Not one or two here and there”, reported English
Illustrated Magazine, “but dozens, hundreds, hundreds of thousands, a layer of them, a layer
thicker than most coal joints, ten to twenty cats deep.” Some of the linen-wrapped cats still looked
presentable, and a few even had golden faces. Village children peddled the best ones to tourists
for change; the rest were sold as fertilizer (肥料). One ship transported about 180,000, weighing
some 38, 000 pounds, to Liverpool to be spread on the fields of England.
Those were the days of generously funded (资助的) explorations—that dragged through
acres of desert in their quest for royal tombs, and for splendid gold and painted masks to decorate
the museums of Europe and America. The many thousands of mummified animals that turned up
at religious sites throughout Egypt were just things to be cleared away to get treasure. Few people
studied them, and their importance was generally unrecognized.
In the century since then, archaeology (考古学) has become less of a treasure hunt and moreof a science. Archaeologists now realize that much of their sites’ wealth lies in the majority of
details about ordinary folks—what they did, what they thought, how they prayed. And animal
mummies are a big part of that.
“They’re really displays of daily life,” says Egyptologist Salima Ikram. After looking beneath
bandages with x-rays and cataloguing her findings, she created a gallery for the collection—a
bridge between people today and those of long ago. “You look at these mummified animals, and
suddenly you say, Oh, King So-and-So had a pet. I have a pet. And instead of being at a distance
of 5,000-plus years, the ancient Egyptians become clearer and closer to us.”
27．The underlined word “peddled” in Paragraph 1 probably means .
A．examined B．displayed
C．replaced D．shared
28．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?
A．Treasure hunting explorations. B．Egyptian Royal tombs in desert.
C．Mummified animals in museums. D．Big archaeological discoveries.
29．From the last paragraph, we can learn that Salima Ikram .
A．wishes to keep the continuity of pets over history
B．wants to identify the King’s personal belongings and classify them
C．believes that studying the remains can help modern society relate to the past
D．doubts if current society will understand the significance of Egyptian remains
30．The passage probably encourages the readers to .
A．make full use of the remains the ancestors left behind
B．become more sensitive to the ancient lifestyle of the ancestors
C．pay more attention to the historical and cultural value of ancient remains
D．understand there are more the historical remains waiting for explorations参考答案：
1．D
2．D
3．C
4．A
【解析】
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过提出疑问和探索答案来阐述文化在选择合作者时起着更
重要的作用的观点。
1．
推理判断题。根据第二段“A decades-old idea called kin selection can explain some of this: if
organisms (生物) have enough DNA in common, then they can further their own selfish genes by
helping one another.”（一个几十年前被称为“亲缘选择”的想法可以部分解释这一现象:如
果生物体有足够多的共同DNA，那么它们可以通过帮助彼此来进一步发展自己自私的基
