英语一25强化讲义_考研_英语_03.Monkey_25Monkey《强化班讲义》

考研英语 全心全意班 2025 Monkey 强化课讲义（英语一） 边明锐 微博、 站、公众号： 考研英语 B Monkey 1前言：暑期是考研英语提分的关键阶段，希望各位同学能在考研人难 以摆脱的 “傲慢”与“焦虑”之间找到一个最佳平衡点，遵循老师的教 学安排，做到“收心”与“专注”，就必然能利用好暑期 2 个月宝贵的时 间，取得最大限度的进步！ 本讲义务必双面打印！ 强化阶段导学规划 ..................................3 强化阅读 ..........................................6 强化完形 .........................................68 强化新题型 .......................................90 强化翻译 ........................................114 强化作文 ........................................123 参考答案 ........................................158 2暑期强化阶段导学规划 一、强化阶段任务概览： 预计学习周期：7月初-8月底，平均50天 建议每日学习时间：2.5小时 课程：【五大题型强化课】（约70h，英一、英二分班上课） 真题： 10-17年绝大部分真题 目标： ① 阅读完成词→句→篇→题的蜕变，追求60%的真题正确率 ② 其它四大题型全面破冰，初步了解真题特点与解题套路 ③ 词汇语法进入查漏与实战应用阶段，地毯式精读阅读原文 二、强化阶段复习规划： 50天学习时间，每日学习时间：2.5小时（总计125学时） 第一阶段：① 阅读真题20篇（2天1篇）=40天 ② 完形10篇(3天1篇）+新题型6-10篇(1天1篇）=40天 （课程7月初更新，两线同步开始学习） 第二阶段：翻译4天 + 作文6天=10天 （翻译、作文课程最晚8月初更新完毕） 另外每天20分钟用于核心词的日常复习，贯穿始终 1. 时间充裕的同学，额外学习15-17年4小题型真题串讲（选修！）以及先前没 学完的题源外刊。 2. 时间紧张的同学，英一至少学完阅读、新题型两个模块，英二的同学尽量把 翻译也学完。作文课直接跟冲刺课没有问题。 33. 基础课还没听完的同学，应优先保证在8月底之前完整学完语法、百句、基础 阅读、强化阅读课程，核心词要保证每天复习1单元 词汇是地基，语法是承重结构；阅读是四面墙，新题型是屋顶，写作 是家具；完形、翻译都是内部装修！ 三、强化阶段复习四大敌人： ① 时间 有限的时间下，注重学习的性价比和效率，切忌主次不分，切忌疲劳战。 语言学习需要一个较长的消化吸收过程，保证持续的语言接触 才能达到最佳效果。切忌突击式、风暴式学习。 即使“闭关修炼”，也要保证至少1小时的英语学习。 即使“时间充足”，每天学英语也不要超过4小时！ ② 懒惰 身体的懒惰——起不来床，学不下去 安排一些固定时间固定内容的轻量学习任务（背单词） 每日复习安排不宜饱和，避免造成持续的负反馈和疲劳 精神的懒惰——做题不总结，技巧不练习，上课不思考 机械的记笔记和重复无法深化对技巧的理解和应用。 听课时多追迹思考，课下多做刻意练习，做题后多进行复盘总结。 过于轻松快乐的课程意味着缺少实质思考和收获，不要欺骗自己！ ③ 贪婪 暑假阶段真题范围：2010年-2017年绝大部分真题 冲刺阶段真题范围：2018年-2024年全部真题 近十年真题数量有限，无节制的做题会导致冲刺阶段无题可做。 4刷题无基础、无方法、无目的，只会把真题变成词典和长难句书。 近十年真题，跟随Monkey课程刷一遍，足矣！ 全程不要碰各种模拟题、仿真题！百害无一利！ ④ 傲慢与焦虑 公众号：大叔考研，免费分享无水印PDF 实践是认识深化的唯一手段！犯错是人类进化的唯一途径！ 事物的发展必然是在曲折中前进的过程，学习有其客观规律。 人的一切痛苦都源于对自己的无能的愤怒。 而对无能的认知取决于对自身能力的期望。 “心态爆炸”是考研后半程最可怕的敌人。 Man errs so long as he strives. 5公众号【研池大叔】，免费提供考研网课+PDF电子书 更多考研英语配套课程，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【英语】免费获取 更多考研无水印电子书，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【电子书】免费获取 更多考研笔记，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【笔记】免费获取 更多考研真题，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【真题】免费获取强化阅读导学规划 一、强化阅读学习目标 精选2012-2017年20篇真题阅读进行讲解（英一、英二分班） 学习重点一：深化【主旨观】，熟练地找主旨、用主旨 ① 找全文主旨的N种方法与固定套路 ② 用不完全、不完整的主旨尽可能多的做题 ③ 总结文章结构，拓展五大终极定式。 学习重点二：通过精读文章，进一步夯实词句能力。 强化阶段，以实现 60%正确率为目标！ 二、强化阅读复习规划 共20篇文章，每篇文章配有【阅读实战】、【精读赏析】2节课程 前12 篇文章（12-15 年精选真题）每篇学 2天，每天 1.5h。共24天 Day1：阅读实战 ① 实战解题 (20min) 模仿考场环境，20分钟完成一篇阅读（不许查资料！！！） ② 对答案+错因诊断(5min) 对讲义最后一页的参考答案，在不查阅其他资料的情况下思考 题目错因: 从原文信息的角度看，自己选的为什么是错的？正确答案为何正确？ 实战错因: 受了哪些误导？遇到了什么语言障碍？自己当时是怎么想的？ ③ 听阅读实战课+整理笔记（1h） Day2：精读赏析 ① 自行精读文章 (30min) 查清文中出现的生词，标出自己无法独立理解的长难句 ② 听精读赏析课（40min）+重点词句整理笔记（10min） ③ 回顾文章，答疑群内解决残留的实战、语言问题（20min） 答案是什么、词义句义明确（what） 6为什么选这个答案、长难句主谓宾明确、从句类型明确（how） 后8篇文章（16-17 年真题，每年 4 篇），建议平均正确率已达 60%的同学 尝试模拟考试环境，尝试 100 分钟内一次性完成一年的 4篇真题 （感到吃力的同学，可以尝试做 2 篇后休息 1小时，再做后 2篇） 平均每天学习 2小时，12 天学完。 Day1：一次性100分钟内完成4 篇真题 Day2-Day5：每天听一篇文章对应的实战+精读课 Day6：进行复盘总结。 导学1 天+12~15 真题 24天+16~17真题 12 天+总结串讲 3天=40 天 三、阅读课笔记记法 ① 强化讲义 公众号：大叔考研，免费分享无水印PDF 实战时在原文、选项上做的重点词句的标记；解题时的初选选项、最终选项，不 要涂黑疙瘩！力求通过以上标记能清晰的回忆自己解题时的心理活动。 ② 阅读笔记本（阅读专用） 从前往后：按年份和篇目记录每篇阅读的 用时，正确率，错误题号，错因诊断，五道题的英文题干 & 各题的最优解题思路和涉及的技巧，最终的复盘整理。 从后往前：各类解题技巧的名称，解释，特征，相关的题号， & 其他与解题直接相关的重点通识知识。（每个技巧1页，每个定式2页） 7强化阅读经典真题 20 篇 12-15年的 12篇真题，每做一篇，到讲义最后一页对参考答案，再听课。 2012年考研英语 Text 1 Come on—Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good—drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world. Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as loveLife recruits young people to promote safe sexamong theirpeers. The idea seems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology. “Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers—teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to takeapage from advertisers, so skilledat applying peer pressure. But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that theloveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed. There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits—as well as negative ones—spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form ofpeer pressure: we unconsciously imitatethebehavior wesee every day. Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks upthe troublemakers in the back row bypairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends. 821.According to thefirst paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as [A]asupplement to thesocial cure. [B]astimulusto group dynamics. [C]an obstacle toschool progress. [D]acause ofundesirable behaviors. 22.Rosenberg holds that public-health advocates should [A]recruit professional advertisers. [B]learn from advertisers’ experience. [C]stay away from commercial advertisers. [D]recognizethe limitationsofadvertisements. 23.In theauthor’s view, Rosenberg’s bookfails to [A]adequately probe socialand biological factors. [B]effectively evade theflaws of thesocial cure. [C]illustrate thefunctions of statefunding. [C]produce a long-lasting social effect. 24.Paragraph 5shows that ourimitation ofbehaviors [A]isharmful to ournetworks offriends. [B]will mislead behavioral studies. [C]occurs without ourrealizing it. [D]can produce negativehealth habits. 25.Theauthor suggests inthe lastparagraph that theeffect ofpeer pressure is [A]harmful. [B]desirable. [C]profound. [D]questionable. 92012年考研英语 Text 2 A deal is a deal—except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by thestate’s strict nuclear regulations. Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not: challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunningmove. The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too,thecompany went along. Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management—especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension. Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say the Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would bebeside thepoint. The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep in mind what promises from Entergy are worth. 10公众号【研池大叔】，免费提供考研网课+PDF电子书 更多考研英语配套课程，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【英语】免费获取 更多考研无水印电子书，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【电子书】免费获取 更多考研笔记，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【笔记】免费获取 更多考研真题，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【真题】免费获取26.Thephrase “reneging on” (Line3,Para.1) is closest in meaning to [A]condemning. [B]reaffirming. [C]dishonoring. [D]securing. 27.By entering into the2002agreement, Entergy intended to [A]obtain protection from Vermont regulators. [B]seek favor from thefederal legislature. [C]acquire an extension ofits business license. [D]get permission topurchase apower plant. 28.According to Paragraph 4,Entergy seems to haveproblems withits [A]managerial practices. [B]technical innovativeness. [C]financial goals. [D]businessvision 29.In theauthor’s view, the Vermont case willtest [A]Entergy’s capacity tofulfill all itspromises. [B]thenature ofstates’ patchwork regulations. [C]thefederal authority over nuclear issues. [D]thelimits ofstates’power over nuclear issues. 30.It can beinferred from thelast paragraph that [A]Entergy’s business elsewhere might beaffected. [B]theauthority of theNRCwill bedefied. [C]Entergy willwithdraw itsPlymouth application. [D]Vermont’s reputation might be damaged. 112012年考研英语 Text 4 If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servants. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do.In 2009the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% ofprivate-sector ones are unionized. There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions. At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons andavariety oflabor groups onhealth care. In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest butadding toholidays and especiallypensions that are already generous. Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most notoriously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promotinggood ones. As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer underthe current system, too. John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be amuchbigger problem for America. 1236.It can belearned from the first paragraph that [A]Teamsters still havea largebodyof members. [B]JimmyHoffa used to work as a civilservant. [C]unions have enlarged theirpublic-sector membership. [D]thegovernment has improved its relationship withunionists. 37.Whichof thefollowing istrue ofParagraph 2? [A]Public-sectorunions are prudent intaking actions. [B]Education is required for public-sector union membership. [C]Labor Party has long been fighting againstpublic-sector unions. [D]Public-sectorunions seldom get in troublefor theiractions. 38.It can belearned from Paragraph 4that theincome inthe statesector is [A]illegally secured. [B]indirectly augmented. [C]excessively increased. [D]fairly adjusted. 39.Theexampleofthe unionsin Wisconsin shows that unions [A]often run against thecurrent political system. [B]can change people’s political attitudes. [C]may be abarriertopublic-sector reforms. [D]are dominantin thegovernment. 40.John Donahue’s attitudetowards thepublic-sector system is one of [A]disapproval. [B]appreciation. [C]tolerance. [D]indifference. 132013年考研英语 Text 1 In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain binin which thepoorgirl doubtless found her garment. This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish world described in Overdressed,Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion.” In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable—meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that—and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shakingan industry longaccustomed toa seasonal pace. The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M tooffer a $5.95knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massiveamounts ofharmful chemicals. Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable, and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year—about 64 items per person—and nomatterhowmuch they give away, this excess leads to waste. Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes—and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; herexamplecan’t beknocked off. Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment—including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection Line—Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to. 1421.Priestlycriticizes her assistant for her [A]lack ofimagination. [B]poorbargaining skill. [C]obsession with high fashion. [D]insensitivityto fashion. 22.According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to [A]combat unnecessary waste. [B]shop for theirgarments more frequently. [C]resist theinfluence of advertisements. [D]shutout thefeverish fashion world. 23.Theword “indictment”(Para.2) isclosest inmeaning to [A]accusation. [B]enthusiasm. [C]indifference. [D]tolerance. 24.Whichof thefollowing can beinferred from thelast paragraph? [A]Vanity has more often been found in idealists. [B]The fast-fashion industryignores sustainability. [C]Pricing is vitalto environment-friendly purchasing. [D]Peopleare moreinterested in unaffordable garments. 25.Whatis thesubject of thetext? [A]Satireonan extravagant lifestyle. [B]Challenge to a high-fashion myth. [C]Criticismof thefast-fashion industry. [D]Exposureof amass-market secret. 152013年考研英语 Text 2 An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted—the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at thosemost likely tobuy. In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked andsent behavioural ads?Or shouldthey haveexplicit permission? In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not track” (DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. Microsoft’s Internet Explorer and Apple’s Safari both offer DNT; Google’s Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking onresponding to DNT requests. On May 31st Microsoft set off the row. It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due toappear withwindows 8,would haveDNT as a default. Advertisers are horrified. Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings. Few switch DNT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off. Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences. People will not get fewer ads, he says. “They’ll get less meaningful, less targeted ads.” It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway. Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying toupset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: There is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for Windows 8—though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google’s on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft’s chief privacy officer, blogged: “We believe consumers should have morecontrol.”Couldit really bethat simple? 1626.It issuggested in Paragraph 1that “behavioural”ads help advertisers to [A]lowertheir operational costs. [B]ease competition among themselves. [C]avoid complaints from consumers. [D]providebetter onlineservices. 27.“The industry” (Para. 3)refers to [A]onlineadvertisers. [B]e-commerce conductors. [C]digital information analysis. [D]internet browser developers. 28.Bob Liodice holds that settingDNT as adefault [A]goes against human nature. [B]fails toaffect the ad industry. [C]will notbenefit consumers. [D]may cut thenumberof junk ads. 29.Whichof thefollowing istrue according to Paragraph 6? [A]Advertisers are willingtoimplementDNT. [B]DNT may not serve itsintended purpose. [C]DNT islosing itspopularity among consumers. [D]Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads. 30.Theauthor’s attitudetowards what Brendon Lynch said inhis blog is oneof [A]appreciation. [B]understanding. [C]indulgence. [D]skepticism. 172013年考研英语 Text 4 On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday—a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and thestates. In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization” and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to theexisting federal ones. Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held that Congress had deliberately “occupied the field,” and Arizonahad thus intruded onthefederal’s privileged powers. However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues. Two of the three objecting Justice—Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas—agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and SeditionActs. The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power.” The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with. Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justicerightly rejected this remarkableclaim. 1836.Three provisions ofArizona’s plan were overturned because they [A]overstepped theauthority offederal immigration law. [B]disturbed thepower balance between different states. [C]deprived thefederal police ofConstitutional powers. [D]contradicted boththe federal and statepolicies. 37.On which of thefollowing didthe Justices agree, according to Paragraph 4? [A]States’ independencefrom federal immigration law. [B]Federal officers’ duty towithhold immigrants’ information. [C]States’legitimateroleinimmigration enforcement. [D]Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement. 38.It can beinferred from Paragraph 5that theAlien and SeditionActs [A]violated theConstitution. [B]stood infavor ofthestates. [C]supported the federal statute. [D]undermined thestates’ interests. 39.TheWhite Houseclaims that itspower of enforcement [A]outweighs that held bythestates. [B]is established byfederal statutes. [C]is dependent onthestates’support. [D]rarely goes against state laws. 40.Whatcan be learned from thelast paragraph? [A]Immigrationissues are usuallydecided byCongress. [B]The Administrationis dominantover immigration issues. [C]Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress. [D]Justices intended to check thepower oftheAdministration. 192014年考研英语 Text 1 In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency,” George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search” scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV, register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit—and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could bemore reasonable? More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance. “Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on,” he claimed. “We’re doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster.” Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with “reforms” to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidises laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”—protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the mostdeserving claimants received theirbenefits. Losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: ajob. But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency—permanent dependency if you can get it—supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase “jobseeker’s allowance” is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker” who had no fundamental right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited “allowance,” conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at £71.70 a week, one of theleast generous in theEU. 20公众号【研池大叔】，免费提供考研网课+PDF电子书 更多考研英语配套课程，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【英语】免费获取 更多考研无水印电子书，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【电子书】免费获取 更多考研笔记，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【笔记】免费获取 更多考研真题，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【真题】免费获取21.George Osborne’s scheme was intended to [A]motivatethe unemployed toreport voluntarily. [B]provide theunemployed with easier access to benefits. [C]encourage jobseekers’active engagement in job seeking. [D]guarantee jobseekers’legitimateright to benefits. 22.Thephrase “tosign on” (Para. 2) mostprobably means [A]toregister for an allowance from thegovernment. [B]to accept thegovernment’s restrictions onthe allowance. [C]to check ontheavailability ofjobs at thejobcentre. [D]toattend agovernmental job-training program. 23.Whatprompted thechancellorto develop his scheme? [A]Adesire tosecure abetter lifefor all. [B]An eagerness to protect theunemployed. [C]An urge to begenerous to theclaimants. [D]Apassion to ensure fairness for taxpayers. 24.According to Paragraph 3,being unemployed makes onefeel [A]insulted. [B]uneasy. [C]enraged. [D]guilty. 25.To which of thefollowing would theauthormost probably agree? [A]Unemployment benefits should not bemadeconditional. [B]The British welfaresystem indulges jobseekers’laziness. [C]The jobseekers’allowance has met their actual needs. [D]Osborne’s reforms willreducethe risk ofunemployment. 212014年考研英语 Text 2 All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where clients have moregrounds forcomplaint than America. During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filerthat makes thetort system a costly nightmare. There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that many cannot afford to go intogovernment ornon-profit work, and that they haveto work fearsomely hard. Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who donot need theextratraining could cut theirdebt mountain byathird. The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to makemoney ratherthan serve clients ethically. In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency. After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions. America shouldfollow. 