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作业 10 科学研究与发现类说明文
(分值：30分)
说明文阅读解题技法
(每小题2.5分，满分30分)
A
(2023·新课标Ⅰ)
On March 7,1907 ， the English ①statistician Francis Galton published a paper which
illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect.The experiment of
estimation he conducted showed that in some cases，the average of a large number of independent
estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect ②capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors，those errors aren’t
always the same.Some people will tend to ③overestimate，and some to ③underestimate.When
enough of these errors are averaged together，they cancel each other out，resulting in a more
accurate estimate.If people are similar and tend to make the same errors，then their errors won’t
cancel each other out.In more technical terms，the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s
estimates be independent.If for whatever reasons ， people’s errors become correlated or
dependent，the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist(转折) on this classic
phenomenon.The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller
groups that were allowed to have a discussion，the averages from these groups were more accuratethan those from an equal number of independent individuals.For instance，the average obtained
from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the
average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a ④follow-up study with 100 university students，the researchers tried to get a better sense
of what the group members actually did in their discussion.Did they tend to go with those most
confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This
happened some of the time，but it wasn’t the dominant response.Most frequently，the groups
reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow，these arguments and
reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error.
Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain ，the
potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
语篇解读 本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，
在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。
1．What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?
A．The methods of estimation.
B．The ⑤underlying logic of the effect.
C．The causes of people’s errors.
D．The design of Galton’s experiment.
答案 B
解析 段落大意题。根据第二段内容可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不
相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均值如何由
于误差的消除而变得更准确。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。
故选B。
2．Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A．the crowds were relatively small
B．there were occasional underestimates
C．individuals did not communicate
D．estimates were not fully independent
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据第二段的“In more technical terms，the wisdom of crowds requires
that people’s estimates be independent.”和第三段可知，人们在没有独立的情况下，分成更
小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在不完全独立的情况下做出估计，准确率也可以提高。
故选D。
3．What did the follow-up study focus on?
A．The size of the groups.B．The dominant members.
C．The discussion process.
D．The individual estimates.
答案 C
解析 推理判断题。根据第四段前三句可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组
成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题可知，后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故
选C。
4．What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies?
A．Unclear. B．Dismissive.
C．Doubtful. D．Approving.
答案 D
解析 观点态度题。根据最后一段可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在
许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究持赞许
的态度。故选D。
语境猜词
①statistician(派)＝statistic＋ian统计学家，统计员
②capitalize on充分利用
③overestimate(合)＝over＋estimate高估
underestimate(合)＝under＋estimate低估
④follow-up(合)＝follow＋up后续的
⑤underlying(合)＝under＋lying隐含的，潜在的
B
(2024·浙江台州二模)
When instant cake mixes first appeared in the 1950s ， American housewives were
doubtful.These mixes，promising easy cake-baking，felt too easy.The manufacturers discovered
that requiring the addition of an egg in the baking process was just enough to make the housewives
happy with their work.The greater sense of effort gained from a little extra labor is believed to have
been essential to the later success of the cake mix.
This reflects the IKEA effect(宜家效应)，which is identified by psychologist Michael I．
Norton and his colleagues，suggesting we place greater value on things we have worked to
create.They conducted four studies in which they asked participants to fold paper cranes and
frogs，assemble IKEA boxes，and build sets of Legos.They then asked the builders to bid(出价)
for their creations，and compared the prices with bids from people who hadn’t built them.The
builders consistently ①outbid the non-builders.
Interestingly ， the IKEA effect works even when people have no opportunity to fully②personalize their creations.While most participants’ folding skills left much to be desired，they
loved their imperfectly personalized products all the more.Builders valued their wrinkled crane-like
creations nearly five times as much as non-builders. Beauty ， it _ seems ，
is_in_the_eye_of_the_builder.
Today，as cities are suffering from severe housing crises，the IKEA effect can give us insight
into the ③well-being benefits of a self-building approach to housing development.Projects like
WikiHouse and the “half-a-house” approach ④pioneered by Alejandro Aravena’s architecture
company Elemental are working to make housing more ⑤affordable and sustainable by making it
easier for people to build and personalize their own homes.
“The moment people are involved with their built environment，they have a totally different
relationship to it，” WikiHouse co-founder Alastair Parvin explained.“When the roof starts
leaking or a door starts creaking，they have the power to fix it themselves.”
语篇解读 本文是说明文。本文通过举例和实验研究解释什么是宜家效应，即人们更加珍视
自己亲手创造的东西，并由此引发了对自我建造住房的好处的思考。
5．What brought customers the joy of cake-baking according to paragraph 1?
A．A better taste.
B．An easy approach.
C．A detailed recipe.
D．An additional effort.
答案 D
解析 细节理解题。根据第一段中“The manufacturers discovered that requiring the addition of
an egg in the baking process was just enough to make the housewives happy with their work.”可
知，额外的努力给顾客带来了蛋糕烘焙的乐趣。故选D。
6．What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 3 imply?
A．Creations are based on skills.
B．Extra labor increases perceived value.
C．Beauty is found through contrast.
D．Strict management brings good quality.
答案 B
解析 句意理解题。根据前文“Builders valued their wrinkled crane-like creations nearly five
times as much as non-builders.”可知，本段主要讲述额外的劳动会让参与者更喜欢和珍视自
己的作品，所以画线句意为“额外的劳动增加了感知价值”。故选B。
7．What is Alastair Parvin’s attitude towards public involvement in housing?