因。）可推断，蜜蜂和蚂蚁的例子被用来解释生物体互相帮助的原因。故选D项。
2．
细节理解题。根据第四段“The idea is controversial because to work it requires that groups
remain culturally distinct.”（这个想法是有争议的，因为它要求各个群体保持文化差异。）
可知，文化群体选择的理念能够发挥作用的前提是文化的特殊性能够通过一定的方法得以
保留。故选D项。
3．
推理判断题。根据第三段“But kin selection cannot explain why humans are so nice to
strangers.”（但是亲缘选择不能解释为什么人类对陌生人如此友好。）第四段“Some
researchers think the solution lies in an idea called cultural group selection.”（一些研究人员认为
解决办法在于一种叫做文化群体选择的想法。）以及最后一段“Not everyone is
persuaded.”（并不是每个人都被说服了。）可推断，文章主要通过提出疑问和探索答案来
发展的。故选C项。4．
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“That makes sense if culture rather than genetics is what
matters. “I think this is one of the most explicit tests of cultural group selection theory so far,”
says Mathew.”（如果重要的是文化而不是基因，那就说得通了。“我认为这是迄今为止对
文化群体选择理论最明确的测试之一，”马修说。）可知，文化在选择合作者时起着更重
要的作用。故选A项。
5．B
6．D
7．A
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了一个美国纪录片导演Brahm对于中国武术的热爱与研究、对
中国武术与众不同的理解与感悟，他认为中国武术不是打仗的艺术，而是终止打斗的艺术。
5．
主旨大意题。根据第二段“So, the meaning of martial arts in Chinese is not the art of fighting, a
concept that many people take for granted. On the contrary, he said, kung fu is the art of stopping
fighting.(所以，武术在中国的意义并不是打斗的艺术，一个许多人认为理所当然的概念。
相反，他说，功夫是停止打斗的艺术)”可知，Brahm通过对汉字“武”的理解，得出结论：
功夫是停止打斗的艺术。B项“中国功夫是非暴力的艺术”，符合题意。故选B项。
6．
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“He combined the knowledge from many masters and scholars
with his own experience as a practitioner and tutor to extract 12 key principles and values of the
martial arts: perseverance, roots, loyalty, respect, harmony, change, balance, centering, emptiness,
flow, pragmatism, non-violence.(他结合了许多大师和学者的知识和自己作为练习者和导师的
经验，提炼出12个关键的原则和价值：坚持、根、忠诚、尊重、和谐、变化、平衡、定心、
空、流动、实用主义、非暴力)”可知，他的中国武术观是融合了所学知识与自己亲身体验
总结出来的。故选D项。
7．
推理判断题。根据第三段 “In 1981,he managed to visit the Shaolin Temple, situated at the foot
of the Songshan Mountain in Central China, for the very first time. He left the mountain, a littledisappointed at not finding the martial-arts spirit he expected. But his passion for kung fu and his
desire to find out more were stronger than ever before.(1981年，他第一次设法到了位于中国中
部嵩山脚下的少林寺。他离开了那座山，有点失望，因为没有找到他所期待的武术精神。
但他对功夫的热情和探索更多的渴望比以往任何时候都要强烈) ”以及第四段 “Over the
years he trained in many different styles, such as tai chi, Wing Chun, Jeet Kune Do to understand
all of them. (多年来，他训练了许多不同的风格，如太极，咏春，截拳道，以了解所有这
些)”可知，Brahm从接触中国武术，毕生都在对其进行探索，实践，热情从未减退。故选
A项。
8．B
9．A
10．D
11．C
【解析】
【分析】
本文是说明文。文章介绍了西方学生热烈学习中国文化的现象，并告诉我们中国古代伟大
的思想家——孔子的思想仍然受到人们的追捧。
8．
推理判断题。根据第一段“If Confucius(孔子) were still alive today and could celebrate his
September 28 birthday with a big cake, there would be a lot of candles. He’d need a strong wind
to help him put them out.(如果孔子仍然活着并能用一个很大的蛋糕庆祝他9月28日的生日
的话，将会有很多的蜡烛。他需要很大的风才能吹灭)”可知，作者是以孔子生日这个话题，
吸引读者的兴趣，引出本文要讨论的真正话题。故选B。
9．
推理判断题。根据第四段中的In the past two decades, the Chinese studies programs have
gained huge popularity in Western universities.(在过去的20年里，中国的研究项目在西方大
学里非常受欢迎)和Students in the United States, at the same time, are racing to learn Chinese.