2226.Alotof students takeuplaw as theirprofession dueto [A]thegrowing demand from clients. [B]theincreasing pressure ofinflation. [C]theprospect ofworking inbig firms. [D]theattraction of financial rewards. 27.Whichof thefollowing adds to thecosts oflegal education inmostAmerican states? [A]Highertuitionfees for undergraduate studies. [B]Admissionsapproval from thebar association. [C]Pursuing abachelor’s degree in another major. [D]Receiving training byprofessional associations. 28.Hindranceto thereform of thelegal system originates from [A]lawyers’and clients’ strong resistance. [B]therigid bodies governing theprofession. [C]thestern exam for would-belawyers. [D]non-professionals’sharp criticism. 29.Theguild-like ownership structureis considered "restrictive" partly because it [A]bans outsiders’involvement in theprofession. [B]keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares. [C]aggravates theethical situation in thetrade. [D]prevents lawyers from gainingdue profits. 30.In thistext, the authormainly discusses [A]flawed ownership ofAmerica’s lawfirms and itscauses. [B]thefactors that help makeasuccessful lawyer in America. [C]aproblem inAmerica’s legal profession and solutions toit. [D]theroleof undergraduate studiesin America’slegal education. 232014年考研英语 Text 4 "The Heart of the Matter," the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regrettably, however, the report’s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good. In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by "federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others" to "maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education." In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences. Among the commission’s 51 members are top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, musicand journalism. The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy; stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies. To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students’ ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and theexpansionof studyabroad programs. Unfortunately, despite 2½ years in the making, "The Heart of the Matter" never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities. The commission ignores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don’t know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits. Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing "progressive," or left-liberal propaganda. Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets and self-reliance—as falling outside theboundaries ofroutine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation. The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked ittoilluminate. 2436.According to Paragraph 1,what istheauthor’s attitudetoward theAAAS’s report? [A]Critical [B] Appreciative [C]Contemptuous [D]Tolerant 37.Influential figures in theCongress required that theAAAS report onhow to [A]retain people’s interest in liberal education [B]define thegovernment’s roleineducation [C]keep aleading position in liberal education [D]safeguard individuals’rights toeducation 38.According to Paragraph 3,thereport suggests [A]anexclusivestudyof American history [B]agreater emphasis ontheoretical subjects [C]theapplication ofemerging technologies [D]funding forthestudy offoreign languages 39.Theauthor implies inParagraph 5that professors are [A]supportiveoffree markets [B]cautious about intellectual investigation [C]conservativeabout publicpolicy [D]biased against classical liberal ideas 40.Whichof thefollowing would bethebest titleforthetext? [A]Ways to Grasp "The Heart of theMatter" [B]Illiberal Education and "The Heart oftheMatter" [C]The AAAS’s Contributionto Liberal Education [D]ProgressivePolicy vs. Liberal Education 252015年考研英语 Text1 King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they die in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majesticlifestyles? The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” polities and embody a spirit of national unity. It is this apparent transcendence of polities that explains monarchs’ continuing popularity as heads of state. And so, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected publicfigure. Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today—embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still bethesymbolic heart ofmodern democraticstates. The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and mediaintrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain theright image. While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some timeto come, itis theBritish royals who have mostto fear from theSpanish example. It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service—as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies. 2621.According to thefirst two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos ofSpain [A]used to enjoy high publicsupport. [B]was unpopularamong European royals. [C]eased his relationship with hisrivals. [D]ended his reign inembarrassment. 22.Monarchs are kept as head ofstatein Europe mostly [A]owing totheir undoubted and respectable status. [B]to achieve abalance between tradition and reality. [C]to give voters more publicfigures tolook upto. [D]dueto theireverlasting politicalembodiment. 23.Whichof thefollowing isshownto be odd,according toparagraph 4? [A]Aristocrats’ excessivereliance oninherited wealth. [B]The roleofthe nobility inmodern democracies. [C]The simplelifestyle of thearistocraticfamilies. [D]Thenobility’s adherence to their privileges. 24.TheBritish royals “have most tofear” because Charles [A]takes atough lineonpolitical issues. [B]fails tochange his lifestyle as advised. [C]takes republicans as his potential allies. [D]fails to adapt himselftohis futurerole. 25.Whichof thefollowing isthe best titleof thetext? [A]Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined [B]Charles, Anxiousto Succeed to theThrone [C]Carlos, a Lesson forAll European Monarchs [D]Charles, SlowtoReact totheComingThreats 272015年考研英语 Text 2 Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone withouta warrant ifthephone is onoraround a person during an arrest. California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess theimplicationsof newand rapidly changing technologies. The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provideupdated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants. They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents ofa smartphone—a vast storehouse of digital information—is similar to,say, going through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much theeasier. Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected bytheConstitution’s prohibitiononunreasonable searches. As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly burdensome for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while waiting for a warrant. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situationswhere they are entitled tomore freedom. But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now. 2826.TheSupreme court, will work out whether, during an arrest, itis legitimateto [A]prevent suspects from deleting their phonecontents. [B]search for suspect’s mobilephoneswithout awarrant. [C]check suspects’phonecontents without beingauthorized. [D]prohibitsuspects from using theirmobilephones. 27.Theauthor’s attitudetoward California’s argument isone of [A]disapproval. [B]indifference. [C]tolerance. [D]cautiousness. 28.Theauthor believes that exploring one’s phonecontents iscomparable to [A]gettinginto one’sresidence. [B]handing one’s historical records. [C]scanning one’s correspondences. [D]going through one’s wallet. 29.In Paragraphs 5and 6,theauthor shows hisconcern that [A]principles are hard to be clearly expressed. [B]thecourt isgiving policeless room for action. [C]citizens’ privacy isnot effectively protected. [D]phones are used to store sensitiveinformation. 30.Orin Kerr’scomparison is quoted to indicatethat [A] theConstitutionshould beimplemented flexibly. [B]new technology requires reinterpretation of theConstitution. [C]California’s argument violates principles oftheConstitution. [D] principles oftheConstitution should never bealtered. 292015年考研英语 Text3 The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings. “Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the Journal has appointed seven experts to astatistics board ofreviewing editors (SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviews. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review thesemanuscripts. Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said, “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overalldrive to increasereproducibilityin theresearch we publish.” Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.” John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.” “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority ofscientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review. Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process.” Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘thepapers that need scrutiny’in thefirst place.” 30公众号【研池大叔】，免费提供考研网课+PDF电子书 更多考研英语配套课程，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【英语】免费获取 更多考研无水印电子书，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【电子书】免费获取 更多考研笔记，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【笔记】免费获取 更多考研真题，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【真题】免费获取31.It can belearned from Paragraph 1that [A]Science intends tosimplify itspeer-review process. [B]journals are strengthening theirstatisticalchecks. [C]few journals are blamed formistakes in dataanalysis. [D]lack ofdata analysis is common in research projects. 32.Thephrase “flagged up” (Para.2)is theclosest inmeaning to [A]found. [B]marked. [C]revised. [D]stored. 33.Giovanni Parmigiani believes that theestablishment of theSBoRE may [A]poseathreat to all itspeers. [B]meet with strong opposition. [C]increase Science’s circulation. [D]set an examplefor otherjournals. 34.David Vaux holdsthat what Science is doing now [A]adds to researchers’workload. [B]diminishes the roleofreviewers. [C]has room for further improvement. [D]istofail in theforeseeable future. 35.Whichof thefollowing isthe best titleof thetext? [A]Science Joins Pushto Screen Statistics inPapers [B]Professional Statisticians DeserveMore Respect [C]Data Analysis Finds Its Wayonto Editors’Desks [D]Statisticians Are Coming Back withScience 3116-17年的 8篇真题，一次性完成 4篇真题后，集中对参考答案，再听课。 2016年考研英语 Text1 France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways. The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “inciteexcessive thinness” bypromotingextremedieting. Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up with impinging on health. That’s a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to health—as some have done. It tells thefashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they mustuse todetermine theirindividual worth. Thebans, iffullyenforced, would suggest to woman (and many men ) that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dietingtheir way to sizezeroor wasp-waist physiques . The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep—and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mess could result in a$85,000fine and sixmonthsin prison. The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standard for models and fashion images that rely moreon pear pressure for enforcement. In contrast to France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding age, health, and other characteristics of models .The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical charterclearly states: “we are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people.” The charter’s main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion week (CFW), which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and-shame method of compliance. Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond thematerial standards ofaparticular industry. 3221.According to thefirst paragraph, what would happen in France? [A]Newrunways would be constructed. [B]Physical beauty would be redefined. [C]Websites about dieting would thrive. [D]Thefashion industry would decline. 22.Thephrase “impinging on” (Para.2)is closest in meaning to [A]heightening thevalue of. [B]indicating thestateof. [C]losingfaith in. [D]doingharm to. 23.Whichof thefollowing istrue ofthefashion industry? [A]Newstandards are being set inDenmark. [B]The French measures have already failed. [C]Models are nolonger underpeer pressure. [D]Its inherent problems are getting worse. 24.Adesigner ismost likely tobe rejected byCFW for [A]pursuing perfect physical conditions. [B]caring too muchabout models’character. [C]showing littleconcern forhealth factors. [D]settinga high age threshold for models. 25.Whichof thefollowing maybethe besttitleofthe text? [A]AChallenge to theFashionIndustry’sBody Ideals [B]ADilemmafor theStarving Models inFrance [C]Just AnotherRoundofStrugglefor Beauty [D]TheGreat Threats to theFashion Industry 332016年考研英语 Text2 For the first time in the history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate “the countryside” alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what makes them proudest oftheircountry, thishas limited political support. A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save “the beauty of natural places for everyone forever”. It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience “a refreshing air.” Hill’s pressure laterled tothe creation of national parks and green belts. They don’t make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more ofit. It needs constant guardianship. At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives’ planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorizing “off-plan” building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewisewants to discontinue local planning where councils opposedevelopment. The Liberal Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror intomany local Conservative parties. The sensible place to build new houses, factories and offices is where people are, in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyed recently identified enough sites for half of million houses in the London area alone, with no intrusion on green belt. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces. The idea that “housing crisis” equals “concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them. Under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We donotruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones? Development should be planned, not let rip. After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe’s most crowed country. Half a century of town and country planning has enable it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative —the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unitetheleft and right of thepolitical spectrum. 3426.Britain’s publicsentimentabout thecountryside [A]didn’tstart tilltheShakespearean age. [B]has brought much benefit to theNHS. [C]is fully backed bytheroyal family. [D]isnot well reflected inpolitics. 27.According to Paragraph 2,theachievements of theNational Trust are now being [A]gradually destroyed. [B]effectively reinforced. [C]largely overshadowed. [D]properly protected. 28.Whichof thefollowing can beinferred from Paragraph 3? [A]Labouris under attack for opposing development. [B]The Conservatives may abandon “off-plan” building. [C]The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence. [D]Ukip may gainfrom its support forrural conservation. 29.Theauthor holdsthat George Osbornes’s preference [A]highlights hisfirm stand against lobby pressure. [B]shows his disregard forthe character ofrural areas. [C]stresses thenecessity of easing thehousing crisis. [D]reveals astrong prejudice against urban areas. 30.In thelast paragraph theauthor showhis appreciation of [A]thesizeof populationin Britain. [B]thepolitical lifein today’sBritain. [C]theenviable urban lifestyle in Britain. [D]thetown-and-country planning in Britain. 352016年考研英语 Text3 “There is one and only one social responsibility of business,” wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel Prize-winning economist, “That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.” But even if you accept Friedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders’ money, things may not be absolutely clear-act. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies — at least when they are prosecuted for corruption. The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal” that a company’s products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect way to donate to thegood causes it helps. Andthird, through amore diffuse“halo effect，” whereby itsgood deeds earn it greaterconsideration from consumers and others. Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under American’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA).It argues that since prosecutors donot consumea company’s products as part oftheirinvestigations,they could beinfluenced only bythehalo effect. The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms’ political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lowerfines. In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR. “We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials,” says one researcher. Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies. But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment. 3631.Theauthor views MiltonFriedman’s statement about CSRwith [A]tolerance. [B]skepticism. [C]uncertainty. [D]approval. 32.According to Paragraph 2,CSRhelps a company by [A]winningtrust from consumers. [B]guarding itagainst malpractices. [C]protecting it from being defamed. [D]raising thequality ofitsproducts. 33.Theexpression “more lenient” (Para.4) isclosest in meaning to [A]moreeffective. [B]less controversial. [C]less severe. [D]morelasting. 34.When prosecutors evaluatea case, acompany’s CSRrecord [A]has an impact ontheir decision. [B]comes across as reliable evidence. [C]increases thechance ofbeing penalized. [D]constitutespart oftheinvestigation. 35.Whichof thefollowing istrue ofCSR,according tothelast paragraph? [A]Its negativeeffects onbusinesses are often overlooked. [B]The necessary amount ofcompanies spending onit is unknown. [C]Companies’financial capacity for ithas beenoverestimated. [D]It has brought much benefit to thebanking industry. 372016年考研英语 Text4 There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. “Sometime inthe future,” thepaper’s publisher saidback in 2010. Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper— printing presses, delivery trucks―isn’t just expensive; it’s excessive at a time when online-only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobilecounterparts, revenuefrom print isstilldeclining. Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print editionwould be amistake, says BuzzFeed CEOJonahPeretti. Peretti says the Times shouldn’t waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. “Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them,” he said, “but if you discontinue it, you’re going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.” Sometimes that’s worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming. “It was seen as blunder,” he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge at the Times? “I wouldn’t pick a year to end print,” he said. “I would raise prices andmake itinto moreof alegacy product.” The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and they’dfeel likethey were helping sustain the quality of somethingthey believe in. “So if you’re overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping,” Peretti said. “Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.” In other words, if you’re going to make a print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year ― more than twiceas much as a digital-onlysubscription. “It’s a really hard thing to do and it’s a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn’t have a legacy business,” Peretti remarked. “But we’re going tohave questions like that where we have things we’re doing that don’t make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it’s better to be more aggressive thanless aggressive.” 3836.TheNewYork Timesis considering ending itsprint edition partly due to [A]thehigh cost ofoperation. [B]thepressure from itsinvestors. [C]thecomplaints from its readers. [D]theincreasing onlineand sales. 37.Peretti suggests that inface ofthe present situation,The Times should [A]seek new sources ofleadership. [B]end the printsedition for good. [C]aim for efficient management. [D]makestrategic adjustments. 38.It can beinferred from Paragraphs 5 and6that a“ legacy product” [A]helps restore theglory offormer times. [B]is meant for themostloyal customers. [C]will havethe cost ofprinting reduced. [D]expandsthepopularity ofthepaper. 39.Peretti believes that,in achanging world [A]legacy businesses are becoming outdated. [B]cautiousness facilitates problem-solving. [C]aggressiveness better meets challenges. [D]traditional luxuries can stay unaffected. 40.Whichof thefollowing would bethebest titleofthetext? [A]Shift to OnlineNewspapers All at Once [B]Cherish theNewspapers stillinYourHand [C]Make YourPrint Newspapers aLuxuryGood [D]Keep YourNewspapers Forever inFashion 392017年考研英语 Text1 First two hours, now three hours—this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight, at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massivesecurity lines. Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security procedures in return for increased safety. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804, which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea, provides another tragic reminder of why. But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process. And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans' economic and private lives,not to mention infuriating. Last year, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons—both fake and real —past airport security nearly every time they tried. Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving economy and low oil prices, have resulted in long waits at major airports such as Chicago's O'Hare International. It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become —butthe lines are obvious. Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel, so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line. Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes. Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the airlines strongly disputethis. There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program. PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA. Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes. This allows the TSA tofocus ontravelers who are higher risk, saving timefor everyone involved. The TSA wants to enroll 25million people inPreCheck. It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker shock: Passengers must pay $85 every five years to process their background checks. Since the beginning, this price tag has been PreCheck's fatal flaw. Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level. But Congress should look into doing so directly, byhelping tofinance PreCheck enrollment orto cut costs in other ways. The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines. It is long past time to maketheprogram work. 40公众号【研池大叔】，免费提供考研网课+PDF电子书 更多考研英语配套课程，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【英语】免费获取 更多考研无水印电子书，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【电子书】免费获取 更多考研笔记，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【笔记】免费获取 更多考研真题，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【真题】免费获取21.Thecrash of Egypt Air Flight 804ismentioned to [A]stress theurgency tostrengthen security worldwide. [B]explainAmericans’tolerance ofcurrent security checks. [C]highlight thenecessity ofupgrading majorU.S.airports. [D]emphasizetheimportanceof privacy protection. 22.Whichof thefollowing contributes tolongwaits at majorairports? [A]Newrestrictions oncarry-on bags. [B]The declining efficiency of theTSA. [C]An increase in thenumberof travelers. [D]Frequent unexpected secret checks. 23.Theword “expedited”(Para. 5)is closestin meaning to [A]quieter. [B] faster. [C]wider. [D]cheaper. 24.Oneproblem withthe PreCheck program is [A]adramatic reduction of itsscale. [B]itswrongly-directed implementation. [C]thegovernment’s reluctance to back it. [D]anunreasonableprice for enrollment. 25.Whichof thefollowing would bethebest titleforthetext? [A]Getting Stuckin Security Lines [B]PreCheck—ABelated Solution [C]Less Screening for More Safety [D]Underused PreCheck Lanes 412017年考研英语 Text2 "The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers," wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii's last reigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today. Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionizehumanity's viewofthe cosmos. At issue is the TMT's planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko, that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens. But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world's most powerful telescopes. Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea's peak rises above the bulk of our planet's dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity. Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environmentalists have long viewed their presence as disrespect for sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation. Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers. In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is not the only way of understanding theworld. They did not always prioritizethe protection of MaunaKea's fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the island's inhabitants. Hawaiian culture is not a relicof thepast; itis aliving culture undergoing arenaissance today. Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization. The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii's shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens. Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore thereality that astronomy andHawaiian cultureboth seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and where we are going. Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to knowourselves and ourtrue ancestral homes. The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea. The TMT site was chosen to minimizethe telescope's visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact. To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state. There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed onMaunaKea toembrace theircultural heritage and to studythestars. 4226.Queen Liliuokalani’s remark inParagraph 1indicates [A]theimportanceof astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society. [B]her conservativeviewonthehistorical roleof astronomy. [C] theregrettable decline ofastronomy in ancient times. [D]herappreciation of starwatchers’feats inher time. 27.MaunaKea is deemed as an ideal astronomical sitedue to [A]itsreligious implications. [B]itsprotective surroundings. [C]itsgeographical features. [D]itsexisting infrastructure. 28.Theconstruction oftheTMT is opposed bysomelocals partly because [A]itmay risk ruining theirintellectual life. [B]they fear losingcontrol of MaunaKea. [C]theirculture will loseachanceof revival. [D]itreminds them of ahumiliatinghistory. 29.It can beinferred from Paragraph 5that progress in today’s astronomy [A]isfulfilling thedreams ofancient Hawaiians. [B]helps spread Hawaiian culture across theworld. [C]may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture. [D]willeventually soften Hawaiians’hostility. 30.Theauthor’s attitudetoward choosing MaunaKea as theTMT siteisone of [A]severe criticism. [B]full approval. [C]passiveacceptance. [D]slight hesitancy. 432017年考研英语 Text3 Robert F. Kennedy once said that a country's GDP measures "everything except that which makes life worthwhile." With Britain voting to leave the European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to. The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half acentury. Many argue that itis aflawed concept. It measures things that donot matter and misses things that do. By most recent measures, the UK's GDP has been the envy of the Western world, with record low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything was going so well, then why did over 17 million people vote for Brexit, despitethewarnings about what it could doto theircountry's economicprospects? A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvements for its citizens. Rather than just focusing onGDP, over 40 different sets of criteria from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get amore rounded assessment ofhowcountries are performing. While all of these countries face their own challenges, there are a number of consistent themes. Yes, there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash, but in key indicators in areas such as health and education, major economies have continued to decline. Yet this isn't the case with all countries. Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures includingcivil society, income equality and the environment. This is a lesson that rich countries can learn: When GDP is nolonger regarded as thesolemeasure of acountry's success, theworld looksvery different . So, what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations, as a measure, it is no longer enough. It does not include important factors such as environmental quality or educationoutcomes—all things that contribute toa person's sense ofwell-being. The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth. But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress. 4431.Robert F.Kennedy iscited because he [A] praised the UKforits GDP. [B] identified GDP with happiness. [C] misinterpreted theroleof GDP. [D] hadalowopinion ofGDP. 32.It can beinferred from Paragraph 2that [A] GDP as themeasure ofsuccess is widely defied in theUK. [B] policymakers in theUKare paying less attention toGDP. [C] theUK willcontribute less tothe world economy. [D] theUKis reluctant to remold itseconomic pattern. 33.Whichof thefollowing istrue about therecent annual study? [A] It excludes GDP as an indicator. [B] It is sponsored by163countries. [C] Its criteria are questionable. [D] Its results are enlightening. 34.In thelast two paragraphs, theauthorsuggests that [A] theUKis preparing for an economic boom. [B] it isessential toconsider factors beyond GDP. [C] high GDP foreshadows an economic decline. [D] itrequires caution tohandle economic issues. 35.Whichof thefollowing isthe best forthe text? [A] Brexit, theUK’s Gateway toWell-being [B] Robert F. Kennedy, aTerminator ofGDP [C]High GDP But Inadequate Well-being, aUK lesson [D] GDP figures, a WindowonGlobal EconomicHealth 452017 年考研英语 Text 4 In a rare unanimous ruling, the U.S. Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor, Robert McDonnell. But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobile from a company seeking access to government. The high court's decision said the judge in Mr. McDonnell's trial failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his "official acts," or the former governor's decisions on "specific" and "unsettled" issues related to his duties. Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials, unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials, is not corruption, the justices found. The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is "distasteful" and "nasty." But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of a contract or regulation. Simply arranging a meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event is not an "official act". The court's ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal. Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution for bribery. “The basic compact underlying representative government,” wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court, “assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns.” But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government. Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift. This type of integrity requires well-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying, and information about each elected leader's source of wealth.公众号：大叔考研，免费分享无水印PDF Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption. But it is not always corruption. Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different types of access for average people and the wealthy. If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society—that all are equal in treatment by government —is undermined. Good governance rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual. The court's ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism. 4636.Theunderlined sentence (Para.1) most probably shows that the court [A]madenocompromise inconvicting McDonnell. [B]avoided defining theextent ofMcDonnell’sduties. [C]was contemptuous ofMcDonnell’s conduct. [D]refused to comment onMcDonnell’sethics. 37.According to Paragraph 4,an official act isdeemed corruptive only ifitinvolves [A]concretereturns for gift-givers. [B]sizablegains in theform of gifts. [C]leaking secrets intentionally. [D]breaking contracts officially. 38.Thecourt’s ruling isbased onthe assumptionthat publicofficials are [A]allowed tofocus ontheconcerns oftheir supporters. [B]qualified to deal independently with bureaucraticissues. [C]justified in addressing theneeds of theirconstituents. [D]exemptfrom conviction onthecharge offavoritism. 39.Well-enforced laws ingovernment transparency are needed to [A]awaken theconscience ofofficials. [B]allowfor certain kindsof lobbying. [C]guarantee fairplay in official access. [D]inspirehopes in averagepeople. 40.Theauthor’s attitudetoward thecourt’sruling is [A]sarcastic. [B]tolerant. [C]skeptical. [D]supportive. 47强化阅读技巧串讲总结 一、主旨提炼 整体解题步骤： 1. 题干关键信息： ① 第5题题干中的实意信息 ② 第5题选项中一致的名词、情感态度、答案方向 ③ 1-4题题干重复出现的实意名词 ④ 题干中暗示情感态度的特征词 2. 原文关键信息： ① 二段一句 ② 书如其人 3. 如主旨对象或判定触发特定敏感词，则代入相关终极定式 4. 按（5）、1、4、3、2、（5）的顺序， 具体分析题目，逐题击破 二、Monkey 五大终极定式 1. 社科类说明文——旧现象，新发现 识别特征： 主题常与心理、行为、认知、社会影响有关 学术味儿重，题干大量提及图书、理论、研究 ① 题干中往往询问多方的观点，且带有特殊的题干限定词 ② （如：原本、最初、过去、通常、大众；学界、现在、最近） ③ 典型特征词： social influence, peer, behavior, perception, recognition, psychology, brain 英一 2012T1 21.According to thefirst paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as 22.Rosenberg holds that public-health advocates should 23.In theauthor’s view, Rosenberg’s bookfails to 24.Paragraph 5shows that ourimitation ofbehaviors 25.Theauthor suggests inthe lastparagraph that theeffect ofpeer pressure is 48原理：社科研究的学科特性，决定了它必然是对某一个固有的乃至于极其常见且 普遍的社会现象的研究；同时，这一学科的主观性较强，导致了有价值的新观点 或新结论提出时，往往在推翻一个旧的大众认识或旧有的错误的不完善的研究结 论。而材料的“与时俱进”与科学研究方法的“实事求是”这两个特点叠加，决定了 文中结论势必是当时最正确最接近真理的。 典型结构：旧现象，新发现（反总分总） 大众通常认为/学界以往认为 对象+错误判定； 但最新的研究表明，这是错的，实际上 对象+正确判定。 需要优先锁定正确结论，免受文章开头的错误观点的误导 推论1：与时俱进+实事求是=必然正确 推论2：先天或后天是社科文的常见研究结论 24.Paragraph 5shows that ourimitation ofbehaviors [A]isharmful to ournetworks offriends. [B]will mislead behavioral studies. [C]occurs without ourrealizing it. [D]can produce negativehealth habits. 24.Ericsson and hiscolleagues believe that [A]talent isa dominatingfactorfor professional success. [B]biographical data providethekey toexcellent performance. [C]therole oftalent tends to be overlooked. [D]high achievers owetheir success mostlyto nurture. 先天、本能类词汇： intuitive 直觉的 inborn 与生俱来的 biological 生理上的 impulsive 冲动的 talent 天赋 genetic 遗传的 inherited 遗传的 unconscious 无意识的 instinctive 本能的 encoded、hard-wired DNA注定的 automatic 自动的 49后天、刻意而为类词汇： cultivate 培养 nurture 培养 training 训练 practice 练习 cognitive 认知的 conscious 有意识的 deliberate 刻意的 intended 有意的 2. 新事物、新科技——新事物，新形势，新挑战 识别特征： 文章主旨与高科技、新事物有关，或出现明显的新旧对比 典型特征词： 公众号：大叔考研，免费分享无水印PDF machine, robot, automation, computerscience, big data, Facebook, AI, autonomous vehicle, renewableenergy, Deep Learning (深度学习),block chain (区块链), cloudcomputing (云计算), Internet ofThings (物联网),Virtual Reality(虚拟现实), privacy policy (隐私政策) 典型结构： 新事物（好在哪） 新形势（出现了哪些随之而来的新问题） 新挑战（政策、认知等旧事物该如何调整以应对新形势、解决新问题） 22.Whichof thefollowing best represents theauthor’s view? A. Worries about automation are in fact groundless. B. Optimists’opinionsonnew tech find little support. C. Issues arising from automation need to betackled. D. Negative consequences of newtech can beavoided. 推论1：新事物代表着事物发展方向 推论2：新事物优于旧事物，具有旧事物不可比拟的优越性 record music vs liveperformance parkrun vs Olympic Games renewable energy vs fossilfuel 50公众号【研池大叔】，免费提供考研网课+PDF电子书 更多考研英语配套课程，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【英语】免费获取 更多考研无水印电子书，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【电子书】免费获取 更多考研笔记，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【笔记】免费获取 更多考研真题，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【真题】免费获取推论3：新事物得到人民群众的拥护和支持 21.According to Paragraph 1,Parkrun has ______. [A]created many jobs [B]gained great popularity [C]become anofficial festival [D]strengthened communityties 24.According to thetext, which of thefollowingis trueof recordings? [A]They are often inferior toliveconcerts in quality. [B]They are easily accessibleto thegeneral public. [C]They help improvethequality ofmusic. [D]They have only covered masterpieces. 推论4：新事物战胜旧事物要经历一个曲折发展的过程 三种外部阻力： 旧事物的阻挠 ① 实践的错误 ② 认知的局限 ③ 三种内部瓶颈： 高价格 低供给 ① 窄应用 ② ③ 29.Whichof thefollowing istrue about clean energy according to Paragraphs 5& 6? A. Its application has boosted battery storage. B. It iscommonly used incar manufacturing. C. Its continuous supplyis becoming a reality. D. Its sustainableexploitation willremain difficult. 3. 旧事物的问题、危机——向死而生，希望犹存 51识别特征： 题干中出现了表示负面问题、改进建议与措施的词汇 全文主旨判定为负面，且文章从开篇就在讨论某个负面问题 ① ② 典型特征词： concern, was upset by, cast doubt on,worry, problem, criticized, lack, complain, should, to reduceunemployment, toreverse thenegative influence, solutionto theethical issues 典型结构： 新事物，新形势，旧事物应该却没能应对新挑战，要完，建议 or警醒 旧事物由于没能应对新挑战，出现了显著严峻的问题，建议 or警醒 ① 面临新挑战，现有的解决方案存在问题，末段提出新建议 or警醒 ② →问题诊断+解决办法 ③ 30.In thistext, the authormainly discusses [A]flawed ownership ofAmerica’s lawfirms and itscauses. [B]thefactors that help makeasuccessful lawyer in America. [C]aproblem inAmerica’s legal profession and solutions toit. [D]theroleof undergraduate studiesin America’slegal education. 推论1：应该积极地应对问题；对国家、民族的未来抱有希望 33.Thesolutionto theethical issues brought byautonomous vehicles A. can hardly ever befound. B. has aroused much curiosity. C. isstillbeyond our capacity. D. causes littlepublicconcern. 