A．Critical. B．Objective.
C．Doubtful. D．Supportive.答案 D
解析 观点态度题。根据最后一段“WikiHouse的联合创始人Alastair Parvin解释说：‘当
人们参与到他们的建筑环境中时，他们与环境的关系就完全不同了。’‘当屋顶开始漏水或
门开始吱吱作响时，他们有能力自己修理。’”可推知，Alastair Parvin对公众参与住房建
设持支持的态度。故选D。
8．What’s the purpose of this text?
A．To promote a brand.
B．To make a proposal.
C．To explain a concept.
D．To introduce a study.
答案 C
解析 写作意图题。纵观全文可知，本文主要围绕概念——宜家效应(IKEA effect)展开，所
以本文的目的是解释一个概念。故选C。
语境猜词
①outbid(合)＝out＋bid 在开价上战胜；出价高于
②personalize(派)＝person＋al＋ize 使个性化
③well-being(合)＝well＋being 幸福，安康
④pioneer 熟义：n.先驱 生义(文义)：v.倡导；做先锋
⑤affordable(派)＝afford＋able 便宜的，付得起的
C
(2024·河南新乡二模)
A sugar replacement called erythritol(赤藓糖醇) has been linked to blood clotting(血液凝固)，
stroke，heart attack and death，according to a new study.
“The degree of risk was not modest，” said lead study author Dr.Stanley Hazen.People
with existing risk factors for heart disease will be twice as likely to experience the risk if they have
the highest levels of erythritol in their blood.Erythritol appears to be causing blood platelets(血小
板) to clot more readily.Clots can break off and travel to the heart or the brain，causing a heart
attack or a stroke.
Erythritol is a sugar alcohol，a carb found naturally in many fruits and vegetables.However，
artificially manufactured in massive quantities ，erythritol has become an extremely popular
①additive to ②low-carb products.
The discovery of the connection between erythritol and cardiovascular issues was purely
accidental.Hazen’s research had a simple goal: find unknown chemicals or compounds in a
person’s blood.To do so，the team analyzed 1,157 blood samples.“We found this substance that
seemed to play a big role，but we didn’t know it was erythritol，a ③sweetener until later，”said Hazen.To confirm the findings，the team tested another two batches of blood samples and
found that higher levels of erythritol were connected to a greater risk of heart attack，stroke or
death within three years.
“This certainly sounds an alarm，” said Dr.Andrew Freeman，director of a hospital in
Denver.“Science needs to take a deeper dive into erythritol and in a hurry，because this substance
is widely available right now.If it’s harmful，we should know about it.”
Hazen agreed，“I normally don’t get up on a pedestal(崇高地位) and sound the alarm，
but this is something that I think we need to be looking at carefully.”
语篇解读 这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了一项新的研究表明，一种名为赤藓糖醇的糖替代品
与血液凝固、中风、心脏病发作和死亡有关。
9．About the risk，what do Hazen’s words in paragraph 2 mean?
A．It is not worth considering.
B．It is removed by erythritol.
C．It should not be underestimated.
D．It is just present in people with disease.
答案 C
解析 推理判断题。第二段后三句提到，如果血液中赤藓糖醇的含量达到最高水平，有心脏
病风险因素的人患心脏病的可能性会增加一倍。赤藓糖醇似乎能使血小板更容易凝结。血块
会脱落并进入心脏或大脑，导致心脏病发作或中风。由此可推知，哈森在第二段的话“这种
风险并不小”是为了表明这种风险不应被低估。故选C。
10．What do we know about erythritol?
A．Its quality is uncertain.
B．It has been used widely in food.
C．It is manufactured by artists.
D．It mainly exists in fruits.
答案 B
解析 细节理解题。根据第三段“赤藓糖醇是一种糖醇，是一种存在于许多水果和蔬菜中的
天然碳水化合物。然而，大量人工制造的赤藓糖醇已经成为一种非常受欢迎的低碳水化合物
产品添加剂”可知，赤藓糖醇被广泛应用于食品中。故选B。
11．What can be concluded from the last two paragraphs?
A．Erythritol is not available to people.
B．Hazen likes warning people about potential dangers.
C．People have realized that erythritol is dangerous.
D．Further research should be done on erythritol.答案 D
解析 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Science needs to...we should know about it.(科学需要
对赤藓糖醇进行更深入的研究，而且要抓紧时间，因为这种物质现在已经广泛存在。如果它
有害，我们就应该知道)”以及最后一段中“but this is something that I think we need to
be looking at carefully”可推知，应该对赤藓糖醇进行进一步的研究。故选D。
12．What can be the best title for the text?
A．The Accidental Discovery of a New Sweetener
B．The Potential Health Risks of Erythritol Uncovered
C．The Rise of Erythritol as a Popular Sugar Substitute
D．The Surprising Benefits of Erythritol in Diet Products
答案 B
解析 标题归纳题。根据文章大意尤其第一段“A sugar...according to a new study.”可知，文
章主要讲的是一项新的研究表明，一种名为赤藓糖醇的糖替代品与血液凝固、中风、心脏病
发作和死亡有关。故“发现赤藓糖醇的潜在健康风险”适合作文章标题。故选B。
语境猜词
①additive(派)＝ add＋itive 添加剂，添加物
②low-carb(合)＝ low＋carb 低碳水化合物
③sweetener(派)＝ sweet＋en＋er甜味剂