(与此同时，美国的学生也在竞相学习中文)可知，美国学生对中国文化很感兴趣。故选
A。
10．
主旨大意题。本文主要向我们介绍了孔子思想对西方的影响，以及将来可能产生的影响。由此可知，D项Old Thinker with a Big Future(前程远大的老思想家)适合作本文最佳标题。
故选D。
11．
推理判断题。文章主要讲的是中国的思想家孔子及其所代表的东方文化仍然被西方所推崇，
而并没有讲孔子这个人具体如何，也没有谈及历史或者哲学内容，由此可推断这篇文章更
可能出现在报纸上，故正确答案为C。
12．B
13．C
14．D
【解析】
【分析】
本身说明文。你知道人类名字的来源和意义吗？ 人的名字由他们的父母选择。有时用祖父
母或者其他的家庭成员的名字。一些家长选择一个著名的人的名字。有些人给他们的孩子
的名字的意思是美好的东西。 最早的姓氏来自地名。 其他早期的姓氏来自人们的工作。
人们有时会用一些人的头发和皮肤的颜色，或个头大小，或其特殊能力特点来命名。孩子
通过给父姓添加一些什么得来。说英语的人加–s或–son。 爱尔兰和苏格兰人加Mac 或
者Mc或者O。
12．推理判断题。根据文中介绍可知，最早的姓氏来自1.人们生活的地点；2.人们的工作；
3.与他们的特殊能力有关。没说人的姓与人的性格有关。故选B项。
13．细节理解题。根据Potter—a person who made pots and pans.（Potter是一个制作锅的
人） 可知，波特家族的祖先很可能制作厨房工具或容器。故选C 。
14．推理判断题。根据The Greenwood family lived in or near a leafy forest.和Donald means
“world ruler”可知，如果一对夫妇他们的祖先住在茂密的森林附近，想让他们新出生的孩子
将来成为一个“世界的统治者”，那么叫Donald Greenwood最合适，所以选D。
15．C
16．D
17．C
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了在英国，电话亭在20世纪80年代开始停止使用。后来，一些商人使电话亭的角色和功能发生了变化，电话亭又变得流行起来。
15．
细节理解题。根据第一段Sometimes it’s hard to let go. For many British people, that can apply
to institutions and objects that represent their country’s past-age-old castles, splendid homes.. and
red phone boxes.(有时候真的很难放手。对许多英国人来说，这可以适用于代表他们国家过
去历史的机构和物品--古老的城堡、辉煌的住宅……还有红色的电话亭)和最后一段Inglis
said phone boxes called to mind an age when things were built to last.(英格利斯说，电话亭让人
想起了一个东西经久耐用的时代)可知，电话亭正在卷土重来，以提醒人们一个历史时期。
故选C。
16．
细节理解题。根据第三段After becoming an important part of many British streets, the phone
boxes began disappearing in the 1980s, with the rise of the mobile phone sending most of them
away to the junkyards.(在成为英国许多街道的重要组成部分后，电话亭在20世纪80年代开
始消失，随着移动电话的兴起，大部分电话亭被扔到了垃圾场)可知，电话亭在20世纪80
年代开始停止使用是因为它们输给了新技术。故选D。
17．
推理判断题。根据第五段As Inglis and, later other businessmen, got to work, repurposed phone
boxes began reappearing in cities and villages as people found new uses for them. Today, they are
once again a familiar sight, playing roles that are often just as important for the community as
their original purpose.(随着英格利斯和后来的其他商人开始工作，改装后的电话亭开始在城
市和乡村重新出现，人们发现了它们的新用途。今天，它们再次成为人们熟悉的景象，扮
演着与它们最初的目的同样重要的角色)和第六段In rural areas, where ambulances can take a
relatively long time to arrive, the phone boxes have taken on a lifesaving role.(在农村地区，救护
车要花相当长的时间才能到达，电话亭就起到了拯救生命的作用)以及第七段Others also
looked at the phone boxes and saw business opportunities.(其他人也在电话亭寻找商机)可推断
出，电话亭之所以变得流行，主要是因为它们的角色和功能发生了变化。故选C。
18．B
19．A
20．C
【解析】【分析】
本文为一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了世界上精彩绝伦，又非比寻常的四个节日。
18．
细节理解题。根据La Tomatina: Bunol, Spain这一小标题下最后一句But the Tomatina is now
celebrated as an amusing way to end the summer. （但是 Tomatina现在被当作一种结束夏天
的有趣方式来庆祝。）可知，现在Tomatina已经作为庆祝结束夏天结束的一种有趣方式了。
这里的end the summer和题干中summer is over进行了替换。故此题选B。
19．
推理判断题。根据文章Eric Schechter and his friends were brainstorming to find new ways of
raising money for local charities when they came up with the idea of rubber duck races. 可知，第
一个节日有橡胶鸭子赛跑活动。根据文章The tomato battle is in honor of Saint Luis Beltran