30.Themost appropriate titlefor this text would be [A]American Newspapers: Struggling forSurvival [B]American Newspapers: Gonewith theWind [C]American Newspapers: AThriving Business [D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless Story 推论2：文章末段总是建议或警醒 ① 常见的建议、警醒词汇： should, need to,berequired to,suggest, solution, lesson 52其中特别注意，“xx很重要”是一类常见的表达建议的方式： essential, crucial, vital, importance, central, matters, critical ② 40.Whichof thefollowing would bethebest titleforthetext? [A]Ways to Grasp “The Heart oftheMatter” [B]Illiberal Education and “TheHeart of theMatter” [C]The AAAS’s Contributionto Liberal Education [D]ProgressivePolicy vs. Liberal Education 35.Whichof thefollowing couldbethe mostappropriate titleforthetext? [A]Howto Innovate OurWork Practices? [B]Machines willReplace Human Labor [C]Can WeWintheRace Against Machines? [D]EconomicDownturns Stimulate Innovations 推论3：should=failto=该做却没能做到=批评+分析+建议 ① ② Theauthor believes that London’s Olympic “legacy”has failed to [A]boostpopulation growth [B] improvethecity’s image [C]increase sport hours in schools [D]promotesport participation According to Paragraph 1,Parkrun has ______. [A]created many jobs [B] gained great popularity [C]become anofficial festival [D]strengthened community ties 53推论4：出问题的旧事物没能应对新形势、新挑战 ① ② 39.Peretti believes that in achanging world [A]traditional luxuries can stay unaffected [B]cautiousness facilitates problem-solving [C]aggressiveness better meets challenges [D]legacy businesses are becoming out dated 新旧事物发展光谱： 新事物： 新形势： 新挑战： 旧事物： 向死而生，希望犹存： →新事物的诸多优点反之既是旧事物的缺点与问题所在： 4. 司法类文章——司法类文章终极定式 识别特征： 题干中多次出现最高法院、大法官、判决、案件等司法概念 文章与某个具体的法律案件、法庭裁决、法律修改有关 ① ② 典型特征词： case, Justice, theSupreme Court, ruling, Act, legal, law 典型结构： 因法院判决意义重大且不容曲解。相关文章往往会在首段清晰地写明相关诉讼涉 及的对象，法庭判决的结果，以及作者对该判决的外延影响的初步解读。 →文章首段一般会客观陈述总结法院的判决结果 40.In dealing with theSupreme Court decision Thursday, theauthor A. presents itsmain points withconflicting views onthem. B. gives a factual account ofit anddiscusses its consequences. 54C. cites somecases related to itand analyzes theirimplications. D. describes thelong andcomplicated process ofits making. 原理：英美法律体系基于 Common LawSystem 判例法系 In acommon law system, thelawis created byprecedents set after judges decide actual cases. Whenajudge hears acase that has a new issueinit, thejudge makes a decision regarding theissuein thecase. That decision then becomes aprecedent that mustbe followed byother courts with equal standing within thelegal system. The precedent remains lawunless and untila higher court overturns thedecision. The practiceof followingdecisions made byothercourts for similarissues is known as stare decisis. 推论1：判决往往与新事物有关 推论2：新案件的判决结果将成为通用判例 Whichof thefollowing istrue oftheBilski case? [A]Its rulingcomplies with thecourt decisions. [B]It involves avery bigbusiness transaction. [C]It has been dismissed bytheFederal Circuit. [D]It may change thelegal practices in theU.S. In theauthor’s view, the Vermont case willtest [A]Entergy’s capacity tofulfill all itspromises. [B]thenature ofstates’ patchwork regulations. [C]thefederal authority over nuclear issues. [D]thelimits ofstates’power over nuclear issues. 推论3：最高法院以及最高大法官是正义的化身 ① ② ③ 5540.Theauthor’s attitudetoward thecourt’sruling is [A]sarcastic. [B]tolerant. [C]skeptical. [D]supportive. 推论4：只有最高法有权对宪法进行解读 30.Orin Kerrs comparison isquoted toindicate that [A]theConstitutionshould beimplemented flexibly. [B]New technology requires reinterpretation oftheConstitution. [C]California’s argument violates principles oftheConstitution. [D]Principles oftheConstitution shouldnever be altered. 33.According to theauthor, competition law______. A. should serve thenewmarket powers B. may worsen the economicimbalance C. cannot keep pace with thechanging market D. should not providejustone legal solution 34.Competition lawas presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because______. A. they are not financially reliable B. they are notdefined as customers C. theservices are generally digital D. theservices are paid for byadvertisers 推论5：司法判决结果是双刃剑 二元对立型案件或明显牵扯多方利益的司法判决，需要优先关注： ① ② ③ 重要司法类词汇整理： jury n. 陪审团 judge n. 法官 defendant n. 被告 suspect n. 嫌犯 defensev. 为...辩护 verdict n. 判决结果 rulev. 判决 conviction n. 定罪 56prohibitv. 禁止 rule out v. 禁止 object v. 反对 overrule v. 推翻 overturn v. 推翻 reject v. 驳回 SupremeCourt 最高法院 theJustice 最高大法官 Federal Circuit 联邦法院 constitutionn. 宪法 unconstitutionaladj. 违宪的 amendment n. 修正案 legitimateadj. 合法的 legal adj. 合法的 illegal adj. 非法的 jurisdictionn. 司法 legal practice n. 司法实践 legislationn. 立法 Tomvs. Jerry Tom 与Jerry 对峙的官司 xxAct n.xx法案 case n. 案件 5. 政府政策类文章——政府政策是背锅侠 识别特征： 题干、文章中多次出现政府、政策、立法者、国会、联邦、州等概念 典型特征词： Congress, publicsector, state, federal, government, WhiteHouse, Administration, policy, legislator, officials 典型结构：无 原理： 政府政策本质上的滞后性导致它往往存在缺陷，是各种问题的背锅侠 政府政策的出发点和初衷总是好的，但往往没实现初衷 导致政府政策不给力的外部阻力 导致政府政策不给力的内部矛盾 1. 政府政策本质上的滞后性导致它往往存在缺陷，是各种问题的背锅侠 26.Britain’s publicsentimentabout thecountryside [A]isnot well reflected inpolitics [B]is fully backed bytheroyal family [C]didn’t start tilltheShakespearean age [D]has brought much benefit tothe NHS 572. 政府政策的出发点和初衷总是好的，但往往没实现初衷 ① 24.Theauthor suggests that tax policies beaimed at A. encouraging thedevelopment ofautomation. B. increasing the return oncapital investment. C. easing thehostility between rich and poor. D. preventing theincomegap from widening. ② 21.George Osborne’s scheme was intended to 27.Whatwas theoriginal purpose ofgrade forgiveness? ③ 21.According to Paragraph 1,one motivein imposingthenew ruleis to A. guarantee thebonuses oftop executives. B. enhance bankers’sense ofresponsibility. C. buildanew system offinancial regulation. D. help corporations achieve larger profits. ④ 24.With regard tomass sports, theauthor holdsthat governments should ______. [A]increase funds for sports clubs [B]invest in publicsports facilities [C]organize“grassroots” sportsevents [D]superviselocal sports associations 23.Whatpromoted thechancellorto develop his scheme? [D]Apassion to ensure fairness for taxpayers. 3. 导致政府政策不给力的内外阻力 58Hindranceto thereform of thelegal system originates from A. therigid bodies governing theprofession. According to Paragraph 2,theUSPSfails to modernizeitselfdueto A. theinterference from interest groups. 4. 导致政府政策不给力的制度矛盾 三权分立制： ① 联邦政府制： ② 国会两党制： ③ 【重要通识】美国政治体制——三权分立 行政受限—白宫、总统、政府 Administration—theWhite House, the President, Washington D.C., Federal government, State government 立法民主—国会 Legislation—theCongress（Democraticvs Republican）, Senate, senator, policymaker, legislation hall 司法独立—最高法院 Jurisdiction—Supreme Court、theJustice(s)（9法官投票制）、 theinterpretation ofConstitution（宪法解释权） 【重要通识】美国政治体制——联邦政府制 United States ofAmerica=50 个州组成的联邦国家 10thAmendment to theUnited StatesConstitution 宪法第10修正案：宪法未明确授予联邦政府的权利，保留给各州。 Federal government—联邦政府（白宫、总统、华盛顿） 国家层面的行政、立法、司法（财政、国防、出入境管理、税务等） Stategovernment—各州政府（常见州名阅读中积累） 完全在州界内的事务以及联邦政府未被授权的事务 59三、局部解题技巧 谁是我们的朋友，谁是我们的敌人？这个问题是革命的首要问题。 ——毛泽东 1. 作者态度题必错选项： 无态度，失公允，皆为下等文章； 舔狗与丧家之犬，难登大雅之堂。 无态度： puzzled, tolerance, tolerant, indifference, indifferent, hesitate, hesitancy, ambiguous, acceptance, uncertain, understand, trivial 注意：中立（objective, neutral）不是无态度词 失公允： contempt, contemptuous, sarcastic, biased, scornful, conceited, indulgence, indulgent, permissive 舔狗：satisfaction, enthusiastic, appreciation, appreciative, gratitude 丧家之犬：desperate, hopeless, destructive 2. 作者态度题正向秒杀技巧： 22.Theauthor’s attitudetoward Americans’watching TVis [A]critical [B]supportive [C]sympathetic [D]ambiguous 3. 存在先于本质 33.Whichof thefollowing istrue about therecent annual study? [A]It excludes GDP as an indicator. [B]It is sponsored by163countries. [C]Its criteria are questionable. [D]Its results are enlightening. 60公众号【研池大叔】，免费提供考研网课+PDF电子书 更多考研英语配套课程，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【英语】免费获取 更多考研无水印电子书，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【电子书】免费获取 更多考研笔记，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【笔记】免费获取 更多考研真题，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【真题】免费获取谁是“我们”？ “我们”是谁？这真正决定了敌友、好坏、对错。 ——屁股决定脑袋，立场决定态度！ 1. 一个人的 决定了他在某个问题上的立场 33.Giovanni Parmigiani believes that theestablishment of theSBoRE may [A]poseathreat to all itspeers. [B]meet with strong opposition. [C]increase Sciences circulation. [D]set an examplefor otherjournals. 30.JayLininger would most likely support _____. [A]industrygroups [B]thewin-win rhetoric [C]environmental groups [D]theplanunder challenge 27.Judging from thecontext,the phrase“wreaking havoc”(Line 3,Para.2)most probably means ___. A. generating motivation B. exertinginfluence C. causing damage D. creating pressure 2. 作者所站的角度以及他思考问题的出发点，决定了他后续给出的结论和建议。 31.According to Paragraph 1,Facebook acquired WhatsApp forits ______. 32.Linking phone numbers toFacebook identities may ______. 33.According to theauthor, competition law______. 34.Competition lawas presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because______. 35.Theants analogy is usedto illustrate______. 32.Linking phone numbers toFacebook identities may A. posea risk toFacebook users B. mislead the European commission C. worsen political disputes D. mess upcustomer records 613. 走群众路线 出于报刊受众群体与阅读量的考虑，作者所站的角度以及思考问题的出发点，往 往是广大人民群众。 金坷垃，好处都有啥？ 27.Whatwas theoriginal purpose ofgrade forgiveness? A. Tomaintain colleges’graduation rates. B. Toincrease universities’ incomefrom tuition. C. Toprepare graduates for a challenging future. D. Tohelp freshmen adapt to collegelearning. 金坷垃，坏处都有啥？ 21.Whowill bemost threatened byautomation? A. Leading politicians. B. Low-wage laborers. C. Robotowners. D. Middle-class workers. 4. 同敌人划清界限 40.Whichof thefollowing can beinferred from thelast paragraph? [A]Having children contributes littleto theglamour ofcelebrity moms. [B]Celebrity moms haveinfluenced our attitudetowards child rearing. [C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction withlife. [D]Wesometimes neglect thehappiness from child rearing. 23.Deborah Seehorn believes thatthe skillslearned at Flatiron will_____. [A]help students learn other computer languages [B]have to beupgraded when new technologies come [C]need improvingwhen students look forjobs [D]enable studentsto make big quick money 5. 企业经营的万金油优缺点 6226.It issuggested in Paragraph 1that “behavioural”ads help advertisers to [A]ease competitionamong themselves. [B]lower theiroperational costs. [C]avoid complaints from consumers. [D]providebetter onlineservices. 36.TheNewYork Timesis considering ending it’s printedition partly dueto [A]theincreasing onlinead sales [B]thepressure from itsinvestors [C]thecomplaints from its readers [D]thehigh cost ofoperation 6. 以小见大，心系天下，心系当下 段落细节为段落主旨服务，段落主旨为全文主旨服务。 而报刊文章的主旨永远专注于当前和未来。 除文章末段经常做建议、警醒等升华外，各段及其内部细节存在的目的，无外乎 引出主旨、总结主旨、论证主旨三种，其中首段大概率起到引出主旨话题的作用。 ① 主旨：自动化导致的失业问题 21.Thejokein Paragraph 1is used toillustrate____. [A]theimpact oftechnological advances [B]thealleviation of jobpressure [C]theshrinkage oftextilemills [D]thedecline ofmiddle-class incomes 主旨：机场安检存在排长队的问题 21.Thecrash of EgyptAir Flight 804ismentioned to [A]stress theurgency tostrengthen security worldwide. [B]explainAmericans’ tolerance of current security checks. [C]highlight thenecessity ofupgrading majorU.S.airports. 63[D]emphasizetheimportanceof privacy protection. 主旨：报刊上的艺术评论现在越来越少 24.Whatcan be learned about Cardus according to thelast two paragraphs? [A]Hismusiccriticism maynot appeal to readers today. [B]His reputation as amusiccritic haslong been in dispute. [C]His style caters largely to modern specialists. [D]Hiswritings fail tofollowthe amateur tradition. ② 常见题干限定词： 过去：usedto, before, previous… （但现在…） 初衷：was intended to,original purpose… （但现在…） 通常：commonly, often… （一般认为…，但实际情况是…） 大众：mostpeople, general public （大众认为…，但研究表明…） 现在：recent, latest, has done, now 主旨：在家比在公司压力大 21.According to Paragraph 1,most previous surveys foundthat home [A]offered greater relaxation than theworkplace [B]was anideal place for stress measurement [C]generated morestress than theworkplace [D]was anunrealisticplace forrelaxation 31.According to Nancy Koehn, office language has become [A]moreemotional [B]more objective [C]less energetic [D]less strategic Even intraditional offices, “thelingua franca ofcorporate America hasgotten much moreemotional and much moreright-brained than it was 20years ago,”said Harvard Business School professor Nancy Koehn. Shestarted spinningoffexamples. “If you and Iparachuted back toFortune 500companies in 1990,we would seemuch less frequent useof terms likejourney, mission, passion.There were goals, there were 64strategies, there were objectives, but wedidn’t talk about energy; we didn’ttalk about passion.” ③ 25.Whatwould be thebest titleforthetext? [A]Newspapers of theGood Old Days [B]The Lost Horizon in Newspapers [C]Mournful Decline of Journalism [D]ProminentCritics in Memory 40.Whichof thefollowing would bethebest titleforthetext? A. TheUSPS Startsto Miss Its Good Old Days B. ThePostalService: Keep Away from My Cheese C. TheUSPS:ChronicIllness Requires a Quick Cure D. ThePostal Service Needs Morethan a Band-Aid ④ 主旨：高管裸辞成为新常态 29.It can beinferred from thelast paragraph that [A]topperformers usedto cling to theirposts. [B]loyalty oftop performers is getting out-dated. [C]top performers care more about reputations. [D]it’s safer tostick to thetraditional rules. 主旨：职业教育很重要 23.Wecan infer from Paragraph 5that high school graduates ______. A. used tohave big financial concerns B. used tohave more job opportunities C. are reluctant to work in manufacturing D. are entitled to moreeducational privileges 65主旨：报刊上的艺术评论快消失了 22.Newspaper reviews inEngland before WorldWar II were characterized by [A]free themes. [B]casual style. [C]elaborate layout. [D]radical viewpoints. 主旨：现在的年轻人太艰难了 40.Whichof thefollowing istrue about Schneider? [A]Hefounda dream jobafter graduating from college. [B]His parents believe working steadily isa must forsuccess. [C]His parents’good lifehas littleto dowith acollegedegree. [D]Hethinks hisjob as a technician quitechallenging. 7. 文章结构题、论述手法题， （所问即所答，所问即主旨） 25.In thistext, the authorpresents aproblem with A. opposing views onit. B. possiblesolutions to it. C. itsalarming impacts. D. itsmajorvariations. 40.In discussing theUS jury system, thetextcenters on____. [A]itsnature and problems [B]itscharacteristics and tradition [C]itsproblems and theirsolutions [D]itstradition and development 66四、实战解题步骤 解题是充满不确定性的动态过程，Monkey 大法是科学的实战策略 一、主旨的猜想与验证 1. 题干关键主旨信息： 第5题题干中的实意信息 第5题选项中一致的名词、情感态度、答案方向 ① 1-4题题干重复出现的实意名词 ② 题干中暗示情感态度的特征词 ③ ④ 2. 原文关键主旨信息： 二段一句 书如其人 ① ② 3. 结合5、1两道【主旨题】的选项以及回文验证，进一步确定主旨 注：如果至此对主旨仍然没有一点思路和线索，则 ① 重点看5题（全文主旨题）的四个选项，它给了我们四个可能的主旨方向。 ② 以做细节题的方式攻破第1题，从原文的具体信息中得到主旨 ③ 利用主旨进行后续的解题。 4. 按（5）、1、2、3、4（5）的顺序逐题击破 注：如果5、1题回文阅读也暂时无法得到主旨，则抛弃主旨解题思路，把 1-4 题当细节题用传统思路解题，回头再做第 5题。找主旨并非我们的根本目的，而 是要借主旨更好的完成解题。 5. 主旨的验证贯解题的全过程，而非“一锤子买卖”。如果我们猜想的主旨是 错的，那基于错误主旨得到的“疑似答案”也必然是错的，这个错误在回文验证 答案时必然会暴露，也就给了我们纠正主旨的提示与机会。 二、题目答案的猜想与验证 1. 有明显的疑似答案时，按以下优先级依次回文验证 与主旨一致的选项 符合原理性技巧或定式规律的选项 ① 仅有个别特征词符合技巧的选项 ② ③ 2. 无明显的疑似答案时，做好以下基本的筛选与分类，并回文验证 筛选与主旨话题有关的选项 按态度倾向（褒贬、好坏、对错）给选项分类 ① ② 3. 确定题目对应的解题段，回原文验证 ① 题干没有明显定位词时，利用题文同序原则或选项的特征词定位到解题段 ② 段落首尾句（往往是段落主旨）＞命题句＞命题句的上下句＞其他句子 ③ 验证时，关注能读懂的，确定性的信息！不要对着长难句或生词瞎脑补 ④ 如果原文啥也读不懂，那就利用上述的选项优先级去蒙猜大概率正确的答案 67强化完形-导学规划 一、完形填空考什么？ 与仔细阅读互补，主要考察微观阅读能力，具体考点可做如下细分： 基础：常见词汇，逻辑关系词和连词（60%） 中等：常见词组，连贯性与一致性（25%） 偏难：熟词僻义，介词，近义词辨析（15%） 二、为什么学完形填空？ 1. 提分！ 完形填空的难度：英语一略难于英语二（1 分） 10-17 早年完形明显难于 18-22 近年完形（2 分） 各分段目标： 无差别保 4：暴力技巧，一小时即可掌握（5min） 60 分+争 7：积累常见词汇、词组、逻辑关系词（8min） 80 分+冲 9：熟词僻义、介词理解（15min） 2. 强化语言硬实力 完形填空的选项内容最能代表命题人的语言风格以及命题点， 且语言知识点密度极大！ 68故通过无差别的学习每年 80 个完形选项，可极大的减少试卷题干、 选项、解题关键句中的生词，增强理解的准度和深度。 此外，完形填空的解题试错过程涉及一定程度的主动语言运用， 因而对写作能力（尤其是遣词造句、逻辑顺承）也有提高作用。 三、完形填空怎么学？ 1. 全年规划：从微观到宏观，从能力到应试 7-8 月强化阶段：从语言层面精讲选项与原文（10x1h） 10-14 英语二 and 10-14 英语一=10 篇完形真题 9-11 月真题大串讲：微观解题、蒙题思路(8x0.5h) 15-22 年英语二 or 英语一=8 篇完形真题 12 月逆天改命班：3-5 分钟无脑保 4 争 5 的宏观方法(30min) 2. 暑期强化课规划： 10 篇真题，每篇 3 天，每天 30 分钟左右，整体与强化阅读同步进行 Day1：独立解题+对参考答案+查清选项生词（30min） Day2：听课+讲义上记笔记（40min） Day3：对着题干复盘+难点整理笔记+生词记背（20min） 多体会正确答案的合理之处，少纠结错误选项“为什么不行” 语言习惯、固定搭配没有道理可讲，完形选的是“最佳选项” 692010 年英语二完形填空真题 The outbreak of swineflu that was first detected in Mexico was declared aglobal epidemic on June 11, 2009. It is the first worldwide epidemic_____1_____ by the WorldHealth Organization in 41years. The heightened alert _____2_____an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that assembled after a sharp rise in cases in Australia, and rising_____3_____in Britain, Japan, Chileand elsewhere. But the epidemic is "_____4_____" in severity, according to Margaret Chan, the organization's director general, _____5_____ the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in the _____6_____ of any medical treatment. The outbreak came to global_____7_____in late April 2009, when Mexican authorities noted an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths_____8_____healthy adults. As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic, cases began to _____9_____in New York City, the southwestern United States andaround theworld. In the United States, new cases seemed to fade_____10_____warmer weather arrived. But in late September 2009, officials reported there was _____11_____flu activity in almost every state and that virtually all the_____12_____tested are the new swine flu, also known as (A) H1N1, not seasonal flu. In the U.S., it has_____13_____more than one million people, and caused more than 600deaths and morethan 6,000hospitalizations. Federal health officials_____14_____Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and began_____15_____orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine. The new vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is ____16_____ ahead of expectations. More than three million doses were to be made available in early October 2009, though most of those _____17_____doses were of the FluMist nasal spray type, which is not_____18_____for pregnant women, people over 50 or those with breathing difficulties, heart disease or several other _____19_____. But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk groups: health careworkers, people _____20_____infants and healthy young people. 70公众号【研池大叔】，免费提供考研网课+PDF电子书 更多考研英语配套课程，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【英语】免费获取 更多考研无水印电子书，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【电子书】免费获取 更多考研笔记，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【笔记】免费获取 更多考研真题，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【真题】免费获取1.[A]criticized [B]appointed [C]commented [D]designated 2.[A]proceeded [B]activated [C]followed [D]prompted 3.[A]digits [B]numbers [C]amounts [D]sums 4.[A]moderate [B]normal [C]unusual [D]extreme 5.[A]with [B]in [C]from [D]by 6.[A]progress [B]absence [C]presence [D]favor 7.[A]reality [B]phenomenon [C]concept [D]notice 8.[A]over [B]for [C]among [D]to 9.[A]stayup [B]cropup [C]fillup [D]coverup 10.[A]as [B]if [C]unless [D]until 11.[A]excessive [B]enormous [C]significant [D]magnificent 12.[A]categories [B]examples [C]patterns [D]samples 13.[A]imparted [B]immersed [C]injected [D]infected 14.[A]released [B]relayed [C]relieved [D]remained 15.[A]placing [B]delivering [C]taking [D]giving 16.[A]feasible [B]available [C]reliable [D]applicable 17.[A]prevalent [B]principal [C]innovative [D]initial 18.[A]presented [B]restricted [C]recommended [D]introduced 19.[A]problems [B]issues [C]agonies [D]sufferings 20.[A]involvedin [B]caringfor [C]concernedwith [D]wardingoff 712011 年英语二完形填空真题 The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across theWeb. Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ? Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place—a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would bethe high-tech 5 of aphysical key,afingerprint anda photo ID card, all rolled 6 one.The system might use a smart identity card, or adigital credential 7 to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of onlineservices. The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 bythegovernment. Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services. 12 , the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13 community. Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 , trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs.” Still, the administration’s plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet “driver’s license” mentality. The plan has also been greeted with 18 bysome computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 . They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to driveon publicroads. 721.[A]swept [B]skipped [C]walked [D]ridden 2.[A]for [B]within [C]while [D]though 3.[A]careless [B]lawless [C]pointless [D]helpless 4.[A]reason [B]reminder [C]compromise [D]proposal 5.[A]information [B]interference [C]entertainment [D]equivalent 6.[A]by [B]into [C]from [D]over 7.[A]linked [B]directed [C]chained [D]compared 8.[A]dismiss [B]discover [C]create [D]improve 9.[A]recall [B]suggest [C]select [D]realize 10.[A]released [B]issued [C]distributed [D]delivered 11.[A]carryon [B]lingeron [C]setin [D]login 12.[A]Invain [B]Ineffect [C]Inreturn [D]Incontrast 13.[A]trusted [B]modernized [C]thriving [D]competing 14.[A]caution [B]delight [C]confidence [D]patience 15.[A]on [B]after [C]beyond [D]across 16.[A]divided [B]disappointed [C]protected [D]united 17.[A]frequently [B]incidentally [C]occasionally [D]eventually 18.[A]skepticism [B]tolerance [C]indifference [D]enthusiasm 19.[A]manageable [B]defendable [C]vulnerable [D]invisible 20.[A]invited [B]appointed [C]allowed [D]forced 732012 年英语二完形填空真题 Millions of Americans and foreigners see G. I. Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be. To the men and women who 1 in World War II and the people they liberated, the G. I. was the 2 man grown into hero, the poor farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who 3 all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the 4 of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, 5 an average guy, up 6 the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies seen in centuries. His name isn’t much. G. I. is just a military abbreviation 7 Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles 8 to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a guy who never 9 it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka, Joe Magrac… a working class name. The United States has 10 had a president or vice-president orsecretary ofstateJoe. G. I. Joe had a 11 career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character, or a 12 of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of G. I. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle 13 portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the 14 side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were 15 or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports 16 the “Willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men 17 the dirt and exhaustion of war, the 18 of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. 19 Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G. I. Joe was any American soldier, 20 themost important person in theirlives. 741.[A]served [B]performed [C]rebelled [D]betrayed 2.[A]actual [B]common [C]special [D]normal 3.[A]loaded [B]eased [C]removed [D]bore 4.[A]necessities [B]facilities [C]commodities [D]properties 5.[A]and [B]nor [C]but [D]hence 6.[A]for [B]into [C]from [D]against 7.[A]implying [B]meaning [C]symbolizing [D]claiming 8.[A]handedout [B]turnedover [C]broughtback [D]passeddown 9.[A]pushed [B]got [C]made [D]managed 10.[A]ever [B]never [C]either [D]neither 11.[A]disguised [B]disturbed [C]disputed [D]distinguished 12.[A]company [B]community [C]collection [D]colony 13.[A]employed [B]appointed [C]interviewed [D]questioned 14.[A]human [B]military [C]political [D]ethical 15.[A]ruined [B]commuted [C]patrolled [D]gained 16.[A]paralleled [B]counteracted [C]duplicated [D]contradicted 17.[A]neglected [B]emphasized [C]avoided [D]admired 18.[A]stages [B]illusions [C]fragments [D]advances 19.[A]With [B]To [C]Among [D]Beyond 20.[A]onthecontrary [B]bythismeans [C]fromtheoutset [D]atthatpoint 752013 年英语二完形填空真题 Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. 1 , a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been 2 for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon “revolutionize the very 3 of money itself,” only to 4 itself several years later. Why has the movement to acashless society been so 5 in coming? Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work 6 the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very 7 to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the 8 form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they 9 receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to 10 . Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of “float”—it takes several days 11 a check is cashed and funds are 12 from the issuer’s account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. 13 electronic payments are immediate, they eliminatethefloat fortheconsumer. Fourth, electronic means of payment may 14 security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information 15 there. The fact that this is not an 16 occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and 17 from someone else’s accounts. The 18 of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to 19 security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic 20 that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violatingour privacy. 761.[A]Moreover [B]However [C]Therefore [D]Otherwise 2.[A]off [B]back [C]over [D]around 3.[A]power [B]concept [C]history [D]role 4.[A]reverse [B]resist [C]resume [D]reward 5.[A]silent [B]sudden [C]slow [D]steady 6.[A]for [B]against [C]with [D]on 7.[A]expensive [B]imaginative [C]sensitive [D]productive 8.[A]similar [B]original [C]temporary [D]dominant 9.[A]collect [B]copy [C]provide [D]print 10.[A]giveup [B]takeover [C]bringback [D]passdown 11.[A]before [B]after [C]since [D]when 12.[A]kept [B]borrowed [C]withdrawn [D]released 13.[A]Unless [B]Because [C]Until [D]Though 14.[A]hide [B]express [C]ease [D]raise 15.[A]analyzed [B]shared [C]stored [D]displayed 16.[A]unsafe [B]unnatural [C]unclear [D]uncommon 17.[A]steal [B]choose [C]benefit [D]return 18.[A]consideration [B]prevention [C]manipulation [D]justification 19.[A]callfor [B]fightagainst [C]adaptto [D]copewith 20.[A]chunk [B]chip [C]trail [D]path 772014 年英语二完形填空真题 Thinner isn’t always better. A number of studies have __1___ that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually ___2___. For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. ___3___ among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an ___4___ofgood health. Of even greater ___5___ is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined ___6___ body mass index, or BMI. BMI ___7__ body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, ___8___,can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese. While such numerical standards seem 9 , they are not. Obesity is probably less a matterof weight thanbodyfat. Somepeoplewith ahigh BMI are in fact extremely fit, 10 others with a low BMI may be in poor 11 .For example, many collegiate and professional football players 12 as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone witha small framemay have high bodyfat but a13BMI. Today we have a(an) _14 _ to label obesity as a disgrace. The overweight are sometimes_15_in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes _16_ with obesity include laziness, lack of will power, and lower prospects for success. Teachers, employers, and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. _17_very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing about bodybuildhas long been a problem inschools. Negative attitudes toward obesity, 18 in health concerns, have stimulated a number of anti-obesity 19 . My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives. Michelle Obama launched a high-visibility campaign 20 childhood obesity, even claimingthat it represents ourgreatest national security threat. 781.[A]denied [B]concluded [C]doubted [D]ensured 2.[A]protective [B]dangerous [C]sufficient [D]troublesome 3.[A]Instead [B]However [C]Likewise [D]Therefore 4.[A]indicator [B]objective [C]origin [D]example 5.[A]impact [B]relevance [C]assistance [D]concern 6.[A]intermsof [B]incaseof [C]infavorof [D]inrespectof 7.[A]measures [B]determines [C]equals [D]modifies 8.[A]inessence [B]incontrast [C]inturn [D]inpart 9.[A]complicated [B]conservative [C]variable [D]straightforward 10.[A]so [B]while [C]since [D]unless 11.[A]shape [B]spirit [C]balance [D]taste 12.[A]start [B]qualify [C]retire [D]stay 13.[A]strange [B]changeable [C]normal [D]constant 14.[A]option [B]reason [C]opportunity [D]tendency 15.[A]employed [B]pictured [C]imitated [D]monitored 16.[A]compared [B]combined [C]settled [D]associated 17.[A]Even [B]Still [C]Yet [D]Only 18.[A]despised [B]corrected [C]ignored [D]grounded 19.[A]discussions [B]businesses [C]policies [D]studies 20.[A]for [B]against [C]with [D]without 792010 年英语一完形填空真题 In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting 1 workers' productivity. Instead, the studies ended 2 giving their name to the "Hawthorne effect", the extremely influential idea that the very 3 of being experimented upon changedsubjects' behavior. The idea arose because of the 4 behavior of the women in the plant. According to 5 of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 6 what was done in the experiment; 7 something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 8 that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 9 to alter workers' behavior 10 itself. After several decades, the same data were 11 to econometric analysis. The Hawthorne experiments has another surprise in store. 12 the descriptions on record, no systematic 13 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting. It turns out that the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to 14 interpretations of what happened. 15 , lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output 16 rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. 18 , a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday. Workers 19 to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 20 a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard topin down. 80公众号【研池大叔】，免费提供考研网课+PDF电子书 更多考研英语配套课程，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【英语】免费获取 更多考研无水印电子书，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【电子书】免费获取 更多考研笔记，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【笔记】免费获取 更多考研真题，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【真题】免费获取1. [A]affected [B]achieved [C]extracted [D]restored 2. [A]at [B]up [C]with [D]off 3. [A]truth [B]sight [C]act [D]proof 4. [A]controversial [B]perplexing [C]mischievous [D]ambiguous 5. [A]requirements [B]explanations [C]accounts [D]assessments 6. [A]conclude [B]matter [C]indicate [D]work 7. [A]asfaras [B]forfearthat [C]incasethat [D]solongas 8. [A]awareness [B]expectation [C]sentiment [D]illusion 9. [A]suitable [B]excessive [C]enough [D]abundant 10. [A]about [B]for [C]on [D]by 11. [A]compared [B]shown [C]subjected [D]conveyed 12. [A]Contraryto [B]Consistentwith[C]Parallelwith [D]Peculiarto 13. [A]evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source 14. [A]disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading 15. [A]Incontrast [B]Forexample [C]Inconsequence [D]Asusual 16. [A]duly [B]accidentally [C]unpredictably [D]suddenly 17. [A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued 18. [A]Therefore [B]Furthermore [C]However [D]Meanwhile 19. [A]attempted [B]tended [C]chose [D]intended 20. [A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hitting 812011 年英语一完形填空真题 Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious tohealth.” But 1 some claims to the contrary,laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness. Laughter does 2 short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, 3 heart rate and oxygen consumption. But because hard laughter is difficult to 4 , a good laugh is unlikely to have 5 benefitstheway,say,walking or jogging does. 6 , instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the 7 . Studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that laughter 8 muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down. Such bodily reaction might conceivably help 9 the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of 10 feedback that improve an individual’s emotional state. 11 one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted 12 physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry 13 they are sad but they become sad when thetears begin to flow. Although sadness also 14 tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow 15 muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to 16 a pen either with their teeth—thereby creating an artificial smile—or with their lips, which would produce a(n) 17 expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles 18 more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, 19 that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around. 20 , the physical act of laughter could improve mood. 821.[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like 2.[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce 3.[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining 4.[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe 5.[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable 6.[A]Inturn [B]Infact [C]Inaddition [D]Inbrief 7.[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected 8.[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes 9.[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance 10.[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal 11.[A]Exceptfor [B]Accordingto [C]Dueto [D]Asfor 12.[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at 13.[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because 14.[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses 15.[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond 16.[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold 17.[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent 18.[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted 19.[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing 20.[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]Conversely 832012 年英语一完形填空真题 The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot 1 its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law 2 justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that 3 thecourt’s reputation forbeingindependent and impartial. Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be 4 as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not 5 by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself 6 to the code of conduct that 7 tothe rest ofthe federal judiciary. This and other similar cases 8 the question of whether there is still a 9 between thecourt and politics. The framers of the Constitution envisioned law 10 having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions 11 they would be free to 12 those in power and have no need to 13 political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely 14 . Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social 15 like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it 16 is inescapably political—which is why decisions splitalong ideological lines are soeasily 17 as unjust. The justices must 18 doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves 19 to the code of conduct. That would make their rulings more likelyto be seen as separatefrom politics and, 20 ,convincing as law. 841.[A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D]recognize 2.[A]when [B]lest [C]before [D]unless 3.[A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D]eliminated 4.[A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D]accepted 5.[A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded 6.[A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone 7.[A]resorts [B]sticks [C]leads [D]applies 8.[A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle 9.[A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict 10.[A]by [B]as [C]through [D]towards 11.[A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though 12.[A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace 13.[A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer 14.[A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied 15.[A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conventions 16.[A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls 17.[A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted 18.[A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore 19.[A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable 20.[A]byallmeans [B]atallcosts [C]inaword [D]asaresult 852013 年英语一完形填空真题 People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only toforced community serviceonthat day. To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during thesameday,but Dr Simonsohn suspected thetruth was 11 . He studied the results of 9,323 MBAinterviews 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 16 out of800 points, to make adecision onwhether to accept him orher. Dr Simonsonh found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 moreGMATpointsthanwould otherwise have been 20 . 861.[A]grants [B]submits [C]transmits [D]delivers 2.[A]minor [B]external [C]crucial [D]objective 3.[A]issue [B]vision [C]picture [D]moment 4.[A]Aboveall [B]Onaverage [C]Inprinciple [D]Forexample 5.[A]fond [B]fearful [C]capable [D]thoughtless 6.[A]in [B]for [C]to [D]on 7.[A]if [B]until [C]though [D]unless 8.[A]test [B]emphasize [C]share [D]promote 9.[A]decision [B]quality [C]status [D]success 10.[A]found [B]studied [C]chosen [D]identified 11.[A]otherwise [B]defensible [C]replaceable [D]exceptional 12.[A]inspired [B]expressed [C]conducted [D]secured 13.[A]assigned [B]rated [C]matched [D]arranged 14.[A]put [B]got [C]took [D]gave 15.[A]instead [B]then [C]ever [D]rather 16.[A]selected [B]passed [C]marked [D]introduced 17.[A]below [B]after [C]above [D]before 18.[A]jump [B]float [C]fluctuate [D]drop 19.[A]achieve [B]undo [C]maintain [D]disregard 20.[A]necessary [B]possible [C]promising [D]helpful 872014 年英语一完形填空真题 As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember ___1___ we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love.As the brain ___2___, we refer to these occurrences as "senior moments." ___3___ seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(n) ___4___impact onourprofessional, social, and personal ___5___. Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It ___6___out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental ___7___ can significantly improve our basic cognitive ___8___. Thinking is essentially a ___9___ of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to ___10___ in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. ___11___, because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate ___12___mental effort. Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step ___13___ and developed the first "brain training program" designed to actually help people improve and regain theirmental ___14___. The Web-based program ___15___ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps ___16___ of your progress and provides detailed feedback ___17___ your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it ___18___modifies and enhances the games you play to ___19___ on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) ___20___exercise routine requires you to increaseresistance and vary your muscleuse. 