可知，第二个节日有番茄大战。根据文章During the running of the Mighty Mud Obstacle(泥
坑) course可知，第三个节日有泥浆赛跑。根据文章Dog sledding is one of the fastest growing
sports on the east coast of Australia.可知第四个节日有狗拉雪橇活动。所以四个节日的共同特
点就是有精彩的活动。故此题选A。
20．
推理判断题。文章第一自然段We have selected a few of the more unusual, colorful festivals
from around the world. You can choose anyone you like best!（我们从世界各地挑选了一些更
不寻常、更丰富多彩的节日。你可以选择你最喜欢的节日!）是全文的主题句，结合全文内
容，可知作者写这篇文章的目的就是介绍一些精彩绝伦，又非比寻常的节日。故此题选
C。
21．C
22．A
23．D
【解析】
【分析】
本文是一篇应用文。主要介绍了在爱丁堡举行的四项节日活动。
21．
细节理解题。根据Edinburgh International Science Festival Time: 6 April to 20 April可知，
这个节日持续时间大约为两周。故选C。
22．细节理解题。根据Edinburgh International Book Festival中的Here book lovers can rub
shoulders with world-renowned authors(在这里，书迷们可以与世界著名的作家们亲密接
触。)可知，在爱丁堡国际图书节游客可以接触到一些著名作家。故选A。
23．
细节理解题。根据四个节日的起始时间可知，最早的是Edinburgh International Children’s
Festival。故选D。
24．B
25．C
26．B
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇应用文。文章介绍了《今日美国》评选的十佳读者选择奖，列举了几个榜上有名
的重大事件和活动。
24．细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“A celebration of Pennsylvania Dutch culture and
heritage,the event includes America's largest quilt sale,200 craftsmen and folk artists,local food
and family friendly entertainment.”可知，在这一节庆活动中包括全美最大型的被子展销。故
选B项。
25．细节理解题。根据第三段“The Water Lantern Festival is all about connections.Magical
nights in cities across the US include food,live music and the beauty of thousands of lanterns
decorated with letters of love, hope and dreams floating on the water.”可知，这一节庆活动中，
人们可以通过灯笼来传达各种感情，借此增进人与人之间的联系。故选C项。
26．细节理解题。根据第四段中“the world's largest,complete with nighl parades(庆祝游
行）”和第五段中“San Francisco has celebrated its Chinese heritage during its annual Chinese
New Year Festival&Parade”可知，两个事件中都有游行活动。故选B项。
27．B
28．A
29．C
30．C
【解析】
【分析】
本文是一篇议论文。考古学家们认为考古学已不再是一种寻宝活动，而更像是一门科学。通过研究古代人的遗迹，可以了解他们的日常生活。考古是连接现代人和很久以前的人的
之间的桥梁。
27．词义猜测题。根据划线词后的部分“…to tourists for change” 可知，村里的孩子们把最
好的猫的木乃伊给游客以换取零钱；因此可以推测，“peddle”意思为“兜售”，即向他人
展示从而售出。故选B项。
28．主旨大意题。根据第二段首句“Those were the days of generously funded (资助的)
explorations—that dragged through acres of desert in their quest for royal tombs, and for splendid
gold and painted masks to decorate the museums of Europe and America.” 那一段时间，人们花
大价钱寻宝。人们跨越沙漠探险，为了寻找皇家皇陵，寻找华丽的黄金面具来装饰欧洲和
美洲的博物馆。因此可以推断，第二段主要讲述古代人们寻宝探险。故选A项。
29．推理判断题。根据最后一段中she created a gallery for the collection—a bridge between
people today and those of long ago. 以及最后一句And instead of being at a distance of 5,000-
plus years, the ancient Egyptians become clearer and closer to us.可知埃及古物学家Salima
Ikram 把她的收藏品创建了一个画廊，她认为这个画廊是一座连接今天的人和很久以前的
人的之间桥梁。这些收藏品让人们感觉古代人的生活离我们很近。因此可以推断，她认为
研究这些遗迹有助于把现代社会和过去联系在一起。故选C项。
30．推理判断题。根据第三段中archaeology (考古学) has become less of a treasure hunt and
more of a science.”和第四段中They’re really displays of daily life以及下文内容可知，考古学
家们认为考古更多的是一门科学；木乃伊是古埃及人日常生活的展示。研究这些遗骸是了
解他们的途径，有助于在现代社会与过去之间建立一座桥梁。因此这篇文章可能鼓励读者
要重视古代遗迹的历史文化价值。故选C项。