881. [A]where [B]when [C]that [D]why 2. [A]improves [B]fades [C]recovers [D]collapses 3. [A]If [B]Unless [C]Once [D]While 4. [A]uneven [B]limited [C]damaging [D]obscure 5. [A]wellbeing [B]environment [C]relationship [D]outlook 6. [A]turns [B]finds [C]points [D]figures 7. [A]roundabouts [B]responses [C]workouts [D]associations 8. [A]genre [B]functions [C]circumstances [D]criterion 9. [A]channel [B]condition [C]sequence [D]process 10.[A]persist [B]believe [C]excel [D]feature 11.[A]Therefore [B]Moreover [C]Otherwise [D]However 12.[A]accordingto [B]regardlessof [C]apartfrom [D]insteadof 13.[A]back [B]further [C]aside [D]around 14.[A]sharpness [B]stability [C]framework [D]flexibility 15.[A]forces [B]reminds [C]hurries [D]allows 16.[A]hold [B]track [C]order [D]pace 17.[A]to [B]with [C]for [D]on 18.[A]irregularly [B]habitually [C]constantly [D]unusually 19.[A]carry [B]put [C]build [D]take 20.[A]risky [B]effective [C]idle [D]familiar 89强化新题型-导学规划 一、学习目标 不超过20分钟的作答时间内保6，稳8，争10！ 新题型一荣俱荣，一损俱损，扣分以4分为单位! 二、题目形式与考点 英语一（3 种备选题型）： ① 选标题 ② 排序题 ③ 七选五 英语二（2 种备选题型）： ① 选标题 ② 观点匹配 主要考点： 1. 段落大意理解与总结（选标题、观点匹配） 2. 连贯性、一致性（排序题、七选五） 3. 文章结构（排序题、七选五） 2010 排序（难！） 2011 排序 三、近十年英一新题型纵览 2012 7选5 2010-2022 题型统计： 排序 6次 2013 7选5 7选5 3+2次 2014 排序 选标题 2次 2015 7选5 2016 选标题 2005-2009 题型统计： 2017 排序 7选5 4次 2018 排序 选标题 1次 2019 排序 题型难度： 2020 选标题 排序题≥七选五＞＞选标题 2021 7选5（变，易！） 2022 7选5（变，易！） 四、教学安排与学习要求 强化阶段（题型套路技巧+实战讲解，含部分05-09真题）： 英一：3篇选标题、3篇排序、 3篇七选五 冲刺阶段 2015-2023年真题 学习节奏：平均每天做两篇真题+听两节课 ① 每篇真题，自己先做一遍，听讲解，学技巧套路。 ② 排序题中每一段的首尾句彻底搞懂。其他题型的选项不留生词，语法结构和 意思必须搞明白！ ③ 每篇排序题、7选5的真题做完后，按正确答案的顺序，阅读一遍文章。 强化新题型课程全学完后，可用 1-2天集中重做一下题目。 90公众号【研池大叔】，免费提供考研网课+PDF电子书 更多考研英语配套课程，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【英语】免费获取 更多考研无水印电子书，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【电子书】免费获取 更多考研笔记，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【笔记】免费获取 更多考研真题，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【真题】免费获取强化新题型-选标题 一、题目特点分析 简称：选标题 特点： ① 天然有 1-2个错误选项（6-7 个备选项，5 个空） ② 重视对段意的概括和理解能力 ③ 标题的信息量较少，区分度较大，近义选项是唯一难点 ④ 文章结构为 1 个目标+5 个相关建议。首段明确“要做什么”，需要选标题的 段落论述“该怎样做”。目标，会频繁的出现在各个具体提建议的段落段中。 考生需要明确共性，以把握个性！ 目标：考研英语如何备考？ 建议 ①：考研英语词汇复习贯穿全年 建议 ②：考研英语语法学习重阅读、轻写作 建议 ③ ：考研阅读做题主旨为王 二、答题步骤与时间分配 ① 扫读选项，读第一题前的段落，总结主旨目标 (1min) ② 精读7个选项，理解其与目标的关系，抓个性。代表选项个性的特征词重复 的选项往往对应难题，需特殊标记，重点比较差异。选项短时可直接抄在草稿纸 上！（1min） ③ 依次读设题段落，每个段落从首尾句往中间读，排除共性主旨的干扰，只关 注每段的特性。至少要找到 2个能验证答案的句子，才算实锤。 3分钟内无法 确定答案，先跳过！（8-10min） ④ 精读未确定答案的段落，完成作答！（3min） 一般15 分钟封顶，10 分拿满！ 912007 年英语一新题型-选标题 Directions: You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to dotoguide their children into adulthood. Choosea heading from thelist A-G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need touse. Mark your answers on ANSWERSHEET 1.(10points) [A]Seta GoodExamplefor YourKids [B]Build Your Kids’Work Skills [C]Place TimeLimits onLeisure Activities [D]Talk about theFuture ona Regular Basis [E]Help Kids Develop CopingStrategies [F]Help Your Kids Figure Out WhoThey Are [G]Build YourKids’ SenseofResponsibility HowCan aParentHelp? Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids. Even if a job’s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult’s need for rapid content, the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move. Here are a few measures, drawn from mybook Ready or Not, Here Life Comes, that parents can take to prevent what I call “work-life unreadiness”: 41.____________________ You can start this process when they are 11 or 12. Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back to, as these offer clues to the careers that willfit them best. 42.____________________ 92Kids need a range of authentic role models—as opposed to members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner-table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying “I have no idea.” They can change their minds 200 times, but having only a foggyviewof thefuture isof littlegood. 43.____________________ Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn; parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job. Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills, such as managing timeand settingpriorities. 44.____________________ Playing video games encourages immediate content. And hours of watching TV shows withcanned laughter onlyteaches kidsto process information in a passiveway. At the same time, listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. All theseactivities canprevent thegrowth of importantcommunication and thinkingskills andmake itdifficult for kids to develop thekind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs. 45.____________________ They should know how to deal with setbacks, stresses and feelings of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solveproblems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing thesethings and help them applythese skillstoeveryday lifesituations. What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate. They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult (as naive or ill conceived as it may seem) while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them. 932013 年英语二新题型-选标题 [A]Shopkeepers are your friends [B]Remember to treat yourself [C]Stick towhat you need [D]Live likeapeasant [E]Balance your diet [F]Planningis everything [G]Wastenot, want not The hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has £60 a week to spend, £40 of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning £130,000 a year working in corporate communications and eating at London’s best restaurants at least twice a week. Then his marriage failed, his career burned out and his drinking became serious. “The community mental health team saved my life. And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gave me the validation and confidence that I’d lost. But it’s still a day-by-day thing.” Now he’s living in a council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. He’s feeling positive, but he’ll carry on blogging—not about eating as cheaply as you can—“there are so many people in a much worse state, with barely any money to spend on food”—but eating well onabudget.Here’s his advicefor economical foodies. 41._______________________ Impulsive spending isn’t an option, so plan your week’s menu in advance, making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it’s not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. It’s also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being human, you’ll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy. 42._______________________ 94This is where supermarkets and their anonymity come in handy. With them, there’s not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer. And if you plan properly, you’ll know that you only need, say, 350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre-packed in the supermarket chiller. 43._______________________ You may proudly claim to only havefrozen peas in thefreezer—that’s not good enough. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planning ahead should eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables you’ll do a vegetable soup, andall fruits threatening to “go off” willbe cooked orjuiced. 44._______________________ Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers, delis and fish-sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soon you’ll feel comfortable asking if they’ve any knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which, more often than not, they’ll let you have forfree. 45._______________________ You won’t be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every few months treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant—£1.75 a week for three months gives you £21—more than enough for a three-course lunch at Michelin-starred Arbutus. It’s £16.95 there—or £12.99 for a large pizza from Domino’s:I knowwhich I’drather eat. 952016 年英语一新题型-选标题 [A]Have confidence in yourself [B]Decide ifthe timeis right [C]Understand thecontext [D]Workwith professionals [E]Make it efficient [F]Knowyour goals No matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in first impressions. According to research from Princeton University, people assess your competence, trustworthiness, and likeability in just a tenth of a second, solely based on the way you look. The difference between today’s workplace and the “dress for success” era is that the range of options is so much broader. Norms have evolved and fragmented. In some settings, red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status; in others not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like LinkedIn. Chances are, your headshots are seen much more often now than a decade or two ago. Millennials, it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious ofstyle and personal branding. It can be confusing. So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to invest in an upgrade? And what’s thebest wayto pull offone that enhances ourgoals? Here are sometips: 41.____________________ As an executive coach, I’ve seen image upgrades be particularly helpful during transitions—when looking for a new job, stepping into a new or more public role, or changing work environments. If you’re in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut, now may be a good time. If you’re not sure, ask for honest feedback from trusted friends, colleagues and professionals. Look for cues about how others perceive you. Maybethere’s noneedfor an upgrade and that’s OK. 42.____________________ 96Get clear on what impact you’re hoping to have. Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it? For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look more “SoHo.” (It’s OK to use characterizations likethat.) 43.____________________ Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What conveys status? Who are your most important audiences? How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better you understand thecultural context,themore control you can have over your impact. 44.____________________ Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J.Crew. Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouseorfriend. It’s not as expensiveas you might think. 45.____________________ The point of a style upgrade isn’t to become more vain or to spend more time fussing over what to wear. Instead, use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue. Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options. Buy all your clothes at once witha stylist instead ofshopping alone, onearticle ofclothing at atime. 97强化新题型-七选五 一、题目特点分析 简称：七选五 特点： ① 天然有 2个错误选项 ② 备选项信息量大，语言较复杂 ③ 难度相对稳定 ④ 重视对段落层面（话题）连贯性、（态度）一致性的考察 1. Monkey 认真备课 2. A. Monkey 好吃懒做 B. Monkey 认真录课 C. Tom认真录课 3. Monkey 认真答疑 二、答题步骤与时间分配 核心原则：区分难度，由易到难分层做题，尽可能减少备选项。 ① 快速浏览 7个选项，锁定其中代有大写的专有名词、人名、数字等高辨识度 特征词的选项，回原文寻找（不一定有）重复出现对应词汇的段落区间并优先 作答。（易） 某选项：Monkey 原文：P1 Monkey 41.__________ P3 Monkey 42.__________ 回到选项区找出所有带Monkey和he, him, his的选项 41题答案必在其中，42题答案有可能在其中 ② 看 5 个设空处的下一句，带有代词、逻辑关系词、other/another 的优先做； 重点结合选项尾句做题。（中） P3 41. ____________ P4 他是个好人。 ③ 看剩余选项的首句，带有代词、逻辑关系词、other/another 的优先做，结 合设空处上一句做题。（中） 他喜欢吃甜豆腐脑... P3 Monkey是个吃货 P4 42. ____________ 98④ 其余题目，依靠文章的连贯性与一致性原则做题；段内设空优于首尾设空！ （难） 20分钟封顶，6 分保底！ 992006 年英语一新题型-七选五 On the north bank of the Ohio river sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino (a place where gambling games are played). During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35 000ayear, lost approximately $175000.Hehad never gambled before thecasino sent hima coupon for $20worth ofgambling. He visited the casino, lost the $ 20 and left. On his second visit he lost $ 800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a "Fun Card," which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user’s gambling activities. For Williams, those activities become what he calls "electronic heroin". 41.____________________ In 1997 he lost $21 000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72 186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew hewas addicted. It didknow hehadaproblem. In March 1998 a friend of Williams’s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams’s gambling problem. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a “cease admissions” letter. Noting the "medical/psychological” nature of problem gambling behavior, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety orwell-being. 42.____________________ The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24 signs warning: “Enjoy the fun... and always bet with your head, not over it.” Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams’s suit charges that the casino, knowing he was “helplessly addicted to gambling,” intentionally worked to “lure” him to “engage in conduct against his will.” Well. 43.____________________ The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says “pathological gambling” involves persistent, recurring and 100公众号【研池大叔】，免费提供考研网课+PDF电子书 更多考研英语配套课程，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【英语】免费获取 更多考研无水印电子书，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【电子书】免费获取 更多考研笔记，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【笔记】免费获取 更多考研真题，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【真题】免费获取uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall. 44.____________________ Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered characterflaws ormoral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities. 45.____________________ Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on—you might say addicted to—revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers’ dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1 800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost onInternet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web’s most profitablebusiness. [A] Although no such evidence was presented, the casino’s marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected. [B] It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative? [C] By the timehe had lost $5 000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, hewould quit. Onenight hewon$5500,but he didnot quit. [D] Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the mostimportant and aggressive promoterof gambling in America is thegovernment. [E]David Williams’s suitshould troublethis gambling nation. But don’t bet onit. [F] It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will. [G] The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conducive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would beits grounds for doing so? 1012008 年英语一新题型-七选五 The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear onthe page only ifyou stopavoiding the inevitableandsit, stand up,orliedown towrite. 41._________________ Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. 42._________________ Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors. 43._________________ Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on theotherside. If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. 44._________________ These printoutsare also easier to read than thescreen when you work onrevisions. Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote “The A & P as a State of Mind” wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. 45._________________ Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times—and then again—working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape. 102[A] To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only one side of the paper. [B] After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression. [C] It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.公众号：大叔考研，免费分享无水印PDF [D] It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made. [E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P “policy” he enforces. [F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A & P,” the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies. [G] By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around. 1032012 年英语一新题型-七选五 Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two towonder at thosemarvels. You are thelucky inheritorof adream cometrue. The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, themail as well as themail carrier. (41) _________________ The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, siteof reception, and place of praise andcritique. The computer isthe21st century’s culture machine. But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also act with caution. (42) _________________ I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware ofthesignificance ofwhat they are doing. All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods—paintings, sculpture and architecture—and superfluous experiences—music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43) _________________ For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content tojust consume. (44) _________________ Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on. (45) _________________ 104What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of“stickiness”—creationsand experiences to which others adhere. [A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent ofhumanity. [B] Applications like tumblr.com, which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness byamusing, entertaining and enlightening others. [C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day. [D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading — between passive consumption and active creation — whoseoutcome willshape ourcollective future inways we can only begin to imagine. [E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CDplayers. [F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world’s media culture has been defined by a single medium—television—and television isdefined bydownloading. [G] The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading. 105强化新题型-排序题 一、题目特点分析 简称：排序题 特点： ① 一般没有多余的选项——正常答题一错就会错 2 道题！ ② 必须围绕初始给出的 1-2 个段落“顺藤摸瓜”——摸错了就血崩 ③ 需要读的词量在 500 词以上，且存在反复阅读验证的情况。 ④ 最多只有 1 个多余的选项——两个逻辑关系明显的选项必然都选 ⑤ 各段首句逻辑关系词比较明显。 ⑥ 平均难度适中，但得分波动大！高分段考生最怕！ 二、答题步骤与时间分配 ① 精读已给出的段落，如果给出 2 段，重点读排序靠前的段落， 读完后给段落编号打 ！(3min) ✘ 特别注意，只给出 1 个已知段的文章，有 1 段是多余的！ ② 根据首尾逻辑关系、指代关系、时间线索做题。 106③ 如果无法根据已知选项“顺藤摸瓜”，则抛弃已知项，优先将 逻辑关系显著的备选段落进行微观排序，再考虑其宏观位置。 ④ 根据文章首尾段典型特征做题！ 20 分钟封顶，保 6 争 10！ 1072011 年英语一新题型-排序题 [A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr. Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in Englishdrop outbefore getting theirdegrees. [B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates nowmajor inbusiness compared with only 2%in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should possess. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr. Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read”—theyform asort ofsocial glue. [C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students require fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to dosomethingfor which they havenot been trained. [D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts education and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification. [E] Besides professionalising the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960 and1990, but faculty teaching hours fell byhalf as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisitionof adoctoral degree into aprerequisitefor 108a successful academic career: as late as 1969 a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr. Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialisation are transmissible but not transferable.” So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, butalso over theproduction of theproducers of knowledge. [F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr. Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.” Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticise “Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.” Yet quite how that happens, Mr. Menand does not say. [G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American universities, and Louis Menand, a professor ofEnglish at Harvard University, captured itskillfully. 1092014 年英语一新题型-排序题 [A] Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable—for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece; the pyramids of Giza in Egypt; and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm. Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident. Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a butterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911. Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico Citysubway in the1970s. [B] In another case, American archaeologists RenéMillion and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacán in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City. At its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world. The researchers mapped not only the city’s vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common peoplelived. [C] How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically, they survey and sample (make test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information. Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding thelarger landscapes that contain archaeological sites. [D] Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes. In one case, many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copán, Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD 500and 850,whenCopáncollapsed. [E]To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily onsystematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airborne technologies, such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging. Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such as ancient buildings orfields. 110公众号【研池大叔】，免费提供考研网课+PDF电子书 更多考研英语配套课程，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【英语】免费获取 更多考研无水印电子书，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【电子书】免费获取 更多考研笔记，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【笔记】免费获取 更多考研真题，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【真题】免费获取[F]Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered byarchaeologists who have set out to look for them. Such searches can take years. British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun existed from information found in other sites. Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922. In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans combed antique dealers’ stores in Athens, Greece. He was searching for tiny engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evans’s interpretations of these engravings eventually led him to find the Minoan palace at Knossos (Knosos), on the island ofCrete, in 1900. [G] Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful. Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking, looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery. They often include a certain amount of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape. Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar, magnetic-field recording, and metal detectors. Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites. Two-and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations, illustrating how sites look, and presenting the results of archaeological research. 1112010 年英语一新题型-排序题 [A] The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out: the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at homea realisticalternative. [B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need. [C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning ofthe market is based onflexibletrends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy. At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of howlong thecurrent consumer pattern willtake hold. [D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their gigantic scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too. 112[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are too small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don’t eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as “horeca”: hotels, restaurants, and cafés. Overall, Europe’s wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends. [F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industryare at last making itfeasiblefor wholesalers to consolidate. [G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that mastertheintricacies ofwholesaling in Europestand toreapconsiderable gains. 113强化翻译-导学规划 主要考查考生准确理解概念或结构较复杂的英语文字材料的能力。要求考生阅 读一篇约400词的文章，并将其中5个画线部分(约150词)译成汉语，要求译文准 确、完整、通顺。 ——考研英语一大纲 一、题目形式： 给出一篇约400词的文章（人文社科话题为主） 翻译其中划线的5个长难句（每句30词左右） 满分10分，考试一般最多有20分钟作答（每句最多4分钟） 二、主要考点： ① 短时间内分析、理解长难句结构（阅读理解的练度） ② 短时间内整合、润色的能力（翻译的练度） ③ 晦涩概念性词汇的理解（结合主旨和上下文猜测和诠释） 三、解题要点： ① 整体延续百句的基本方法步骤，难度上属于百句中的偏难水平 ② 一般只需阅读出题句本身即可做题，学会在心中打草稿和润色 ③ 当出题句晦涩不说人话、或出现生词时，可通过适当阅读上下文进行推理猜 测 四、优先级与分档： ① 主要内容完整（5分） ②“表面”通顺合理（6分） ③ 修饰性细节完整精确（8分） ④ 润色完美，读者友好（10分） 五、学习安排： ① 25分钟，独立翻译5句话，不许查生词！ ② 1.5小时听课+整理知识点 ③ 讲义下划线区写自己的答案，下方空白区记参考翻译 强化课讲练2011-2014真题，每天一套，4-5天学完 114英语一 2011-2014 年翻译真题 2011年英一翻译 With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinketh by James Allen is an in-depth explorationofthe centralidea ofself-help writing. (46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share—that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts—and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Whycannot Imake myselfdothis orachieve that?” Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded: “We do not attract what we want, but what we are.” Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement; you don’t “get” success but becomeit. There is nogap between mind andmatter. Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him” (48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and theinferiority of thoseat thebottom. This, however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fact, (49) circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation. Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early lifeand its conditionsare often thegreatest gift to an individual. The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations,now webecome authorities ofwhat is possible. 11546. 47. 48. 49. 50. 1162012年英一翻译 Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena intoa single explicatory frame work. (46) In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see. It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail. Nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a majorgoal. This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47) Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48) To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary orcognitive terms. That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts tofind universality inlanguage. The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly. (49) The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language, which are considered torepresent biases that result from cognitive constraints. Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages. (50) Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent ofthe family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lineage-specific and not governed byuniversals. 11746. 47. 48. 49. 50. 1182013年英一翻译 It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created bythehomeless, it strikes onethat, for all theirdiversity ofstyles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression. One of these urges has to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47) A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce form into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment oftheinarticulate environment in which theytake theirstand. Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from, is so intrinsicthat we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims onus. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49) most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts tocall forth the spirit of plant and animal life, if only symbolically, through a clumplike arrangement of materials, an introduction of colors, small pools of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at somebasic level, seems tobe thenatural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden, though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia—a yearning for contact with nonhuman life—assuming uncanny representational forms. 11946. 47. 48. 49. 50. 120公众号【研池大叔】，免费提供考研网课+PDF电子书 更多考研英语配套课程，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【英语】免费获取 更多考研无水印电子书，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【电子书】免费获取 更多考研笔记，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【笔记】免费获取 更多考研真题，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【真题】免费获取2014年英一翻译 Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music. (46) It is also the reason why when we try to describe music withwords, all we can dois articulate ourreactions toit, andnot grasp musicitself. Beethoven’s importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure. Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity. The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected, as in thelast piano sonata. In musical expression, he did notfeel restrained bythe weight of convention. (47) By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, ofhis works. This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven’s music. His compositions demand the performer to show courage, for example inthe use of dynamics. (48) Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was onlyrarely used bycomposers before him. Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word. He was not interested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society. (49) Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression. Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence. For him, order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development, an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation. It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony, but the second, so that suffering does not have the last word. (50) One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage tofight it renders life worth living. 12146. 47. 48. 49. 50. 122强化作文讲义 第一讲：导学规划与大纲解析 一、强化阶段课程安排 1. 导学介绍（必听） 课程安排+大纲解析（1h） 作文备考常见误区（2h） 2. 实战入门（75分以下） 小作文“三分归元法”（2h） 图画大作文万能模板（2h） 图表大作文万能模板（2h） 材料大作文万能模板（2h） 3. 进阶突破（75分以上且时间充裕） 作文思路结构梳理与金句积累（2h） 二、冲刺阶段课程安排 ① 11月： 跟随真题串讲课，整理15-23年作文思路，练习描图，套用模板。 ② 12月： 逆天改命班再次总结串讲大小作文万能模板，背诵，应用！ ③ 作文批改服务 批改窗口11月初开放，12月中旬截止提交，批改方式见QQ群公告、群作业 共2篇批改机会，建议提交一小一大或两篇大作文 强烈建议先学完万能模板，自己进行一定练习后再提交批改！ 三、题目形式与考点 1. 大纲解析 英语一： 该部分由A、B两节组成，考察考生的书面表达能力，共2小题，共30分。 A节：要求考生根据规定情景写出约100词（标点符号不计算在内）的应用性短文， 类型包括书信、通知、告示、纪要等。共10分。 123B节：要求考生根据提示信息写出一篇160~200词的短文（标点符号不计算在内）。 提示信息的形式为文字、图画、图表等。共20分。 英语二： 该部分由A、B两节组成，考察考生的书面表达能力，共2小题，共25分。 A节：要求考生根据规定情景写出约100词（标点符号不计算在内）的应用性短文， 类型包括书信、通知、告示、纪要等。共10分。 B节：要求考生根据提示信息写出一篇150词的短文（标点符号不计算在内）。提 示信息的形式为文字、图画、图表等。共15分。 英一大作文：根据图画和文字，写出160-220词的短文，共20分。 英二大作文：根据图表和文字，写出150-220词的短文，共15分。 2. 典型真题实例 ① 小作文：根据所给情景，写出90-120词的书信、通知，共10分。 （英一、英二完全相同） 书信类 Directions: Writea letterofabout 100words to thepresident ofyour university, suggesting how toimprove students’physical condition. You should includethedetails you think necessary. You should writeneatly onthe ANSWERSHEET. Do not sign your own name at theend ofthe letter. Use “Li Ming”instead. Donot writetheaddress. (10 points) 通知类 Directions: You are supposed to write forthePostgraduates’Association a noticeto recruit volunteers for an international conference onglobalization.The noticeshould include thebasicqualifications forapplicants andother information which you think is relevant. Do not sign your own name at theend ofthe notice. Use “Postgraduates’ Association” instead. (10points) 23大纲小作文新例题 Directions: Read thefollowing post from a messageboard and write anote inreply. 124Native tutor required for 5-15 USD online Chinese teaching job per hour My 8-year-old girl is a beginner in Chinese learning, andshe needs helpwiththis language toupher grades. Please let me knowif youcan Apply now help her. Have you taught kids before? What is youravailability? Writeyour answer in about 100words ontheANSWERSHEET. Do not useyour own nameinyour note; use “Li Ming”instead. ② 图画大作文（原英一大作文）：根据图画和文字提示，写出160-220词的短文， 共20分（英一）/15分（英二）。 Directions:Writean essay of160-200 words based onthefollowingdrawing. In your essay, you should 1)describe thedrawing briefly, 2)explainit’s intended meaning, and 3)give your comments. You should writeneatly onANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points) 125③ 图表大作文（原英二大作文）：根据图表和文字提示，写出160-220词的短文， 共20分（英一）/15分（英二）。 Writean essay based onthefollowing chart. In your writing, you should 1)interpret thechart, and 2)give your comments. You should writeat least 150words. Writeyour essay onANSWER SHEET 2.(15 points) 126④ 材料作文（23 大纲新增）：根据所给阅读材料，写出 160-220 词的短文，共 20分（英一）/15 分（英二）。 23英一大纲【材料作文】例题 Directions: Read the following excerpt from an article（文章节选） and write an essay. In your essay, you should explain whether or to what extent you agree with the author. Support your argumentwith reasons and relevant examples. Writeyour answer in160-200 words ontheANSWERSHEET.(20 points) Manyof us,whatever our fieldof work, fear that showing uncertaintycandamage our image - and we may compensate by expressing overconfidence in an attempt to win trust. But in many situations people are willing to trust those who can admit they don't have a definitive answer. Recent studies found that communicating uncertainty and even admitting our mistakesisnotharmfulandcanevenbebeneficialtotrustworthiness.So,failurein“expertise” can be compensated by higher integrity and benevolence. When communicating uncertainty intransparentway,weareperceivedaslessbiasedandwillingtotellthetruth.(100词) 23英二大纲【材料作文】例题 Directions: Read thefollowing excerpt from an article （文章节选） and write an essay.In your essay, you should explain whether or to what extent you agree with the author. Support your argumentwith reasons and relevant examples. Writeyour answer inabout 150words ontheANSWERSHEET.(15 points) Studiesinthe U.S.andthe U.K.consistentlyshowthat childrenhave lost theright towander. This is why many of our youth turn to technology. They aren't addicted to the computer; they're addicted to interaction, and being around their friends. Children, and especially teenagers, don't want to only socialize with parents and siblings: they want to play with their peers. That's how they make sense of the world.And we've robbed them of that opportunity. We'reraisingourchildrenincaptivityandtheyturntotechnologytosocialize,learnandrelax. Whyareweblamingthescreens?(99词) 127⑤ 作文答题卡展示 四、学习目标 考场上能在作文命题方向存在多种可能性的情况下（抗压，应变） 在50~60分钟内完整的写出两篇（速度稳定，结构完整） 符合自己目标分数水平的大小作文。（质量合格） 底线：作文拿到至少60%的分数，英一18分，英二15分 模板：英一19-24分（小作文 7-9分，大作文 12-15分） 英二16-21分（小作文 7-9分，大作文 9-12分） 进阶：大作文是主要突破点 何为一篇优秀的作文？什么样的作文得分更高？怎样写更好？ 请听第二讲：备考常见误区揭秘 128第二讲：作文备考常见误区 一、“范文”展示 题目：代表校友会，写信邀请校友参加毕业典礼 亲爱的先生和女士，我是咱们大学一位大四学生。我写这封信的原因，实话 讲，是为了参加英语专业的毕业典礼。 首先，英语很重要，以至于很多国家已经把它纳入了小学课程体系中。 作为结果，在英语的帮助下，人们可以很大程度上提高自身素质。然而更重要的 是，英语专业毕业典礼变得如此的重要，以至于这个问题必须引起我们的注意。 另一个我必须指出的要点是，毕业典礼于2018年12月22日在图书馆举行。 所以，到了我必须参加毕业典礼的时刻了！我期待着您的回复。 弱小与无知不是生存的障碍 傲慢自大才是！ 二、考研写作备考“七宗罪” 1. 滥用“同义替换” ① 系动词绝不能随意替换 is seems exists proves appears remains sounds tastes... 系动词有自己的但不完全的词义，不能在句中独立作谓语， 必须和后面的表语一起构成句子的谓语。它虽是虚词， 但是其用法是复杂的，且不可忽视。——百科定义 ② 其他词也不可盲目替换，如表示“人”的词： human being、folk、people、individual、dude 词汇没有“土不土”之分，只有“恰当不恰当”！ 2. 滥用“高级句式” ① 升级型（向阅卷人秀语法水平） My opinionis that... →itseems, tobe honest, my argument that... 129② 延展型（秀语法水平+疯狂凑字） Thedinner isgood. →When I was enjoying mydinner, what I atewas so delicious that Ithought (that)it isthe best food in theworld, which cannot bematched byother foods. 句式讲究详略得当，叠加句式并非加分项。难写往往意味着难懂、难对。 3. 滥用“名人名言” ① 执着于应用名人名言，容易喧宾夺主，造成跑题或偏题 中国考生喜欢用名人名言当论据或进行全文收尾。但是，大部分名人名言的适用 范围都很有限，且考生的素材积累非常有限。 ② 切忌“自创名人名言”，瞎编的人名+自创的中式英语名言 MonkeyBen, a famous Englishprofessor at Yelu, once said: “persistence is so important that wemust go go go and donot abandon onthe halfway.“ 4. 过度修辞，不说人话 ① Whatseemsbeyonddisputeisthatinthesimpleandclearcartoon… ② ’ It,tobeginwith,seemsmyargumentthatPeople sParkisagoodplaceto havearest. ③ ’ Shouldn thumanspourattentionintotheissueofrestaurantswithunique features? 5. 生搬硬套，文不对题 ① 推荐旅游景点：So itis thevery momentof meto recommend theBell tower. May joyand healthy be withyou. ② 投诉电子词典产品质量问题：Thepurpose ofmyletterseeks tocomplaintthe poorquality ofthemachine Ibought from your storelast Sunday. It cannot work any more. To beginwith, themajor reason is thatIhave been terribly busyrecently. ③ 申请校内工作：Anotherelement Imust pointout here is that Iam ready to help others ,which has been ignored byimmenseamounts ofall children and adults. 6. 盲信“模板低分论” 130公众号【研池大叔】，免费提供考研网课+PDF电子书 更多考研英语配套课程，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【英语】免费获取 更多考研无水印电子书，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【电子书】免费获取 更多考研笔记，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【笔记】免费获取 更多考研真题，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【真题】免费获取① 为什么要用（万能）模板？ 有限的语言能力，有限的备考时间，多变的作文主题 （万能）模板是在得分与备考投入上取得的一种性价比最高的平衡 ② 用（万能）模板会得低分甚至零分吗？ 模板类作文畅销书多年来屹立不倒，口碑良好（经验证据） 对小作文来说，恰恰是用模板，符合固定套路，才能拿高分 对大作文来说，用模板不会高分（60%-75%），但不会低分 ③ （万能）模板作文为什么会扣分？ 主题段论述不具体，不针对；自行填充的部分或模板的默写有错误 模板本身不万能，且有错；主题词词性有误，文不对题，生搬硬套 ④ 是否可以通过模板框架+局部素材替换，降低模板的痕迹感？ 模板框架+大量可替换的论点句和素材 √ 胜在论点针对具体，而非不重复。需要投入几倍的额外备考时间！ 模板+局部词汇的同义替换 × 无法真正抹去模板的痕迹，且容易扭曲模板本意，导致错误。 ⑤ “1对1定制模板”可信吗？ 不可信！基本都是骗局！ ⑥ “作文判分标准改革论”可信吗？ 不可信！基本都是骗局！ 关于模板问题的详细文字论述，请参见Monkey考研英语 2020年12月微博内容 ——【考研英语作文模板问题究极问答—Monkey老师】 7. 过于纠结水区、旱区 水/旱：主观题评分标准的宽松或严格，相同作文得分的多与少 极旱区：北京、上海 旱区：浙江、江苏、天津、四川、重庆 水区：黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、陕西、山西、河北、河南、 江西、广西、内蒙、宁夏、新疆 131极水区：西藏、青海、云南、贵州 一般极旱区 12分的英语一大作文，在极水区可得到 15-16 分 整体上，生源质量较高、院校质量较高、经济较发达的地区偏旱 阅卷在报考的目标院校所在省份进行，你和你的直接竞争对手评分标准是一致的！ 水旱区只影响英语过线（绝对分数）困难的同学。 三、作文的正确评价标准 1. 英一、英二大纲要求： 写作时，考生应能： 1）内容切中题意，按要求完成试题规定的任务； 2）根据任务需求选择较丰富的语法结构和词汇； 3）语言表达规范，用词准确，语法、拼写、标点正确； 4）结构合理，层次清晰，内容连贯，合乎逻辑； 5）根据写作目的和对象，选择恰当的文体和语体。 2. 作文的正确评价标准 ① 跑题、严重语法错误以及字数不足永远是最大的扣分点。 ② 考研作文不会因为考生的句式和词汇与他人相同，或仅因考生使用了模板套 路而扣分！ ③ 高分大作文、高分句型是接近考研阅读题正文风格的。阅读就是最好的作文， 大量阅读好文章才是加强写作能力的最佳手段。 ④ 论证逻辑越有理有据、语言形式越多样准确，作文分数越高。 中心思想明确、切中题意、结构清晰、条理清楚、 用词恰当、无明显语言错误。 132第三讲：小作文实战-三分归元法 一、首段——要实现的目的： 次要目的（客套礼节）+主要目的（题干重点描写要求的部分） DearXx, （首字母都要大写，结尾是逗号） Iamwritingthisletterto（信件类） /Thisnoticeisto （公告类） 亲爱的xx，我写这封信是为了/本公告是为了. 次要目的（感谢、道歉、悼念等纯粹情感性的目的）： thankyoufor.../congratulateyoufor.../apologizefor.../dosth,andto 为…而感谢你/祝贺你/道歉/做某事，并且 主要目的（提建议、意见，介绍信息，进行推荐...文章第二段的核心主旨） : ① offer you somesuggestions/information about sth/howtodosth. （给出关于 某事/如何做某事 的 建议/信息） ② extendyou an invitationto dosth. （邀请你做某事） ③ recommend you sth. （推荐你某个东西） ④ dosth. （照抄题干里的具体要求） 二、尾段——对读信人的期望： 按是否需要对方回信分为以下两种（部分题目回不回信都可以） 否：（公告、招募、问询…）→没有需求，创造需求 Iwould beglad ifyou find theinformation/ suggestions mentioned above helpful. Pleasefeel free tolet meknowif you haveany further questions. ① 希望以上信息/建议对你有用。如果有其它问题请随时与我联系。 是：（建议、介绍、推荐、感谢、道歉、邀请、投诉、申请…）→期待回复 Iwould appreciate it ifyou could takemy complaint / application/ resignation/ recommendation/ invitation/ questionsinto consideration.And Iam looking forward ② toyour favorablereply. 希望你能重视或认真考虑我的投诉/申请/辞职/建议/邀请/问题。期待你的回复。 Yours truly Li Ming 三、第二段——主体段 133整体架构 Regarding …（sth）,there are several pointsI would liketo mention. First of all, 论点1. What’s more, 论点2. In addition, 论点3. For moredetails, you could refer to theattachment below. （28词） 具体内容 三元：是什么（说明介绍）、为什么（分析利弊）、怎么办（建议意见） 1. 是什么（说明介绍） 时间、地点：它将于下周日在主楼里举行/它位于主楼里（旁边） /我们下周日在主楼集合并前往目的地（请保证届时你有时间参加） ① itwill beheld / it islocated in (behind) theMain Building（nextSunday） /we will gather inthe Main Building nextSunday and set off tothe spot (and please make sureyou are available then). 出席人物：我们的工作人员届时将会为你提供必要的培训、介绍、引导 ourstaff willbe theretoprovide you (with)necessary orientation / guidance. ② 着装要求：出席活动时，着装应该得体/暖和/朴素 itis highly recommended to beproperly / warmly / plainly dressed fortheoccasion. ③ 英一：志愿者招募（10）、图书馆相关信息（16）、志愿者项目细节（19）、 请教授担任演讲比赛评委（13）、请人参加毕业典礼（18）、歌唱比赛通知（20）、邀 请英国大学教授组队参加竞赛（22）、为教授的项目招募学生助手（23） 英二：慈善义卖（13）、生活习惯（14）、招志愿者（15）、历史景点（20）、 （21）邀请同学参加在线会议并告知他会议细节、介绍并邀请参加美食节（22） 2. 为什么选ta（分析利弊） ① 权威认可： 获得了权威机构的官方奖项、资质、认可 ta … has(have)anofficialaward/qualification/recognitionfromtheauthority. （文化自信！） is(are)awardedwiththetitleofMaterial/intangibleCulturalHeritagefromthe UnitedNations. ② 群众基础：人民群众 很多社交媒体平台对 很欢迎 评价很高 很关注担心 人民群众 / ta / / enjoys(enjoy)awidespreadpopularity/reputation/concernamong /onmultiplesocialplatforms. ③ 个人喜欢：我个人觉得 很有吸引力、有趣、有益 xx Ipersonallyfinditattractive/interesting/beneficial/necessary(todosth). 134英一：推荐电影（11）、推荐一本书（15）、推荐城市景点（17）、邀请英国大学教授 组队参加竞赛（22） 英二：中国传统文化（17）、邀请外国友人来中国玩（10）、城市交通辩论（19）、投 诉字典（12）、介绍并邀请学生参加美食节（22）、朋友纠结是去艺术展还是机器人展 会，给出建议和理由（23）、求职（为什么选我）、求职回函（为什么选你） 3. 怎么办（建议意见） ① 端正认识：端正认识并建立起关于 的正确价值观是首要任务 ’ xx it s advisable to put things into perspective andestablisha correct value about sthprimarily. ② 实践经验：你可以在知乎上寻找该领域的相关 先进 国际 历史 经验 / / / you could look for relevant / advanced / international / historical experience in thisaspectonZhihuCommunity. ③ 知行合一：应该及时制定合理可行的计划并优先执行。 a practical and reasonable plan should be promptly carried out and remain high onyouragenda. 英一：如何适应中国校园生活（12）、如何提高身体素质（14）、（21）给外国友人提 找工作的建议 英二：如何适应大学生活（11）、如何提高翻译水平（16） 四、审题要点 对方是谁？ 是不是notice？ 次要目的是什么？主要目的是什么？ 信件的实质内容涉及三元中的哪些元素？ 是否必须需要对方回信？ 135五、真题实战 说明介绍型：2019年英语一小作文 Suppose you are working for the “Aiding Rural Primary Schools” project of your university. Write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer,specifying thedetails of theproject. 分析利弊型：2017年英语一小作文 You are to write an email to James Cook, a newly-arrived Australian professor, recommending some tourist attractions in your city. Please give reasons for your recommendation. 136建议意见型：2016年英语二小作文 Suppose you won a translation contest and your friend, Jack, wrote an email to congratulateyou and ask for adviceon translation. Writehim areply to 1) thankhim, and2)give youradvice. 杂糅型：2019年英语二小作文 SupposeProfessorSmith asked you to planadebate onthetheme ofcity traffic. Writehim an email to1)suggest a specifictopicwith yourreasons, and 2)tell him aboutyourarrangements. 后续安排： 9-11月有意识的将三分归元法应用在 10-23 的真题中 12月初逆天改命班重新串讲，并拓展讲解： 问询信、道歉信、投诉信、求职信、求职回函 杂糅型作文的进一步训练 23大纲新增的告示类例题 137第四讲：图画类大作文实战-万能模板 一、图画类大作文分类 1. 按展现形式分类： 优秀品质： 19坚持不懈、21年文化自信（坚持做自己）、23龙舟赛越来越热 闹 不良问题： 15聚会沉迷手机、 11乱扔垃圾、 10文化火锅 鲜明对比： 12乐观与悲观、 14 母女相伴、16家长以身作则、 17读书应脚踏 实地、20拖延症、、22是否要听非本专业校园讲座 选择平衡： 13毕业选择、18硬课与水课 1382. 按影响对象： 个人成长：12乐观与悲观、16家长以身作则、17读书应脚踏实地、19坚持、 15聚会沉迷手机、20拖延症、13毕业选择、18硬课与水课、21坚持做自己、 22是否要听非本专业校园讲座 社会发展：10文化火锅、11乱扔垃圾、14母女相伴、21文化自信、23龙舟赛 越来越热闹 作文的实质：描述图片→初步解读主旨→展开论证主旨→总结升华主旨 共性主旨：对 个人成长 或 社会发展 有影响的 优秀品质、良好意识 二、模板思路与框架 1. 中文框架 如图所示，描图句。图片的象征意义是非常明确的：xx品质/意识/问题值得 我们给予适当的关注。 为了分析xx的重要性，我想重点强调一下几点。首先，很多人都认同，在 其他条件一样的前提下，xx是决定学术/职业/社会成功与否的关键。其次，①（个 人类）年轻人一直是社会进步的先锋力量，而xx对其品格和能力发展有显著的 影响，后者将不可避免的在不远的将来影响中国的方方面面。 ② （社会类）我 们生活在同一个世界里，有着共通的利益，而xx对我们共同的环境社群社会世 界有显著的影响，这将不可避免的触及我们每个人。因此，缺乏/没有xx会让我 们无法进步，并终将为此付出不菲的代价。 简而言之，xx真的很重要，我们应该迅速采取相关措施。具体来说，① 政 府应该施行合适的政策并发动媒体宣传，② 教育机构应该开展公开课并给与引 导，以将这样一种不可或缺的 品质/意识 注入每个人的心中。正如习大大所说， “空谈误国，实干兴邦。”我们越快采取具体行动，未来就越能从中受益。 2. 英文框架 As isvividly/ironically depicted inthe cartoon, doing/done sth, Ais doing/done/adj ...(,whileB is doing/done/adj ...). Thesymbolic meaning behind the pictureis rather explicit: thevirtue/awareness/issueofxxdeserves ourdueattention. To examinethesignificance ofxx,certain factors should bespecifically pointed outhere. First and foremost, itis a truthwidely acknowledged that all otherfactors being equal, xxcould bethedecisive difference between academic/professional/social success ornot. In addition, sinceyoung people always play avanguard role in promotingsocial progress, and xxexerts remarkableinfluence in thedevelopment of ① theircharacters, it will inevitablyshape every aspect ofChinain theforeseeable future. Weare living ina world with common interest, and sincexxexerts ② 139remarkable influence toourshared community, its impact willinevitably extend to eachand every singleoneof us. Consequently, thelack ofxxwillhinder us from making substantialprogress and eventually cost us dearly. In brief, xxis of true essentiality and relevant measures must be taken promptly. To bespecific, governments should implement proper policies and launch mass mediacampaigns education institutions should provideopen courses and guidance ① toinfuse such an indispensablevirtue/awareness into everyone. As President Xi once ② putit, “empty talk would lead acountry astray, and hard work can revitalizea nation”.Themore rapidly actions are taken, themoreeffectively this virtue/awareness willbenefit us in theupcoming future. 三、审题思路与主题词替换 第一步：看图解读主旨，进行 个人 or社会 分类 不良问题→优秀品质： 鲜明对比→优秀品质： 选择平衡→选择/平衡xx的能力： 第二步：确定英文主题词 所有主题词要处理成名词，只会写形容词时加being，不会写时正话反说 protect the environment→ persistent→ 选择类： 平衡类： 第三步：确定与主旨有关的主要信息 次要信息：交代必要环境背景 主要信息：能体现主旨的关键动作（谁做了什么事） 对照组信息： 与上述动作形成鲜明对比的另一动作 第四步：构思描图句 doing/done sth,A isdoingsth ,whileB isdoingsth 描图主旨为王，细节为主旨服务！不要加入太多无关细节难为自己！ 四、真题实战 140公众号【研池大叔】，免费提供考研网课+PDF电子书 更多考研英语配套课程，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【英语】免费获取 更多考研无水印电子书，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【电子书】免费获取 更多考研笔记，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【笔记】免费获取 更多考研真题，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【真题】免费获取2011年英语一大作文 1412019年英语一大作文 142第五讲：图表类大作文实战-万能模板 一、图表类大作文分类 1.时代变了（图表中有多个时间点，柱状图、折线图居多）： 2010：发达国家与发展中国家的手机数量——发展中国家增长迅速 2011：国内轿车市场品牌占有率变化——国产品牌份额增加，日系降低 2014：中国城乡人口变化趋势——城镇人口显著增加 2017：博物馆数量和参观人数变化——都在增加 2019：大学生毕业后的选择——升学和创业比重明显增加 2.当前趋势特点（饼状图居多）： 2012：某公司不同年龄员工满意度调查——年龄越大越满意 2013：各年级大学生兼职率——年级越高兼职率越高 2015：春节花销比重——买新年礼物花费最多 2016：大学生旅游目的——欣赏风景、缓解压力的最多 2018：消费者选餐厅时的关注因素——特色、服务、环境 2020：大学生手机阅读目的——学习为主，消遣时间是其次 143二、模板思路与框架 核心思路：描述图表数据→点出趋势（正能量居多）→成因解读→总结升华 1. 中文框架 正如（关于某群体某主题的）统计数据所示，某事物/某种人的数字/比重从 年份1的数字1 上升/下降至了年份 2的数字2。另一事物/某种人的数字/比重从 年份1的数字1 上升/下降至了年份 2的数字2。在我看来，以上数字体现了当 前社会中的一个显著趋势或倾向。 要想透彻的审视这一趋势或倾向的根本成因，应重点关注以下几点。首先， 正如卡尔·马克思所言，经济基础决定上层建筑。正是中国与日俱增的综合国力 构成了上述趋势或倾向的前提条件。（可自由发挥句）。其次，相关人群（可具 体替换）的 偏好/兴趣/价值观 的 多样性/变化 是主要成因。（可自由发挥句）。 此外，社交媒体平台极大的方便了特定观念的流动和强化，进而加速了一个新现 象成为新常态的过程。 总而言之，当前趋势具有深刻的内在合理性与必然性，在可见的未来仍将继 续存在。相应的，作为社会的先锋以及继承人，我们应该抓住这一趋势的脉搏， 积极的应对其可能带来的挑战与机遇。 2. 英文框架 As isnumerically illustrated inthestatistics (among sb about sth), the number/percentage ofsth/thosewho xxis xx/increased/decreased from 数字1to 数 字2inthe xxyears between 年份1and 年份2.Whilethe number/percentage of sth/thosewho xxis xx/increased/decreased from 数字1to 数字2.From my perspective, theabove figures reveal acurrently prevailing tendency among contemporary society. To examinetheroot cause ofthetendency thoroughly, certain factors should be specifically pointed outhere. First andforemost, justas Karl Marx once said, the economicbasis determines the superstructure. It is precisely theboosting comprehensivenational strength ofChina that constitutestheprecondition forthe above-mentioned tendency. (可自由发挥句). What’s more, thediversity/shift of relevant population’s（可具体替换）preferences/interests/values isone ofthe contributing dynamics. (可展开).In addition, social mediaplatforms substantially facilitatetheflowand intensification ofcertain awareness, thus accelerating the transitionfrom an emerging phenomenon into thenew reality. 144In conclusion, thecurrent tendency is ofprofound inherent rationality and inevitability, and will continueto existin theforeseeable future. Correspondingly, as thevanguard andsuccessor ofoursociety, weshould grasp the pulseofthistrend and actively meet whatever challenges andopportunities it may bring about. 三、真题实战 “时代变了”型：2019年英语二大作文 145“当前趋势特点”型：2020年英语二大作文 某高校学生手机阅读目的调查 146双图表型-2023年英语一大纲例题（英一重点准备，英二听个思路） 147第六讲：材料类大作文实战-万能模板 一、材料作文大纲例题 英语一大纲例题 Readthefollowingexcerptfromanarticleandwriteanessay.Inyouressay,youshould explainwhetherortowhatextentyouagreewiththeauthor.Supportyourargument withreasonsandrelevantexamples. Manyofus,whateverourfieldofwork,fearthatshowinguncertaintycandamageour image-andwemaycompensatebyexpressingoverconfidenceinanattempttowin trust.Butinmanysituationspeoplearewillingtotrustthosewhocanadmitthey don’thaveadefinitiveanswer.Recentstudiesfoundthatcommunicatinguncertainty andevenadmittingourmistakesisnotharmfulandcanevenbebeneficialto trustworthiness.So,failurein“expertise”canbecompensatedbyhigherintegrityand benevolence.Whencommunicatinguncertaintyintransparentway,weareperceived aslessbiasedandwillingtotellthetruth. 英语二大纲例题 StudiesintheU.S.andtheU.K.consistentlyshowthatchildrenhavelosttherightto wander.Thisiswhymanyofouryouthturntotechnology.Theyaren’taddictedtothe computer;they'readdictedtointeraction,andbeingaroundtheirfriends.Children,and especiallyteenagers,don'twanttoonlysocializewithparentsandsiblings:theywantto playwiththeirpeers.That'showtheymakesenseoftheworld.Andwe’verobbed themofthatopportunity.We'reraisingourchildrenincaptivityandtheyturnto technologytosocialize,learnandrelax.Whyareweblamingthescreens? 材料特点：以社科研究类话题为特点，往往存在“旧现象、新发现”的套路。 题目要求：① 摆明自己对作者观点的态度：同意、不同意、部分同意 ② 给出你的理由与相关的例子 148二、模板思路与框架 1. 中文框架 在以上材料中，作者声称【作者结论句】。虽然这一论点在某种意义上有可 取之处，但是考虑到作者是在一个过分简化的基础上得出这样一种宽泛的论断的， 我只能部分同意其观点。 一方面，虽然作者的观点存在一些问题，但在某些情况下确实符合我们的常 识或经验。① 从《奥德赛》到《史记》，从孔子到柏拉图，能例证这一观点的 隽永故事与箴言不胜枚举。② 从日常推送到我手机屏幕上的新闻到微信朋友圈 里的日常生活内容，作为一个Z世代人和年轻的数码原住民，我近距离地经历 了和见证了太多的可以例证这一观点的事例。③ 自行发挥举例 另一方面，我必须指出作者过分简化了事情发生的情景和相关变量。考虑到 其独特且多样的背景，人们/事态未必会按作者所想的那样行动/反应/发展。 综上所述，上述话题甚为复杂，因而也并不存在一个直白或绝对的答案。在 我看来，考虑到这一问题的复杂性，具体情况具体分析无疑是更明智的办法。 2. 英文框架 In theexcerpt above,theauthor generally asserts that 作者结论句.Whilethis argument does have somemerit in away, considering that theauthor comes tothis broad assertion onan oversimplified basis, I can only partially agree with his opinion. On theone hand,Iwould liketo admit that theauthor’s statement, although suffering from certain flaws, issensiblein some cases,where theimplicitrationale behind itaccords with thecommon sense and empirical evidence in ourdaily life. ① From theOdyssey to theHistorical Records,from ConfuciustoPlato, instructive stories and thought-provoking proverbs that could exemplifythis perspectiveare too numerous to count. ② From thenews stories pushedto myscreen to thedaily lives posted on theWeChat Moments,as aGeneration Z andyoung digital native, Ihave intimatelyexperienced and witnessed numerous cases that could exemplify this perspective. ③ 自行发挥举例 On theother hand, Iam boundtopoint out thatthe authoroversimplifies the contextandrelevant variables. Given theirdistinctiveand diverse background,it is notsurprising to discover that people /thecourse ofevents may not necessarily act / react / develop in accordance with theauthor’spresumption. In conclusion, theissuementioned above isacomplex one, and thereare no simpleor absoluteanswers toit.From myperspective, given its complicated nature, it is certainly more advisable totake acase-by-case approach. 三、解题步骤 149第1步：快速阅读文字材料，总结主旨并找出相关作者结论句 常见的作者结论句特征 ① 研究结论句 Recent studies foundthat communicating uncertainty and evenadmitting ourmistakes is notharmful and can even bebeneficial to trustworthiness. Studiesin theU.S. and the U.K.consistently showthat children havelost theright to wander. 研究结论句标志词： ② 表示【结果】、【所以】的逻辑关系词所在的句子 So,failure in “expertise”can be compensated byhigher integrity and benevolence. Thisis why many ofouryouth turn to technology. 常见逻辑关系词： 第2步：适当整合并改写作者结论句（选做） 1. 整合方法： children have lost theright to wander. Thisis why many ofouryouth turn to technology. 2. 改写方法： 主语、宾语互换（主动、被动语态互换） children have lost theright to wander,andthisis why many ofouryouth turn to technology. → 此类变形尤其适合带有明显被动语态的结论句 failure in“expertise”can becompensated byhigher integrityand benevolence. → 第3步：确定作者论点的类型 1. 是否有很强的现代背景？ 2. 是关于人的认知、心理、行为的，还是关于客观事物发展规律的？ 第4步：代入模板 四、实战应用 150公众号【研池大叔】，免费提供考研网课+PDF电子书 更多考研英语配套课程，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【英语】免费获取 更多考研无水印电子书，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【电子书】免费获取 更多考研笔记，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【笔记】免费获取 更多考研真题，可通过【公众号：研池大叔】，后台回复【真题】免费获取【材料作文】模拟题① Readthefollowingexcerptfromanarticleandwriteanessay.Inyouressay,youshould explainwhetherortowhatextentyouagreewiththeauthor.Supportyourargument withreasonsandrelevantexamples. Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesis widelymisunderstood.Progressinbothareasisundoubtedlynecessaryforthesocial, politicalandintellectualdevelopmentoftheseandallothersocieties.However,the conventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesfor promotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.Thefindingsofa researchinstitutionhaveconsistentlyshownthatworkersinallcountriescanreceive vocationaltrainingonthejobtoachieveradicallyhigherproductivityand,asaresult, radicallyhigherstandardsofliving. 【材料作文】模拟题② Readthefollowingexcerptfromanarticleandwriteanessay.Inyouressay,youshould explainwhetherortowhatextentyouagreewiththeauthor.Supportyourargument withreasonsandrelevantexamples. InHappyMoney,academicsuseanarrayofbehavioralresearchtoshowthatthemost rewardingwaystospendmoneycanbecounterintuitive.Fantasiesofgreatwealth ofteninvolvevisionsoffancycarsandextravaganthomes.Yetsatisfactionwiththese materialpurchaseswearsofffairlyquickly.Whatwasonceexcitingandnewbecomes old-hat;regretcreepsin.Therefore,itisfarbettertospendmoneyonexperiences,like interestingtrips,uniquemealsorevengoingtothecinema.Thesepurchasesoften becomemorevaluablewithtime-asstoriesormemories-particularlyiftheyinvolve feelingmoreconnectedtoothers. 151第七讲：作文思路结构进阶与金句 一、小作文进阶 1. 私人书信 ① 以个人兴趣爱好经验、中国本土文化为主题的推荐、建议信。 此类信件以提出建议意见+阐述理由观点为主，套路类似大作文。 ② 以国际旅行的经历为背景的推荐信、道歉信、感谢信、慰问信。 此类信件以情景想象代入+诉诸情感为主，需要有基本的共情能力。 2. 公务书信 ① 学生组织或服务机构面向国际学生发布的信息公告、招募公告。 此类公告需要对典型的学生组织的工作内容、目标、要求有常识。 ② 代表学生组织向外国教授、学校领导提出的建议信、邀请信。 建议信需要对校园生活的典型问题有基本关注，套路类似大作文。 邀请信要突出组织的需求和受邀对象的专长，需要拿捏邀请的语气。 3. 备考建议 小作文的目的性极强，重点考察是否达到目的，而非语言是否“高级”。 对考生的校园生活基本常识和思考有一定要求， 对考生的共情能力和身份、情景代入等情感能力有一定要求， 考生需要重点描摹道歉、感谢、慰问、邀请信内容与格式，关注身边的各类公告 152二、大作文进阶 核心论点分类 变化与成因、优秀品质、不良问题、建议警醒 1. 变化与成因 整体思路： ① Owing to theuniversalization ofInternet access, Chinahas witnessed a remarkable development in mass communication, and with it thefurther exposureto newwants and new ideas. ② It isdifficult tothe pointofimpossibility forthe averagereader under theage of forty to imagine atimewhen high-quality arts criticism could befound in most big-city newspapers. ③ Thefast-developing technology makes access to theinternet byalarger bodyof peoplemore feasible nowadays. 153④ Long-distance education has provided people an alternativeway oflearning, apart from thetraditional education confined only to theclassroom. ⑤ Weare nowpart of aculture in which information and ideas are distributed predominately bythe electronic media, not bytheprinting press. ⑥ Such advances offer theaging populationa quality oflifethat was unimaginable 50years ago. ⑦ Today’svessels can find theirprey usingsatellites and sonar, which were not available 50years ago. ⑧ Left to odd,lowlevel IT stafftoput right, and seen as a concern only ofdata-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and airtravel, information protection is nowhigh ontheboss’s agenda inbusinesses ofevery variety. ⑨ As thisnew science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sellquestionable beauty creams orunhealthy foods. ⑩ Sincetechnology has suchan insatiableappetite for eating uphuman jobs, this phenomenon will continueto restructure oureconomy in ways wecan’t immediately foresee. 1542. 优秀品质 整体思路： ① Well-developed skills, all otherfactors being equal, can bethedifference between having ajob andnot. ② Never before has internet served somuch toempower education as in this year. ③ whateverinborn differences two peoplemay exhibit in theirabilitiestomemorize, thosedifferences are swamped byhowwell each person “encodes” theinformation. ④ During thepast generation, theAmerican middle-class family that once could count onhard work and fairplay tokeep itselffinancially secure has been transformed byeconomic risk and newrealities. Now apink slip,a bad diagnosis, ora disappearing spousecan reduce afamily from solidlymiddleclass to newly poorina few months. ⑤ In my ownresearch, complaints from women about theirhusbands most often focused not ontangible inequities suchas havinggiven upthechance for acareer to accompany a husbandtohis, ordoingfar more than theirshare of daily life-support work likecleaning, cooking and social arrangements. Instead, theyfocused on communication 1553. 不良问题 整体思路： ① Surely itshouldbeobvious to thedimmest executivethat trust, that mostvaluable ofeconomic assets, is easily destroyed andhugely expensivetorestore—and that few things are more likely todestroy trust than acompany letting sensitivepersonal data get intothe wrong hands. ② Experience tellsus that individuals tend to act onbehalf ofshort-term and personal economicinterest,not onbehalfofthe long-term orpublicinterest as a whole. ③ Americans today don’tplace a very high value onintellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, notscholars. ④ Peopleare absorbed into“aculture ofconsumption”launched bythe 19th- century department stores thatoffered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. ⑦ Thecurrent state ofaffairs may have been encouraged—though notjustified—by thelack of legal penalty for data leakage. 1564. 建议警醒 整体思路： ① To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.” If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress. ② Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond thematerial standards ofa particular industry. ③ Development should be planned, not let rip. ④ It ishigh timethat we putan end to theundesirable tendency ofsth. ⑤ No easy remedy canbeat hand to tackle theproblem of..., butthe general recognitionofthe significance ofsth might be thefirst step towards change inthe right direction. 优秀、地道的英语文章，永远是最好的作文素材库！ 157参考答案 （注：真题存在花卷，同一套题的选项排列顺序不同，所以不同资料中的参考答 案也可能有很大差异，故答案请以本讲义为准。） 强化阅读 2012-T1 DBACD 2012-T2 CDADA 2012-T4 CDBCA 2013-T1 DBACC 2013-T2 ADCBD 2013-T4 ACBAD 2014-T1 CADBA 2014-T2 DCBAC 2014-T4 ACCDB 2015-T1 DABDC 2015-T2 CAACB 2015-T3BBDCA 2016-T1 BDACA 2016-T2 DADBD 2016-T3BACAB 2016-T4ADBCC 2017-T1 BCBDA 2017-T2 ACDAB 2017-T3DADBC 2017-T4CACCD 强化完形 2010年英二 DCBAA BDCBACDDAC BDCAB 2011年英二 ACBDD BACCB DBACAADACD 2012年英二 ABDAC DBACB DCCADABCBD 2013年英二 BDBAC BADCAACBDC DABDC 2014年英二 BACAD ACCDBABCDB DADCB 2010年英一 ABCBC BDACDCAADB ADCBD 2011年英一 CDBBABADCABCDCB DADAC 2012年英一 BABDC BDBAB ACCDACACDD 2013年英一 ABCDB DAADC ACBCB CDDBA 2014年英一 ABDCA ACBDC DABAD BDCCB 强化新题型 选标题： 2007年 FDBCE 2013年 FCGAB 2016年 BFCDE 七选五： 2006年 CABFD 2008 年 DGACE 2012年 CDAFG 排序题： 2011年 BDACF 2014 年 CFGDB 2010年 BFDGA 158